I. Answer the questions according to the reading passage.

People have wondered for a long time how their personalities and behaviors are
formed. Two distinct schools of thought on the matter have developed. The two
approaches are very different from one another. The controversy is often referred to
as nature and nurture. Those who support the nature side of the conflict believe that
our personalities and behavior patterns are largely determined by biological and
genetic factors. That our environment has little to do with our abilities,
characteristics, and behavior is central to this theory. Proponents of the nurture
theory claim that our environment is more important than our biologically based
instinct in determining how we will act. They see humans as beings whose behavior
is almost completely shaped by their surroundings. Neither of these theories can yet
fully explain human behavior. It is quite likely that the key to our behavior lies
somewhere between these two extremes. That the controversy will continue for a
long time is certain.

1. One can understand from the passage that supporters of the nature theory
believe that ----.
a) the environment is important in determining a person’s behavior and
personality;
b) a person’s instincts have little effect on his actions;
c) it is impossible to explain why we possess certain characteristics and
exhibit certain behavior;
d) biological reasons have a strong influence on how we act;
e) there are a lot of similarities between the two theories.
2. One point made by the writer in the passage is that ----.
f) heredity is more important than the environment in the development of
human beings;
g) the correct explanation of human behavior will probably take ideas from
both theories;
h) the environment is the most important factor in determining personality;
i) the behaviorist’s view correctly explains how we act;
j) biologically based instincts have very little to do with behavior.
3. It is stated in the passage that, according to the nurture theory, …
a) a trait is always shaped by both genetic disposition and the environments
in which people develop;
b) it is possible to measure the heritability of a trait within a population;
c) we are almost completely governed by our instincts;
d) human behavior can be predicted based on knowledge of genetics;
e) a person’s character is greatly influenced by his environment.

II. Choose the correct form.

1. Hurry up! The plane ___ in one hour!
a. leaves
 b. had left
c. would have left
d. has left
2. It’s difficult for me ___ whether I should accept the job offer or not.
a. decide
b. deciding
c. decided
d. to decide
3. ___ that an earthquake had occurred was a great shock to us.
a. Hearing
b. To hear
c. Having heard
d. Hear
4. John doesn’t mind ___ by bus.
a. to travel
b. travelling
c. travels
d. to be travelling
5. You ___ not to have cheated in the exam.
a. must
b. need
c. ought
d. should
6. All applications for the job must ___ in by the end of the week.
a. send
b. have sent
c. be sent
d. have been sent
7. She is in the garden ___ the plants.
a. watering
b. to watering
c. to water
d. for watering
8. Don’t forget ___ you grandmother.
a. to call
b. calling
c. call
d. having called
9. Every day I spend two hours ___ English.
a. to study
b. studying
c. being studied
 d. to be studied
10. You ___ have woken up so early.
a. need
b. must
c. needn’t
d. shouldn’t