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    Ebook Hoi Va Dap Ve Khai Thac He Thong Dong Luc Diezel Tau Thuy Tap 1 Gs Tran Huu Nghi 2 8112

    Uploaded by

    huy huỳnh

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    GAY HOI 44: Ce sinh che ~ aba cha nite itu duge trang bag whng chi su ndo ink hudng cla ching dén ud frinh cng tds vd ede ch eu kinh 0 ky hudtcia dong ca 2. eA LOr: hain cht ti. ca,pdn dic orang cho tinh chi hd ea shield: : 1, Thanh phn ching edt ca nhien lite Thanh phn cheng cA bia Nida ah boy hot cla ain ib. Neu ong nh ibe 8m nhitu hop chit phn nhe chu tao nén th Khi chy skid lidu bay hoi mhanh, ddn dén ép sud ing theo gc quay cia truc khufu, Iait’cho diving fen lam vige eh ing oo s8'tng: mbt Khe ti sy nig hen Hi En 290PC48-c6°20 — 25% lg aien ligu be hot. 2. DO thd ila him lif : DO nhot aah heb rt Kn va La chi quyEt din Ef sw chéy hob vei, SE 60 ca nikita ftw ‘qua chc Ong dln, sy tim vigc ca bom ca0 4p, voi phut va cdc 69 ‘10 witen lirerong ait Kien tp sate bom sao Sp Ahn B64: ‘DO mht qua thip o6 th gly ra sy 10 rl ahién tu qua che ‘mi n6i cia 6ng va bom cao ép, bom chuyén nln ea; vt phn, Do nit qué cao of anh hovag xu dén chAt Jung phuosain liga A ob thé mim gu chy khdng hod ton, 3 Thi s6tttan ea nhidm life TsO 2100 dhe thong chotih chdngikich n6.cia nhidn iu digden, Diy a chien quan trong cola ign Higa, 6 Anh Awing dén dje tinh cia qu tinh chy niin ligu, Tr 6 x8tan chng ln. thi giant odin sy chy rt ngfn, lugng nbign gu cung cp vao thoi gian chty sft, im cho dong co df dang kbd dng. Dg tinh tm vige cia dng eo 06 th mbm vA gine a. “Tri sO tan cba nhitn liu Oi voi dng co ditden t6t nit sim trong khong 40 + 55. 4. Nhidn litu dong dete va vd due : Nnigt dng de 18 ahigt 69 ma 6 46 mbit Liga mt tin tink nowt, khdng chayéa «ong dre, dng co khOng Khoi dag va tam vie duge. [Nhigt a9 vin dye M mitt 69 ma trong mhignLitu xt hit shag tinh thé du itn os paraphin rin tach ra, 'Néu ahi 9 cda nbign lidu hp hom nbift 6 vn dye tht 1m tayng dong cin paraphin trong cl Bt ahidn liu sé xuft ign v2 ohitn ligu trong trang hop my khOng oo Khi niag chuyén dén ete bud dt ci xilanh Gaye. Chinh vi viy,ahitt db dang si dyng ita liu phi Kin bon abit vn die 1 thw oe 3+ 8%, 5. Rha nang Beha va hr ean ro. Kd ning of hoa it tfah cht cba du mo chy thi khdng nt, Dgctrung cho Kh ning ce hda ts cfc. Chink vdy, mB toni nhign liga him lay than Be Khe ahau: [Nbidn liu chimg ct of hin ugg than fe 1b 0,1%,nhidsh ligu moto’3 + 4%, nhign liu nbng 10 + 14%, hit chy nhién gu ta ai dupe tr. Tro khong eft chia trong nhién lita 6 dang mobi. To KEL hap wi than ee #0 thinh mt hop 6 khd ning mai mon xéeming, pitta, somi silanh va im the migng Oi phon. iam lugng 10 ola nhién libu moto : 008% va mit Lie éidden 102%. (6. Ham hong hw han (): Lavo buy Hin trong abi Lita ‘Phd hos ng co dud hai hinh thc tic dng hoa hoe va de dung eohoe ~The dung hoa hoc: gly atin mon céc chi tit cba dag eo. ~ An mon do khi $O2 v8 SOs te dyng tre tigp vt kim ‘xc tuong nhida lf con ai trong tig bt cha, 2. MO ip Ong thOng hoi 46 trénh tratm hop dp sult trong et ting len, 6 kbd ning lam cho chu dao ty dng ngft vt bom bi qua i. 3. Dong céc van trén dung 6ng a6 dim bio cho nhign lita chi vio ning két ma ta inh nn nhitn lta vao. 4 Phi do nhigt 40 moi trang va mitt dd cia nhiem Higa Lp nbn, nim dim bdo chinh xiclugng nhién ii Ce tep nh, 5. Phai phOi hop wi dai dién cia kho mhien litu hog tu tif nhign tito, cin kiém tra cfc thit bi cp nbiéa Hu va do