Answers

Chapter 1 4 (ii) The total distance if R 9 (i) True – direct proof

is (5, 5) is 5 + 13 , but (ii) True – direct proof
Discussion point (page 3) if R is (4, 5) the total 10 (i) True – direct proof
Rob can argue that each term that distance is 6 2 which (ii) True – direct proof
is added halves the area remaining is smaller. 11 False – e.g. n = 10
of the square that measures 2 by (iii) The best position for 12 True – proof by contradiction
2 so has area of 4.Thus the total R is (4, 5). The distance 13 (i) True – direct proof
is equivalent to the (ii) False – e.g. 1² + 2² + 3²
areal, and hence the sum, cannot
be greater than 4. case where Q is (8, 9)           + 4² = 30
(see diagram below), 14 True – direct proof
To make the argument and (4, 5) is on the 18 Numbers of the form 2n
watertight Rob could argue that straight line y = x + 1 19 (i) If N ² is the sum of the
the sequence is a geometrical between (2, 3) and (8, 1). squares of two integers,
progression.You will see how that (8, 9) then N is the sum of the
would work in Chapter 3. squares of two different
Discussion point (page 3) (4, 5) integers.
(ii) False – e.g. N ² = 225 =
Since odd numbers cannot be
written as the sum of two odd 12² + 9², but N = 15
(2, 3)
numbers, the only way of writing (8, 1) is not the sum of the
an odd number as the sum of 5 There are 4 different squares of two integers.
two primes is when one of the arrangements, one of which
is shown below.
two primes is 2. There are many
odd numbers that cannot be 7
Chapter 2
written as the sum of 2 and a 3 1 4
Opening activity (page 12)
prime number, e.g. 11. 5 8 6
174.5 m
2

Discussion point (page 3) 7 (i) 14 + 122 + 73 and Exercise 2.1 (page 16)
There are many prime numbers 15 + 192 + 53 1 11π
which are not 5. 6
2 (i)
π
Discussion point (page 7) 4
Discussion point (page 3) No, reversing 90 does not give a π
(ii)
For example, 10 is even but 5 is not. two-digit number. 2
(iii)
2π
Exercise 1.2 (page 10) 3
Exercise 1.1 (page 4) 1 1, 5, 6, 0 5π
(iv)
1 True 2 False, when n = 5, 2n + 3 = 35, 12
2 (i) ⇒ not prime. 5π
(v)
(ii) ⇔ 3 True – direct proof 3
(iii) ⇒ 4 True – direct proof (vi) 0.4 radians
(iv) ⇐ 5 True – proof by exhaustion (vii)
5π
3 (i) No, because BC and AD 2
6 False – e.g. a hexagon
may not be parallel (viii) 3.65 rad
(6 sides) has 9 diagonals
(ii) ABCD is a parallelogram (ix)
5π
7 True – direct proof 6
⇒ AB is parallel to CD. 8 True – proof by contradiction
π
The converse is true. (x)
25

523
 3 (i) 18° cos π = tan 3π = −1 8 1.05 cm3
(ii) 135° 4 9 (i) 5.16 m
(iii) 114.6° sin 5π = cos 5π = 21 (ii) 3.11 m2
6 3
(iv) 80°
7 x = 0.6 and x = 2.5 10 (i) 9π = 3.53 m2 to 2 d.p.
(v) 540° 8
Answers

to 1 d.p. 40π
(vi) 240° (ii) = 41.89 m2 to 2 d.p.
8 x = 0.8 and x = 3.9 3
(vii) 28.6°
to 1 d.p. (iii) 32.14 m2
(viii) 450°
9 (i) k = π 11 (i) 16.9 cm2
(ix) 420°
π (ii) 19.7 cm2
(x) 77.1° (ii) k =
2 12 (i) 1.98 mm2
4 (i) (a) 1 cm
(iii) k = π (ii) 43.0 mm
(b) 3 cm π
π (iv) k =
(ii) (a) 2 Discussion point (page 22)
3
10 (i) x = 2π Because the formula area of a
π 7
(b)
6 8π sector = 21 r 2 assumes  is in
(ii) y = radians.
3 5
(iii) (a)
2 (iii) k = 1
3
(b) 1
Discussion point (page 23)
2 By the shape and symmetry
(c) 3 Activity 2.1 (page 18) of the graphs, in each case the
1 Radians Degrees maximum percentage error will
(d) 2

3
Angle uc (
a ° a = u × 180
π ) occur for  = 0.1 radians.
(e) y = sin :  = 0.1 rad
2 Arc ru π
ra × 180
3 length true value = 0.099 833
(f)
approximate value = 0.1
3 Area of 1 2 π
2r θ × 180
1 r 2a
sector
2 % error = 0.167%
5 Q
y = tan :  = 0.1 rad
Exercise 2.2 (page 20) true value = 0.100 335
√ 2 cm approximate value = 0.1
1 cm 1 4 cm
% error = 0.334%
2 (i) (a) 3.14 cm
y = cos :  = 0.1 rad
π
(b) 9.14 cm
P
4
R true value = 0.995 004
1 cm (c) 4.71 cm2
approximate value = 0.995
(ii) (a) 22.0 cm
% error = 0.000 419%
PQ = 12 + 12 = 2 , the (b) 30.0 cm
triangle is a right-angled so (c) 44.0 cm2
Exercise 2.3 (page 24)
∠QPR + ∠PQR = π 3 r (cm)  (rad) s (cm) A (cm2)
2 1 (i) u2
and the triangle is isosceles
4 1
2 4 u2
so ∠QPR = ∠PQR = π 2 (ii)
2
4 1 π π 3π
12
(i) sin =
π
4
1 = 2
2
3 2 8 (iii) (1 − 2u ) 2

2 5 0.8 4 10
π 1 (iv) 2u
(ii) cos = = 2 1.875 0.8 1.5 1.41
2 (i) 2
4 2 2 2π
3.46 7.26 4π 2
π 1=1
(iii) tan =
3 (ii) 1 − 5u
4 1 2
4 (i) 140 yards
6 sin 9π = cos − π = 2
4 4 ( ) 2 (ii) 5585 square yards (iii) 1
2

( ) 4π 5 (i) 15π cm2 (iv) −3

tan − 5π = tan 3 = 3 (ii) 9 cm2 3 (i) 5
3
(iii) (15π – 9) cm2 (ii) 5
cos 11π = sin 2π = 3
6 3 2

524
4 (i) u2 (iii) x =
1.20 (3 s.f.) (d) The sequence continues
2 (iv) x 2= for as long as the clock
(ii) 1 4 (i) x =
99999 is working.
8
(ii) x =5 (iv) (a) The stairs
5 (i) 82
(iii) x =
e4 − 3 (b) 120, 140, 160, …
(ii) 42

Answers
(iv) x =5 (c) Increases by 20 each time
(iii) 2
5 (i) x =
ca + b (d) The steps can’t go on
6 0.24 radians
ln s − q forever.
7 0.102 radians; the other
(ii) x =
roots are not small angles p
8 (ii) ∠BAE = 90° − ∠OAB 6 (i) 200 Exercise 3.1 (page 41)
(ii) N 1 Two out of: both start with
1, are periodic, have period
Review: Algebra (1) 2, oscillate
2 (i) 19, 22, 25, 28, …
Exercise R.1 (page 29) 200
Arithmetic, 1st term
1 (i) 6− 3 0 t a = 7, common
difference d = 3
(ii) −1 + 5 2
(iii) 4017 bees (ii) 4, 3, 2, 1, … Arithmetic,
(iii) 17 − 12 2 (v) The model is not suitable 1st term a = 8,
(iv) 1 in the long term since common difference
2 (i) 3 3 not enough room, no d = −1
(ii) 5 − 1 allowance made for bees (iii) 3.3, 3.1, 2.9, 2.7, …
16 + 10 2 dying, etc. Arithmetic, 1st term
(iii)
7 7 (ii) p = 1.4, q = 0.8 a = 4.1, common
(iv)
(
5 3 5+4 ) 8 (ii) k = 5, n = 0.5 difference d = −0.2
29 (iv) 48, 96, 192, 384, …
(i) 1 Geometric, 1st term
3 32 Chapter 3 a = 3, common ratio r = 2
(ii) 3 (v) 4, 2, 1, 0.5, … Geometric,
(iii) 125 Discussion point (page 36) 1st term a = 64,
(iv) 43 (i) (a) Avonford Savings common ratio r = 0.5
(b) 80 000, 160 000, (vi) 16, −32, 64, −128, …
7
4 (i) x 320 000, … Geometric, 1st term
(ii) x (c) Exponential geometric
−6 a = 1, common ratio
(iii) x sequence
4 r = −2
(iv) x (d) The sequence could go
4 (vii) 2, 2, 2, 5, … Periodic
(v) x on but the family will
5 5 with period 4
5 (i) 6 x y not live forever.
2 4 (viii) 1, 3, 5, 3, … Periodic
(ii) x y (ii) (a) Pizza outlet opening
4 2 with period 4, oscillating
(iii) 3x y hours about 3
(iv) (1 + 3x )(1 + x )2 (b) 10, 10, 10, 10, 12 … 3 (i) 3, 5, 7, 9, …
(c) There is a cycle that (ii) 6, 12, 24, 48, …
Exercise R.2 (page 33) repeats every week. (iii) 4, 8, 14, 24, …
1 (i) log 9 (d) The sequence will (iv) 1, 1 , 1 , 1 , …
2 3 4
(ii) log 48 continue as long as (v) 4, 6, 4, 6, …
(iii) log 23 they keep the same 4 (i) 12, 15, 18, 21, …
2 (i) 2 log x opening hours. (ii) −5, 5, −5, 5, …
(ii) 6 log x (iii) (a) The clock (iii) 72, 36, 18, 9, … .
(iii) 23 log x (b) 0, −3.5, −5, −3.5, … (iv) 1, 4, 9, 16, … .
3 (i) x = −1.15 (3 s.f.) (c) The pattern of 8 numbers (v) 4, 6, 4, 6, …
(ii) x = 0.222 (3 s.f.) keeps repeating.

