EHUD tee tes Tbs] Co manual with over 800 PUL TO en LSA ae Ly 9 Pied a. « vv x nN i a ~ 1. ~~ oe ~ ~ - om a TLFea a a complete step-by-step manual with over 800 photographs and diagrams eae JOHN McGOWAN DIANE GARR MIKE GOLUINS DAVID HOLLOWAY BRENDA LEGGE Ns J Special Photography Colin Bowling LORENZ BOOKS1 ek ey on Sruinntonss cn Ueno Then ene ‘Seren mpc New orhes Pe alc ‘ctor hws eas Dae eerie eee ‘Rocca mong creme wre arwepr fe rer estes eee eta! Ptr aan rl Deo ee Ieee ogee ang Pac ome mon foe et it Contents 1 PLawnine Gexing tarted Forward plnning Using prosionals Safe equipment letra and ade afcy 2 Toots ano Techniaues Measuring and masking Dail and bis Screws and screwdrivers [Nails anumets and punches Sanders Planes Kees Tickers Chaps ‘Workbenches and vies Pincers and piers Spanness and wrenches Chisels Toolboxes and tac storage | 3 Equirmenr ANO MATERIALS Placer (Concrete and mortar Roofing terial Gurtering ‘Adesves and sents ‘Timber and manfred boards lace covering! Fixings Joins and hinges Painting guipment “Types of pine Wallpapering uipment “pes of walleovering Tiling equipment A MAINTENANCE AND REDAIRS Repairing and replacing loneboande ‘Repairing crcks and holes in oor: ‘Repairing damaged Doorcoverings 2 16Repairing clings and wall Concealing the celing-t0-all joint ‘Replacing window gs Repasing window ‘Repairing window sls Rehaaging a door Repairing dors Fring doors Repairing ais Repairing sae baaseades Clesrng sink and rine Clearing and repaiing guters Repairing pitched 08 Repairing a oo Refi Mat nd pitched oof, Repairing fence posts and ites Repairing fences and wall Repairing sep an epointing brickwork Repairing concrete and ape drives Repairing ab and block paving Repairing gravel pcs and edges Insulating 2008 and pipework Fesatng walls and lore Draughepooting doors and windows Providing venation Piting an exacts Fan Danp and eondenaton ‘Overcoming damp and condensation ‘Woodworm, dry re and wet roe ‘Window hardwace and locks aor locks 5 CaReENTRY AND PRacricaL Projects Making basic jine ising ihre fares Fring heavyweight tures Fitting shelves ing sheling sens Hanging doors Replcing cabinet door and dawers [Replacing wall meusted boars Working wich moulngs Fixing adding “Tangued-and groomed boarding 150 154 156 158, 160 168 168 170 12 174 Boxing ia pipes 176 Wood finishing 178 6 Decorarins 120 Pain preparition 182 Brushes, rllers and pads 14 Ping ceilings and wal 186 Decorative pine ees 188 Raging dogging and camping 190 Preparing woodwork or past 2 Paning windows, door and tie 194 Preparing exterior surices 196 Painting exterior wall and gutering 198 Printing exterior woodwork 200 Wallpperpreparton 202 Choosing wallpaper 204 Hanging the ist legs 206 Wallpapering corners 208 Papering ound doorsand windows 210 Dapeng serwell 212 Pipeting around obstacles au Hianging ber | 216 Ppeing ceilings 218 Solving papering pables 220 Preparing Hors ed Sing and Gain Doorboans 224 Paintingand varnishing wooden floors 226 Laying of fortes 228 Laying hard or ales 230 Laying shee flooring 232 Laying woodstip ooring 24 Laying wood mesic Beoring 236 Preparing wal for eles, 238 Planing and eximating 240 Curing les 20 Bung eld les 244 “Tiling corners and veeses 246 FFaing accesories and grosting 248 Giowary Supplier and wf addresses 232 Index 254PLANNING The hardest part of any do-it-yourself project is deciding precisely what you want and planning how to achieve it The dec 5 may involve simply choosing a colour scheme, or may be more complex, pethaps invalving major changes to style, layout of a room, features and fittings. The secret of ‘success js careful preparation, an understanding of basic colour scheming, and learning how to make the best use of the wide range of tools, and materials available to the do-it- yourself enthusiast.GETTING STARTED Whether you are faced with a fuely simple job, such as decorating a small bedroom, installing cabinets and shelves, repairing a fence, or something far more ambitious, such as adding a porch oF cladding a whole room or ceiling, the same approach to the work is needed. The whole jab has to be planned thoroughly © that you get a good result ‘Cuancine Your envinowment Howes and is, conver! bras And studios are,on thes own, merely seructurs of wood, gs. concrete and masonry They spring ito ie and Mow only when the personality ofthe occupier is stamped upon thers White you lve shoul be hove you lve; tis more than just