mie nhitn tu trong che ket nhién tit cha kho hoc cf thu ofp iu, ‘abd trénh sy nhm lin v8 loong due gia0 nhda. ‘6. Trude Ki nin nhien liu, phi thOng'bdo cho #1 quan trge ca trén boong chun bj sin sing cfc phuong tién, thet b} ‘chia chdy abu hin bot, thing ct, mat cv, vai bstv 7. Tai te tip nn ni ig, pha reobién ob ghi™dang ‘nh, cfm ht thuGe I vA phn cOng ngudi trv tal chd ‘ep nnga nhign lib len au. ‘8 Trade khi dng elu d30 48 bom nhién tity, cB kiém tet JwicOt dp, hw iugng cha bom va tinh trang ky thuft cla dung Ong 66 tran hign toong du tran boc v6 dudng Ong. “Trong thoi gian dang tifa hah nha ahién lito, cn lien lac ‘ent ChE wi Kho hoc tu tigp du 66 khi ob sy 06 sé thong bdo kip ‘i vide thay di ehé 49 tigp nha hose nging ofp, Khong dé du tran rage. ‘au khi nhdn zon nhien lige, phi xd Nét nhita ida bn sot lai trong cke 6ng tip nhign itu. Khi nbo nhitn liu di chty ra di 6g tf mhien liu, lic hy mdi duge thio cic Abu Ong n6i vt to tip nil lit dé cfc ket tren ha. 106 9. DE khng dinh tugng nhien liu da duge cp ee thu ch hai: = Cang v6i dei ditm cia kno hode cia thu tigp du do lai Juagng nhién li cba li trong ket nhién liu cia ko dé xc diab ugg nhién ligu di nap v8o két wn thu. = Do lugng nhign ligu hign dang chéa trong két tren tu, 46% chigu hai 6 tibu 8y, 10, Trade ki kj vo ha don giao nf shit lity, en fi ‘ku loni du via mht d6 so sinh chit logng mhidn ig. 11. Phai gi ha dom, Bing ching nh oni nie Lid gi vt cho obng ty gain iy wo Lrgng du cha irong ket bao gid ing co thé ticriakd hom dung ich cba ket cha 4& dim bho Khi nbigt 68 mdi trudng thay 46i, au khong bj tran ra ngodi. Vige dinh lugng s6 du bom vio ‘ket hom ton 06 thé tinh duge dig tren mot 36 yEu Woy thE niu itt dd moi trubng, didu kin lim vigc ca thu vv. Gil si ta niin nhién ligu didden 6 nhiet 69 10°C trong Jgng riéng y10 = 0,857, nhung khi bao qodn d& si dung nhit imi trudng len dn 50°C, Twomg ting v5i ahi 69 46, trong logng ring 750 = 0,828. Nhu vdy cing mot kh6i luyng mhién liu, 46 tng thE ich 6 50°C so vi 10°C 18 857 — 828 S158 100% = 3.5% RO ring ring d€ tranh nit tigu trim ra khOi kt Khi nhigt 4 bo quin a SOPC ma nhiat 40 tigp nha mien li 6 10°C ta chi nén chia khodng 95% dung tich ket. rong thye 16 tu hont dOng lon luOn o6 sy chong chanh the ngang, the doe, nghitng tri, nghigrg phi, cho nén dé tranh hin tung tran du ra ngodi, ngudi ta thug chl chia 80 ~ 859% 107 dung tion ket, CAUHOL46: Dua én cosdndo igudist quan méy tduttnh {on mh itu cho md chug hah rink vit hdy mdi cdch thong ke hi ph mhidn lid dcr tly ? ‘TRA LOT: Tinh toén nhién ligu cho moi choyén di B mt vibe lim hét sc quan trong cia ngudi st quan méy tu. Mucins tin tod bong nhitn itu tuong dB chin xde cho moe chuyEn di, nud st quan phi da vdo.nhitng co-sé sa: 1. Thong ke 6 luyng nhing my mse thi a cung chp nhitn ltu, dng sult v2 he 56 sit dung cOng sult sult tiéu hao ani iu ca tht bi. Mat, ph fm che tt glan sr dng. tung mly mee, tig tht b} trong chuyén di. 2 Quing duvng wu cin hank trinh, cbc cing 8 cp c6 vio Tudng loch king, thd gan tu mbm chd i hang, nung hang o de cing. Tt ch nhing didu 6 trén rft quan trong vi nBu ra vio ‘dng v2o ludng lach hep mhitu fn bude thu phil dtu dng manh nhifu hon nn pi ah df fuyng aw abe cho 8 tong Qs trinh ki dng do chit i vi dg co chay ha lei nid it (ning hay abe) vv 3. Tho gianthye (& hanh tinh gia cfc cing va ch chuyén 4, hay noi mot clch Khde t6c dp KY thust cba tau di wi tng ching dung 1 bao nhieu. 