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    26 views72 pages

    1771AF1

    Uploaded by

    Maurílio Oliveira

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Fiber-Optic Converter Modules (Cat, Nos. 1771-AF and 1771-AF1) User's Manual Important User Information Because of the variety of uses for the products described in this publication, those responsible for the application and use of this control equipment must satisfy themselves that all necessary steps have been taken 10 assure that each application and use meets all performance and safety requirements, including any applicable laws, regulations, codes and standards. ‘The illustrations, charts, sample programs and layout examples shown in this guide are intended soley for purposes of example. Since there are many variables and. sequirements associated with any particular installation, Allen-Bradley does not assume ‘esponsibility or lability (0 include intellectual property liability) for acral use based ‘upon the examples shown in this publication, Allen-Bradley publication SGI — 1.1, Safety Guidelines for the Application, Installation, and Maintenance of Solid State Control (available from your local Allen-Bradley office), describes some important differences between solid-state equipment and electromechanical devices which should be taken into consideration when applying Products such as those described inthis publication, Reproduction of the contents of this copyrighted publication, in whole or in pan, without ‘written permission of Allen-Bradley Company, Inc. is prohibited. ‘Throughout this manual we make notes to alert you to possible injury 10 people or ‘damage to equipment under specific circumstances, WARNING: Telis readers where people may be hurt if procedures are not followed properly. CAUTION: Tells readers where machinery may be damaged or economic Joss can ocour if procedures are not followed properly. ‘Wamings and Cautions: + identify a possible trouble spot ~ tell what causes the trouble + give the result of improper action + ‘ell the reader how to avoid wouble Important: We recommend that you frequently backup your application programs on an appropriate storage medium wo avoid possible data los. ‘© 1991 Allen-Bradley Company, Ine. PLC emda ney Ce Using This Manual Fiber—Optic Overview Introducing AF and AF1 Module and Required Fiber-optic Cables Module Installation Chapter 4 Chapter Objectives . ‘Manual’s Purpose... Audience . Manual Organization Related Publications .. Chapter 2 Chapter Objectives . . What is Fiber Optics ‘Typical Fiber-optic Applications ‘Why Use Fiber Optics? Fiber-Optie Components Light Detectors Optical Power . wees Signal Losses 2.00.0... eee cscs eects : Computing the Fiber-optic Excess Power Budget... Chapter 3 Chapter Objectives .. Module Description . Choosing Between Fiber-optic Modules . Module Compatibility Choosing the Correct Fiber-Optic Cable . Choosing Pre-terminated Fiber-Optic Cables ‘Choosing Cable Connectors... - Chapter 4 Chapter Objectives ....... Choosing the Operating Mode Star Mode . Point-to-Point Mode for Redundant Cabig Setting Module Switches . Mounting the AFI Stand-alone Module . Providing Power to the AFI Stand-alone Module . Keying Bands for the AF Module Installing Twinaxial Cables . . Installing Fiber-optic Cables Chapler 5 Fiber-optic/Twinaxial Connections for Remote /O Data Highway Networks ‘Troubleshooting Specifications Glossary Chapter Objectives .. 5-1 Guidelines for Installing Fiber-optic Cable Seer een ee 51 Cable Parameters ..... eee cee vovcteteteeenees 51 Routing the Cables 5-2 Connecting the Cables 53 Cable Pulling Guidelines . 5-4 Chapter 6 Chapter Objectives 61 Configuration Guidelines . 61 Serial Configuration .. 62 Maximum Serial Configuration G4 Parallel Configuration . 6-6 Serial/Parallei Configuration 68 ‘Trunkline Configuration ............06 00.0. 000c0ce0eeee eee 6-10 ‘Twinaxial to Twinaxial Repeater Configuration 612 Redundant Cabling Configuration 614 Chapter 7 Objectives . Data Highway Maximum Cable Lengths |. Linking Two Data Highways With A Repeater . Data Highway Trunkline with Droplines Data Highway Plus 2-Station Data Highway Plus Fiber-optic Link (PILC-5) . 