525
 5 (i) 58 11 (ii) First series: 118 terms, Discussion point (page 50)
(ii) 90 294 terms, 10 793 terms, If r = +1 then all of the terms are
(iii) 25 23 445 terms equal to the first term, a, and the
(iv) 8 Second series: 11 terms, sum of n terms is na so the sum is
(v) 40 145 terms, 10 308 terms, divergent.
Answers

10
22 388 terms
6 (i) ∑k If r = −1 then the terms alternate
1
Exercise 3.2 (page 46) between +a and –a and the sum
10
will alternate between +a and 0.
(ii) ∑ (20 + k ) 1 (i) Yes, 3, 32
1 (ii) No
10
(iii) Yes, −3, −22
Discussion point (page 52)
(iii) ∑ (200 + 10k ) (iv) Yes, 4, 39 S is an infinite series with a
1
10 (v) No common ratio of (−2). Since this
(iv) ∑ (200 + 11k ) (vi) Yes, 1.5, 15.5 is outside the interval (−1, 1) the
1
2 (i) 34 sum to infinity does not have a
10
unique value.
(v) ∑ (200 − 10k ) (ii) 29 terms
1 3 38 terms
7 (i) 15 4 (i) 3 Discussion point (page 52)
(ii) 400 (ii) 470 Disease, availability of food, water
(iii) −20 5 (i) 4 and shelter.
(iv) 100 (ii) −3, 1, 5, 9
(v) 220 (iii) 375 Exercise 3.3 (page 53)
8 (i) 0, 1, 1, 2, 3, … After the 6 (i) 3 1 (i) Yes, 2, 160
first term this is the same (ii) 15 150 (ii) Yes, −1, −1
as the sequence itself. 7 (i) 120 (iii) No
(ii) 13, 21, 34, … (ii) 22 (iv) No
(iii) 1.0, 2.0, 1,5, 1.667, 1.6, 8 (i) 5049 3
(v) Yes, 1 , 16
2
1.625, 1.615, 1.619, … (ii) 5100 (vi) Yes, −2, −64
These values are (iii) 51 terms in each sequence 2 (i) 48, (−2), 3(−2)n−1
oscillating and appear with the terms in the
() ( 21 )
n −1 n−2
(ii) 1 , 1 ,2 × 1 =
to be converging. second one each 1 greater 8 2 2
4 n −1
9 (i) 2, 6, 2, 6, 2, 6, … than those in the first. (iii) ab ,b, ab
(ii) Oscillating and periodic 9 30 3 (i) 5 1
3
with period 2 10 (i) a = d = 2 (ii) 8
(iii) (a) 2, 8, −4, 20, −28, (ii) 330 (iii) Diverges
68, … Oscillating 11 267 (iv) 4 1
2
and diverging 12 (i) 16 (v) Diverges
(b) 3 2 ,4 4 ,3 8 ,4 16 ,3 32 ,4 64
1 1 7 1 31 1 , …(ii) 2.5 cm
4 The value of r is not less than
13 (i) a = 1, d = 4
1 ,3 7 ,4 1 ,3 31 ,4 1 , …
3 21 ,4 1 in size, or the partial sums
4 8 16 32 64 (ii) 270 do not get closer and closer
Oscillating sequence
converging towards 4 (
14 (i) Sn = d n 2 + a − d n
2 ) 2 to a limit, but oscillate instead.
10 (i) t 2 = 0, t 3 = −2, t4 = 2, t100 = 2 (ii) Subtracting the sum of 5 (i) 11
t 2 = 0, t 3 = −2, t4 = 2, t100 = 2 the first (n − 1) terms (ii) 256
(ii) 2 − 2 = 2; t1 = −1
2
from the sum of the (iii) 4094
(iii) (a) Diverges first n terms will leave 6 (i) (a) 2; 12 terms
(b) Converges to −1 only the nth term. (b) 20 475
(c) The terms oscillate nth term = p(2n − 1) + q (ii) (a) 3; 11 terms
(iii) First term = (p + q); (b) 177 146
between 5 − 1

2 common difference = 2p ( )
(iii) (a) − 1 ; 16 terms
2
and − 5 − 1
(b) 5.333 (4 s.f.)

2
526
7 19 years Review: Algebra(2) 7 (i) {x: x < 4} ∩ {x: x > −2}
8 (i) 2
(ii) 3 Review exercise R.1(page 60) –2 4
(iii) 3 069 (ii) {x: x < −1} ∩ {x: x > −7}
1 (i) x = 2, 6
(iv) 19 terms
(ii) a = −5, − 6

Answers
9 (i) 2
–7 –1
3 (iii) x = ±4 (iii) {x: x > 0} ∪ {x: x < −4}
(ii) 7th (iv) p = −0.5, − 2
(ii) 7 terms 3 –4 0
(v) c = 1, −1 4
(iv) 27 8 (i) x < −2 or x > 4
(vi) x = 4, 23
10 (i) 83 terms y
(ii) 73 terms 2 (i) x = 2.37, − 3.37
(ii) x = 0.78, 3.22
x(1 − x n )
11 (i) (iii) x = −3.70, 2.70
(1 − x )
(i) 3 ( x − 2 ) − 5
2
(1 − ( − y )n ) 3
(ii)
( ) x
2
(1 + y ) (ii) 2 x+ 3 + 1 –2 O 4
2 2
(1 − ( −2a )n ) (iii) 21 − (x − 4)
2
(iii) –8
(1 + 2a )
4 (i) x = −2, ( −2, −12)
13 (i) 20, 10, 5, 2.5, 1.25
y −1 < x < 2
(ii)
(ii) 5 operations
y
(iii) 0, 10, 15, 17.5, 18.75
(iv) The sequence of 2
O x
amounts of water is
geometric (first term 20, -8
–1 O 2 x
common ratio 0.5) but
(–2, –12)
the sequence of antifreeze
is not (a geometric (ii) x = −2, (−2, −11)
sequence cannot have y
zero as its first term since
that would imply that all (iii) 2 <x < 3
3 2
terms are zero). -3 O x y
14 (i) After 67 swings
(ii) 241° (to the nearest 6
degree) (–2, –11)
(iii) 600°
1 (iii) x = 1, (1,5) O 2 3 x
15 (i) y
3 2
cosu (1, 5)

4
(ii)
31 3 9 (i) Points of intersection:

(iii) 2 3
2
O x
(−2, 5) and 52 ,14
y
( )
(ii)
(iv)
1
cosu sin 2u
(v) No 5 (i) x = 4, y = 3
16 (i) 27 cm, 36 cm, 48 cm, (ii) x = 2, y = 3 9
5
2
, 14
64 cm, 85 13 cm (iii) x = −1, y = −2 (–2, 5)
(ii) The length increases 6 (i) x = 4, y = 2 or
–1 –1 1 x
without bound x = −4, y = −2 2

( )
G.P. with r = 43 . (ii) x = 4, y = 1 or
10 (i) x = ± 2 or x = ± 1
(iii) No– the figure is x = 1, y = 4
(iii) x = 1, y = 5 or (ii) x = ± 21 or 49x = ±  3
always inside the circle
x = 11, y = 25 1 =9
(iii) 2x or x = 25
which circumscribes the 4
original triangle.
527
 11 (i) x = 0 or x = 1 3 y
5 y = 2x 3 + 4 x 2 − 22x − 24 (i)
y = ex
(ii) x = −1.58
6 (i) x = 1, − 21 , 23 y= x
(iii) x = 0.208
(ii) x = −2, 3, − 13 y = ln x
1
Review exercise R.2 (page 62) 7 x − 2x + 4x − 8
3 2
Answers

O 1 x
1 (i) x + 3x − x + 1
3 2

(ii) 5x + x + 4 x − 2 x − 4 Chapter 4
4 3 2

(ii) y
(iii) x + x + 3x − 6
3 2
y = 3x y = 2x
Review exercise (page 69)
(iv) 3x + 7 x − 3x + 1
3 2
y
1 (i)
(i) 2 x + 3x − 5x + 12
3 2
2 3
(ii) x − 2 x + 1
4 2

1 y = 1x
(iii) x + 3x + 2
2

–1 O 1 3 x
(iv) x − 3x − 4
2 2 O x
3 (i) y
4 (i)
y = (x + 3)2 y
y = x2 + 3
6
9
(ii) y