4. Tau cho bao nhitu pha teen, 10096, 505 hay kn ti, D6 1 4 cx 56 chin 6 da vao Khi tn ton lwyng aida liga cho m6ichuyén di. Nhung dé chinhx4c hon, cOn phi xem xét ‘wang thi KY thudt cla my méc, sult teu hao mhign liu do thoi ian thge Kha thie dng ov. Ngoki ra tinh ton lng mien ligu obm phbi 8 9 én dtu kid KC nu ving ma thu ap host dong. Cong sult cing ahw sufttitu hao mien lige cia dng co Pu thode rt kom v2o p sub, niet va 9 Sm cla mot trot Ben canh nhing yéu 16 ké ten, mot yu 16 anh hong kong nbd d&n lugag ahign ligu cin cho mt chuyén di 1 trang {i cba vO tha vA en vit NEU thu ea moi due coh, som ton va chin vit mt due dénh bong hl cdg mt did kin Khai the, cing motte 49, lugng chi phi bien Hi tm mBi mp hi 1g gidm i rft nhidu so wi vd wu bia va chia vit bi. [Nhu vy, khi tinh ton lugng nin ligu cho mbt chuyén di pPhai dya vao hang lot céc yéu 16 bién dOng, di tinh todn o6 cf thon dén dau cing khong thé ehinh x4c tuyet 461 dooc. Chinh vi ‘vy, o& dim bdo an todn cho chuyén di, cAn c6 mot lugng nhién ligu dy tr. Hom nia, ngoai lung nhién ligu dy tr chi yéu oda ‘mot chuyén di bién, bao gi cing c6 mot lung nhien liu dy tr 2 phong khi th ob sy 6. Luong dy tri: nay chiém khong 207% twang dy tr chi yeu ‘D6i vi Logi dng co ding nhien litu ming ob 40 nhdt cao, Jugng nhién lige nke (ding dé kh dng khi dOng oo lam vibe & ch 60 dc bit hake trong céc trading hp tht bi sly nong va am sach mhign ligu bj hong) phi chiém khong nho hom 20% lugng hier ligu dy tr ch ye. Vite thing KE chi ph nhign liu rem tau thi due ti hah theo guy dink sau: Hang nghy, ngudi st quan trve ca phai kim tra i sO lung chi ph nhien lgu theo thé tich ri chayén sang dom v trong logng v8 ghi vio 96 nhit kj vin hanh, Hang ngly, st quan may 3 phi bo céo diy dé, chinh xe smhing s6 liu do dye 6 cic ket chia nhidn liga cho may trudng, 109 ‘Trém.o0 50 nhiing 35 ida bo ch, méy tring kiém trai va ‘va vio 66 nle dink logng tida hao ahign 1u rong moe ney, ‘8g thoi so s4ah wi che du chun da guy dfah cba mba my ca {ao va cia cv quan qui Ij tu. $5 itu By dog ghi vo mide vn nh, Hang thing, méy trading lam béo cho gui cho co quan qu If v2 ej thuft it va abien lita 46 ung Ke lung chip nbita i. ‘got ra cn phi kigm tra lug nit itu dtr cha ya, Jgng dy tr ita Lieu kh cd sy o6 cing nhu luvng nbien ligu ‘hg 6 dam bio yeu chu kh thie. CAUHOI 47 :€6 ba0 itu log céng chdt lam mdi durge $i dung wrong dit den tau tly ? [Nirde lam mdi 6 ede he thOng Khde nhau c6 nhitt 9 bao rit Vago hin ng ns Rhona ndn cA ‘TRA LOT: Hit nay tay theo mye dich va d6i tuo Tim smdt trong dOng cx dieden thu thay ma sit dung bon losicng ct ‘am mat 1. Nace ngoai man du (nude mn) ddng 46 lam mat cho ‘nude got ogc Im mt cho tht bj Im Ih Ong 2. Nuge ngot ding im mat cho xilanh, ap xilanh, tuabin smty nén, pttOng, vi ph. 3. niga ligu ding ¢& tim mat cho voi phun. 4. Diu nhom ding dé im mst cho dinh pittng Bang dudi diy thong ke nhing Ong chit lim mét ding trong céc hing dOng colin ue th go. 110 0 [ee Bee (ep FETE 3 lf 22) 3 pF F aoe | a] 58 oe I z | 2 zz z| § fed. Fa ea "El | Ai | | | g 5 8 2u WAN Up] O9 Supp Zuyy a9 BuO Fug ‘yuu une ABU Zug Funye gy Buys Fogg an Do cng dung, mvc dich vi d6i taong lam mit ma nude trong cf hé th6ng lim mét cf nhigt 69 Kite mhau. Trude diy, ‘dong co dey lim mat bing he thong ho, nghis Wi node ngoai man tu duge My vdo lim mét cho dOng co #8i thot ra: ngoki man, [Nbigt 49 nude Ham mét vio dng co hu thude vio nhiet 9 mde bign ving thu dang hoat dng. DE trénh dng sudtnhigt ob UM xy +a v6i che eh tit cia dng cov qué lanh, thudmg