Unit-1

EXPERIMENT-1
1. BODY LANGUAGE AND IUDENTITY MANAGEMENT
SOFT SKILLS
Soft skills are personal attributes that influence how well we can work or interact with others.
These skills make it easier to from relationships with people, create trust and dependability and
lead teams. In essence, they are essential for our success in the work place and our personal life.
The term soft skills covers a wide range of skills as deserve as team work, time management,
empathy and delegation.
Importance of Soft Skills:
Soft skills includes candidates ability to lead to solve problem to innovate to build relationship to
adopt rapidity and communicate effectively as the advancements in artificial intelligence and
automation promise whole safe change across sectors. The changing needs for the whole place
are such that for greater emphasis is now placed on an ability to cultivate a workforce with a
significant Soft Skills Capability.
Body Language:
It is a type of non-verbal communication in which physical behaviors as opposed to words are
used to express or convey the information such behavior includes facial expressions, body
posture, gestures, eye movement, touch and use of space. Body language exists in both animals
and humans, but this article focuses on interpretations of human body language. It is also known
as Kinesics.
Non-verbal Commmunication:
The Non-Verbal communication is the process of conveying meaning without the use of words
either written or spoken. In other words any communication mode between two or more persons
through the use of facial expressions, hand movements, body language, postures and gestures is
called as Non-Verbal Communication.
Types of Non-Verbal Communiction:
1. Facial Expressions
2. Kinesics
3. Occulesics
4. Haptics
5. Prosemics
6. Paralinguistics
1.a.Facial Expression-Kinesics-Occulesics:
A facial expression is one or more motions or positions of the muscles beneath the skin or
the face. They are a primary means of conveying social information between humans. The six
basic facial expression are: A .Happy B.Disgust C .Anger D.Fear E.Surprise
F.Sadness.
A. Facial Expression/emotion: A.Happy: Happiness is anemotion that is often associated with a
state of mind that reflects contentment, satisfaction; pleasure or joy, happiness is one of the
most popular emotions and it has been studied throughout different philosophical, religious
topologists have defined happiness as stemming from the living of a good life, or the
flourishing of one soul, rather than it just being an emotion. Today we often associate
happiness with pleasure, happiness is characterized by a facial expression that causes
someone to raise the corner of their mouth upwards.
B. Facial Expression/Emotion:Anger: Anger is an emotion that is often associated withing the
range of minor irritation to intense range physically, anger causes someone to experience an
increased heart rate, heightened blood pleasure, and abnormal levels of adrenaline and
noradrenaline you may often hear as anger being associated within the tight or flight brain
response when a person is introduced to an experience that causes them to feel threatened or
in pain.
C. Facial Expreson/Emotion: Fear:Fear is an emotion that is often associated with a
threatening or dangerous stimuli. It is a basic survival mechanism that occurs in response to
a traumatic presence, such as pain or the impending threat of pain. Fear is related to the
behavior of escape, avoidance but should with the direct physical reaction to threats that are
perceived to the unavoidable and uncontrollable.
D. Facial Expression/Emotion:Surprise: Surprise in an emotion that is often associated with a
brief state of being. This brief state of being is involved by an unexpected, relevant even.
However, surprise is not always a traumatic emotional experience. Surprise is characterized
by a facial expression that causes someone to lift their brows, open their eyes worldly and
drop their jaw.
E. Facial Expression/ Emotion: Sadness: Sadness is an emotion that is often associated with
the feelings of disadvantages such as loss and helplessness. Often human react to being sad
by getting quiet, the they experience a lack of energy and need to be with dawn sadness and
can also be characterized as sorrow, grief, misery, and melancholy, sadness arise in two
main ways: the temporary lowering of one’smood, or the chronic persistent lowering or ones
mood often associated with depression. Sadness is characterized by a facial ‘expression’ that
causes someone to lower the earners of their mouth and raise the inner portion of their
brows.