12

–2 O 1 3 x
3 y = x2

–3 –2 O 2 x
−3 O x

y (ii) y
(ii)
ϖ
y = sin x –
y = sin x
(iii) (−1) repeated, 2

1
(−3) repeated 0
y −ϖ ϖ
−— 0 ϖ
— ϖ 3ϖ 2ϖ x
x 2 2 —
O 3 −1
2

−2

9 −3
y = sin x − 2
(iii) y

–1 O 3 x 5 (i) x 2 ( x + 3) ;
−2 
y
translation  

−3 O 2 x 2 (i)  0
3 ( x − 2) ( x + 1) ;
2
1 (ii)
y= x
y=
3 stretch scale factor 3 in
x
the y direction
(iii) ( x − 2 ) ( x + 1) − 2;
2
4 (i) x = −2 (repeated), x = 1 O x
2
(ii) y  0
translation  

−2 
− ( x − 2) ( x + 1) ;
2
(iv)
(ii) y
–2 O 0.5 x reflection in the x-axis
1
y= x4 6 (i) 3.11 cm
–4 (ii) £30.36
1
(−1, 1) y= x2 (iii) £45.36
O x

528
 (iv) (ii) Can be obtained from (ii) (a) Many-to-many
Cost by a translation through (b) Domain  + ,
 π
−  Range  +
 2
(100, 45.36)
(50, 36)
(30, 30.4)
 0 (iii) (a) One-to-one
  +
(b) Domain  ,

Answers

O y
Volume ϖ Range  +
y = sin x y = sin(x + 2 )
1
7 (i) £146 (iv) (b) Many-to-one
0.5
+
(ii) 0 (c) Domain ,
C (£)
ϖ
−— 0 ϖ
— ϖ 3ϖ
— 2ϖ x +
2 −0.5 2 2 Range 
−1
500 −1.5 4 (i) (a) −5
400 (8, 365) (b) 9
300
(c) −11
200 (20, 146)
100
Activity 4.1 (page 75) (ii) (a) 3
0 (i) Different (b) 5
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 θ (°C)
(ii) Same (c) 10
(iii) Not good for extreme (iii) Same (iii) (a) 32
temperatures, since it (iv) Different (b) 82.4
implies an infinite bill (v) Same (c) 14
for a temperature of 0°C. (d) −40
8 (i) Discussion point (page 77) 5 (i) f (x) < 2
y Translation 2 units to the right, (ii) y ∈{2, 3, 6, 11, 18}
f(x) = 1 + In x reflection in the x-axis, transla- (iii) 
+

tion 5 units vertically upwards (iv) y ∈ 

+

1
Exercise 4.1 (page 78) (v) <y <1
2
1 (i) One-to-one, yes 6 (i) {0.5, 1, 2, 4}
O x
(ii) Many-to-one, yes (ii) 0 < f (x) < 1
(iii) Many-to-many, no (iii) f (x) > 3
(iv) One-to-many, no 7 For f, every value of x,
(ii) (e−1, 0) (v) Many-to-many, no (including x = 3) gives a
9 (i) (vi) One-to-one, yes unique output, whereas g(2)
y 2 (i) (a) Examples: one → 3; can equal either 4 or 6.
y=e –1 x word → 4  2
(b) Many-to-one 8 (i) Translation   ; x = 2
 0
2 (ii) (a) Examples: 1→ 4;
y = 2e–x (ii) Stretch parallel to the
2.1 → 8.4
O x y-axis of scale factor 3
(b) One-to-one
–1  2
(iii) (a) Examples: 1 → 1; and translation   in
 0
6→4 either
(ii) (ln 2, 1) (b) Many-to-one
10 (i) Can be obtained from order; x = 2
(iv) (a) Examples: 1 → −3;
(iii) Rewrite as
by a stretch scale factor −4 → −13
1 parallel to the x-axis.
(b) One-to-one 3 ( x − 2)2 − 14 
3
;
2
(v) (a) Examples: 4 → 2;  2
y translation  ;
 − 14 
9→3
y = sin x y = sin 2x
1 (b) One-to-one  3
0.5
0 3 (i) (a) One-to-one then stretch parallel to
ϖ
−— 0 ϖ
— ϖ 3ϖ
— 2ϖ x the y-axis of scale factor
2 −0.5 2 2 (b) Domain  +,
−1 3; x = 1
−1.5 Range  +

529
  0 y (ii)
9 (i) Translation  
−2  y
 
(1, 1) (2, 1)
y 1
–2 O 2 x
Answers

O x
(0, –12)
–2 O 1 3 x
  
y (iii)
10 (i) y
(–2, –6) (1, 2) (2, 2)
(5, 9) 2
 2 O 2 8 x
(ii) Translation  
 0
y

O 1 3 x
(ii) y   
(5, 18)
–2 O 2 x (iv)
y

O 2 8 x (1, 3)
–4 3

(iii) Stretch parallel to the (iii) y

y-axis, scale factor 2, (3, 4.5)
 0 O 2 x
then translation   0 6 x
 3   
y (v)
y
3
(iv) y (1 , 1)
3
(6, 9) 1
O x

0 12 x

(–2, –5) O 2 x
3

(iv) Stretch parallel to the   

2
y2
x-axis, scale factor 21 , 11 Ellipse is x + =1 (vi)
9 4
y y
 0
then translation   2 (2 , 1)
3
 3 1 1
y

−3 −1 1 3 x
3
−1 O x
1 1
3
−2
  
O x 12 (i) y 13 (i) Stretch scale factor 3 in
(–1, –1) the y direction.
(0.5, 1) (ii) Stretch scale factor 13
1
 2 in the x direction and
(v) Translation   then  0
 0 translation   in
stretch parallel to the  −1
O 1 x
y-axis scale factor 3 either order.

530
  −30  (v) (a) (iv) (a) Function but no inverse
(iii) Translation  y
 function since fares are
 0  1
banded.
followed by a stretch
scale factor 13 in the x
0 Activity 4.2 (page 85)

Answers
direction. 0 ϖ
— ϖ 3ϖ
— 2ϖ x
2 2 (i) y
14 (i) (a)
y
1 −1
f −1(x) = √x
(b) y = −sin x
0 15 (i) a = 3, b = 5
ϖ ϖ 2ϖ x (ii) y O x
0 —
2
3ϖ
—
2
y = x2 y = x 2 – 6x + 14 y
(ii)
−1
1
f −1(x) = 2x
(b) y = cos x x
(3, 5) O
(ii) (a)
y
O x
1
 3 (iii) y
translation  
 5
0
ϖ ϖ 3ϖ 2ϖ x (iii) y = 6x – x2 − 14
0 —
2 —
2 f −1(x) = x − 2
16 Reflection in the x-axis
O x
1
−1 and translation   in either
 0
(b) y = −tan x order; x = 1. (iv) y

(iii) (a)
17 f(x) = (x − 1)² (x − 3) − 4;
f −1(x) = √3 x − 2
y g(x) = 4 − (x − 1)² (x – 3).
1 18 g(x) = ln(9 – 2x).
O x

0
Discussion point (page 83)
0 ϖ
— ϖ 3ϖ 2ϖ x (i) (a) Function with an y = f ( x )and y = f −1( x )
2 —
2
inverse function. appear to be reflections of
each other in the line y = x
−1 (b) f : C → 95 C + 32;

(b) y = sin x
f −1: F → 95 (F − 32) Discussion point (page 88)
(iv) (a) (ii) (a) Function but no inverse (i) For all values of x, x 2 will
y function since one give a positive answer.
1 grade corresponds to (ii) The answer will be −19°
several marks. since the arcsin function
(iii) (a) Function with an gives the principal value.
0
0 ϖ
—
2
ϖ 3ϖ
— 2ϖ x inverse function.
2
(b) 1 light year ≈ 6 × 1012
Exercise 4.2 (page 88)
miles or almost
−1 1 x2
1016 metres.
2 (i) 4
(b) y = −tan x f: x → 1016 x (approx.);
(ii) 5
f  –1: x → 10–16 x (approx.)
(iii) 9
(iv) 25

531
 3 (i) 8x3 12 (i) a = 2, b = −5 (ii) g −1(x) = 1 (x + 1)
2
(ii) Translation −2
(ii) 2x3  

 −5 y
(iii) (x + 2)3
y y = g(x)
(iv) x3 + 2
(v) 4x y = g –1(x)
Answers

(vi) x + 4 1
2
4 (i) f  –1 (x) = x − 7 O x
2 −1 1 x
(ii) f  –1 (x) = 4 − x −1 2

5 y

y=x (–2, –5)

y = f(x) (iii) gf(x) = 2x2 − 1;
(iii) y ˘ −5 fg(x) = (2x − 1)2;
(iv) c = −2 x = 1 (repeated).
y y
y = f −1(x) (v)
(2, 3) y=x y = fg(x)
y = g–1(x)
(3, 2)