khOng ché nit 48 aude dtu vio trong khokng 20 ~ 25°C, nhidt dd nude o dura ‘thudng nm trong khodng 35. — 40°C. Gidi han mhigt 40 nude (ura cho phép [a 50°C, néu nbigt 4 made lam mat Kon hom 50°C, che mubi cacbonat Mg, Ca, Na két tha va déng thin cfu cin tren thanh véch, cdc BOc lam mat, lim chit lung lam mat ‘lam sung, fa dén mit che chi vig thinh vach slanh do ng suft mbitt, [Néu hg thong lim mét ho chi ding d& fam mit he th6ng rude ngot va lim mit Kong Kf tng ap thl mbigt 60 Bu ra thudng chi bm trong khang 30 — 35°C. “—Hign nay Mu nhu todn b9 didden tu thiy du sé dung he thong kin df tam mét, wie LL nude ngot lim mét dOng oo van chayn tun hobs, con nude ngoai man thu Lam mét lai cho nue ‘got. Trong ning hé thing tim mat kin, mht dO made du v80 hadng $0. ~ 60°C abn mhiet 40 nude ngot du ra Khoi dng oo noting 65 ~ 80°C, 49 chéah ahigt 9 du vio va du ra cia nude thudng nkm trong thoding 10 ~ 15°C. Khuynh hudng chung ofa thé gi6i hig nay Id ning cao nhiét «49 née tim mat dong oo. Nhidu tht nghiém cia céc nha nghien cfu db khdng dinh rng, néu ting nhiet 69 nue Ham mat & day ra 1 40 dn 80°C tm sult tit hao min liu ob kh ming gidm ung r-4 dén 6 gam én mot sie ngva gi. Trong trang hop 4, nhigt 9 kh x06 thé ting én khodng 5 ~ 6% khi he sO dv luong Aevong ent khng : Khé thing ahigt dO nude lam mat ta 40 — 80°C dc bit 461 6 log dong oo ding nhitn'ige ning, ma mba cie stank (0g ov gm roGng 8 — 12 hn, nbu vy n&u ting nbiée dd nude Jim mat 6 du ra khodng 80 ~ 90°C thi nhing thOng 36 vé nhigt ‘che thong 38 kha thc eb dng co de i thita hon. 1Név ning mitt 9 du racha Mt thing lim mit én én 140 = 150°C (6 mot 36 dng co cia Mj va Litm XO trade ly) cho hep ding li mot phn lon nade cba he tag tam mit vd Si Jug nbitt 6 6 thé st dng trong tuabin phat itn, ‘RBI hm a, Khuynh hong chong ca thé pil nng mbit 60 ‘nade lam mt mbm aking myc dich ch yu sau: ~ Ning cao higu qu kinh of ba ag co. ~ Keo di tui th ea ng ex ~ Cal thign cde ting 6 kha they thust cba dag o. = Si ang lai mot céch bop ij lung ahift cla dag co cho ase im mat. CAUHOL 48: Trong he thong lam mdtkin cia ddng codieden tu thy, ngudi sf quan mdy tau €6 khd nang edi thign chit long ‘nude lam mdt nhur thé nado ? ‘TRA LON : HE thong nude lm mét dong val tr rt quan ‘rong trong qué trinh Khai the dag co. Chinh vi véy, ngubi st quan my cin phi luGn luOn quan tim dn hf thing my trong al thie. 7 Mis trong nhing nguyén akin thudng lam cho Me théag lam mat mit kh ning fim vie haf ty host dng cba he th6ng Dinh thuong shng higu qui tro d6i mbigt kém, din dén my m3 sng vc Kh ning mult hifn Gg sult nit occ chi it ct dng 0, cht tugng nucc im mat idm, kim lop bi da mon aide ‘i rtm cc mB tép xc 66 lp clu bf. ‘Mofn kh phyc nguyen nhdn néu ttn, cles quan my thu ‘ii tim céch ci thigm chit lugng nude lim mat theo nhing bign phép seu: 1. Xi 50°00 nude itm mt bag cfch chung eft nude of im sch c4e mu6i hba tan trong nude, bing clch dun s6i aude ‘got dé Kh 9 céng cacbonat bd téch nhing ch K&t ta; cing co th xy bling cich dong cdc cht wit, x6da va trinatrfouat a mbm hoa nude lam mat, te thal aft ch cde mud KEL ta 6 trong nude Phuong phép xi i so 89 nude lam mét KE uta chi ode ‘dong kh cic chin tren che BE mat gp xe WH nude Lim mat cia Ong co ditden. 