pice to deep should bea microcosm of your whole ies interme of crete pe, room design, colour shane, funiture fing ighting garden layout and al that goes wih oring and caring forthe home or this to be true we ace to put ina loc of quality time hnking aout experimenting wi and cthancing our own ensionments, ‘nd mich ofthis is pole with relatively fw sil, The move important ching co semerber i dat do-it-yourself is practical and deeply satising pursuit, which fosters erafsaeship ‘nd pride in one etsioamient, thuough practical achievement 8 Plannins ‘THe wioee wont Just non how things ae built an appreciating the dine and kis ‘hat went into the concep design and manuficture ofthe, hugely increate on appreciation ofthe ‘material word nd lead oa ahanced undentanding of eur achievement, manifin the buildings atound us Being able to exert 2 kil an enriching experience that ast che falls: of i especially 0 fone working time is normally spent in an sade or sedentary job, Thee is sndecmect arth pb esa. cay ik throughan en eto pocecre ‘slg Wooten sho the plenure of lsring and ‘sing a new skilsuceesfal Hinoew assers ‘The money saved in working on your own projets home an ‘obvious advantage and ina healthy property market thi erates an aet, that grows over the yes For any people the physical maure of do-i-yoursl also gives tmuclvceded exec in the venngs of weekend, hich all important fo a esky ley Hanging wallpaper, knocking- op cement. planing wood or climbing up and down adder all contribute to keeping ws in rima InpivouaL exenession In an age tae drives telenlly on to standardization i all hing is {00d to beable to produce ‘divide work tht reflects your personaly tha sas your own oeds ens and tit canbe alered ot added to 3 your on plese, Doctors tll "We ae ‘what we eae" and thi could perbaps bestretchedt,"we ate how we lve "This docs not refer tothe pesured seme of caring alvin, Tuto the time we rein at home Whete we have ehe Feedom of choice, a es to some extent ever ‘ur immediate envionment. Having the imagination athe wail eo ansform your home isa reat start but you ao need practical hills and money, bath of hich ean be bse up over sn Faily bade sills, sch pacing are leaned lagey through acl experience, by simply doing the jo A Tange amount of well information Is abo aie on the products themselves anda the pine of en the form of istrsctionl lees ‘Undertaking comple jobs fen Aictated by neces: may be thie you need to make mote of your ling space Because ofan ation to the finaly ar perhaps you suddenly find you have more wom reible bees the children ate desing home Tet wie to live ina propery for Some tne before siting jor Pace; mos necessary alterations will sugges themselves stomatal Hanos on Specialized sills, uch as bricklaying and esepenty do ncd the experience of actully handing the tool regula 0 gain manual Aeserty andthe bes way to obtain hs experienc so doa few ‘tse job that are not particularly importane Repairing. a fence or all perhaps laying a ew sas or blding a small ool hed or pnden fame wil kelp you develop skis, remarkably quicly and boos your confidence As confidence grow, it Feeds dhe imagination, atid a short ‘ime, projet for inside the home legit ake shape in the mind Beginners should sek 3 much advice a posible fom experienced profesional or a es seal up on the particular project o kin sind 0 thatthe mote coramon itll can be avoided. Many colleges offer evening clases wher, fara modest sat, the beginner con sve ane Pageant skit to gone by fang aden sve cling ad pointing ls the lear cnpenry, brickwork and sencral do-i- youre dhill These re worth vesigating and an be very rewarding, The advantage of dosi-youtelf stat your me is oes newer rach 3 ob: hate encourages misaks, eas to sappoinenest and can be expensive in the cow of soiled materi Pumnins 9FORWARD PLANNING Planning ahead isan esental ingredient of sucessfal projects, It i important to remember chat some schemes may involve a room or rooms being out of bounds for some days or even weeks, and provision must be made for this, Similarly itis generally wiser to schedule the painting ofthe outside of your property for the summer months when there isa last likelihood of good weather. InreasrrucTuRe Theres le point in deconsing any pat ofthe hows fo envsge having ic etd in these future lor perhape ang centr hesing ‘These major domestie services wil need to be inte ine (you are planni so,much he same