KINESICS

The word ‘Kinesics’ comes from the root word Kinesics comes from the root
word Kinesics which means ‘movement’, and refers to the study of hand, arm body and face
movements. Specifically this section will outline the use of gestures, head movements and
posture, yes contact, and facial expressions as Non-Verbal communication.
i.Gestures: Gestures fall in to different categories that help the skilled observer understand them
and link them to their ‘meanings’.
ii.Emblems: Emblems can be used instead of a word and it is these gestures that actually across
language barriers. A hand wave, finger beckoning, thumbs up or thumbs down are all emblems,
gestures that have specific meanings. Shrugging shoulders and shaking head are also gestures
that tell the observer that not understand and everyone can read that emblem of body language.
A.Posture
Postures can be categorized as open or closed and reflects emotion, attitude and intention.
i. Closed Posture: Closed is seen as a person guarding their space with arms faded,
putting up a closed barrier with crossed legs and turning away from another person in
conversation can be strong or sometimes flexible .
ii. Open Posture: Open posture is softer and more forgiving and gentle hands are a part,
arms resting in the lap or on the arms of chair. In this form of posture there is an
openness and interest in the other person, a willingness to listen.
iii. Mirroring: When couples co the something is a sign of more admiration. It is the
signals that show the interest in the other person, a willingness to listen. When
couples do the something is a sign of mutual admiration. It is the signals that show
the interest a loving couple show in each other. The mirroring of their actions shows a
special band and approval of one another.
Occulesics
Occulesics is a subcategory of Kinesics; is the study of eye of eye
movement, eye behavior, gaze, eye-related nonverbal communication. The specific definition
varies depending on whether it applies to the fields of medicine or social science.
i. Communicating Emotions: Eye behavior with emotional summaries: Different
people look up for different reasons. Some look up when they are thinking others
perform that action is an effort to recall something from their memory. It may also be
a way for people to subconsciously display boredom. The read position can also come
into play, however, as an upwards look with a lowered head can be a suggestive
action.
ii. Eye down: Avoiding eye contact, or looking down can be sign of submission or fear.
It may also indicate that some one feels guilt. However, depending on the culture of
the person, it may also just a sign of respect.
iii. Lateral movement of eyes: Looking away from that person to whom one is speaking
could be a sign that something else has taken their interest. It may also mean that a
person is easily distracted looking to the left can mean that a person is easily trying to
remembering sound, while the right can mean that the person is actually imagining
the sound.
iv. Crazing: Starting at someone means that a person shows sincere interest. In general,
starting means: ‘ I want that’.
 v. Glancing: Glancing can show a persons true desires, for instance glancing at door
might mean that someone wants to leave. Glancing at a glass of water might mean
that a person is thirsty.
vi. Eye Contact:Eye contact is powerful and shows sincere interest if it is unbroken.
Breaking that eye contact can be threatening to the person who does not break the eye
contact.
vii. Blinking:Blinking is also a natural that can occur far no other realm that having dry
eyes. It can also be the resort of a person feeling greater level of stress.
viii. Winking:Closing of the eyes serves to shut out the world. It can be a reaction to fear
or embarrassment others may close their eyes as a way to think.
ix. Eye moisture: Tears obviously indicate sadness, but moisture also has more practical
purpose to wash and clean the yes. Damp eyes can be expressed crying or an
expression of extreme happiness or laughter.
x. Rubbing of eyes:Eyes may water, causing a person to rub their own eyes, this can
happen when a person feels uncomfortable, it may also happen when a person simply
has something in their eyes.
1.b.Haptics
Haptic communication is the form of non-verbal communication and the way by
which people and animals communicate via touching. Touching is most effective
means to communicate feelings and emotions.
TOUCH IN HUMANS: Touch communicate in the early stages of life may establish the
foundation of all other forms of communication that humans latter develop touch something help
better than verbal communication.
Categories of Touch:
Friendship: Effectiveness les another person know we care for values and have an interest in
him (or) her. Probably the most difficult to interrupt, both for the receiver o the touch and the
outsider.
Professional –Functional Touch: Managers should know the effectiveness of using touch while
communicating to subordinate but need to be cautious and understand how touch can be
misunderstood. A hand on the shoulder for one person may mean a supportive gesture, while it
could mean a sexual advance to another person a hand shake or a pat on the back.
Social and Polite touch: Serves to communicate a limited form of interpersonal involvement we
touch another person of more than a mere object. Blessing someone or meeting in a party or
usual meeting.
PROXIMICS: Proxemics is the study of human use of space and the effects that population
density space and the effects that population density has on behavior. Communication, an social
interaction. Proxemics is one among several subcategories in the study of non-verbal
communication, including haptics (touch), kinesics (body movement).
Types of Proxemics:\
There are four types of “distance” which people use to communicate one a face-to-face basis:
These include:
1. Intimate distance
2. Personal distance
3. Social distance
4. Public distance
1. Intimate distance: Intimate distance is that which is used for every confidential
communications. This zone is distance is characterized by ao to 2 feet of space between two
Individuals. An example of intimate distance 1meter for two people holding hands, or standing
side by side people in intimate distance share a unique level of comfort with one another.
2. Personal distance: Social distance is used in business transactions meeting now people and
interacting with groups of people social distance has a large range in the distance that it can
incorporate from 4 to 12 feet. It is clear that social distance depends on the situation. Social
distance may be used common the students, co-workers, or accountancy. Generally people
within social distance do not engage in physical contact with one another.
3. Public Distance: Public distance is measured at 12 or more feet between persons. This
distance can be maintained during speeches given by the politicians in the public places.

EXPERIMENT-2
1.c. Paralinguistics
The study of role of non-verbal clues is called paralinguistic. This includes volume, speed of
voice, intonation, tone etc.
Clues of Paralinguistic
1. Volume of Voice
2. Speed of Voice
3. Intonation
4. Tone
5. Pronunciation
6. Articulation
7. Pause
8. Punctuation marks
1. Volume of voice: It is not just, what you say, it is how you say it, when you whisper
something it conveys that you want to hide something. When speaking something aloud,
you want it to be heard by all.
2. Speed of voice: The speed of voice should be such that the listener can follow everything
that you are speaking. If you are speaking very fast they may not connect the speech.
3. Intonation: Stress and Intonation bend together to lend charm to English speech.
Intonation means variation of voice or speech. Intonation means variation of voice or
speech. It tells the listener if the message it is in the form of a question.
 4. Tone of Voice: The tone tell about the attitude of the speaker. The tone can be sarcastic,
aggressive, critical, nervous.
5. Pronunciation: The pronunciation is the first thing that people notice during
conversation. For correct pronunciation, knowledge of Phonetics is essential.
6. Articulation: Articulation is the clarity in your voice. Clearly articulated message
competence. You should speak in such a way that all words are understood.
7. Pause: The break that is taken by a person while speaking and its duration is known as
‘pause’ in paralinguistic. A pause can have two different functions:
i. A temporary vocal inaction: This indicates the speaker’s uncertainty, hesitation,
or uneasiness.
ii. A pause: This shows favor or disfavor, agreement or disagreement.
8. Punctuation marks: Generally, punctuation marks are very helpful in written form
appropriate. Use of punctuation marks brings clarity to content and prevent confusion.

1.d.Appearance
A professional and healthy dress code well be highly fetching in an interview room.
Similarly dressing according to the purpose of the meeting and the environment are
equally important to show your respect for the gathering.
Man behaves, as he believes. So your belief system which determines your
attitudes and behavior should be very clear and inclusive. Along with his sense of dress
which he maintains grows his confidence level. Be conscious of how you communicate.
By paying close attention to your body language, you could improve your own ability to
communicate non-verbally.
Just cross check your mannerisms in front of a mirror which never lies. This
practice helps a professional candidate very practical. You need to have integrity through
the words with actions and intensions. It is found that people who maintain same
behavior at all places, at all times with all people found no problem with body language
that is appearance.
EXPERIMENT-3
1.e. Identity Management
What is identity management (ID management)?

Identity management (ID management) is the organizational process for ensuring individuals
have the appropriate access to Organizational resources.

This includes the identification, authentication and authorization of a person, or persons, to have
access to society. This is done by associating user rights and restrictions with established
identities.
Managed identities can also individual identity processes that need access to organizational
systems. Identity management can be considered an essential component for security.

Identity management includes authenticating users and determining whether they're allowed
access to work in a particular Organisation. ID management works hand-in-hand with Identity
and access management. Identity management is focused on authentication, while access
management is aimed at authorization.