O x y = gf(x)
O x
1
2
6 (i) fg x
O
(ii) g 2
−1
(iii) fg 2
y = g(x)
(iv) gf
13 (i) a = 2, b = −1 (iv) a>1
7 (i) 3π 4
2 (ii) y
π
(ii)
2 Discussion point (page 90)
8 (i) 8(x + 2)3 1
g(3) = 3, g(−3) = 3
(ii) 2(x3 + 2) | 3 + 3 | = 6, | 3 − 3 | = 0,
(iii) [(x + 2)3 + 2]3
O x | 3 | + | 3 | = 6, | 3 | + | −3 | = 6
1
9 (i) f −1( x ) =
2x − 4
x
(ii) f −1( x ) = x + 3 ; x > −3 (1, –1) Discussion point (page 91)
10 (i) f(x) not defined for x = 4; y = |x| lies below the line y = 2
h(x) not defined for x > 2 Line of symmetry is x = 1, for −2 < x < 2
(ii) f −1( x ) = 4 x + 3 ; minimum point (1, −1)
x (iii) f(x) ˘ −1
h −1( x ) = 2 − x 2 ; x > 0 (iv) f is not a 1-1 function;
Exercise 4.3 (page 94)
(iii) g is a many-to-one
x˘1 1 |x| < 3
function (v) y 2 (i) y
+
(iv) 
(v) No, the domain of fg
y = f –1(x)
excludes x = 2 and x = −2,
y = f(x) 2
whereas the domain of 1
gf excludes x = 4 1 x −2 O x
11 (i) x y
1 y=x (ii)
(ii) x
1  5 + 17 5 + 17 
(iii) x
 4
(vi) ,  3
1  4 
(iv) x
14 (i) Range of f(x) is  +. O 1.5 x
Range of g(x) is .+
f(x) is not 1-1

532
 y
y 8
(iii) (i) dy d 2y
y = │x + 3│ 4 (i) = 12x 3 − x, 2 = 36 x − 1
2
dx dx
dy d 2y
= 12x − x ,
3
= 36x − 1
2

–x1
y = 3x d dx 2
2
1 dy 1 , d y = 24 x 2

Answers
–3 1 x (ii)   = 8 x 3
−
3
O
dx 3 dx 2
x 2
dy d y
3 (i) −8 < x < 2 = 8x 3 − 13 , = 24 x 2
x>2 dx dx 2
(ii) 0 ¯ x ¯ 4 (ii)
9 y dy d 2y
(iii) x < −1 or x > 11 (i)
(iii) = 1 − 2x − 12 , 2 = −
1 −
(iv) x ¯ −3 or x ˘ 1 dx x x dx 2x x
4 (i) | x − 1 | < 2 y = │x − 3│ dy dy2
= 1 − 2x − 12 , = − 1 − 2 + 23
(ii) | x − 5 | < 3 dx x x dx 2 2x x x
y = 3x + 1
(iii) | x − 1 | < 3
–1 O3 x 6 y
5 (i) −2 < x < 5 3 dy
dx
(ii) − 2 ¯ x ¯ 2
3
1
(iii) x > 1 or x < −4 (ii) x > 2  
1
(iv) x ¯ −3 3 or x ˘ 2 10 (i) ⇔
6 (i) | x − 2.5 | < 3.5 (ii) ⇔
(ii) | x − 10 | < 0.1 (iii) ⇐
x
(iii) | x − 4 | < 3.5 11 x < 1 –4 –3 –2 –1 0
y 12 y
7 (i)
7 (i) x < −2
(ii) x < −4, x > 4
2
y = │x − 2│ (iii) 0 < x <
y = │2x + 1│
3
dy
–4 O x –1
2
2 x 8 (i) = 5x x − 2 ,
dx x
(–2, 2) 1
x < −3 or x > 3 dy2
15 x + 1
(ii)
y 13 −0.4 ¯ x ¯ 4 2 = 2
dx x x
dy
(ii) = 15x 2 − 23 ,
1 Chapter 5 dx
d2y
= 30x
–4 1 –1 O x Opening activity (page 96) dx 2
2 2
(i) The rate of change of the dy
9 (i) = 3 − 3x 2 ,
volume with respect to dx
the height and the rate of d 2y
1
(–2 2, –4) = −6x
change of the height with dx 2
(iii) respect to time. (ii) Minimum at ( −1, −2 )
y (ii) The rate of change of the and maximum
volume with respect to time. at (1,2 )
(iii) y
Review exercise (page 101) 2
5
1 (i) 4
(2, 3) (ii) 9
0 1 x
O x (iii) 2 –1
2 5890 thousand bacteria per
–2
second
3 Tangent is 4 x + y − 9 = 0
Normal is x − 4 y − 15 = 0 10 8x + 7y − 95 = 0
11 Minimum at ( 9, −21)

533
 12 (i) a = 1, b = 3 2 (i) x <3 (v) y
0.25
(ii) No real solutions to (ii) x < −7
x 2 + 2x + 5 = 0 (iii) x > 1
dy 2
13 (i) = 12x 3 − 12x 5 , 0 1 x
dx 3 (i) x > − 13
Answers

d 2y –0.25
2 = 36 x − 60 x
2 4
(ii) x >4
dx
(iii) x < 2
(ii) Maximum point at 3 7 (i) Point of inflection at
( −1,1) and (1,1), 4 (i) Stationary point of (0, 0) and maximum at
minimum point at ( 0,0 ). inflection is (1, −4) (3, 27)
(iii) y y
(ii) y

1
–1 0 1 2 x 20

0 x –4 10
–1 1

–1
–1 0 1 2 3 x
(ii) Stationary point of
14 c = − 19 , c = 34 inflection is (− 21 , 1)
2 3 (iii) (2, 16)
15 V = 486, x = 3 y 8 (i) Minimum at (0, −3) and
2 point of inflection at
Discussion point (page 102) 1 (1, −2)
Gradient is zero but point is not (ii)
–1 0 x y
a turning point.
–1 0 1 2 x
(iii) Stationary point of
Activity 5.1 (page 105) inflection is (−2, 8) –1
(i) (a) y
8
–2
(b)
4
(c)

(ii) concave upwards –3 –2 –1 0 1 x

( )
(a)
(iii) 1 , − 70
(b) concave downwards 3 27
5 (i) x < −1, x > 3 9 Minimum points at ( 2,16)
Discussion point (page 105) (ii) −1 < x < 2 and (−1, −38). Maximum
The gradient is constant, i.e. a dy points at (−2, −16) and
6 (i) = 3x 2 − 2 x ,
straight line. dx (1, 38). Points of inflection at
d 2y  
= 6x − 2 (0,0) ,  210 , 65 810  and
Discussion point (page 106) dx 2  
No, the second differential is (ii) maximum at (0, 0),
 10 65 10 
sometimes zero at maximum minimum at ( 2 , − 4 ) − 2 , − 8 
3 27  
points and minimum points.
(
(iii) 1 , − 2
3 27 ) Discussion point (page 110)
Exercise 5.1 (page 110) (i) Can be done easily by
(iv) − 1
1 The stationary point of
3 expanding the brackets.
dy (ii) Can also be done by
inflection has = 0 as expanding the brackets,
d x
d2y but this is time-consuming
well as =0
dx 2 and tedious.

534
(iii) and (iv) Cannot be done by (iii) y
expanding the brackets, 30

and an alternative 20
method is needed. 10

0 1 x

Answers
–1 2
Activity 5.2 (page 111) dy
Table 5.1
dy 3 3x 22 − 2x
10 (i) dx =
= 3 3x − 2 x (( ))
dx
× (( xx 3 − + 22 ))
2
y = f (x ) u y = f (u ) × 3
− xx 2 +
2 2

( )
(iii) a = 2
E.g.  y = tan 13 u = 13 y = tan u 3
x x (iv) 12, 12 x − y − 4 =0
= ( x + 3) 11 (i) 72 minutes
4
(i)  y
3
u = x +3
3
y =u 4

(ii) 67 minutes
(ii)  y = sin ( x − 4 ) 2
u = x −4
2
y = sin u (iii) 1333 metres,
(iii)  y =e 2x +5
u = 2x + 5 y = eu 66 minutes

(iv)  y = ln ( x 2 − 2x ) u = x 2 − 2x y = ln u
Activity 5.3 (page 116)
dy
Exercise 5.2 (page 114) (i) = 3x 2
( ) dx
3
1 f(x) = 2(1 + x)9, because it dx = 2 t −1 1
7 (i) (ii) x = y3
is the composition of two dt t
functions and the other dx = 1 y − 23
1 − 12 (iii)
dy 3
function has two functions d z y
(ii) = (iv)
dx = 1
multiplied together. dy 1 dy dy
2 y +y
2 (i) B; an alternative is to dx
expand the brackets and y2 − 1 (v) Yes
differentiate directly =
(ii) C; differentiate directly 2y 2 y1 + y
Discussion point (page 116)
(iii) A dy
dy (iii)
dp
= −3 r = 2, dx = 1
= −3 ( 3x + 2 )−2 dx dy 2
3 dr
( )
(i) 2
dx 2r r − 6
dy
= 28x ( 2x 2 + 6 )
6 dy Exercise 5.3 (page 118)
(ii)
dx 8 (i) = 8 ( 2x − 1)3 dx = 3
dx 1
dy 2
(iii)
dy
= 3 (ii) minimum at ( 1 , 0)
dx 2
6x − 2 2 1
(i) 6
(iii) y
(i) y = x − 6 x + 12 x − 8
6 4 2
4
(ii) − 21
dy 1
⇒ = 6x 5 − 24 x 3 + 24 x (iii) −12
dx
dy 3 − 13
= 6x ( x 2 − 2 )
2 (i)
(ii) 0 1 x
dx
(iii) Expanding the answer to (ii) − 23
dy
(ii) gives the answer to (i) 9 (i) = 4 ( 2x − 1)
dx 3
(iii) 2
5 (i) 48
× (x 2 − x − 2)
3
3
(ii) 2
4 (i)
dA = 10x
(ii) Minimum at (−1, 0), dx
(iii) −3
dy maximum at ( 21 , 6561
256 ), (ii)
dA = 5x
6 (i) = 9 ( 3 x − 5 )2 dt
dx minimum at (2, 0) (iii) 30
(ii) y − 9 x + 17 = 0