wil plo i is best to work out an ovenl scheme Be preanco Teamay be that tome point i job another pir of hands to hold oF pss ool a8 awk spot orto help with moring heavy abject, Just arranging fo: someone to be ehere at the right ime can be 4 problem. When begining job cverything so handit sno we pasting wallpsper then Kading that ‘he wal w hang tan tat your need to go looking ir of steps. Al dese chins mus be ‘well prepared and in poston 10 Planning Costs Plenty of projec hve fled through ack of fans ti well worth costing your job cael I the jo tobe done in sages 25 he money becomes avaiable, make sure that you ean pt i“on hold” without any detent cs, String the pint fm exterior woodwork shen leaving it for aonths to absorb encitae i asking for wouble Removing old windows before the new ones are atally on vaste This the most important consideration of al. Viability not only covers whether ajo can be on, but ako whether iti beneficial t doit Cladding good trick panelling fine ol panelled door, with stone, a and ripping out orate siting (use) bart wl ly detract on live ina howe with paniube architectural syle, keep i that way >. forraingplans your poles: 22ph paper stetnpaslpbeardar sawing une andor template or1 Remove nt om teem) chas ons molings ons) befor sartngto decorate 6 Pant woodwork i ein wal omnia 1 i decorate molding rm), oes te 8 piace aca cura ape) 2 kad satuisings ‘eos Eaweaer PuanninsUSING PROFESSIONALS |A do-it-yourself project can be as simple as hanging a picture or putting up a shelf, or as complex 48 creating a new roam in the roof. In extreme cases, itcan even mean building a fllscale house Most of us do not go that far, but there are many jobs, especially n plumbing and electrics, where professional help s welcome and indeed necessary ReauLarioxs. Some projects require pofisional np by Iv sch as when local planing 2oning) permision is eguized or more commonly when ‘he work must comply wich building regulations In this ee, when pplisations mast be made tos thor ic is well worth scuting fhe trees of an ari oF a leas a profesional daughsnan, co Aen up plas, He or she lb falar with ee building regulations ofthe local =e and amos certainly wil sve you dine aud money i prosensing the pans sfforvely to che right people Peas, more importa. such 2 pooentopal cma wre yo advance ityour projec key to fl fora reson yo ny wot even 12 Puannine Hanos on Asa do-it-yourself enthusiast. you trades, but ti often well worth employing 1 pofenionl for sect wotk o sive time and posthly money For earple all ‘enson 0 your home coal be brie bue withthe rot put on and fled na few weeks, which would leave you plenty of time to have the ‘rng nse then pater she al, make all secondary fxings suck 3 floors, doors, sbi (se) boards and to decorate the extension in lave corto Yow ako hve eo remember hat 2 aspects of bling work retire stamina ane sength on the pat ofthe opersve. Digging fodition tench i ot ideal for someone not used to a physi challenge ned, it coud lead buck probes or other injuries. Jobs such as earying bricks or Blocks up 2 ladder or moving concrete around sre tough gong Even working in lunfivouable weather condtons and vwithout the necesary clothing my lead to health probiens. Many building jobs require specie eaipment that» bilder vl upply~ for example a ladder, saflding, and soon. you take on obs eat require ee ype of appari, then you wil have ro pay for thems, cidher by hiring or baying som er Aconptet bu wilco ecko ical iy and eetLevets oF competence Being able o ea pipes and electrical cables i very diferent mater fiom knowing what necessary in dhe wy oF ly of ‘operational and building regulon Understanding the capaciy requirements of pup and ies together with 3 wide rnge of other knowledge abouts neesary ‘eo ensure that installsons work and are sf. Incorrectly ined phanbing and elecal systems cin produce potently dsous, ven fal ess Therefore, employing a disor to oerce thee reuirements is esentilifyou hive the lightest done about yar own Abily. Indeed in many coc it Isa legal requirement thi al suc work i carted out by iced tradespeople. Many conticors will fe advie fo a sal ee Ie eat be very coy in tums of both ime and money i plumbing or lectrics ate incorrectly nile sd have to be tken ont and dane agai, sso Epa ual lcicio cay ut lec os ieorecty alle is canbe th Aas ea Choose neue Recommendations by word of| ‘mouth in the bulding trade are Paramount