Importance of identity management

The main goal of identity management is to ensure only authenticated users are granted access to
the specific applications, systems or IT environments for which they are authorized. This
includes control over User provisioning and the process of on boarding new users such as
employees, partners, clients and other stakeholders.

Identity management also includes control over the process of authorizing system or network
permissions for existing users and the off boarding of users who are no longer authorized to
access organization systems.

ID management determines whether a user has access to systems and sets the level of access and
permissions a user has on a particular system. For instance, a user may be authorized to access a
system but be restricted from some of its components.

Identity governance, the policies and processes that guide how roles and user access should be
administered across a business environment, is an important aspect of identity management.
Identity governance is key to successfully managing role-based access management systems.

ID management security benefits

Identity management is an important part of the enterprise security plan, as it is linked to both the
security and productivity of the organization.

In many organizations, users are granted more access privileges than they need to perform their
functions. Using identity management, organizations can safeguard their corporate assets against
many threats including hacking, ransom ware, pushing and other malware attacks.

Identity management systems add an additional layer of protection by ensuring user access
policies and rules are applied consistently across an organization.
Johari Window: The Johari window model is a simple and useful tool for illustrating and
improving self-awareness within himself / herself or other groups. The Joari window improve a
group’s relationship with other groups. The Johari Window model was developed by American
psychologist Joseph luft and HarlyINgnam in the influence of, ‘soft skills, behavior, empathy
cooperation, inter-group development and interpersonal development.

EXPERIMENT-4
2.EMOTIONAL ITELLIGENCE AND LIFE SKILLS
2.a. Selft Awareness through JohariWinddow and SWOC analysis
The Johari window soon because a widely used model for understanding and training self-
awareness, personal development, improving communication, interpersonal relationships group
dynamics, team development and inter-group relationship
Johari window four region-model diagram

1.Open 2. Blind
area area

3.Hidden Unknown
area area

Johari window four regions;

1. What is known by the person about him/herself and is also known by thers-open area, open
self, free area, free self, or ‘the arena’.
2. What is unknown by the person about him/herself but which others know-blind area, blind
self, or ‘blind spot’.
3.What the person knows about him/herself what others do not know-hidden area, hidden self,
avoided area, avoided self or ‘ facade’.
4. What is unknown by the person about him/herself and is also unknown by others-unknown
area or unknown selft.
 This is the standard representation of Johari window model, showing each quadrant the
same size.
 The Johari window ‘pane’s can be changed in size to reflect the relevant properties
proportions of each type of ‘knowledge’ of about a particular person in a given or team
situation.
 As the team member becomes better established and known, so the size of the team
members open free quadrant increases.

SWOC ANALYSIS;
A SWOC analysis is a strategic planning tool that can be used during the curriculum
assessment and review process to make informed decisions based upon collective input from
multiple stake holders within the context of curriculum development, a swoc analysis can be
used as a powerful framework to discuss and clearly identify the strengths, weakness,
opportunities and challenges related to an existing degree program or major. The SWOC
analysis is particularly effective when conducted in collaborative groups setting at the early
stages of the curriculum assessment process.

Factorslikely to Factors which

lead to positive may compromise
change and further
further improvement is
improvement in in the quality of
the equality of program
the program
Strengths Weakness
Inside the
program(Internal)

Outside the Opportunities Challenges

program
(esternal)

Strengths: What have been the strengths of our program? What are we known for? What are
we most proud of? What are we doing well? What/who are our key resources and exemplars,
what do we control that gives us an advantage: What are out key areas of expertise? What
resources of capabilities allow us to meet out mandate/mission?
 Weakness: What are we doing poorly or struggling with? What frustrations/challenges have
students/faculty expressed? What do we need to fix? What are the internal weakness and
deficiencies in resources or capabilities that may be hindering the program’s ability to
accomplish it mission/mandate?
Opportunities:
What are opportunities will most dramatically enhance the quality of our program? What
changes in demand do we expect to see over the next years? What key environment/ market
factors may positivity impact the program?
Challenges: What are the key challenges or threats to quality of our program that need to be
addressed? What are others doing that we are not? What future challenges may affect the
program? What external or future challenges or threats does the program face?

Experiment-5
2.B. SELF MOTIVATION
Self-motivation is, in its simplest form, the force that drives you to do things. People can be
motivated by many things, both internal and external, such as desire to something, love of
someone, or need for money. Usually, motivation is a result of several factors. The ability to
motivate yourself-self-motivation-is an important skill. Self-motivation drives people to keep
goiong even in the face of set-backs, to take up opportunities, and to show commitment to
what they want to achieve.
Motivation is what pushes us to achieve our goals, feel more fulfilled and improve our
overall quality of life.
Understanding and developing your self-motivation can help you to take control of many other
aspects of your life. Motivation is one of the three areas of personal skills that are integral to
the concept of emotional intelligence. Daniel Goleman, the author of several seminal books on
Emotional Intelligence, identified four elements that make up motivation.
 Personal drive to achieve, the desire to improve or to meet certain standards.
 Commitment to personal or organizational goals;
 Initiative, which he defined as ‘readiness to act on opportunities’ and
 Optimism, the ability to keep going and pursue goals in the face of setbacks. This is also
known as resilience.
 Optimism, the ability to keep going and pursue goals in the face of setback. This is also
known as resilience to improve self-motivation, it is therefore helpful to understand
more about these individual elements.
The Elements of Self-Motivation
1.Personal drive to achieve
You could think of a personal drive to achieve as ambition, or perhaps personal
empowerment. However, it is also worth thinking about it in terms of mindset.
There are two types of mindset, fixed and growth.
 Those with a fixed mindset believe that talent is ingrained, and that we cannot
change our level of ability.
 Those with a growth mindset believe that they can improve their skills through hard
work and effort.
Research shows that those who believe that hey can improve-that is, who have a
growth mindset- are far more likely to achieve in whatever sphere they choose.
A growth mindset is therefore an important element in a personal drove to
succeed.
Other elements of personal drive include being organized particularly
being good at time management and avoiding distraction.
2. Commitment to goals
There is considerable evidence, even if much of it is anecdotal, that goal-setting
is important to our general well being.
3. Initiative.
Initiative is, effectively, ability to take advantage of opportunities when they
occur. It is all too easy to hesitate and then the opportunity may be gone.
However, the old sayings ‘look before you leap’ and ‘fools rush in where angels
fear to tread’ have a lot of truth in them. It is also important to think things
through and ensure that you are making the right decision for you.
Initiative can therefore be considered as a combination of courage and good
risk management:\
 Risk management is necessary to ensure that you identify the right
opportunities to consider, and that they have the appropriate level of
risk for you; and
 Courage is necessary to overcome the fear of the unknown in inherent in
new opportunities
4. Optimism or resilience
Optimism is the ability to look on the bright side, or think positively.
Resilience is the ability to ‘bounce back’ after a setback, or keep positive in
the face of challenges. The two are closely related, although not exactly the
same.
Reselient people use their ability to think as a way to manage negative
emotional responses to events. In other words, they use positive or rational
thinking to examine, and if necessary, overcome reactions that they
understand may not be entirely logical. They are also prepared to ask for
 help if necessary-as well as to offer their own help generously to others in
need.
2. C.Empathy
Empathy is the ability to emotionally understand what other people feel, see
things from their point of view, and imagine yourself in their place.
Essentially, it is putting yourself in someone else’s position and feeling what
they must be feeling.