535
 5 16cm 2 s −1 dy (iii) y = x
2 (i) = 2x ( 2x − 1)3
dx (iv) (3, 3)
6 0.01π m 2 per day
× ( 4 x 2 + 2x − 1) dy 2 ( x + 2 )( x + 1)
7 −0.015N s −1 7 (i) =
1 m s −1 (ii)
dy
= 3x − 1
dx ( 2 x + 3 )2
8 dx 2 x −1 d 2y 2
5π
Answers

(ii) 2 =
9
1 m h −1 dy ( 7x − 3)( x − 3)2 dx ( 2 x + 3 )3
48 (iii) =
dx 2 x (iii) Turning points at
3 −1
10 1.2cm s dy (−1, −2) and (−2, −3)
= 3x − 2x2
2
2 −1 3 (i)
11 20.8 mm s dx ( 3x − 1) 8 Minimum points at (0, 0)
dy −3 (1 − 2x )2 and (3, 0), maximum at
(ii) = (1, 16)
Activity 5.4 (page 119) dx x4
dy dy x +2 y
(i) y = x9 ⇒ = 9x 8 (iii) = 20
dx dx
( )
2
2 x +1
(ii) u = x ⇒
3 du = 3x 2 15
1
dx 4 (i) 4 10
v = x 6 ⇒ dv = 6 x 5 (ii) −8 5
dx
(iii) − 13 −1 O1 2 3 4 x
(iii) No, 9 x ≠ 18 x
8 7
108

dy dy x −2
5 (i) = 3x ( x − 2 ) 9 (i) =
Activity 5.5 (page 120) dx dx
( )
2
x −1
dy (ii) Maximum at (0, 4) and
No, = 4 x 3 , but (ii) 1
dx minimum at (2, 0) 4
du (iii) y (iii) (4, 8)
Q is ( 37
4 , 8)
6
dx = 7 x = 7 x 4 (iv) and R is
dv 3x 2 3 3
dx (4, 29). Area of triangle
2
is 441
1 8
Discussion point (page 121)
Yes
O 1 2 3 x 10 (i) ( 3, 9
2 4
2 )
(ii) Gradient is 3 at the
dy −9
Exercise 5.4 (page 122) 6 (i) = origin
dx ( 2 x − 3 )2 (iii) y = 0, gradient is infinite
1 (ii) y + 9 x − 6 = 0 y
(iv)
Table 5.2 3

Product or
quotient 2
Function rule? u v
( x + 1)6 1
  e.g. y = Quotient u = ( x + 1)6 v = 3
x −1
3
x −1
1 O 1 2 x
(x − 1)( x 3 + 3) u = ( x 2 − 1) 2 v = ( x 3 + 3)
2 2
(i) y = 2
Product

(ii) y = ( 2x 3 − 3)
5
Neither
Multiple choice
– –
questions
x +1 1
(iii) y = Quotient u = ( x + 1) 2 v = x2 1 C 4n + 6 is a multiple of 4
x2
2 B Its sum converges to a
1
(iv) y = x2 x − 2 Product u = x2 v = (x − 2)2 limit
3 D |x −1| 2
4 C y = u6, u = 1 − 1
x

536
 Practice questions 1
x + 3 + 3( x − 1) 7 Nine terms are
x + 3 − ( x − 1) [1] 1, r , r 2 , …, r 8[1]
(page 127) 4x = x 1 + 2 +  + 8 = 36 [1]
[1]
1 (i) 2r + ru = 3[1] 4 r 36 = 26 2144[1]
u = 3 − 2r [1] f −1( x ) = x + 3 [1] r = ± 2 (oe) [1]

Answers
r x − 1

( 2 ) − 1 = 15 2 + 31 ≈ 52.2132
9

Area = 2 r (
1 2 3 − 2r
) r [1] (ii) y = x [1] Sum =
2 −1
x + 3 = x −1+ 4
( 2) − 1
9
3 (iii) [1]
A= r −r 2
x −1 x 9− 1 = 15 2 + 31 ≈ 52.2132
2
dA = 3 − 2r [1] (
f (x ) = 1 +
2 )4 − 1 2 −1
− 11 = 15 2 + 31 ≈ 52.2132[1]
(ii) [1]
dr 2 2x −
( − 2) − 1
9

d A = 0 when r = [1] 3 1 OR = −15 2 + 31 ≈ 9.7868
(iv) Translation   [1]
dr 4 − 2 −1
 0
( ) = −15 2 + 31 ≈ 9.7868[1]
9
− 2 − 1

d 2 A = −2 so the area is Stretch parallel to y-axis,
dr 2
scale factor 4 −[1] 2 − 1 dy
a maximum [1] 8 (i) = 4 x 3 − 3x  [1]
 0  d x
3 − 1.5
u = = 2[1] Translation   [1] d 2y
0.75 1
2 = 12 x − 3[1]
2

2 (i) cos − ( ) π
3
= 0.5[1] 5 (i) Max = a + b [1]

d x
At A and B
( )
cos − − π
3 6
π + 0.5 = 0 + 0.5



= 0.5

Min = a − b [1]
a + b = 16.75 [1]
12 x 2 − 3 = 0 [1]

( ) x = ±0.5[1]
cos − π − π + 0.5 = 0 + 0.5 = 0.5 a − b = 7.583… [1]
( )
3 6 (−0.5,  2.6875) and
cos − π = 0[1] a = 12.166 …
(0.5,  2.6875) [1]
2
( ) b = 4.5833 … [1] (ii) Gradient at A is 1. [1]
cos − π − π + 0.5 = −0.5 + 0.5 = 0
2 6 (ii) 21 June is day Gradient at B is −1.
( )

cos − π − π + 0.5 = −0.5 + 0.5 = 0 number 172 [1] 1 × −1 = −1 so AC is
2 6
(ii) ( 5π
3 )
, 0.5 OR Model says
12.1666 − 4.58333cos172
perpendicular to BC.[1]
By symmetry, C is the
( 2 )
3π , 0 OR either of = 16.705 hours [1] ( )point 0, 16 51 .[1]

these with a positive Close to actual AC = BC  [1]

multiple of 2π added to value of 16.75 hours [1] Angle CAD = Angle
the x coordinate. [1, 1] (iii) (a) Stretch to make CBD (tangent perpen-
(iii) Translation[1] period 365 days dicular normal) [1]
 π 
 6  [1]
(
)
scale factor 360 365
[1] All angles are 90° and
(b) Translation to make all sides are equal so it is
 0.5
  maximum at 21 a square.
d y
= 8x ( x − 1) [1] June (oe) [1]
3
3 (i) 2
dx 6 Let the terms be
d 2y 2a − d , a, a + d [1]
Review: The sine
( )
3
= 8 x 2
− 1 + 24 x ( x 2
− 1) .2 x
d 2y
dx 2 Suppose they form a and cosine rules
( )
3
= 8 x 2
− 1 + 24 x ( x 2
− 1) 2
.2 x  [1, 1] geometric sequence
dx 2
d 2y Discussion point (page 131)
2 = 8 ( x − 1) ( x − 1 + 6 x ) = 8 ( x − 1a) (7 x a − + d) [1] Yes, cosine rule leads to same
2 2 2 2 2 and2d ≠ 20[1]
1
dx =
2
− 1) ( x 2 − 1 + 6 x 2 ) = 8 ( x 2 − 1) (7x 2 − 1)  [1]
2 2 a−d a
answer of 201.5°.
a = a − d 2[1]
2 2

(ii) 7 x − 1 < 0[1]

2

1 1
So d 2 = 0 and hence Review exercise R.1 (page 132)
− < x < [1] d = 0 but this is a 1 (i) (a) 63.1°
7 7
contradiction so the (b) 42.8 cm2
x+3+3
terms cannot form a (ii) (a) 47.7°
4 (i) ff ( x ) = x − 1 [1]
x +3 −1 geometric sequence. [1] (b) 13.0 cm2
x −1

537
 2 (i) 4.72 cm 3 (iii) (a) f ( x ) < −4, f ( x ) > −2
(iv) (a)
(ii) 10.4 cm 4 f ( x ) < −4, f ( x ) > −2
(iii) 9.1 cm (b) 41 (b) 360°
(iv) 10.72 cm (c)
(c) 3 y
3 114 m
Answers