and are expecially valuable ifthe contactor you choose ot only works bu ao ives in your loca area. Ad fr the adress of jobs the contactor has done recently i the area and make arrangements 00 and se them — itis the best recommendon of il When you hive made a shots of likely bile o® omtractors (a est three sua) ak ach of them for 2 eimate cst forthe work to be done Make sure that ech ha the same, dtaed is of dhe jabs involved. When yo hive decided on the one toate neve astomaticaly Ope fr the cheapest ~ consider all fe eleva fata) ak for fem quotation fr the work, When you have chosen your Tuulder phamber or electrician then 0 though dhe whole job wih him lorher and getal he decisions in ‘vrcng, which ean ave disputes later on soe Apache modal. Whe ecoringaeom carom Practica TPs + When you are empoyng builder, carpenter lumber or lectin get clea written agreement onthe method of Payment. Some bulders will Complete ajo before esting payment others wi ask or stage paymens ‘Aways age, before any work stats, that you wll wld» Proportion ofthe costs (-20 percents usua) foran aged Delo of ime ater the job is Finished Ths will cver any Snaggng or work that hs tobe oe again though fay workmanship or mate ‘Ifyou decide to make concrete ourself consider buying second hand conctete mise and alin again hen theo s complete — "should save you money on buying or rng cost, H Wilonacasonsh gt ahsoe Planning 33SAFETY EQUIPMENT A complete book could be devoted to the subj 1s, Neverth of equipment designed to minimize our capa requirement that we cannot buy, without which all that equipment is vireually use cconcenteation, This i particularly important when working alon Awareness. Concentration is een when varie tunp emt stlen tan the Basic Equipment although not worn by thote engaged protection aginst cue and bruises, so protec the wearer om injury ifa nail or similar projection i nel iy Finally bump This wilInjuries and bumps, bu i 040 cumbersome 2 the haha required on building site, Teis inevitable that minor cats and abrasions will occur a some: point so abasic ist aid kt another ‘essential for the homeo workshop. [ABBORNE baNERS ‘When you ate working wit wood, the most commen airborte dinger is dus, mainly fom sawing and sanding This can do long-term damage othe Hangs, Many do-it yourself enthusits do not do enough work to warre verkshop se extractor, bu it would 3e worth considering if funds allowed Sach deve ean he wall-mounted or portable nthe iter case tcan be moved around the house or ‘workshop to sit any tol in se A simple fice mask, howerer, wil offer adequate protection for ‘ocestonl jabs. These can abo be purchased for protection agin fame, such so solvents hich canbe very hari Dust, couse ao aff the eyes it is worth limes i a pir of impact seine ogg, which will protec the ‘weaer fom bo ine die and sve ot fede eo realy oe uso bese apy. Aying debris. Fall facil protection is sve i the form of» powered respintor for those working in dusty condition over lng periods Excesive noise i another ihoone Polluant tha can be dangerous over {Jong petod, Woodworking machinery such planers ard cieular si often the culprit Engplugs ae the spe sluon and canbe lettin the ears over a long period. IFyou need to beable to hear beewcen short bouts of ‘working, ear protectors at che fect wish, cer tes ase » rouse wks vag Deprenieny payor answer Thee ca be worn in conjunction with other faci protection gute ely Practica nip * Perhapsthe mos basic aie Isto never work alone with machinery and itis possible alayshave a endo colleogue neato hep. there isa telephone, avinga mile el hones handy in the workshop. | Puannine a5ELECTRICAL AND LADDER SAFETY ‘Most safety considentions concerning the use of power tools will be set out by the manufacturers in the operating instuctions, soit s essential always to read the manuals on purchase and follow these to the leter. Using ladders, however, needs some direct input from the user by way of common ExecrnicaL sarery Some tools have rmowihle switches that allow the ute to immobilize the tol and prevent any unauhorized we Provisions for che te of padlocks are als common on ‘machinery andi is wis to buy tools with sch Gdites To safeguard aginst slecrocuton, which an occur if eh fex (power cond) fy oot deny, fhe del precaution sa resid current device (RCD). “his simply rman wich cnr eit ny plugged ito the main sippy socket (cleericl ou) before the Hex