When you see another person suffering, you might be able to instantly envision yourself in the
other person's place and feel sympathy for what they are going through.

While people are generally pretty well-attuned to their own feelings and emotions, getting into
someone else's head can be a bit more difficult. The ability to feel empathy allows people to
"walk a mile in another's shoes," so to speak. It permits people to understand the emotions that
others are feeling.

For many, seeing another person in pain and responding with indifference or even outright
hostility seems utterly incomprehensible. But the fact that some people do respond in such a way
clearly demonstrates that empathy is not necessarily a universal response to the suffering of
others.

Signs of Empathy

There are some signs that show that you tend to be an empathetic person:

 You are good at really listening to what others have to say.

 People often tell you about their problems.
 You are good at picking up on how other people are feeling.
 You often think about how other people feel.
 Other people come to you for advice.
 You often feel overwhelmed by tragic events.
 You try to help others who are suffering.
 You are good at telling when people aren't being honest.
 You sometimes feel drained or overwhelmed in social situations.
 You care deeply about other people.
 You find it difficult to set boundaries in your relationships with other people.

Having a great deal of empathy makes you concerned for the well-being and happiness of others.
It also means, however, that you can sometimes get overwhelmed, burned out, or even
overstimulated from always thinking about other people's emotions.

Types

There are different types of empathy that a person may experience:

  Affective empathy involves the ability to understand another person's emotions and
respond appropriately. Such emotional understanding may lead to someone feeling
concerned for another person's well-being, or it may lead to feelings of personal distress.
 Somatic empathy involves having a sort of physical reaction in response to what
someone else is experiencing. People sometimes physically experience what another
person is feeling. When you see someone else feeling embarrassed, for example, you
might start to blush or have an upset stomach.
 Cognitive empathy involves being able to understand another person's mental state and
what they might be thinking in response to the situation. This is related to what
psychologists refer to as theory of mind, or thinking about what other people are thinking.

Uses

Human beings are certainly capable of selfish, even cruel, behavior. A quick scan of any daily
newspaper quickly reveals numerous unkind, selfish, and heinous actions. The question then is
why don't we all engage in such self-serving behavior all the time? What is it that causes us to
feel another's pain and respond with kindness?

There are a number of benefits of being able to experience empathy:

 Empathy allows people to build social connections with others. By understanding what
people are thinking and feeling, people are able to respond appropriately in social
situations. Research has shown that having social connections is important for both
physical and psychological well-being.1
 Empathizing with others helps you learn to regulate your own emotions. Emotional
regulation is important in that it allows you to manage what you are feeling, even in times
of great stress, without becoming overwhelmed.
 Empathy promotes helping behaviors. Not only are you more likely to engage in helpful
behaviors when you feel empathy for other people, but other people are also more likely
to help you when they experience empathy.

EXPERIMENT-6

2. d.Assertiveness and Managing Stress

What is assertiveness? The Concise Oxford Dictionary defines assertiveness as:

‘Forthright, positive insistence on the recognition of one’s rights. ‘Assertiveness
means the ability to express ones feelings, desires, opinions, thoughts and belief’s
in direct, hones and appropriate ways so that other people do not assume that you
agree with them. They are at ease to make their feelings get noticed. Assertive
people are confident of their expressions and they know what they do. They are
aware of their rights and responsibilities. They don’t fear to say ‘yes’ to do or
accept something if they like or love to do. They politely deny if they are not
interested. They never allow others to subdue or rule over them, but are quiet
willing to take their given responsibility without force. They never hurt others
deliberately, neither do they plan to hurt intentionally. They not only demand
justice by their own behavior/style but also disagree injustice happening to others
in front of their eyes. They are quiet willing to show their responsibility to their
decisions and deeds. They never hesitate to apologize for their negative actions.

How to be assertive? It is necessary to have assertiveness to maintain good

relations with people to get the most from life. There are various steps for
becoming more assertive.

First know your value and other: God created al people equal that they are
endowed by their creator with certain unalienable Rights that among these are Life,
Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness. This belief will have immense impact on the
lives of people in their intra and inter relations.

Try to understand others first: Don’t assume others just know how you feel,
what you need or want. Make these known. Other people are not mind readers.

Balance your extreme emotions: Emotions separate man from animal in many
respects. They make or break your relationships from turning to be aggressive or
assertive. Many times untamed emotions make people aggressive.

Learn to use healthy language: Your words determine your worlds. If you love
the world, the world loves you. Learn to also say ‘no’.

Be accountable to your words and deeds: As man is abundantly blessed with the
faculty of reason so that he many take decisions on his own and be accountable,
prioritize your thoughts and actions and be ready to face them, rain or shine.

Be cautious about your body language: Develop non-verbal assertive behavior.

For example: look directly at another person when addressing them. MMaintain an
open posture-if sitting down don’t cross your legs/arms-if standing up do so erectly
and on both feet.