2 Station Data Highway Plus Fiber-optie Link (PLC-3) ...... Data Highway Plus Network . Chapter 8 Chapter Objectives 0... .....0ccceceeecetsetteverseteeeee 8 LED Indicators . B1 Troubleshooting 82 Appendix A : Ad Chapter Objectives Manual’s Purpose Audience Manual Organization Tc Using This Manual ‘This chapter shows you: « what the manual contains + its purpose + how the manual is organized This manual describes how fiber-optic converter modules: tall, operate, and troubleshoot these * 1771-AF chassis-mounted module * 1771-AP1 1/0 stand-alone module We assume that you are familiar with the installation and operation of Allen-Bradley programmable controllers and remote 1/0. If you are not, refer to the appropriate manuals listed under “Related Publications”. ‘The manual is organized into the following chapters: Chapter Title ‘Tasks Covered 2 Fiber-Opic Overview Description offer optics Computing he excess power budget 3 Tnvoducfon and required cables ‘Comparing AF and AF modules Cable characterises 4 Module instalation Setting mocue switches Instaling the module Instaling twinaxial cable 5 Tnslatng Fiber-optc Cables ‘Guideines for instaling, routing and puting fiber-optic cables, 6 emote 10 Connections ‘Examples io help you design series, ral, ‘runklne, and edundant-cable configurations 7 Data Highway Networks Examples io help you design Data Highway and Data Highway Plus networks 4 Ca ce) Chapter ive tasks Covered 8 “Troubleshooting Ledindicators ‘Troubleshooting procedures ‘Rependix A Speciicaons index index Fring key words and concep Related Publications If you require additional information refer to the following publications: Title Programmatie Controller Wiring and Grounding Publication 1770-44 Data Highway Cable nstalaion anal Universal 10 Chassis TO Rack Use with PLC-2700, PLC-280 Controls PLC-280 Coniroer Programming and Operations Manual PLC-8 Controle Installabon and Operations Manual PLC-5 Programming Nanual PLC-5/250 Manual DHIDH Pius Manual 1785-682 3000-62.1 and-8.44 001-85, Chapter Objectives ‘What is Fiber Optics Typical Fiber-optic Applications Why Use Fiber Optics? Ta Fiber-Optic Overview This chapter presents an overview of fiber-optics: * typical applications = terms + power and power loss computations ‘The basis of fiber-optic communication is optical fiber: a thin, flexible glass or plastic wave guide through which light is transmitted. Optical fiber is the transmission link connecting two electronic components: a transmitter and a receiver. ‘The central part of the transmitter is its source, either an LED or a laser diode, which changes electrical signals into light signals. The receiver contains a photodiode or phototransistor that converts light signals back into electrical signals. An output circuit then amplifies the signals. Some typical applications for fiber optic links are: + electrostatic paint booths = arc welders + induction furnaces + ore and coal mines, * oil wells and offshore oil platforms «air compressor or electrical generating rooms + chemical refineries = subways and tunnels = drawbridges * airports Fiber-opric transmission represents a significant development in industrial electronic communications, and helps you overcome limitations of traditional copper cable. Some of the advantages of fiber-optic transmission over copper cable are: Pa 22 Large Bandwidth The information capacity of a carrier wave increases as its frequency increases. An optical cartier wave has frequencies several orders of ‘magnitude greater than the highest radio frequencies. Optical cables have bandwidths approaching 2 GHz which allow high-speed data transfer. ‘The low signal attenuation of optical cable allows long cable runs without the use of repeaters. Optical-fiber attenuation is essentially independent of modulation frequency, whereas copper—cable attenuation increases as. modulation frequency increases. Noise immunity Electrical noise does not affect fiber-optic transmissions. Transmitted signals are not distorted by electromagnetic energy or radio frequency interference because the cable is a dielectric, and the propagated signal is light which is not affected by induced fields. ‘Size Optical cables of a given data capacity are much smaller than conventional cables, This size reduction helps reduce overcrowding in conduits and wireways. Optical cables also weigh less than comparable copper cables. This weight savings eases cable installation. Transmission Security Fiber-optic transmissions are secure because they do not emit electromagnetic signals, Ifa fiber-optic cable is tapped, transmitted data is usually altered enough to indicate an imegularity in the line. ‘Safety and Electrical Isolation Optical cables are intrinsically safe because they carry light pulses only — no electrical signals are present. This is an advantage in explosive or hazardous environments. Additionally, optical cables help eliminate ‘ground loop problems. Fiber-Optic Components ‘A basic fiber-optic system consists of a light source/transmitter, an optical fiber cable, and a light detector/receiver. Light Source ‘Semiconductor light sources are either light-emitting diodes (LEDs) or injection laser diodes. LEDs provide less power and operate at slower speeds than laser diodes but are more cost effective. LEDs are suited to ‘most applications that require data transmissions up to several kilometers. in length at speeds up to several hundred megabits per second. A light source mast: = haye an operating speed compatible with the system bandwidth # provide enough optical power to trigger the detector + produce a wavelength that takes advantage of the optical characteristics of the cable Optical Fibers ‘One way to classify fibers is by material. Glass and silica make efficient fibers. Plastic fibers are larger and less efficient but usually more rugged and economical. Fibers can also be classified by their refractive index profiles and the number of modes they support. Two main index profiles are step fibers and graded fibers. A step index fiber has a core with a uniform refractive index and a distinet change or step between the indexes of the core and the cladding. A graded index fiber’s core does not have a uniform refractive index; itis highest at the center and gradually decreases until it matches the cladding’s index. Multimode Step Index Fibers ‘Multimode step index fibers have core diameters between 50 um and 1000,um. Such large core diameters allow many modes of light propagation, Light reflects differently for differem modes which means that some rays follow longer paths than others. Tn the lowest order mode, the axial ray travels down the center of the fiber without reflecting, It reaches the other end of the fiber before higher order rays do. The higher order rays strike the core-cladding interface close to the critical angle, which causes them to follow longer paths down the fiber, Therefore, a narrow pulse of light spreads out as it travels through the fiber. This spreading of light is called modal dispersion, 23 24 Single-Mode Step Index Fibers Single-mode step index fibers limit modal dispersion by using a small diameter core that only propagates onc made efficiently. A single-mode fiber, with a core diameter of 2 to 10 um, is very efficient. Itis suitable for high-speed and long-distance applications. Graded Index Fibers Graded index fibers also limit modal dispersion. These fibers propagate light by using a core made up of a series of concentric rings. Fach ring has a lower refractive index than the one preceding it. Since light travels, faster in a lower index medium, light farthest from the fiber center travels faster. Since high-order modes have a faster average velocity than low-order modes, all modes tend to arrive at a point at nearly the same time, The fiber’s core~cladding interface does not sharply reflect the rays of light. Instead, the differing layers of the core successively refract the light producing a nearly sinusoidal path. Attenuation Attenuation in optical cables is caused by two factors: absorption and scattering. Absorption is the conversion of photons to heat as light propagates and encounters impurities in the fiber-optic cable. Scattering results from imperfections in the basic structure of the fiber. Small variations in the core diameter, microbends, and small incongruities in the core-cladding imerface reduce power. Dispersion Dispersion is the spreading of a light pulse as it tavels along the fiber. A pulse seen at the output is wider than the input pulse. Dispersion limits a fiber’s bandwidth and can be one of two types. Modal dispersion is due to the different paths that light follows in the various modes. Material dispersion is due to the different velocities of light wavelengths. Bend Radius Microbends increase radiation loss by changing the geometry encountered by reflecting rays. Light loss increases as a fiber bends. The minimum bend radius approximates the breaking point of the fiber. Light Detectors Optical Power Numerical Aperture Numerical aperture is the light-gathering capability of the fiber. It establishes the angles of incidence at which the cable will accept and transmit light. The higher the numerical aperture, the more light the cable can gather. Fiber Strength, “The strength of a fiber is related to chemical or physical defects. Defects may occur during manufacturing, handling, or from exposure to the atmosphere. A flawed fiber can be further damaged by stress corrosion. Any defect is @ potential point of failure. ‘The condition of the cladding’s surface also affects a fiber’s strength, ‘Therefore, abrasion can harm a fiber both mechanically and optically. A. buffer coating applied to a fiber protects it from moisture, chemicals, and ‘mechanical damage A fiber-optic light detector converts optical energy into electrical energy. Various devices may serve as detectors: + semiconductor photodiodes (pin and avalanche types) + phototransistors + integrated devices with preamplifiers and receivers ‘The performance of a fiber-optic link is limited by both dispersion and attenuation. When attenuation is the limiting factor, the detector must be able to respond to weak incoming light signals. The detector’s sensitivity rating is one of the factors determining the level of link performance. Fiber-optic power is defined in watts but is commonly expressed in decibels. For example: 25 Signal Losses 26 Power(asm = 10 log (Psig) amw) Powerjapu) = 10 log (Psig) yW) ‘The optical power loss in the fiber-optic circuit can also be expressed in decibels. Power Lossan) = 10 log Pout) (Pin) Where: Power Loss = power in dB Pout = optical power leaving the fiber cable Pin = optical power entering the fiber cable For example: Power Lossatim) = Poutasim) ~ Pin(s3m) Power Lossapy) = Pouagyy — Pinasyy Optical signal losses should be kept to a minimum. The following can cause signal loss: connectors splices splicing cables of different diameters splicing cables of different numerical aperture fiber attenuation core diameter mismatch sharp bends in the cable = age of the light source/detector Next we show you to to compute the “Fiber-Optie Excess Power Budget”. Computing the Fiber-optic Excess Power Budget The operation of an optical link depends on the amount of optical power available and the degree of losses in the system. We show you how to compute the excess power budget (Table 2.) for a typical fiber-optic transmission link Figure 2.1), based on: + 100/140 im fiber-optic cable * 5 dBm/km cable attenuation * 2 km distance * epoxy/polish connectors with 1.0 dBm loss per connector Important: The excess power budget should be greater than or equal to zero for the system to operate reliably at the maxitaum specified distance. Instruetions: Enter your own system-loss values in the blank spaces to compute your Excess Power Budget (Table 2.A). Example values are in parentheses. Table 2.8 System Loss Computations a) Min XmtrSouce-Coupled Power! = = (-12608m) by Receiver Senstivty (xed). = —— (24 008m ©) Maximum Alowatle Loss. = ——— (11468) [ab] 1) Fber Lossat Maximum Distance = ———__(10.0d8my2km €) Environmental Losses (xed) = —— (108m) {) Maximum System Loss = —— {f.0¢8m) +e] } Maximum Allowable Loss = —— _(t.4d80) {) Maximum System Loss = —— (1.08) 6) Excess Powor Budget = —— (cde) [o-1] " Appendix A lists the transmitter power for specific cable dameters. aq ery Fiber-Optic C 28 Typical Soureo Power =128d8m (Includes Connector Upsses} Figure 21 ‘System Loss Parameters Typical 100/440xm Cable Loss SdBm/Km (Environmental Loss 4.048m) Typical Sources Powar 12648 {Includes Connector Losses} Typical Receiver Sensitivity “246m. Chapter Objectives Module Description Choosing Between Fiber-optic Modules Introducing AF and AF1 Modules and Required Fiber-optic Cables This chapter helps you choose the correct fiber-optic modules and cables for your application. Fiber-optic modules: + convert electrical signals into light signals and transmit them through a fiber-optic cable + convert light signals to electrical signals and transmit them through electrical cables. “These modules introduce no appreciable system delay, and are completely transparent to devices connected to them. Fiber-optic modules also receive, amplify, and retransmit electrical signals, so you can use the modules as repeaters in an electrical cable (twinaxial) link for cable distances up to 30,000 feet. Allen-Bradley fiber-optic modules (1771-AF and -AF 1) are electrically and functionally identical, The only differences are: + mounting requirements * source of power + method of connecting wires Mounting Specie Ditlerences Caalog Number WO Chassis Draws power from lO chassis backplane ATTI-AF Uses wiringarm fr wire connections ‘Stand-alone ‘Needs separate SVdc power supply ATTI-AFY ‘Uses terminal block for wire connections 34 ‘Module Compatibility Fiber-optic modules are compatible with the following modules and ‘components via twinaxial cable: Catalog Number 1770-KF2 1770-MIL T7TI-AS, ~ASB T771-DCM 1771-KA 1771-KE, KF 1772-SD, SD? 1773-KA 1775-GA Product IH/DH Plus RS-232-C Interface Module Mass Storage System 1/0 Adapter Module Direct Communication Module ‘Communication Adapter Module. ‘Communication Controller Module Remote 1/0 Seanner/Distribution Panel ‘Communication Interface Module Peripheral Communication Module ‘Communication Adapter Module Peripheral Interface Adapter Module 1/0 Scanner Module T785-KA DH/DH Plus Communication Adapter Module 1785-KE DH Plus RS-232-C Interface Module Choosing the Correct Use duplex fiber-optic cables with your fiber-optic modules. The cable Fiber-Optic Cable must meet these criteria: + Cable size (provided they accept an SMA-905 connector): 50/125 pm 100/140 pm 625/125 wm 200/230 jum 85/125 um 17 Mhz or greater bandwidth Either epoxy/polish or crimp/cleave SMA-905. connectors Support 820 nm wavelength 32 1.0 dBm loss or less per connector Choosing Pre-terminated Fiber-Optic Cables ‘Choosing Cable Connectors: Choose the cable diameter according to cable tength and signal attenuation acceptable for your application: LLengin Guidelines Cable Diameter [Attenuation (4B | Numerical Aperture em) (feet) lossikm) (Na) 050) 1625. | 50125 um 4oBmiKm [020A 175 3688 Jezsnzsum | demikm O28NA 2 6500 | 85/125 pm 4.d8m/Km '0.26NA 2 500 | 100/140 jum S

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