2. Xie Iy bing céch pha them cdc hoa cht cng 8n mon va {45ng chu en Vao nude thm mat DE 62 phong hin wong dn mon hoe hor, en phi ding ‘hit ph gia fc Bit pha vdo nue Lam mat Hib nay c8 mpi s5 ‘ct ph gia vir 6 tnh chdt chong fn mon, ve 66th cit han hE sv dong cin, itu ding hvu § 4 nu nude lam mat cha be thOng ob pha thém che chit ph gi th luyag nude 66 sung cing ph duge pha Oi twang ty. Thug ren tu hay ding chi pha gia 4) Diu pho gia chdng tn mon chuyén dong, vi dy nhw du Dromus Oil B* cia hang Shell, itu lugng pha bE theo ti ha chuyén ding chiém 0.5% lugng nude lam mat. 1) Thue ha he chuyen ding — hop chit ntebicromat, na sar-nitrt va ada. Khi ding bop chit ny, nda lou chi st dng, 46% vi nhing dng co ma cic ch tt im bg gang va ng hep. Hop chit dug pha ché theo Ibu long sau: ct 1000 nod am smAt duge hia tn va Skg natribicromat, Skg atrnitrat vA Sky xbda. ©) Ding eb cht de ché kim him sy in mon va dg chu cba se cha ch ct hit ca Koln cht thy dng ha tam trong nc. 3. Xé Ij bing clch ding chft chong d0ng de. Thong gud tinh Khai thi, rte Khd ming tu hoot dng 6 ving gié tanh, nhigt 49 moi tui ft thGp, 06 Kh ming dng bing trong Me thOng nude lim mat. DE dim bio dng co hoat dag binh thud, cn phi pha thm vao he thng lam mat kfn nhing dung dich de it 06 mitt dag dhe thfp (cht chOng dng Hc). Ngo ra {rong cht By phic cht phy gia chbng An mon és hoe. “Thi ian cic dung cla cb ct ching dng cm nim. (CAUHOL49: Khi ndo gust quan my tu phd iy bing ct Kang am mi vt hay neu qu tri 9 ng ait? ‘TRA LOL: ChE 60 nhigt lim mét i yu 16 68 ngodi Anh hnudng khOng no dén cic thong s6 cia qué trinh lim vite cba 449ng co, cng sult, tu hao nhign lit, tabi the, 6 mai mon cba cc chi it va d&n tinh an todn cla dng cv. Nhigt di mide am mat ting do phi lam mst cbc vich, che ‘knoang, cfc he va bodng Ot. NEu qu tninh ehdy trong dng ex ign rabinh thudng o6 nghia a tung nbignligu cung dp cho chu ‘inh 6 ché dd Khai thé nao d6 Knog di, g6c phun som, dp gust chy ove dai, nhigt 4) khé xd khOng di, Khi tou logng va Ap suit. rude lam mat khong d6i th sy thay d6i mht dd) nude dl vB0 vA iu ra cia dOng oo phy thude chi yu vio chét lung, trao d6i us rift gidathinh vich xilanh va nude thm mt. Hay n6i mt cfch iknse, dng oo lam vite Dinh thutmg hay bj qué ndng d2u phy tube ft in vio lop cau bd rong cde hc lam mat, lop cfu bn ‘ing day am cho hé th6ng truyén mhi@t cng gidm xubng. ‘Tae vy, kh made lam mét di qua céc hdc, che khoang lam smét céa bide ilanh, ap allan, Ong gop kh x, thin ca tuabin my née hobe cic bO phim khéc cia dng co, tht mt kip musi ‘dong tréa 68 mit tgp nic lim han ché tic dng lam mat, Cin bén too nén do kt qui cia qué trlnh phin tich abit, che modi cd dd ‘img cacbonat trong nude lim mat chi yéu 18 canxi cachonat va smagié hidrOxit Ki chu dhy ca lop chu bn va stn phfm in mon dong ten thanh vich cia khoong Him mat dat d&n gi tri khodng 1,5°~ ‘2mm, phi tim hdnh ii Ij og ait ec khoang lam mt. ‘Qi trinh si y bling anit cc khong lam mt gdm be bude cht yEu sau dy 1. Riba khoang lam mde bang axit: ngudi ta thud ding ‘dung dich 10% axtclohidric we chE (him) od pha thém chit um ‘wit va chit kit bot dé ting t6c 69 hd tan cbc cbn bi va che hop chit in mba. CChft anit clohidric de chE gbm dung dich 20. — 25% anit lohidric ky thuft ob pha thém chit te eh€ —Shote -8 (08 — 19%) va moi asen (0,01 = 0,015%). ‘Che chit ge chE kiting cn trd qué trnh hoa tan che cbu fn va sin phim &n mon va of tde dung kim him qué tink hoe tan kim lai vo ast, Ngodi ra n6 6 tde dung nghn chin sy phat siah “asmh rom hidrO* trong kim los, Tee dung : Chit thm wt ob kbd nding thm wht ofe cBn bn ‘ng ait o6 chia tap chit du va ch chit hiw oo ly ti nude Dif. 16 Chit thm wt duge pha thém vio dung dich axit voi ity swyng 0.1% (18M). [Néu