2.e. Positive Attitude

Attitude is good. Positive attitude is better. Right attitude is the best. Attitude is a little thing that
makes a big difference. A person’s mental attitude has almost unbelievable effect on his powers,
both physical and psychological. It is your attitude, not aptitude that determines your altitude.
Your attitude is like a price tag that shows how valuable you are. Life is 10% what happens to
you and 90% how you react to it. Without positive attitude, success is called luck But with
positive attutde, success is called achievement. Alter your attitude and alter your life. Your
attitude towards your career decides your entire career and success. You attitude towards others
decides your relationships and happiness.

They you look at things and react to those things’ is attitude. The way you react to
people, places, events, job, work and failure is attitude. The way you look at the right and bright
side of a problem is called positive attitude. Positive thinking is all about changing your ideas,
perceptions and interpretations about the things around you. By doing so, you determine the way
of handling your life along with its assets and liabilities. Positive thinking is the capacity to focus
on what is right and neglecting what is wrong or unpleasant. Positive thinking is focusing on
reality and possibility of happening certain things with your confidence and determination.
Positive thinking is not day dreaming.

 Being positive with your classmates will help you to enjoy healthy relationships and learn
the best things on campus.
 Cultivating to be positive will be highly fetching in your interview room to tackle the
stress questions like, “What is your reaction if you are not selected?”
 Positive attitude turns you to be an active team player and dynamic team leader which
will be highly useful to execute the projects given to you with best results on time.
 Practicing positive attitude in all your dealings with colleagues in your future job
environment will be highly advantageous in excelling in your profession.
How to develop positive attitude? Attitudes can be learned with proper guidance and
training as they are ‘learned presumptions’ and ‘created statements’ towards people,
events and situations.
 Right belief and learning breeds right attitude: Your belief in your talent and
learning will boost up your confidence and generate your positive thinking.
Believe and learn things in the right way.
 Visualize positive future: Positive visualization will generate hope in future.
Think big!
 Associate with positive company: Negative people will instill negative thinking.
Have good friends!
 Set positive goals: If you fail to plan, you plan to fail. One who is clear about his
goal will not be easily trapped and tempted. Be optimistic and realistic and be
clear.

2.f. Time Management

Time managent is the technique of planning and managing time in a way to make the optimum
use of it. It is essential to manage your time properly in order to achieve success in any field. The
importance of time management and tips to manage it well are shared here at length.

Imprtance of time management:

Greater productivity: When you have a plan to place, all you have to do is implement if you
don’t have to do is implement it. You do not require wasting time in between tasks to decide
what is to be done next and hence the level of productivity increases.
Raised motivation: When you set targets, your motivation level is bound to increase
automatically. Targets inspire you to work harder and prove yourself.

Better Decision making: Time management is all about planning you evaluate all the pros and
Cons as you plan you work and this helps you make better decisions.

Increased work Quality: When you know what you are expected to do during the day and also
have a set sequence in which it is to be done, the planning part is already complete. All you have
to do is concentrate on your work and this result in increased quality.

Reduced Stress: Time management helps you accomplish more tasks in less time and with
lesser efforts. This is thus a great way to combat stress.

Busy Vs Productive:

Busy Productive

Have numerous properties Have a couple of prioririties

Respond with ‘yes’ very fast Thinking twice before saying ‘yes’

Keep all doors open Close all doors

Keep talking how busy you are Let the results speak for themselves

Multitasks Concentrate on one important goal

Ask for advice Take real actions and get job done

Being productive is better than being busy

Prioritizing tasks: We have few techniques to prioritize. We can create our own productivity
Journal. It is nothing but time lack of day to day activities. The following are steps to create a
productivity Journal.

i. Personal or professional journal.

ii. Label, date, time, day
iii. Prioritize first three tasks
 iv. Use it everyday
We can maximize the power of our productivity Journal by following few steps
mentioned.
1. Plan the right before
2. Prioritize your tasks
3. Cross off completed tasks
4. Carry over unfinished tasks

Making a to-do list step by step:

Step:1 Step:2

Capture everything Follow ABC method A-Important task

You need to do of Priority B-Lesser important task

Step:3 Step:4

How long does each Tick action C-least important

1. Break, down project

2. Set time for specific task
3. Avoid interruptions
4. Tackle one task at a time

The Urgent Vs Important matrix:

Finish whoever. Introduced this matrix to prioritize our task

Q-1 Q-2

Urgent and Important Important but not urgent

Not important Urgent but not important

Q-3 Q-4

Not Important Urgent but not important

Urgent and important: Crisis, pressing problems. Deadline driven projects, meetings,
preparations.

Important and not Urgent: Preparation, prevention values, clarification planning. Empowerment
relationship building. Time re-creation.
Not-Urgent and not Important: Busy work, junk malls, some phone calls, Time wasters, escape
activities.

Urgent nad not Important: Interruptions, some phone calls, some mals, some reports, some
meetings, many popular activities.

Tracking procrastination: Procrastination is the evidence of doing a task that needs to be

accomplished practice of doing more pleasurable things in place of less instead of more urgent
ones, thus putting off impending tasks to a later.

Nine ways to overcome:

1. Delete: If a task is carried over, delete it.

2. Delegate: Delegate that particular task to a particular person who has time and resources.
3. Do it. Finish the task
4. 15 Minutes rule: Think about task, if able to complete in 15 minutes do it.
5. Chop it up: If you have a big project, chop it
6. Ask for advice: We procrastinate because we don’t’ have knowledge.
7. Clear deadline: Assign a deadline
8. Reward: We should reward ourselves, which improves self esteem.
9. Remove distractions: We should avoid distractions and focus.

Obstacles to effective Time management:

Unclear objectives: This leads to lack of time management.

Being disorganized: We can complete more tasks if we are organized.

Lack of planning: We should plan things properly for efficient use of time.

Interruption: Avoid interruptions to complete tasks before deadline.

Conclusion: Time management is important for every individual whether you are a student,
home maker, business person or a working professional ie you are not to be far from attaining
your goals.

2.g. Goal Setting

Everything has a purpose in the world: Innumerable evidences prove that man has a purpose
to achieve something in this life. Michal Dento, University of Otego, Says that, ‘All the evidence
available in the biological science supports the core proposition that the cosmos is specially
designed wholly for mankind’. According to an anthropological principle, Dr. Nigel observes, ‘
It seems that the strength of gravity was designed keeping man in mind. Because the strength of
g ravity was just the right strength for the size of the earth to support man to walk’. Everything in
the world has an order and nothing is accidental. From atom to universe and from lifeless things
to living creatures, everything has some purpose or design to do something worthy. Therefore
this purpose driven life is what takes you forward.