and will ge complete protction to the ser Extension leads (peer cont) fan be purchased with atomic salty cutouts and insulated sockets and are ideal for both onside and inside work The danger of electrention or dhanage cased by aeciently Alling ito an exstingable or pipe can be lngly prevented by ‘sing an electronic pipe and cable detector, which will loate and iene besween mel pipes, wooden stud and ve wires dough per or concrete depth of approsimately SO (0). These fe not too expensive and willbe Azo Proper cal elated ‘ery wef around the home sects ote these tom election. "The danger of fie is eer prevent in bh the home and workshop 20 lerrAcipe ——setheoreyoutveiacegutefr the Gautbaler see and ype of washon and etyect 2 fie extinguisher (pohly two or the) i necessary fr every do-e- ‘yourself enthuit Ishonld be tall-mounred in plain ew and vested and serviced regusly 36 PLanninsSupine ano rane Steps an adders canbe haadous, der safer to we incu be rot hook, which lps overt ysthe ladder sy, which the weight ofthe ler across a vera uric, such a2 val plsform, which is wed 0 pvide more comfirtable and safer fice to sand on. The lt ofen his, ribbed suber surface and ea be aeached to the rug of alot al moveable worksitiono PRACTICAL Tes ‘Never overreach hen working on steps oa adder; im down and positon + Neve alow eden or penta solvents te being used “Do not work when you are verted, This causes lapses in oncrtration, whieh can iat silly anfor dangerous mistakes. + Keep the work environment iy ews (power cords) shouldnt bre walked ono cies up ight, because it damages them Internal Moreover, tang exes ‘an bea ip hazard and long extension fads (ods) ca prone to overheating. ”SS | ueTOOLS AND TECHNIQUES ‘Most tool kits grow organically as specific tools are added when the need arises. The tools featured on the following pages show a useful selection to have when starting your own projects. If your budget is tight, itis best to buy several hand tools rather than one power tool. This has the benefit of improving your manual skills at an early stage, which will give encouraging results as well as increasing the range of jobs you can undertake.MEASURING AND MARKING Accurate measuring ind marking out ae very basic but essential skills forthe do-it-yourself ‘enthusiase co master. Time spent on perfecting them is never wasted. The golden rule isto measure twice and cut once. Buy some good quality tools ~ poor messuring and marking devices can lose their accuracy very quickly and spoil your work. How ro measune ‘The square i wef for marking ‘These ae dozens of ype of fat, out age sheets of mance rigid rl for marking outmost of board such a plywood, MDF ‘which ar calibrated in foth metric eedians-demity Sberboad) or and imperial wis. They may be lockboan. Remember, however, ‘wood or sel although some that tt be wed om a pefecly cheaper varieties are plac, Where stright edge give 3 0-degree curve are valved, greuer accuracy Tine aeros the set Aay seal will be achieved with a exible el discrepancy wil be greatly rule or even a etecabe stel ape, magifedacos the sheet wideh and ‘which an be bent around the work, even more so along the Lng, sting eae 7 Firming pRE-mAne STRUCTURES When iting previouly-asembled caine’ or shelving toa wall, he owt acre method iso mark out ‘he wall sing a sir evel, Do noe selyon exiting ins, sch a archive in) around doors, pictre rll or skiting (bse) boar 2 these nay wot be uly horizontal ‘Where you need to mak off series f equal spacings smply seta zi of vider orclipersto the once distance, wing fat wooden corsa ule and ep of the dvsons “Tiasferring measurements fom one poie to mother cn ao be done witha senighredge and although diss very sme wo a Iheany sel rl the bevoled edge shes it the added advantage of being ‘ery easy t0 cut oro mark agai. ‘When marking ou for fine work, a muarking haf, wih 2 boel on one side ofthe blade ony the tool > ‘we, Such ives can be obtained ‘with bevel om either sie and are ‘wel worth having 20° Toots ANo TecHmiautsMarking jonrs ‘This does needa fe degre of accuracy 0 the frst thing te ascertain is that your prepared wood ise and square, which s dane with, 2 combination gute or ry square Either of these tol shoul be id down the length ofthe timber tobe cu eo ensue it uniformity and sgusenes, Maing ee J For marking out morte, 2 sorte givge an ete poins © the Width of the hie you intend to te to eat the mortise ao fom a