I have long been desirous of devoting some time to an enquiry into the effect of natural scenery upon

the pagan, and especially the Greek, mind; and knowing that my friend, Mr. C. Newton, had devoted
much thought to the elucidation of the figurative and symbolic language of ancient art, I asked him to
draw up for me a few notes of the facts which he considered most interesting, as illustrative of its
methods of representing nature. I suggested to him, for an initiative subject, the representation of
water; because this is one of the natural objects whose portraiture may most easily be made a test of
treatment, for it is one of universal interest, and of more closely similar aspect in all parts of the
world than any other. Waves, currents, and eddies are much liker each other, everywhere, than either
land or vegetation. Rivers and lakes, indeed, differ widely from the sea, and the clear Pacific from
the angry Northern ocean; but the Nile is liker the Danube than a knot of Nubian palms is to a glade
of the Black Forest; and the Mediterranean is liker the Atlantic than the Campo Felice is like Solway
moss.
Mr. Newton has accordingly most kindly furnished me with the following data. One or two of the
types which he describes have been already noticed in the main text; but it is well that the reader
should again contemplate them in the position which they here occupy in a general system. I
recommend his especial attention to Mr. Newton's definitions of the terms "figurative " and
"symbolic," as applied to art, in the beginning of the paper.
In ancient art, that is to say, in the art of the Egyptian, Assyrian, Greek, and Roman races, water is,
for the most part, represented conventionally rather than naturally.
By natural representation is here meant as just and perfect an imitation of nature as the technical
means of art will allow: on the other hand, representation is said to be conventional, either- when a
confessedly inadequate imitation is accepted in default of a better, or when imitation is not attempted
at all, and it is agreed that other modes of representation, those by figures or by Symbols, shall be its
substitute and equivalent.
In figurative representation there is always impersonation; the sensible form, borrowed by the artist
from organic life, is conceived to be actuated by a will, and invested with such mental attributes as
constitute personality.
The sensible symbol, whether borrowed from organic or from inorganic nature, is not a
personification at all, but the conventional sign or equivalent of some object or notion, to which it
may perhaps bear no visible resemblance, but with which the intellect or the imagination has in some
way associated it.
For instance, a city may be figuratively represented as a woman crowned with towers; here the artist
has selected for the expression of his idea a human form animated with a will and motives of action
analogous to those of humanity generally. Or, again, as in Greek art, a bull may be a figurative
representation of a river, and, in the conception of the artist, this animal form may contain, and be
ennobled by, a human mind.