Meaning of a goal: A goal is ‘a desired result or possible outcome that a person or a system
envisions, plans and commits to achieve’. Goal setting is a practice or a tool to prioritize ones
interest, dreams and plan to achieve them. Setting goals is the first step in turning the invisible
into the visible. Goals are said to be the fuel in the furnace of achievement. Goals are dreams
with deadlines and they determine what one is going to be. The higher goal a person pursues, the
quicker his ability develops, and the more beneficial he will become to the society. The future
belongs to those who believe in the beauty of their dreams. The goals are the road maps that
guide and show what is possible for life. Goals are not only necessary to motivate people but also
essential to really keep them alive. When dreams are given a deadline, they become goals.

Benefits of setting goals: Goals transform insurmountable mountains into walkable hills.
Research has shown there are four kinds of people, passive, active, reactive and proactive.
Proactive people are less in number and have the surety to win success in their life because they
use goal setting effectively.

The following are the advantages of goal setting.

 Life become more organized and effective

 People accomplish uncommon projects.
 Less suffering from stress and anxiety.
 Have greater confidence and self-worth.
 Have more purpose and direction in life
 Concentrate better, happier and more satisfied.
 Clearer Focus and optimum use of resources.
 Improves performance and achieves more.
 Improves self-confidence and performs better.
 Effective use of time and decision making.

The process of goal setting:

1.Before setting a goal: The preparation for goal setting involves three aspects:

 First acquire and hone on skills in which you are poor.

 Get rid of bad habits and replace them with better ones.
 Attain results or outcome to accomplish your dreams.

II. Setting a goal: Paul J.Meyer describes the characteristics of S.M.A.R.T. goals in his book
Attitude is Everything (2003) which are widely discussed and followed in a goal setting
strategy.’ A goal properly set is halfway reached.’ Said ZigZiglar.

S-Specific: Be clear and unambiguous when setting your goal. Don’t leave room for guesing.
M-Measurable: Set a goal that allows you measurement toward your goal’s progress.

A-Attainable: Ask yourself, ‘Is this realistic and attainable?’ If not, back to the drawing board.

R-Relevant: Create a goal with importance and meaning. Make sure the effort is worth it to you.

T-Time-bound: Commit to a deadline. Open-ended goals tend to go forgotten.

iii. After setting a goal: The Rotaract leaders added two more activities to implement.

 Evaluate our goals meticulously

 Revise your goal.
EXPERIMENT-7
3. BUSINESS PRESENTATIONS

3.a. Preparing effective Presentations Power Point Presentations

A presentation is a talk giving a group of people information about an idea, a subject or a

product. It has become an important form of oral communication in the spheres of education and
work, and is closely linked to career and personal growth. Reports, proposals, policy statements
and feasibility studies are presented to the audience. Students, teachers, scientist, researchers,
managers, sales and marketing executives, and administrators need this skill in the course of their
everyday work.

The goals of presentations could largely fall into three areas:

A. To give new information to the audience.

B. To update them about a subject they are already familiar with
C. To persuade them to do something, like buying a product

You may use certain props to help you make a presentation come alive. You may use:

 A real object (like a product of your company)

 Video films or film clippings.
 Power Point slides

There are essentially three steps involved in making presentations:

 Planning
 Preparation
 Presentaion

3. b.Power Point Presentation

PLANNING PRESENTAION:

 Decide on the subject. This, of course, is usually given to you, but when it is not, choose
a topic that suits the occasion and the audience.
 Put down the objective, or purpose: is it mean to inform, to persuade or to report?
 Know your audience. The level of the content, formality and style will depend on this.
 List the main points you want to make in your presentation. This depends on the time you
will get.
 After you have a final list of points, arrange them in a logical sequence.
 Finally, plan what you are going to wear. You must dress formally for your presentation.

PREPARATION:

 Read your points again and revise.

 Prepare graphs, tables or pie charts that you want to include in your slides.
 Develop each point. Think of examples and illustrations that go into each point.
 Structure the content in a logical sequence.
 To make you feel surer of yourself, you can prepare cue cards, which are numbered cards
with key words and phrases related to what you want to say on each point in yur
presentation. Mark on your cards the visual aids that go with them so that the right slide
is shown at the right time.
 Number the cue cards so that they can be arranged sequentially.
 Keep everything ready in a file folder.

PRESENTATION:

 Stand elect, smile first.

 Greet the audience.
 Introduce yourself
 Introduce the topic.
 Present the purpose of your talk and the points you are going to deal with.
 Present the topic point by point.
 Conclude your talk.
 Thank the audience.
 Invite question.
EXPERIMENT-8
3.c. Using Visual Aids.

 All the visuals you put up or show on screen must be related to your talk.
 The slides, charts or transparencies must be in the right order, matching the sequence of
points in your presentation.
 Don not put in too much information on one slide. It will make the slide unreadable.
  Put only key words or phrases, points or short sentences on the slides. You can expand on
each of the points when you explain the visual.
 Avoid errors in spelling, punctuation and typeface.
 Show only one visual or point at a time.
 Do not move from one visual to another without giving the audience time to absorb the
information on it.
 Practice moving forward and backwards within your presentation. You or someone in the
audience may want to look at an earlier slide.
 It is useful to give the audience handouts at the end of your presentation –they will be
able to watch the slide show and listen to you without having to worry about taking down
notes.
 Visual must be clear and well designed, and the letters large enough for people even at
the back of the room to read easily.
 Use a minimum 20-point Times Roma or any other friendly typeface that can be read
from the back of room.
 Before you start, check if the projector you will be using works and is kept in the right
position. Also make that the room is neither too bright not too dark.

EXPERIMENT-9
3. d. Mock Presentation

Here are some expressions you can use when making a mock or real presentation.