rule This is ar more accurate, wel 2 being much more convenient For marking anges on 3 piece of square inber, especie ae ‘be sepeated, ich a when setng out treads for a stare, oa ling bevel A good akerative for marking frequely repeated angles, whic ate encountered ia projects sch seins sto mke up aig oF template that can be aid on to the suinger (he long diagonal part of the aise) and mask the ede accordingly. Most workshops keep a ‘ange of temples made in hardboard or penpex. ran Use ay sqaefo mang ish Kopin ad mathe cote ood The tw sepia the ors aug 2endependenty ada on acters oe, le thesing stock rsa ete a ewok Tere Isang penton efor nathng singe scien, ado gets, Toots ano Techiques atDRILLS AND BITS ‘These come in a bewildering array of sizes and types but jus afew are all that are needed for the home workshop, such as dovel bits for flat-bottomed holes; at bits, which work with a serping action and cut large holes very rapidly; and the ordinary ewis bic chat is used for making small holes and for starting screws, Bewate of buying cheap sets of drill bits, rus Conouess ontt/oniver Accuntedriling san inporeant This worth i weight in gld in _PRAETEAL o-i-younef technique and its snaions without power, sd itis = Never inert he ene touch eer witha hand-held power panculaty safe nese water This point of ei A has oe, 8th drill and even mores wth and-held power ool vil amos certainly fects Benh-mounted ple di rechargeable and usaly comes Concent and fletvenes. Deiling by band with carpenters witha pre ner The variable brace sil basa place anda hand toque and peed setngs make i Ail sel for smaller obs, ‘el for doubling aa screwdriver, Hevier work, expecily hat ‘pecially in ses fir removed from Although generly nots powerful which iavalves wing ft is cleeic power. Howeverewen in ssa min-powered dri tis more Forner bits for removing thes ceumances the ores thin adegute for most jobs Ue areas of woo. est undertake power dil has lrg oercome the it fr drilling earance holes or with a maimnspowered electri drill Aiicaly of needing asouce of sce iting and removing screws, _tosave dime and avoid contant leew power and dling oles for dowels recharging ofthe Baty 22 Toots AND TechniquesParts Ange Vamieis oF ar Great advances have ako been made in the panern of dil bis. Fe example there are bits desig for sering dowel Dowel joining is fen sed in projects bt with ‘manuficated boards sich & ehipboan an plywood andthe bits produce flat-bottomed holes ‘There are ako at bis hat work swith seraping eton, cating Inge holes very apy although thee are nota aecurte a conventional twist Tat The later ane mse for making small holes ia wood, metal and other gid materials, Fr the home worker on lived budget, adjsable bit ea good inmesent, but hese can only be wedi a had brace. Engineering bits canal be sed in woodwork Dawe i Deuue accessonies Plug caters ae efi ditions to any workshop, cxpecily when ality work is underaken The uteri tein pill dill and ‘wed to remove plugs roma piece sto any i scan be an th 2 speed ging aac dered ‘oben hana pone di sing pila dil: ‘of scrap wood. The plage then tudo holes inthe workpcce to once fixing screws. Most cutters ome with 3 special matching be ‘hat hore screw clearance hole and lug cousternk in one operation, Another comin dling accessory ithe countersink bit. This allows che el ofa screw tO ‘be et Bosh withthe snice of dhe ‘wood. Again, thi bet sed in a pila dei wi a depeh op to Forster bits te designs to dill large, far-bowomed hoes that do ot pas hough the wood such as hols tha might be needed oft teen cabinet hinges The bits wil dill dep holes accurately even in the end grin fbr, hich ually ery iu Toots ano Teciniques 23SCREWS AND SCREWDRIVERS ‘The holding power of screws is much greater than that of nails, and serewed work can easly be taken apart again without damage to any of the components, unless of course itis ako glued, Driving screws does take longer than mailing and is alo more expensive, bu it wil give the appearance of quality and crafsmanship to most work, ‘Types or scxew The mos frequently xed wood screws are nade of tid tee or brats often with eounterunk heads hat may be i rise There ae ‘many diferent plated shes svlal, ranging fom chrome sed for internal xing such ros, to tne, which wil rest os Brae screws will noe ra a alan ace commenonly sed in tnbers sch soak, where steel woul case blue staining due wo he tani ai Skew sizes