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    Magda Szymanska Piotrek Szymanski
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    © All Rights Reserved
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    19 views9 pages

    Building Materials 2

    Uploaded by

    Magda Szymanska Piotrek Szymanski

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
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    i Material types HRY etals and non-metats Engineering material can be divided ito (metals — examples of metalic mata ae iron (Fe) and copper (Cu) (© nov-metals - examples of non-metallic materials ae carbon (C) and silicon (8, As iron is such a widely used material, meal can be divided into (© ferrous mecals— those that contain iron ‘© non-ferrous meals - those that donot contain eon, Elements, compounds and mixtures ‘With egar to the chemical composition of materials - the chemicals they conti, and how those chemicals aze combined = thee main categories can be used (Elements are pure materiale in thie mor basic form, They cannot be broken down into diferent consieuents (ingredients) Examples of elements widely used in engacecing ‘material ar iron, carbon and suminiuin (Al 1 Compounds consis of rwo or moc elements that are chemically hound — that's ‘combined by a chemical reaton. An everyday ample is water, which sa compoand of hydrogen (H) and axygen (0) {© Mixeores consis of rvo or more elements or compounds which are mixed togthes but hich ae not chemically bound, In engineering, common examples ate lly ha meals which have other mecls andor now metals mixed with them. A commun example is see, which isan iron-catboo alloy, and can include other alloying meal nals hich ae added to alloys, im smal quantinrelativ to the main metal. Exaioles of widely used alloying meas are chromium (Ce), manganese (Ma) and wanste (W), ‘BE aluminium [a jm Len Ane aun Note: For sto ceria elements and their symbols, see Append Von page 104. Composite materials ‘The arse below is fom an engineeting journal, ScODE. COME 1 You thnk of examples of hitacn mates, composite materia oreo mind ~ 210 38 carbone used in aerospace ans Formula ca ut lou we irk of compontes 32th and high exzerse, has nt sways toe, The atest examples of caneste maa wee ike rade trom mud an sow. Of o use the coet compose two hat raifres he materi side, 08 md mati ~ te mater suroundng te reforcene. ‘These teams expan whet compose mat ravi wit) a relforeing mater ise A mcr, ery exarpe Is Roregas ~ comet cals gare releforcod plate (GRP) - which has a pase nate reeforced with sass toes Complete the sentences using the words in the box. Look at A opposite and Appendix TV on page 104 to help you Teal sone alle —aremlie eran —sonarou] 1 Carbo (0) isa 2 Capper (Ca) metal 3 Aluminium (Al) sa common — 4 Stel (Fe C) i «widely weed 5 Although cis ured in sel carbon is 6 Aluminium i selacvely lightweight for 2 smatesial etal Decife whether the sentences below are wue of false, and eoerecr the ale sentences. Look at B opposite help you 1 The elements that make wp a compound are chemically bound 2 Aloys are chemical compounds that ae frequently used in engineering, 3 Aloys can contain both metalic ané non-metallic constituents 44 Inan allo, an alloying metals the biggest constituent, by percentage 5 Stel is a metallic element Complece the euraceabour concrete and ste, using suitable forms ofthe word reinforce from C opposite. Sometimes there is more than one posible answer (A) annum covert one ofthe most wide used contruction materials, and meme tale fr ward. However, ug toe! bas to (2) —. concrete srucurs located | ‘utoor ean posse thanks to» frunat coinidnos: concrete and steel have practical the sane coefiiert of thamal expansion ~In other words, 2s etospheretemperse wales, be corre an the Stl (3) nnennn expand and cotta the sae rate, lowing ORT | rmovemet. Using (4) ‘ater! with 9 diferent coefcent of exansion wouldnt be feasible. For example, () aluminum... conerete would uch dsinagrata, TA. Read the ext below and find two elements, ewo compounds, an alloy and a composite. Look a A,B and C opposite ro help you Geceraly the sel used in eenforced concrete will have previously been exposed to water and o the oxygen i che ait ASseesl, ic wll usally be paly corroded, beng covered ‘vith slayer of ron oxide (rat). However, once the ste ir inside the hardened