Opening remarks:

 Hello, everyone,(especially appropriate for an informal presentation for a small group

of people you interact with every day)
 Good morning/Good afternoon/Good evening. Welcome to……..(Name of
organization)/ Thank you for giving me the opportunity to talk to you today.
 Good morning. My name is ……and I’m from…..
 Good morning. I’m ……from….. Thank you for inviting me to talk to you this
morning.

Stating the purpose:

 As you know, the subject of my presentation today is………

 I’m here this morning to…….
 My aim is to……
 The purpose of my talk today is to …….
 In my presentation today. I’ll/I’m going to……

Giving an outline

 I’ve divided my presentation into……

  I’ll first….then we’ll ……Finally, I’ll……
 I’ll begin by….and after that I’ll deal with…..before going on to …..The presentation will
conclude with….
 I’ll be talking about…..(issues/areas). Firstly….Secondly…Thirdly,
 My talk has four parts: first, I’ll introduce you to….second, we’ll discuss….third, your’ll
learn about…., and, finally, I’ll conclude by giving you….

Giving other preliminary information and starting with the content.

 My presentation will take about half an hour or so. If you don’t mind, could I deal with
questions after the talk, please.
 I’ll take only about fifteen minutes of your time. We’ll have a question-and –answer
session after that.
 The presentation is going to take around forty minutes. Please feel free to interrupt if you
have a question.
 You don’t need to/needn’t take notes. I’ll give you a set of handouts with all the points
we discuss today.
 There’s no need for you to copy down/don’t worry about copying down in the visual
Handout containing all of them will be distributed.
 I hope everyone has copy of the handout with the examples we’ll be looking at today.
 Let’s get started them.
 Right, I’ll begin by….
 Shall we begin?
 Let’s begin, shall we?

Moving to another point and going back to an earlier one

 Let’s now turn to….

 I’d like to move on to…..
 Turning/moving on now to……
 This takes me to my next point about…….
 Next, I’d like to consider…….
 Let me go back briefly to an earlier point.
 As I said earlier…..
 To reap what we discussed under the last point….

Emphasizing important points

 What we must understand/realize/do is……

 What we mustn’t do is…..
 We urgently/really need to……..
 ………is absolutely true/highly recommended/totally unacceptable/extremely urgent

Drawing attention to visuals

  I’d like to draw your attention to…….
 Could you just look at the …….on the screen.
 As you’ll see in the next slide…..
 If you look at this ….., you will notice that……
 You can see that…..

Making recommendations

 I (strongly) recommend that…..

 My recommendation is that….
 I really think/ believe we should…..

Keeping the audience involved

 How would you solve this problem?

 What are the options open to us?
 Why should we be concerned about this?
 I’ m sure many of you here have experience this.
 You must all be aware of what is happening.
 I hope you know about the situation.

Summarizing and concluding

 To sum up the main points of my presentation…….

 Before I end my talk, I’s like to summarize its main points.
 To run through/recap my main points….
 I’d like to conclude by saying…..
 That brings me to the end of my presentation.
 I’d like to/I must thank you all for listening.
 Thank you all for your attention.

Inviting questions

 If you have any questions, please feel free to ask them.

 If want to ask any questions, I’ll do my best to answer them.
 If there are any question, I’ll be please to answer them.

Body Language and Voice.

 Choose a place where you are visible to everyone.

 Don not stand between the screen and the audience.
 Maintain eye contact with the audience.
 Do not read either from your notes or slides. Speak to the audience. Modulate your voice
depending on the size the audience.
  Do not rush through but keep a moderate pace of speech.
EXPERIMENT-10
4.EMPLYABILTIY SKILLS

4. a. Group Discussion

A group discussion is a formal discussion among five to six participants who analyse a topic and
share information and opinions on it. The group is given a few minutes to think about a topic and
then asked to discuss among themselves for a fixed period of time, say for 10-15 minutes. One or
more experts will observe the discussion and evaluate the members of the group. Group
discussion topics are usually of four kinds.

When you participate in a group discussion, you:

 Show your knowledge and your communication skills as well as your ability to work as a
part of a group
 Lead others towards conclusions and solutions
 Show your understanding of a subject
 Show your ability to support your ideas with logical arguments.

Since communication is a two-way process, it is important that, besides speaking, you listen to
the other participants in the group discussion and respond to their ideas or take them forward.
You can contributes to a group discussion in some of the following ways: helping it start, giving
direction to it, making sure that everyone’s views are heard and thought about so that the group
moves towards some kind of agreement, and closing it with a summary or a conclusion.

Preparing for Group Discussion:

The guidelines given here will help you prepare for an participate meaningfully in a group
discussion, and will also tell you what to do and not do in order to ensure a good performance.

Before:

 Keep yourself updated on current events, issues and topics. Topics for a group discussion
can be chosen from any field, such as sports, politics, media, science and business.
 If you have any doubts or questions about the topic, check before the discussion begins.
 Take a note pad and a pen to jot down points.

During:

 Before speaking, think about what you are going to say so that the statements you make
are relevant, or connected to the topic, and you are able to express your ideas briefly and
clearly.
 Speak neither too much nor too little in a group discussion.
  Use formal, but simple language that everyone can understand.
 Speak clearly so that those who listen to you will understand you and will not have to ask
you to repeat what you said.
 Present your ideas and arguments cohesively and logically to convince others.
 You can display your creativity in a group discussion by putting forward a completely
new idea or viewpoint.
 Be brief and clear.
 If you are the one to start a discussion, it is best to begin with a simple, general statement that will
get the discussion going.
 Do not take a strong position at the beginning of the discussion, before you have had a chance to
listen to the views of others and weigh all the sides of the issue. Doing this would mean that you
have made up your mind about an issue without discussing it with your team members.
 Do not keep waiting for your turn to speak. You will have to be alert and quick to make use of
every chance you get to say what you have to.
 Interrupt someone if necessary but be polite.
 Do not shout or use impolite language.
 Listen to others carefully.
 Avoid conflicts by being flexible and open to the point of view of the others.
 When you agree with a point made by someone, say so and try to support it or add to it with
another argument or example.
 Just as you may agree or disagree with the ideas of the other participants, be prepared for hyours
to be accepted or rejected by the others.
 Do not exceed the allotted time but prepare to conclude as soon as you hear the moderator
announce that only a few minutes remain. Prepare a summary in your mind, which you can
present if you get a chance. Do not bring in a new point at this stage.
 Sum up the discussion in a simple, clear manner. It does not matter if the group members do not
reach complete agreement-this often happens in discussion.