ano Wea parreRNs There ae various types a crew headed for both hand nl power riving The most common in woodworking i he ot head seen flowed by the Philips Head and ‘he Posie, both of whi have a cross patter inthe hen take the screwdriver blade, sal selection of dlot-hea, Philips and Peer Practical nes + When screwing into hadnood, ia plot hole ligt aller than he seren’s ameter to ase the screw trough, + When iting ras screws, st assemble the project wth steel Screws ofthe same sausy and length. ras ivy softandthe ‘ces may shea oli sed oct ‘heiconn theses 24 TooLs Ano Tecumaues screwdrivers wil cover most needs Slot head screwdriver blade can be shaped on a grindstone to restore thei condition if ecesary. Never te a serewdeiver thats too small, 8 you will sin the ble an the sere, Screw ses are comple, the length: for example,"inc-and- 4 gsi of mal ao cs al ihe deserbes 2 screw hat, 4160 (nm long and gage 8 Thee so nced wo deve tao deeply nt sere sic, other han to ny that wood stews conte in guages 1-14, and the more commonly ted ae gigs 6-10 fiom 4-2in (12-50). General, ARE mle right AP screw metic dze in serene ot ound, Mada Plips shad nd ates although one or eo ae jue sce beginning to be wed, edSceeworiver Tees For woodworking the traonal hand screwdriver hat an om ‘wooden handle and is wed to deve Slor-heud screws only This widely arllible ina variety of sis. A range of patic-handled coals af sariove sires are also availabe designe to tive Pilips ard Posie crew a5 swell lhe Power serewdevers and A nsf i is driver aly increase he ate of work: They can offer various efficiency and vo prevent both tomue settings tha allow the sew dipping and damage to the serew heads tobe set jut sh wih the head Always se the comec ste of work surfice Power diversare ake screwiver with Philips and ‘very wef for dsmandhng crowed Rose crews otherwise both the joint and frnitare because they screw head and the screwiriver will wood and to ensure tit they go in wl ran in rovers, be damaged straighl harwoods, pee-diing s Keeping the head ofa doned- vir, ocherwise the sre wil ust, screwdriver correctly ground 19 USING SeneWS Shear off when peste exerted by prevent ion sipping is very Ding a serew ita more skiled the srewdiver Brats crew ate important. Remember ako that che operation than naling. It usally particusly wf and need sel ade width muse equal the ength of adie to dil lot holes ist to scxews inserted before them (and the screw sot forthe grestoe cease the sere passage through the then temoved) co pre-cut the eed an. Anas ilpltoles fr bas errr ingot headsoens anes reatfabh canbe aching the eas so tat nyc the ae way. vera wher Riggs. exon Te caret nay bre an counter Toots ano Tecnmiaues 25SAws Sawing by hand and with power saws isa skill that muse be lesned well. Power saws do not take the skill out of swing, ot at least not all of i; they simply reduce the amount of hard work involved. You need to understand what types of saw are used for what purposes and why, forthe best results. There are dozens of special saws, but those covered here are al Hano sans, The mos common sw inthe home workshop isthe hand sas This is ‘ed for cr-cuting (ars he sain) and sipping along the grain). tnd the tecth ofthe a ae st according 0 you will eed t0 ask ‘your tol supplier fr the core fone. There ate abo geneal-purpose hand saws that are reasonably suited to both tanks and hee ae uit fen handpoin sas, wach ext be sharpened, bur their speci hardened teeth give ther 2 Jonge “The non sn sometines aled a backs, becase ofthe solid sengtening bar long is top ge made specially for coring the tenons for making martse-and> tenon joint and ther fine work Realy Sie work s done with vera sy eich arto ‘enon sw but has more eth tothe inch to grea finer ext. “he tenon sas offen wed with a bench hack for accurate cing and 26 Toots ano Teciurques one can be made quite easly 22 do-it-yourself project They wally ‘esse about 300 x 150m (12 x Gin, The mite box s another hand Aid for se with a tenon ommonly used, lowing 90 and 45-degree angles te be ent accurate, but the beginner is best advised to buy one rather than atempe 10 make one nodding maine pcre fames.