4 120° (d) 4
3
5 71.3° or 108.7° 4 B = 60°, C = 30°
(i)
6 AD = 57.3 m, CD = 70.2 m, √3
(ii) O
height = 46.9 m 90 180 270 360 x
5 L = 45°, N = 45°
(i) −2
7 3.28 km √2, √2, 1
(ii)
8 14.8 cm −4
6 14.0°
(ii)
9 (i) 87° 7 Domain: x ∈ , x ≠ ±90°, ± 270°...
(i)
(ii) 5.29 km x ∈ , x ≠ ±90°, ± 270°...
10 6 3 cm2 range:
11 (14 + 2 13) cm f(x ) > 1, f(x ) < −1 (iv) (a) f ( x ) < 2, f ( x ) > 4
(ii) Domain: x ∈ , x ≠ n180° (b) 1080°
x ∈ , x ≠ n180° where n is an
Chapter 6
integer; range: f(x ) > 1,f(x ) < −1y
(c)

10
f(x ) > 1,f(x ) < −1
Discussion point (page 138) (iii) Domain: x ∈ , x ≠ n180°
y
Since tanu = and sinu = y x ∈ , x ≠ n180° where n
x
is an integer; range:
and cosu = x then tanu = sinu , cosu ≠ 0 f(x ) ∈  4
cosu
tanu = sinu , cosu ≠ 0. 2
cosu 8 (i) 21
Using Pythagoras’ theorem: O
1 = 3 90 180 270 360 x
x2 + y2 = 1 (ii )
So sin 2 u + cos 2 u ≡ 1. 3 3
9 (i) − 7
4
Exercise 6.1 (page 140) (ii) −
4
1 horizontal one, cos θ: 3
vertical one sin θ 11 (i) (a) f ( x ) > 1 or f ( x ) < −1 12 (i) One-way stretch, scale
2 sec θ f ( x ) > 1 or f ( x ) < −1 factor −2, parallel to y-axis
3 (i) (a) 2 (b) 120° (ii) Reflection in x-axis and
2 (c) then one-way stretch,
(b) −
2 y

2 scale factor 21 , parallel to
(c) −1 x-axis
(d) − 2  0
1 (iii) Translation by   and
 2
(ii) (a) − 1 –1 60 120180240300360 x
2 then reflection in y-axis
(b) −
2 3 (iv) One-way stretch, scale
3 factor 2, parallel to x-axis
(c) − 3 (ii) (a) f(x ) ∈  and one-way stretch, scale
3 (b) 180°
(d) 2
factor 2, parallel to y-axis
(c)  0
(iii) (a) 3 y (v) Translation by  

−30 
1
(b)
2 and then reflection in
x-axis
(c) 3
2 (vi) Reflection in x-axis
O 60 120180240300360 x
and then translation
(d) − 3  0
3 by  
 2

538
13 (i) 2 (i) 30°, 330° π , 3π
(iii)
y (ii) 60°, 120° 4 4
(iii) 60°, 240° (iv)
7π , 11π
6 6
(iv) 150°, 210°
(v)
3π , 5π
3 (v) 240°, 300° 4 4

Answers
1
(vi) 120°, 300°
O
90 180 270 360 x (vi) π , 4π
3 (i) 2 3 3
(ii) 2 3 (i) 0.201 rads, 2.940 rads
(iii) 1 (ii) −0.738 rads, 0.738 rads
(iv) 4 (ii) −1.893 rads, 1.249 rads
(ii)
y
(v) 4 (iv) −2.889 rads, −0.253 rads
(vi) 4 (v) −1.982 rads, 1.982 rads
4 (i) −1 < x < 1; (vi) −0.464 rads, 2.678 rads
0 < f (x ) < π 4 (i) 0.32, 1.25, 3.46, 4.39
(ii) −1 < x < 1; (ii) 2.27, 6.02
O
90 180 270 360 x − π < f (x ) < π (iii) 0.19, 1.76, 3.33, 4.90
2 2

3π , 5π , 11π , 13π
(iii) All real numbers; (iv)
8 8 8 8
− π < f (x ) < π
π
2 2 (v)
3
(iii) 5 (i) 90° π , 2π
y (vi)
(ii) 60°, 300° 3 3
(iii) 14.0°, 194.0°  5 (i)
π , 3π
(iv) 109.5°, 250.5°
4 4
(ii) ,
π 3π
(v) 135°, 315°
4 4
1
O (vi) 210°, 330° π 3π
−1 90 180 270 360 x (iii) ,
7 (i) 0°, 180°, 360° 4 4
(ii) 45°, 225° (iv) ,
π 5π
(iii) 60°, 300°
3 6
(v)
π , 2π
(iv) 54.7°, 125.3°, 234.7°, 3 3
(iv)
y 305.3° π
(vi) , π
(v) 18.4°, 71.6°, 198.4°, 3
251.6° (vii) 0, 0.730, 2.412, π
(vi) 45°, 135°, 225°, 315° π
(viii) 1.23,
3
1 Exercise 6.3 (page 147) π 5π
O 6 0, , π, , 2π
−1 90 180 270 360 x 1 (i) 2 4 4
(ii)
2 7 2.24, 4.05
3 π 5π , 7π , 11π
1 8 (ii) ,
(iii) 6 6 6 6
3
14 (i) a = 1, b = −1 and c = 2
(iv)
2 Chapter 7
(ii) 203°, 255° (±2°) 3
(iii) 0 as f(2x) is a one way (v) 2 Activity 7.1 (page 151)
stretch scale factor 1,
(vi) −
1 k = 21, x = 0.18
2 3
parallel to the x-axis.
(vii) − 2 Review exercise (page 152)
Exercise 6.2 (page 146) (viii) − 2 1 (i)
(ix) −1 1
1 The graph of cosine has 1 1
2 (i)
π , 11π
only positive values between 6 6 1 2 1
−90° and 90° so its domain 1 3 3 1
(ii) ,
π 5π 1 4 6 4 1
has to be different to cover 4 4 1 5 10 10 5 1
all the possible values. 1 6 15 20 15 6 1

539
 (ii) Totals are 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, (iii) 1 + 1 x − 3 x ;   valid for
2 Since x > 1
4 32
64.These can be written
−1 < x < 1 ⇒ 0 < 1 < 1; the
as 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26. x
(iv) 1 − 1 x + 5 x ;   valid for
2 binomial expansion
(iii) The total would be 4 32
could be used but the
212 = 4096. −1 < x < 1
resulting expansion
Answers

2 1 2 4 3
2 (i) 1 + 3x + 3x + x
2 3
3 (i) − 3 x + 3 x − 27 x ;
1
would not be a series
(ii) 1 + 6 x + 12 x + 8 x
2 3
valid for −3 < x < 3 of positive powers of x.
(iii) 1 − 6 x + 12 x − 8 x
2 3
(ii) 1 − 43 x + 43 x 2 − 32 x 3; (ii) 3.968
3 (i) (a) 1 + 8x + 24 x + 32x + 16x
2 3 4 27
valid for −1.5 < x < 1.5
 1 + 8x + 24 x 2 + 32x 3 + 16x 4
(iii) 1 + 4 x + 4 x + 32 x ;
2 3 Exercise 7.2 (page 163)
(b) 1 − 4 x + 6 x 2 − 4 x 3 + x 4 3 3 27
(ii) 1 + 4 x − 2 x
2
valid for −1.5 < x < 1.5  3
1 Translation of  
4 (i) 12x
2
4 (i) (a) 1 − 2x + 3x2 0
2
2 (i) (x + 2)
(ii) 24 x (b) | x | < 1 1
(iii) 720 x
3
(c) 0.43% (ii) ( x + 2)
7 21 35 35 (a) 1 − 2 x + 4 x
5 1 − 2 x + 4 x − 8 x + 16 x
2 3 4 2
(ii) ( x − 1)
1 (iii) ( x + 2)
(b) |x| < 2
Activity 7.3 (page 153) (c) 0.8% ( x + 2)
1
(i) (a) 1 + 2 x − 8 x + …
1 2 2 4 (iv) ( x − 1)
(iii) (a) 1 − x − x
(b) 1 − 2 x + 3x + …
2
2 8 x+3
3 (i)
(ii) (a) 1.04875 (b) | x | < 1 x−6
(b) 0.83 (c) 0.000 006 3% 2x − 5
(ii)
(iii) 1.1 = 1.048808… and 5 (i) 1 − 3x + 3x − x
2 3 2x + 5

1 = 0.8264..., so the (ii) 1 − 4x + 10x2;   valid a−b
(iii)
1.12 when | x | < 1 2a − b
approximations are good.
(iii) a = −7, b = 256 4 (i)
9
(iv) (a) The expansion gives −6.5 x 3x 2 20x
6 (ii) 1 − +
which is not a good 8 128 ;   valid 2a
approximation for 11. when | x | < 4 (ii) ( a + 1)( a − 1)
(b) The expansion gives 9x + 19x
(iii) 1 − 7x + 3
281 which is not a good 8 128 (iii)
12
1 7 (i) 1 – 3x + 7x2
approximation for 2 . − 2
11 (ii) | x | < 21 5 (i)
( x + 2)( x − 2)
Discussion point (page 155) 8 3 + 11 x − 5 x 2, | x | < 4 (3b + 1)
4 16 64 (ii) −
It is because of the x in the
2 9 (i) a = 2, b = −1, c = 3 (b + 1)2
16
bracket. (ii) | x | < 2 3a − 4
10 2(1 − x); | x | < 1 (iii) ( a + 2)(2a − 3)
Exercise 7.1 (page 157) 11 (i) 1 + 2x + 5x2 6 (i) 2(2x + 1)
1 (i) 1 − 3x + 6x 2 − 10x 3 ; (ii) | x | < 1 (ii) x(2x + 1)
3
valid for −1 < x < 1 12 (i) −4 − 10x − 16x2 (iii) a(2x + 1)
(ii) 1 − 6 x + 24 x − 80 x ; (ii) | x | < 1
2 3
3x 2 − 4
2
7 (i) x( x − 2)( x + 2)
valid for − 21 < x < 21 13 (i) 3 7 (there are other
9
(iii) 1 + 6x + 24 x + 80x ;
2 3
options) 9 + 6a − a 2
(ii) a(3 − a )(3 + a )
valid for − 21 < x < 21 (ii) 2.64609 (5 d.p.)
(iii) % error 0.013% so very 2b 2 − 2b + 1
2 (i) 1 + 21 x − 81 x 2;  valid for (iii)
good b(b − 1)2
−1 < x < 1 14 (i) A possible rearrangement

