PARASITOLOGY 2010

1: (m/s 207) a) b) c) d) Tunga Penetrans (chigoe flea, jigger, sand flea) Causative agent Tungiasis(Wikipedia) Sores usually become secondary infected and may lead to extensive ulceration, abscess formation or even gangrene e) By wearing shoes because human infestation is usually acquired from contact with sand which is a favourite habitat for these flea.

2: a) Flies in which their larvae can complete their development without a host. Eg: Sarcophaga, Lucilia, Calliphora (m/s 228) b) Organism undergoes developmental or morphological changes only without multiplication in the arthropod Eg: development of microfilaria within Culex Mosquito (m/s 188) c) Newly hatched larvae are totally different morphologically from the adult (m/s 190) d) Ricketssia in ticks

3: a) Characteristics : (m/s 207) 1. It becomes easily blocked 2. Feeds on both infected rodents and human 3. Abundant near human habitations b) To relax its hold and will allow it to be easily removed by traction (m/s 197) c) To open the tunnel, and also the complete life cycle of Scabies is about 5 days (m/s 200) d) -Because of their short flight range and their tendency to stay close to the ground -Easily controlled by residual insecticides (m/s 220)

4: a) Eggs of anopheles and Culex mosquito (m/s 214) Eggs Anopheles Laid singly Dark Brown Air floats on either side Eggs Culex Laid in batches 50 to 100 Called egg rafts

b) Ticks and Mites (m/s 195) Ticks Large Thick and leathery Absent Teeth exposed and large Mites Small Thin and membranous Present Unarmed, hidden small

Size Cuticle Body hairs Hypostome

PARASITOLGY 2009 1: a) b) c) d) Scabies (m/s 199) Sarcoptes Scabiei Warmth is enhanced at night, thus initiates an acidic secretion Treatment: (m/s 200) a. Before treatment the infested part should be thoroughly scrubbed all over by soap and lifa to open the tunnels for five successive days b. These sites are then rubbed with the acaricidal lotion such as Eurax (crotamiton) which is an efficient acaricide and also inhibits the growth of bacteria c. The patients clothes and bed sheets should be sterilized by boiling during treatment e) Prevention : (m/s 200) a. Personal hygiene by regular bathing b. Avoid contact with patients

2: a. Characteristics: (m/s 212) 1. They must feed frequently on human blood (anthropophilic) 2. They must susceptible to gametocytes so that, development of the parasite can occur in it 3. They must live long enough for the Plasmodium parasite to complete its development 4. Plasmodia parasites must be present in adequate numbers to maintain transmission b. To prevent spread c. Easily removed by traction d. To prove the time of death which can be determined by the entomologist. The longer the larvae the older it is (m/s 200) 3: a. When the arthropods transport the various pathogens in or on their body and drop them unchanged on human food, drinks or tissue Eg: Role of the house fly in the transmission of enteric pathogens, cysts of protozoa and eggs of helminthes (m/s 187) b. The condition when the fly larvae are obligatory tissue parasites and can only develop on or in living tissue Eg: Dermatobia, Cordylobia Anthropophaga, Wohlfahrtia (m/s 228) c. Blood-feeding arthropod that introduces its mouthparts directly into a blood vessel to feed.(wiki) d. Parasite which feed frequently on human blood Eg: Female Anopheles mosquito (m/s 212)

4: Difference morphologically a) Adult Pthirus Pubis and Pediculus Humanus (m/s 202 & 203) Pthirus Pubis 1.5-2.0 mm in length Resemble crabs with short body and 3 pairs of legs ending in curved claws Abdomen: 5 segments only, since there is fusion of first 3 segments as evidenced by 3 spiracular openings on either side of 1st abdominal segment Grayish white with reddish legs Pediculus Humanus Male: 2 mm Female: 3 mm Head: Narrow anteriorly with piercing and sucking mouths Thorax: 3 segmented fused together with no wings and 3 pairs of short legs

Abdomen: 8 segments, the 9th being modified to differentiate between male and female Male: Possess triangular penis Female: abdomen is notched posteriorly

b) Larva of Anopheles and Culex (m/s 214) Anopheles Present on the dorsolateral sides of most abdominal segments Absent, replaced by a respiratory fossa Parallel to the surface of water and are surface feeders Culex Absent

Palmate bristles

Respiratory siphon Position in water

Present long with more than one pair of hair tufts Lie in an inclined position and are deep feeders