‘Sawing Techniques ‘When beginning ut with» hand sam, daw thes bck towed your Body to ever dhe wood fms and proce a small kerf hich he saw Blade wil rn Always cut the waste side ofthe marked line for pentet resus, When using mize box make an angle cut begin with the back of che sae ried slighty Ths wil make the cut ease star The bench hook alo makes croscating Power r001s, A hand-held circular sw can be ted for bok costing aad Tipping and many ate spied with 2 dual-purpose, tungten-earide, tipped Blade for lng ie eis almost a necesity forthe hone woodworker and it an excellent inesenent there are many gute Inexpensive and reliable brands Another very handy fol isthe Jisaw (aber 8) This comes into fis own for cating cures, but cern alo seve oc of han work when used to eu curved shapes from ‘manuficeated boards, Ir loc of curved or shaped work is envisaged sal bandsaw is ef aeeition ro the workshop. These canbe inexpensive Frev/srol sas are very ima to Jigar, having a reciprocating ‘movement They ate wed for fine Pierced and deel wotk, and are ‘apble of producing very delicate result Most jigs con int thee own when eating manafcrred boards such a¢ meim-densy Abreboad, plywood ot chipboud PracTicaL nips 1 Most cheap sams are not worth ‘ming Buy good nes and Mang ‘hem por kep the iades tarded when they ae nat nuse Keeptem dy sharp wel se and Ugh oe. + Aays fda comfonable poston to saw inl produce bster ests and ec the sks ofback stain ot otherinury an rT Aces il maa et work ot ‘ating tinb bt eae eto ead od-cuniy hand samosas \erTAjraw aber so veyed, worse anpediokep sey and Finn. Toots ano Tecnmiques 27NaILs, HAMMERS AND PUNCHES ‘There is no such thing as an “ondinary” nail All nals have been derived for specific uses, although some can be put to several uses. Similarly, various types of hammer are availble ~ always use the correct tool for the job. Wooden-handled hammers have a natural spring in the handles, which makes ‘them easier to contral than steel-bandled ones. ans Pane pins (ra), at he mame "The wire mall an be used for many sugges, are wed fo xing hin simple tks, sch a box making, panels and cladding They are neatly fencing and general carpentry, at can always punched out of sight below lost head and oral nails where there the surface, a ate vener pis Jeno need fora fac heasor when it When theres 3 need to secure ‘desl for the malt be thin or File sheec materia such as concealed, sch a when xing roofing el or plasterboard (gypsum cladding or boas These wite mails board), lage-headed alae used ‘an be considered a general ‘Thee are commonly called cout purpose fixings rails, but may alo be found wader (Oval wire mak can hedrven specific names, such as roofing mails below the snfice ofthe work with and phiterboard nals The age Jem Helihood of them spiting the heads spread the pressure and ‘wood: They shoul be driven with prevent dhe materia fom tering oF Beis head inline witht gain. crumbling-They are usually “The et als stapes from metal galvanined o protect again ut sheet and has atperingtecangur when used outdoor, Zine mais re section, which gives iecncellent used for roofing because they ate holding properties Theyarelangely_ruproof and exy to cut when sed for ing Hoorn renewing sates, | | | Upolay ominay Peel in at) Practica ni “Aways pre oes when Carnal Rinna Len it sing copper orzincalssince they arto sotto be hammered Iota hardwoods. 28 Toots ano TecntiauesHammers The mos esenialhammer forthe woodworker the ela hammer Abou 365-45 (13-1600) 2 vod weight ro am fs the hammer should be hea enough eo hive fy large ma. ti isake fo use x hammer tht foo igh, b this ends to bend the masher ‘than deve then For lighter mia cros-pen ot Warrington hamsiee ws since the at head ean be wed oat the rl pia without risk of hing Your fingers For even salle panel pins (a) he pn hammers sed Twe mauier Feshoua be remembered that the carpenters male, off made fom sold beech, form of hammer, butt should never be used fer striking anything other than wood or sini oft materials or eins dhmage will resale Removins ANo minis Was INaisor pins canbe removed fom 2 ‘workpiece by using a speclized tol sich a nal pall You might need to use this fou have Bene the mal ‘or perhaps ifyou are working with previowsy-used timber. Alerately, the claw ofa cae hammer ean be easly employe, Very’ often, We need to puch ni heals below the ste ofthe work in fl the resting seal holes with {wood fillet Nal sets are wed for this and hey come in arouses Each hat very igh concave ep to cove the nal head and prevent, Sipping. Nail sts should not be apply a primer before the undercout. above picere also avoid splashes, Baht ecg ks 72 Equupmens ano MATERIALS