(( )) (( ))
(ii) 1 − 1 x + 3 x ;   valid for
2 11
11 1 22
2 8 = xx 11−− 1
is xx 11−− xx == 
−1 < x < 1 xx

540
8 (i) y=5− 8 Activity 7.4 (page 163) 8 (i)
5 − 3− 2
x +1 13x − 3 x −1 x x +1
(i) 8 + 3 − 5
y (3x + 1)(2x − 3) (ii)
x 2−x 2+x
(ii) 1− 20 x
+ 158 x 2
3 9
9 (i)

Answers
(iii) Probably expanding the two 9 − 3 − 2
5
separate fractions. (1 − 3x ) (1 − x ) (1 − x )2
(ii) 4 + 20 x + 72 x
2
x

−1
Discussion point (page 165)
1
(iii) |x| < 3
The identity is true for all values
of x. Once a particular value 10 (i) 7x2 − 1 − 7
(ii) y = 4 + 10 x +1 x +1
x−2 of x is substituted you have an (ii) −8 + 14 x − 6 x valid
2

y
equation. Equating constant terms for | x | < 1
is equivalent to putting x = 0.
11 (i)
Exercise 7.3 (page 167) 2 + 1 + 3
4 ( x − 1) ( x − 1)2 ( x − 1)3
5x + 13
1 ( x − 1)( x + 5) (ii) −4 − 9 x − 17 x valid
2
2 x
1 − 1 for | x | < 1
2 (i)
x −1 x
(iii) y =3− 6 (ii) 1 − 1 Chapter 8
2x + 1 x x +1
y (iii) 1 − 1 Opening activity (page 169)
x −1 x +1
1 − 1 Answers will vary.
3 (i)
3 x −1 x +2 For example, a ≈ 1.6 to 1.8, b ≈ 3 ⇒ y = 1.5sin 3
1 a ≈ 1.6 to 1.8, b ≈ 3 ⇒ y = 1.5sin 3x
1
(ii) −
−0.5 x x−2 x+3
(iii) 1 − 1 Activity 8.1 (page 170)
x−3 x+4 y = sin(u + 60°) is obtained
4 4 (i) 1 − 2 from y = sin u by a translation
9 (i) 2x + 1 + x − 2 2x − 1
x +1 −60°
4 (ii) 1 − 3  
(ii) 3x − 5 + x − 3 3x − 1  0 
x+2  
2 (iii) 1 − 4 y = cos(u – 60°) is obtained
(iii) x − 5 + x − 4 4x − 1
x −1 from y = sin u by a translation
5 (i) 1 − 1
10 x−2 x  60°
10 3x − 4 x + 3 − x + 2
2
 
(ii) 1 − 1  0 
11 Write as y = −3 + ;
2 x −3 x −1 y
x
Stretch scale factor (iii) 1 − 1
1
y = sin(θ + 60°)
x−4 x−2 A y = cos(θ – 60°)
2 in y direction and
 0 6 (i)
translation   . 1 − 1 + 1 180° 360° θ
0
−3 ( x − 1)2 x − 1 x + 2
y (ii) 9 − 3 − 2
1 − 3x 1 − x (1 − x )2 It appears that the u coordinate
7 (i) of A is midway between the two
x
12 − 2 − 12 maxima (30°, 1) and (60°, 1).
−3
1 + 2 x 1 + x 1 + 3x
6 − 2 − 4 Checking: u = 45° →
(ii)
2 + x 1+ x 3+ x sin (u + 60°) = 0.966
cos (u – 60°) = 0.966.

541
 If 60° is replaced by 35°, using (v)
tan u + 1 u2 3
1 − tan u 11 (i) (a)
the trace function on a graphic 2
calculator would enable the (vi)
1 − tan u (b) 22
solutions to be found. 1 + tan u 3
(ii)
2 sin 2u cos u – cos 2u sin u 4
Answers

  = sin u 12 (i) −0.5 m

Activity 8.2 (page 171)
cos u cos3u – sin u sin3u (ii) k =
π
(i) sin(u + f) = 6
  = cos 4u
sin  u cos f + cos u sin f (iii) 2π seconds, 14π seconds
cos u cos u + sin u sin u = 1
⇒ sin[(90° − u) + f] = (iv) 1 m; 8π seconds
cos u cos u – sin u sin u = cos 2u
sin(90° − u)cos f +
cos(90° − u)sin f
cos 4u cos 2u + sin 4u sin 2u
  = cos 2u
(v) No; sin
12 6 (
t − π = −1
)
⇒ sin[90° − (u − f)] = at t = 20π and 20π > 60
cos 2u sin u + sin 2u cos u
cos ucos f + sin u sin f (vi)
  = sin 3u
⇒ cos(u − f) = Distance
3 (i) 0 (metres)
 cos u cos f + sin u sin f
(ii) ⇒ cos[u − (−f)] = (ii)
3 1
2 0.5
cos u cos(−f) + sin u sin(−f)
(iii) 1
⇒ cos(u + f) = 2 −0.5
10 20 30 40 50 60 Time
(seconds)
cos u cos f − sin u sin f (iv) −1 −1
(iii) tan(u + f) 4 (i) (a) 1+ 3
sin(u + φ ) 2 2 13 (i) sin x cos h + cos x sin h
  = cos(u + φ ) 2
(b) 3 −1 sin x + h cos x − h sin x
(ii)
2 2 2
sinu cos φ + cosu sin φ
  = 2+ 3 h
cosu cos φ − sinu sin φ (c) (iii) cos x − sin x
2
 sinu cosφ cosu sinφ  (ii) (a) 3 −1 (iv) cos x
 cosu cosφ + cosu cosφ  2 2 (v) Derivative of sin x
= 1+u
 cosu cosφ   sinu sinφ 

1+ 3 14 (i)
 cosu cosφ  −  cosu cosφ  (b)
2 2 1−u
 
(ii) 1 + 2u + 2u
2
tanu + tanφ (c) 2− 3
=
1 − tanu tanφ 3 −1
  5 (i)
2 2 Discussion point (page 174)
(iv)
For sin 2u and cos 2u, substituting
tanu + tan ( −φ ) (ii) 1 − 3
tan[u + ( −φ )] = 2 2 u = 45° is helpful.
1 – tanu tan ( −φ )
(iii) −2 − 3 You know that sin 45° = cos 45°
tanu − tanφ
tan(u – φ ) = 6 (i) 15° = 1 and that sin 90° = 1 and
  
1 + tanu tanφ (ii) 157.5° 2
(iii) 0° or 180°
cos 90° = 0.
2 Yes, the formulae are valid
(iv) 111.7°
For tan 2u you cannot use u = 45°.
for all values of u and f in Take u = 30° instead;
both degrees and radians. (v) 165°
7 (i) π tan 30° = 1 and tan 60° = 3.
8 3
Exercise 8.1 (page 173) (ii)
π No, checking like this is not the
1 (sin u + cos u ) 2 same as proof.
1 (i) (iii) 2.79 radians
2

1 (cos u − sin u ) 8 (ii) π Exercise 8.2 (page 176)
(ii) 2
2 1 (i) cos 80°
1 (cos u + sin u ) 10 (i) 1 − u 3 −
u2
(iii) 2 (ii) 21 sin 80°
2 (ii) u sin a + u2 cos a (iii) tan 40°
1 (cos u − sin u ) 1−u
(iv)
(iii) 1 + u 2 cot u
2

542
 3 (i) (a) 4 Activity 8.4 (page 178) (iii) (a) max: 1 ; min: −1
5
3 (i) The expansion of r cos (u − b) 2 2
(b)
4 is given by r cos (u − b) = π
(b) x =
(c) 24 r(cos u cos b + sin u sin b). 6
25
1
(d) 7 (iv) (a) max: ;

Answers

25 2− 2
(e) 24 min: 1
7 r = √32 + 42
2+ 2
(ii) (a) − 45 =5 r 4 7π
(b) x =
6
(b) − 43
4 (i) (a) 2 cos(u − 45°)
(c) − 24
25
β
(b) 5cos(u – 53.1°)
3
(d) 7 (ii) (a) 2 sin(u − 45°)
25 To compare this with (b) 5 sin(u − 53.1°)
(e) − 24 3 cos u + 4sin u
( )
7
π
r = 32 + 4 2 = 5 cos b = 5 (i) (a) 2 cos θ +
4 14.5°, 90°, 165.5°, 270°
(i) 4
( )
3 4
0°, 35.3°, 144.7°, 180°,
(ii) 5  sin b = 5 ⇒ b = 53.1°. (b) 2 sin θ −
π
215.3°, 324.7°, 360° So you can write 4