kino 6 chit uhm ut th qué tinh be tan on Bin thE kéo dai. Ngoai hai chit tren, ngubi ta con ding chit kh bot nbw du ‘ap, rug amilic vb Dutilic nm ph v8.céc bot kh trén BE mat 1p oi, o6 tac dung thic fy qué trinh gp xc eda ait vi he phan vi chit cin bn. Chit khie bot dage pha vao axt theo tt 6 0,1% (1g/)- Ning phan ing xt trong qué tinh xt cin bn bing ait: (CaC03 + 2HCI = CaCh, + H20 + CO2 Mg(OH2 + 2HCI = MgCle + 2H0 (Cae mudi cami clorua va magit clorua sé hoe tan vio dung {ieh, cm kh{ CO Be Hen of kh ning 165 I6p cin bén cbn Hi, «ng thoi tach ching ra khOi BE mt kim lot. Néu trong trudng hop khOng o6 chit anit clohidric de ché ‘thi ob thé si dyng 10% axitclobidric KY thugt mbimg phi hoa them chit nim hexametilen — etramin hoc formalin cing nha ‘fe chit thm Uc v2 Khir DOL. Chit him cht pha vio dung dich (0,5% (Sef) bn cht tm wt vA khi bot th ding tif 0,1% (IgM). Kh&ng cho phép ding cfc axit clohidric khOng de ché va axit sunfuarie d6 fam sach chu bf. 2, Réa khoang lam mét bling nude. Sau khi ria axit, dong nie ngot halle muse bién xc sqch va xA ht ant clohidric cbn sot trong cdc khoang lam mét. 53, Trung hoa va Oxi héa ching gl: DE trung ha vA Oxi ha ‘ching gt, ngudi ta ding dung djch 2% canxi cacbonat cdn sot Ii, ng th cbn ob the dung Oxi héa kh, tao ra mot ming Oxit bo vg bE mgt duye nda sach cda kim lon, uy CAUHOL 50: Hay cho bit nhutng yeu cduco bin dé dém bio ‘an todn trong qud tinh xi WY bling axit clohidric le chi aE th ed an trong ede khoang lam mdi. TRA LOL: Aut clohidric de ché W lopi dung dich o6 mau den, rt de. NEu hit phi hoi Gia n6 4 gy ho, khan cf, khin tng, chy nud mt do the dg kich thich phn trén cia dung nO hp. Axi rot trem da co thé gly ra ng cp 3. Ngati racon cb te dng ph hogi bong soi ‘Do axit blog rt doe, anh hung rt fn dEn sie Khe con ngudi, cho nen vite bso quan cin dic biét Inu . Axit phi duge ‘dng rong Dinh thay tinh €6 ma se kin kit. ‘Dé dim bio an todn trong khi mt Ibn axit, phi co quan 4 chuyén dang va cic tit bj bao ve mh; qua 4o len th, yém che ch trade ngye bing ca Su, ing vA gang tay cao su, kfah bdo ‘¥€ gong coo su, binh dung khi(phing kh dd). [Ngubi st quan cing nbu thg may khi tifa hanh xi ij Bing ‘ait. 06 uy ra cic khoang bm mat, didu trade ign a phai nghign cu tinh nding cia ch hia chit, nim che céc phuomg phép v8 big phap ching nhing te dung ob hai ela cde cht héa hoe can si-dung. ‘Trong qué trnh pha ch, né xi ora ngoi th nen yet Sp Ini. NEu doh d6 axit tht nén trung hoa bing ait bot, sau 45 ra bling tia nude man, [Néu axit roi vio quan 0 thi trade tién nn nt sach Bing ‘nhdng tia nude mank, sau d6 trung hoa bing dung dich 2% xt mméi nda bing nude thud. [Néu axit soi Ién da tht phi nhanh chong ding gec boc bong ko lau that sach, sau d6 ra bing nucc, dung dich nit 2% hoge boi mot lop du vadotin 6 chd bi bong. 118 ‘Truong hap bj ant rof vio mt th trade tien phi ra s9ch ng nude, sau do ria sach bing xbda 6 dang dung dich 0,5% va nhanh chong gb dén tram x4 gin nhft d6 ci cha, CAU HOI St : Hay néu nhung vide lam eu thé cla st quan ‘ytd thy hi mut x bdng exit dE edu con acdc khoang cede hb lam mde ? ‘TRA LOL: Magn xbly Bing art 8 thy che clu fi trong ofc ‘6c tam mat ca dng co, trad te ngudi st quan phai chun bj dung djeh cOng te. 1. Lap bing ghi tung axit clohidrie de eh€ hoje axit clohidric Kj thudt ca thiétd& di ché 100 It dung dich ong téc ‘hu thude vo trong loomg ring cia nd, Trén 67 $646 tinh luong dung dich ebn dng : ‘Ait HCL de ch va trong png fg ct no, “Tron