concrete, it willbe protected from air and water, which prevents further resting. Additonal}, the cerren in concrete does or react aggressively with the ion in tel Cor ae eee) rfl Eh se Een » 12.1. Tecide whether the sentences blow are trac or fale, and corer the fale sentences Look at 14 Steel ‘and B oppose op you. Carbon steels 1 Stes anally of ron and carbon, This exact from nate nan engineering journals abou diferent pes of ste 2 Mid el hgh carbon ste 4 Chromium and cl ar sed av alloying metas in tee 5 Low aby ses cons more crertam ha on & Sale elisa ly se 4 Tungsten aed oe vo make sfc, & Highsped el is uabe for making cing tok that get very ho ‘Stee isthe most widely used engincering materia ‘eehnealy, though, this wellknown alloy of ron and carbon isnot xs simple as one might think. Steel ames in a huge range of dierent grades, each with ferent characteristics. For the inexperienced, can be ica know where to bog, 12.2 Complee the table with words celated ro corrode, oxide and rast. Then ut the words 19 “The first, carbon steels, const of ron and carbo, and iepyow m me to approximately 0.3% carbon. Medium earbon steel contains between approsimately 0.3% and 0.6% carbos, igh carbon ste! contains between approximately 0.6% and 1.4% carbon. I ‘aiined 1 When ste is exposed to ait and wate it = 2A brown/red material onthe surface of sel i called HED oy stects ie wengih of seis rdnced Wate “The arte goes at look a alloy stds 12.3. Complese the aril abouts special ype of steel, using words from A,B and C opposite. Note:The ceria symbol orion = Fe, and erbon = © The second main category of soe is alloy steels, which consist of iron, carbon and ono or more allving metals Specibe grades of lly ste! include Weathering steel The perennial problem wit sib wen exposed 10 er and water Genet, 2he only soluon i ster to appt protective coating co 1 low ally steels, which contain 90% or more iron, nd up to approximately 10% of alloying metals such as chromium, nlekel, manganese, molybdenum an vandlium 1 high strength low alloy steels (HSLA), which contain smaller quanties of Uh shove metals (plcally Tess than 25) 1 stainless steels, which contain chromium as wells other metals - such a¢ nickel ‘and which donot ras. 1 lool steels, which are extremely hard, and are used in cutting tools. They conan tungsten and/or cobalt. widely used grade o tol ste! Is high-speed sel, which Is used in cutting tools that operate at high vemperature, such as dls. %) oe which canis sgpifcart quences a6 oe nike ‘Theres however. an aarnatve solution. Socal weathering ste & special ley sutabie fo: outdone ws Butter then being completly protected trom como, ne srfos of theses slowed to ge 7 layer of (6) has loaned on to sua. t layer acs ke the "ny uso in aehitcnad Notes: The terms carbon stel and alloy steel can caus confusion, a aon ste ace solos, nd alloy stel also contain carbon “The chemical symbol fr chromium = Cr, cbat = C,nckel = Ni manganese = Mi malyidenum = Mo, tungsten = W, and vanacium (One weakness of mild steel that ie conodes~ cs surface progressively Atoms. For example, a water moecule~ HO Contains wo hyarogtn atoms and one oxygen som artenceciestpoymenenan — y memmerniom patentee | Rubber, shanks ts many uses fom rubber polymers. comes from latex. a natural iqid wich comes from rubber ees. Rubber Istherefore a natural polymer. However, mest ofthe poe’ used i Industry are url, but syethetie The term plastic gereraly sed to eer to sya polymers ~in other words, tose tat ae manmade Note: Rubber can be natural (natutlrabber ox sytht synthetic ube). ‘A pole chan ‘Thermoplasties and thermosetting plastics. The page goes on t look at ype of polymer oer “Thermoplastics canbe mete by heat, and formed in shaped conaiers called moulds. ‘Aker the liquid plastic has cole, eat to form asd materia A thermoplastic | s2type of plastic tna canbe heated and moulded numerous tines. Examples of thermoplastic that ar commen in anginering incase 1 ABS (acrlonitse butadiene styrene ~ sf ans igh, used in vehicle Bodywork 1 polycarbonate - used 1o make svong,ransparen panels and vehicle ahs {| PVC (polvinvlehlrie) ~ 2 cheaper plastic use fr window frames and pe. ‘Thermesetting plastics, also ales thermosets canbe heated and moulded ike ‘thermoplastics. They may ato be mixed from cold ngrediets. However during

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