POWER SUPPLY

Block Diagram
The ac voltage, typically 220V rms, is connected to a transformer, which steps that ac
voltage down to the level of the desired dc output. A diode rectifier then provides a full-
wave rectified voltage that is initially filtered by a simple capacitor filter to produce a dc
voltage. This resulting dc voltage usually has some ripple or ac voltage variation.

A regulator circuit removes the ripples and also remains the same dc value even if the
input dc voltage varies, or the load connected to the output dc voltage changes. This
voltage regulation is usually obtained using one of the popular voltage regulator IC units.

TRANSFORMER RECTIFIER FILTER IC LOAD

REGULATOR

Fig 5.3 Block Diagram of Power supply

Working principle

Transformer
The potential transformer will step down the power supply voltage (0-230V) to (0-6V)
level. Then the secondary of the potential transformer will be connected to the precision
rectifier, which is constructed with the help of op–amp. The advantages of using
precision rectifier are it will give peak voltage output as DC, rest of the circuits will give
only RMS output.
Bridge rectifier
When four diodes are connected as shown in figure, the circuit is called as bridge
rectifier. The input to the circuit is applied to the diagonally opposite corners of the
network, and the output is taken from the remaining two corners.
Let us assume that the transformer is working properly and there is a positive potential, at
point A and a negative potential at point B. the positive potential at point A will forward
bias D3 and reverse bias D4.
The negative potential at point B will forward bias D1 and reverse D2. At this time D3
and D1 are forward biased and will allow current flow to pass through them; D4 and D2
are reverse biased and will block current flow.

The path for current flow is from point B through D1, up through RL, through D3,
through the secondary of the transformer back to point B. this path is indicated by the
solid arrows. Waveforms (1) and (2) can be observed across D1 and D3.

One-half cycle later the polarity across the secondary of the transformer reverse, forward
biasing D2 and D4 and reverse biasing D1 and D3. Current flow will now be from point
A through D4, up through RL, through D2, through the secondary of T1, and back to
point A. This path is indicated by the broken arrows. Waveforms (3) and (4) can be
observed across D2 and D4. The current flow through RL is always in the same direction.
In flowing through RL this current develops a voltage corresponding to that shown
waveform (5). Since current flows through the load (RL) during both half cycles of the
applied voltage, this bridge rectifier is a full-wave rectifier.

One advantage of a bridge rectifier over a conventional full-wave rectifier is that with a
given transformer the bridge rectifier produces a voltage output that is nearly twice that
of the conventional full-wave circuit.

This may be shown by assigning values to some of the components shown in views A
and B. assume that the same transformer is used in both circuits. The peak voltage
developed between points X and y is 1000 volts in both circuits. In the conventional full-
wave circuit shown—in view A, the peak voltage from the center tap to either X or Y is
500 volts. Since only one diode can conduct at any instant, the maximum voltage that can
be rectified at any instant is 500 volts.

The maximum voltage that appears across the load resistor is nearly-but never exceeds-
500 v0lts, as result of the small voltage drop across the diode. In the bridge rectifier
shown in view B, the maximum voltage that can be rectified is the full secondary voltage,
which is 1000 volts. Therefore, the peak output voltage across the load resistor is nearly
1000 volts. With both circuits using the same transformer, the bridge rectifier circuit
produces a higher output voltage than the conventional full-wave rectifier circuit.

IC voltage regulators
Voltage regulators comprise a class of widely used ICs. Regulator IC units contain the
circuitry for reference source, comparator amplifier, control device, and overload
protection all in a single IC. IC units provide regulation of either a fixed positive voltage,
a fixed negative voltage, or an adjustably set voltage. The regulators can be selected for
operation with load currents from hundreds of milli amperes to tens of amperes,
corresponding to power ratings from milli watts to tens of watts.
Fig 2.6 Circuit Diagram Of Power Supply

A fixed three-terminal voltage regulator has an unregulated dc input voltage, Vi, applied
to one input terminal, a regulated dc output voltage, Vo, from a second terminal, with the
third terminal connected to ground.
The series 78 regulators provide fixed positive regulated voltages from 5 to 24 volts.
Similarly, the series 79 regulators provide fixed negative regulated voltages from 5 to 24
volts.
 For ICs, microcontroller, LCD --------- 5 volts
 For alarm circuit, op-amp, relay circuits ---------- 12 volts