EXPERIMENT-11

4.b.Team Building and Leadership Qualities

A team is a small group of people with complementary skills who are committed to a common
purpose, performance goals and approach for which they hold themselves mutually accountable.
Team work is the ability to work collectively toward a common vision or mission. Team spirit is
the attitude to own the passion of the team and purpose of its core existence. Team building is a
continuous attempt to enhance the synergy between the team members which results in effective
outcomes. In simple language it is expressed as ‘I am because you are an you are because we
are’. Henry For said, ‘Coming together is a beginning. Keeping together is progress. Working
together is success’. In a nutshell Together Each Achieves More is a TEAM.
Importance of Team work: No man is an island. Scientifically and logically it is proved that
there is immense energy in team spirit that effects increased productivity. Frederick Brook’s
‘The Mythical Man-Month’ argues that it takes one person one year to do what 12 people can do
in one month. Individually, everyone is a drop but together, all are an ocean. Panchatantra says
that ‘when spider webs unite, they can tie up a lion.’ It takes two flints to make a fire. There are
many disadvantages in working alone.
 Working alone makes work harder.
  Working alone doesn’t guarantee early and better result.
 Working alone reduces learning.
 Working alone is boring.
 Working alone reduces morale.
Advantages of team work: ‘Two heads are better than one’ is a saying. Team building enhances
synergy among the team members which results in efficient outcomes.
 It brings new ideas and fosters creative learning.
 It increases efficiency, quality and output.
 It shares the workload and encourages healthy risk-taking.
 It solves critical problems and teaches conflict resolution skills.
 It doesn’t allow work to suffer and enhances communication.
 It blends complementary strengths and builds trust.
 It promotes a wider sense and builds trust.
 It promotes a wider sense of ownership.
 It trains the team to face competition.
 It reduces work stress and absenteeism.
Why Engineering students need team skills: Many studies have identifies teamwork as one of
the most valued and necessary skills among college graduates to be employable.
 This is the age of collective work and spirit. Many sources agree that an individual with
excellent teamwork skills is a suitable candidate for most positions in corporate world.
 Today’s business and production are intrinsically process based and interdependent. Very
rarely will you come across a job in which you will be working in complete isolation.
 Cross culture: The across cultural atmosphere among a multinational company demands
team spirit among employees in order the work efficiently.

Learning team spirit in college: Teamwork skills must be intentionally developed. As a

student, it is the right time to build your team skills, in and out of the classroom.
 First join a team: Don’t be alone. Learning with a team is actually fun. So join a team
first. Accept people and be accepted.
 Enjoy the assignments that instill teamwork in class: Prefer assignments or projects that
require teamwork. Plan in such a way that your assignments will create a team climate.
 Plan mini team works beyond class room: You may plan to present a poster, PPT or
paper in a Techfest in other colleges along with your classmates.
 Focus on the process not result: Focus equally on what you do and how you do.

EXPERIMENT-12
4.c. Interview Skills
An interview is a formal meeting where one or more persons ask a candidate several
questions. The purpose is to find out whether the candidate is suitable for a job or a seat
in an educational institution. The candidate first sends an application and a CV to be
called for an interview. An interview normally is the final stage in the selection process.

Preparing for an Interview:

 Preparing well for an interview helps you face the panel of experts with confidence.
Remember the following points when you are preparing for an interview.
 Brush up on the subject or the area related to the interview and update yourself on recent
developments.
 Prepare answers to some general questions you think the interviewers will ask. Some of
these could be:
 Tell us a little about yourself.
 Why do you want to be with us?
 Could you tell us why you want to change your job?
 What are your strengths and weaknesses?
 Would you be willing to travel?
 How do you expect to contribute to the field/institution?
 Arrange the papers and certificates that you may be asked to produce neatly in a folder.
Check the interview call letter sent to you to see if there is anything you have missed.
 Wear something formal and comfortable for the occasion.
 Plan to reach the place of the interview a little early as this will give you time to
familiarize yourself with your surroundings and to relax.
 Think positive, pleasant thoughts and try to regulate your breathing to remain calm.
Facing an Interview
 Wait for your name to be announced, and knock or seek permission before you enter.
 Greet the people in the room formally, but in a pleasant manner.
 Do not sit down until you are asked to .
 Look at the interviewers.
 Remember not to interrupt the interviewer and allow him/her to finish speaking before
you respond.
 Listen carefully to the interviewers and allow him/her to finish speaking before you
respond.
 Listen carefully to the interviewers’ questions and comments, and speak clearly and a
moderate pace to avoid having anyone repeat themselves.
 In case you do not hear a question you are asked, or if you don’t understand it, you could
politely ask for it to be repeated or explained. For example:
 I’m sorry, but could you repeat the question, please.
 I’m afraid I’m not sure what you mean. Are you asking me if I…..?Could you
clarify the question, please.
 Do not feel embarrasses to say that you do not know the answer to a question. Use
expressions such as I’m afraid I don’t know….’ And I’m not really certain….’
 Express your opinions politely, not aggressively, using expressions such as ‘I think…’ ‘I
believe….’and ‘in my opinion…..’
 Do not get into arguments or speak negatively or criticize former teachers, colleagues or
employers.
 Do not boast or display your knowledge, skills and experience, but if asked, state your
achievements simply and honestly.
 Wait for the interviewer to invite you to ask questions in case you have queries. If this
does not happen, wait until you sense that the interviewers are done before asking them
politely if they could clarify something for you. Examples of the questions you may want
 to ask the interviewer are, ‘Could you tell me whether the position involves t raveling,
please’ and Could I know when I can expect to hear from you, please.
 Wait for the interviewer to tell you that the interview has ended before you get up from
your chair. Thank all the people in the room before walking out of the door and closing it
softly behind you.
 In case the interview is conducted over the telephone, most of the points above will still
be relevant. In addition, be careful about regulating your voice, avoiding long silences
and butting in before the interviewer has finished speaking. If fact, if the person at the
other end of the line interrupts you, do not drown his or her voice by raising yours, but let
the person speak. You can then continue with ‘As I was saying….itc.