bang tng im at Liagng eit coniane re ons coiled oh (HCI mute] (HOI tub) chun 1001 8180) ‘ng leh cong bc 10%, It Fee eer rere 7 oa oa ss ory a2 ma Ma 36 A ma Be 20 23 2a us 2, Chun bj chit thm wit v8 cht khi bot. 3. Tinh tofn lugng dung djch cin dang, Luong dung djch obng the phai xc dinh theo thé rich cfc ‘khoang lim mat. ‘Vi dy mod tinh $00 It dung dich odng tc clohidric & Ham sach cin bén & didu kign trong lung riéng cia axit clohidric te ch cho trade I 1,10. [Nnin vio bing neu trén, ta thm duge af o6 100 ft dung dich ‘ng the 10% thl nén My 45,4 It axitclohidric ie ché vi trong Turgng ring 1: 1,10 va lugng mde cBn thigt: 100 ~ 45,4 = 54,611 [Nhu vay 6é chun bj $00 Mt dung dich cOng te cn phi ob: = Gi vol axitclohidrie de ché 45.4 x 500 BA 5500 8 aor; = Ai voi mude ngot hoje nue Dién 500 - 227 = 273 It; = DOI voi edt tm wt 1 x 500 = 500 gam; = DiGi wi cht hi bot 1 x 500 = 500 gam. Khi di 06 ofc lugng nude, axit clohidric, chft ofm wot va cht kha bot, tun ty cho ching vio binh va ding g6 khudy déu (eam lugng cht uim ust 1g/, chit kit bot 1g). Cong tac chun bj. Trude khi d6 dung dich axit vao ce kknoang fam mat, cln lam nhing vige sau: = Théo nhieng tm kém ching Sn mon trong cée khaang 120 am mat va tt nhimng chi tt lam bling kim foi mau. = Tho cc duvmg ding nade nbi wi dng ov. Na kin cic 1 bhng nit 5, chi chia ii moe 8 trén cong 66 rt dung dich vao cic khoang lam mat via d6 khdng kha, NEu vie xy ait ign himh trong bodng mfy thi nen b&t mot 6g n5i ‘voi 18 thot kb in ra kh budg maby. "Thoi giam x IY ph thooe cha yu vio chitu day va me 4 ta 6p cdu cin, nhimg phi cho dm ki kh bc tra Khoi 15 ‘thokt moi ign han cdc cng vic Up theo: Sau Ki qué tinh x 1 Rt the, phd xA Mét dung dich ra Jeni khoang lam mat tr thfp abt bofexA xo6ng sin bubag may 10i bom ra ngoai, Nhanh chéng ria sgch khoeng lm mat bing made ngot hoc bing msc bién. ‘5. Kigm tra chit lugng thaw ra: DE kigm tr me dd cht tung thau ra, ngudi ta sé dung cht chi thj métyl mau da cam. Név 6 cht chi thj maw vio céc hOe Khonng Lim mat mi n6 cchuyén thinh mau dd hota to th ct lwong than na 16 Kim trai BB mit khonng lam mét, nu in bfn chua tan ht tht phi xy la. Sau khi ra xong, phi nhanh chong nap dy dung dich 296 canxicacbonat bof trnatrifotat vio khoang lim it, nh trung hoa v6i loong ait cn la CAU HOI 52 : Trong ede blu sink han va trong moe 36 thie bj Khde thuog, dice ghép them ede ti kém. Hey gid thch ide tung ela tm kém 2 ‘TRA LOL: Nude duge st dyng lm mit I nude ngot (Wi Me {Ging tam mst kin) v8 mide msn (wi he tng lim mt). Dat aude ngot hay nude mfa th rong aude vin ob Llugag smv6iclorunnatri NaCl, cloruamagit MgC. ian “Trong nude nhing musi may ta tal dui dang cic ion ty do Nat, Mg**, Cry 4089 jon hoa cha nude, ma trong nubc cbn 06 ce [Nhu vy, vt nude lim mt 6 chia che ion ty do, nude tam smith moi truong dién i. Doi uc dung cha moi trutmg nay, cfé kim lw sé bi ph ‘iy boi hig twgng tm mon ditn héa. DE trénh sy ph dy may, gobi ta chutng ding cle kim lpi host dong manh hon ghép voi thi8e bj phi aking trong moi trvdng dign i, 68 to vé im toi am thi bj 45. [guy he hoot dng cla tim Kém khighép n6 vi kim tei Jam vo bu sinh han: hi ghép tim kém vao thinh blu sinh han bing st, 2 kim ogi ob knh ning host dng khic nhau va ning chang vao dung ‘ich dig it gita 2 manh kim log s€ mult him 1 dng dign him co khd ming host dng hon st (#5, < #2, ) 4060: Zn-2e=Z0°* Jon Za** 58 k&t hop vi fon C1” hofe ion OH zn** +2CI" = ZnCle Za** + 20H" = Zn(0H)2 vatan vio dung dich ‘Trong khi dost hoat dng kém hon, king 0 kh ning ion ga, Ce dfn ke duge a0 ra do qué trinh ion ha km 8 chuyén dng co hudng v8 be mt tip xc gidasht whi dung dich dién I ‘Tai diy cic ion H*, Mg**.. Cic ton my sé nn ede itn t a6 te® thin trang th rung bos dign, 2H +22 = He im (Qué tinh abe trén of ip tye xy racho Gn khi than’ kém bj tan hod toda, Sét khong tham gia vio qué trinh ten va s8 duge biove. ‘CAV HOI 53 « Neu whig tdu chun co bd cia nude ngot am mat mdy, de bigt mde lam mat ede 6 phan quan wrong nhic 8 phun vd xupap. TRA LOL: DE tam mat my, 0 thé sé dyng nude bién cho hg thong lim mat ho v8 mode ngot cho he théng im mat kin, [Nag ngot ln mAt may 06 thé ding made got cung cp cho bi ho Sng nude i ahing ti chofn sau: ~ Khong tin ofc tap chft co hoe: elt, st, gi kim tsi. = Nave phi trong, khdng Hin che vit huyen phd, de biet A cic vat huyen phi 06 ngedn gfe set. DD dye cho phép Bt 50 — 100mgt- KhOng Hin du, vi ming dtu lm gidm kha ning trao 661 nhigt. Ham luong du cho phép 3mgt. — Luryng Oxi he tan nhd, khong qué 0,05 mg. = Do ciing chung 0,03 mgs. ~ Do pH nh hon do pH eta nade mdi hot. ‘Voi vb phun va xupap ac th ding mde nging 6 en mt Vol mye ich bdo hf théng lam mat, ng ta thug dua ao nue mot 6 chit 4) Du chng in mon, du ching gl. Tad : dtu mang nbn higu VNIINP — 117, Nhing lu miy ob kd ning t90 ra ay 60 dink cia nha tong, do dd trén twong Khong lam mét doge hah thanh 1 ming du mong. 13 ) Mobi crOmat vt mt 6 hap ctf KD ng no ming axit mong blo kim foot KDI] an mba, chayéa cf cn Wh bn. Khi st dung iu chOng gl cho git ham loyng Cl khong om hom 100 mg Dinh long dla ching gh: ‘Aw 10.Po.V kel, trong a5 Po ~ him lng dlu ching gl rong side Kim mst thubog nm trong khong 0. + 105; LV ~Toé eh mu trong hf thing lam mat kn, bao gbm ch ‘hong lim mit, b chia, ng dln, bom. CCAU HOI 56: Do nhung nguyen nhdn gi ma nhiér d, nude tam mét aang les? ‘TRA LOL: Nhige’dd nude lam mat trong hé thdng lim mat ting 1én do nhi@u nguyén nhan gly ra. Nhong nguyen ahin dy bao gdm: 1, Dong obj qud ti v8 cOng sult dfn den qué ti ve nhit. Khi dOng oo lam vige wi ch€ 40 qué ti, lagng nhign tigu ccung cip cho che tink nhi8u hon djah méc, nhién litu chiy ‘khong hota totn, lugng mhigt t6a ra cang lon, trong khi d6 loon nage lam mat bu nhw khong thay d6i; chinh vi thé lugng nhit dduge nude Im mét hip thy cing nhieu, din dén mbit 49 nude hm mat ting len. 2, Lugng nude Him mét khong di. Mic lu ché d9 1am vige ‘eta dng oo khOng bj qué tai nhung do lugng nude trong he thing ‘thigv nen nhigt dd mux Tam mét trong he théng ving len. ‘3. Bhu sinh han ca he th6ng lim mét qué bn, lam cho b8 rit tra06i ahitt gdm xuting dng kf, cSt long tao 6% ahigt ia bu sinh han vA nuce lam mét kém di Cho nfm, ty chE dd hai thie 6 inh mée va lou lug cla bom tt, nhung mbit dO rue im mat vin ting en 4. Che hie im mat cba dng co bj cu dong nhibu néa kd sing 006i nit Kem 5. Chuyén ving hogt dng cla thu tad lah sang ving 0 dent ngu knife aghidt, Dong oo lim vike trong mi tradng nbiét dd kong kit, nhigt dd made bién cao, 60m Kon, Ap suit Kat guy Unkp dn dn hang font cdc thOng 6 cOng tc cia dng bj thay <6 do qué trinh chy kém di va keo sang phia gitn n,mhitt 0 uxt ting in 1D rt. MBC hdc mbt nue bi ca, lam mst ‘cho Diu sinh hha kém higu qu. Nang yo 06 ké tréa Anh hung, ‘Aton Ens ting mht) moe Kim mt rong he thing. 6. Van dit chinh nhitt 69 made tim mit bj hing. khtng itu tgt dage lang nude can thie Kim mat, 10 ring 38 din

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