(iii) 90°, 210°, 330°
(iv) 30°, 150°, 210°, 330°
3 cos u + 4 sin u in the
form r cos(u − b) =
(
(ii) (a) 2 cos θ +
π
6 )
(v) 0°, 138.6°, 221.4°, 360°
5 (i) −π, 0, π
5 cos(u − 53.1°).
(ii) y = cos x maps to y = sin x
(
(b) 2 sin θ −
π
6 )
6 (i) 2 cos (u – (–60°))
(ii) −π, 0, π by a translation by the
2π 2π (ii) 4 cos (u – (–45°))
(iii) − , 0,  90
3 3 vector   (iii) 2 cos (u – 30°)
3π π π π  0 (iv) 13 cos (u – 22.6°)
(iv) − , − , ,
4 2 4 2 (v) 2 cos (u – 150°)
So translating y = cos x by
(v) −
11π , − 3π , − 7π , − π , π , π , 5π , 3π (vi) 2 cos (u – 135°)
12 4 12 4 12 4 12 4  53.1
the vector   and 7 (i) 13 cos (u + 67.4°)
− 11π 3π 7π
,− ,− ,− , π π π
, , 5π , 3π  0 
12 4 translating y = sin x by the (ii) Max 13, min –13
12 4 12 4 12 4
(iii)
6 3 sin u − 4 sin3 u, u = 0,  −36.9 y
π 5π 7π vector   result in
, 3π π, , , 2π  0  13
4 4 4 4 the same curve.
7 51°, 309° 5
112.6°
9 (ii) 63.4° O 360° θ
Exercise 8.3 (page 181)
Activity 8.3 (page 177) 1 (a) r = 3, a = 41.8° −13
y = a sin u + b cos u is a translation (b) r = 5, a = 50.8°
3 cosu + 3 sinu (iv) 4.7°, 220.5°
( )
and vertical stretch of a sine or 2 (i)
cosine graph.
2 2 8 (i) 2 3 sin u − π
3 cosu − 3 sinu 6
(i) and (ii)  Answers depend on (ii)
­students’ choice of values of a
2 2 (ii) Max 2 3, u = 2 π;
3 sinu − 3 cosu 3
and b. (iii)
2 2 min −2 3, u = 5 π
3 sinu + 3 cosu 3
(iv) (iii)
Discussion point (page 178) 2 2
y
A translation by the vector 3 (i) (a) max: 2; min: −2
 −36.9 π 2 3
(b) x =
  and a one-way 3
 0  (ii) (a) max: 2 ; min: − 2
stretch, scale factor 5, parallel to O 2π θ
5π – 3
the y-axis. (b) x =
3 –2 3

543
 (iv)
π ,π Chapter 9 (iii)
y
3 3
x=– 2
1
x= 4
9 (i) 3 cos( u − 54.7°) Discussion point (page 185)
2
(ii) Max 3, u = 54.7°; f ′ ( x ) e f (x )
y = ln(2x + 3)
Answers

min − 3, u = 234.7° Discussion point (page 186) 1

(iii) y = ln(4x – 1)
The graphs are parallel. They are
y
translations in the y direction. –1 0 1 2 x
3

Discussion point (page 186) –1

O 180° 360° θ f ′ (x )
– 3 f (x )
8 (i) Rotational symmetry
(iv) Max  1  , Exercise 9.1 (page 187) of order 2 about origin,
 3 − 3 dy
1 (i)
dx
= 3e 3 x +1 because f ( − x ) = − f ( x )
u = 234.7°; min
(ii) f ′ ( x ) = ln ( x ) + 2 and
2
 1  , u = 54.7° dy
= ( 2x + 3) e x + 3 x +1
2

(ii)
  dx
3 + 3 f ′′ ( x ) = 2
dy x
13 sin(2u + 56.3°) 2 (i) = 7 x ln 7
( )( )
10 (i) dx 1, − 2 , − 1 , 2
(iii)
(ii) Max 13,u = 16.8°; dy e e e e
(ii) = ( 5 ln 7 ) 7 5x

min − 13,u = 106.8° dx 9 (i) a = 1

dy (ii) x + 9 y − 1 = 0
(iii) 3 (i) = 1
y dx x dy d 2y
13 dy 2 x 10 (i) = 2x − 3 + 1 , 2 = 2 − 12
(ii) = 2 dx x dx x
dx x + 1dy 1 d 2y 1
dy = 2x − 3 + , 2 = 2 − 2
O 180° 360° θ
(iii) = 1 dx x d x x
– 13
dx 2x (ii) Minimum at (1, 0),
dy
53.8°, 159.9°, 233.8°,
4 (i) = e ( 4 x + 1)
4x maximum at
(iv) dx
339.9° dy 1 − 2 ln x
( 21 , 43 − ln 2)
(ii) =
dx x3 11 Minimum at (1, e) and
Summary exercise (page 182)
dy asymptotes x = 0, y = 0
1 (i) sin 6u (iii) = 1 −x x
dx e y
(ii) cos 6u
5 (i)
4
(iii) 1 e 2
(iv) cos u (ii) 24
(v) sin u 3
(iii) 8
1
(vi) 3 sin 2u
2 dy
(vii) cos u 6 (i) = e x ( x + 1) and
dx
(viii) −1 –1 0 1 2 x
d 2y
2 = e (x + 2)
2 (i) 1 − sin 2x x

1 d x –1
(ii) 2 (5cos 2 x − 1)
4 (i) 4.4°, 95.6° (
(ii) −1, −
1
e )
(−2, − e2 )
(ii) 199.5°, 340.5°
π π
(iii) − , (iii) 2 12 The proofs depend on the
6 2 dy
= −z e 2
− 1z 2

(iv) −15.9°, 164.1° 7 (i) (2, ln7) results that

dz 2π
π , π , 5π (ii) 2 x − 7 y − 4 + 7 ln 7 = 0
(v)
6 2 6 d y ( z − 1) − 21 z
2 2 2

and 2 = e
(vi) 20.8°, 122.3° dz 2π
(vii) 76.0°, 135°

544
 Discussion point (page 190) dy Activity 9.4 (page 194)
(iii) = sin x − x 2cos x − 1
No dx sin x (i) 7 x 6
dy
6 (i) = 3cos 3x 4 dy
Activity 9.2 (page 190) d x 2 sin 3x (ii) 10 y
dx
sin x dy cos x.cos x − sin x ( − sin xd) y cos 2 xcos+2 xsin 2 x 1

Answers
y = ⇒ = (ii) = = −2e 2 sin 2x = = sec xz2
d
cos x dx cos 2 x dx cos x x −2z dx
cos 2(iii)
dy cos x.cos x − sin x ( − sin x ) cos 2
x +(iii)
sind2 yx = sin 1x cos=x sec − x2 ln
y = sin x ⇒ = = = x x (iv) 3 dz
cos x dx     cos 2 x cos 2 x dx cos 2 xx sin 2 x dy
s x − sin x ( − sin x ) cos x + sin x 2 2 d y 3 dx
2 = 2 = 12 = sec 2 8 x (i) dx = cos x − x sin x (v) 8 x
dz
cos 2 x      cos x cos x
+ sin x = 1 = sec 2 x (ii) −1
s2 x cos 2 x     (iii) y + x = 0 Exercise 9.3 (page 195)
(iv) x − y − 2π = 0 1 (i) 1 dy
Activity 9.3 (page 191) dy dy2 2 y dx
dy 9 (i) = cos x − 2 sin 2x, 2 = − sin x − 4 cos 2x
y = sin ( f ( x )) ⇒ = f ′ ( x ) cos ( f ( x )) dx dx 8 dy
dx
d y d 2
y (ii) − 3 dx
dy y
sin ( f ( x )) ⇒ = f ′ ( x ) cos ( f ( x )) dx = cos x − 2 sin 2x, dx 2 = − sin x − 4 cos 2x 2 dz dy
dx         + 9y 8
( )
(iii) 3z
d x d x
= − f ′ ( x ) sin ( f ( x ))(ii) 2 , 0 , ( 0.253, 1.125) , ( 2.889, 1.125) y dy
dy π
y = cos ( f ( x )) ⇒
( )
dx π 2 (i) 2ye
2

cos ( f ( x )) ⇒         = − f ′ ( x ) sin ( f ( x )) 2 , 0 , ( 0.253, 1.125) , ( 2.889, 1.125)

dy dx

( )
dx dy
(iii)
π , 0 is a minimum, (ii) 3 cos ( 3y − 2 )
Exercise 9.2 (page 192) 2 d x
dy (0.253, 1.125) is a 2 y dy
1 (i) = cos x − 2 sin x (iii) 2
dx maximum, (2.889, 1.125) y + 2 dx
dy 
(ii)
dy
= 5cos x + 3sin x is a maximum 3 (i) e y  1 + x
dx (iv) (0.883, 0.579),
 d x
dy (2.259, 0.579) dy
(iii) = 3sec 2 x − 2 (ii) − sin x sin y + cos x cos y
dx 11 (i)
d x
dy
2 (i)
dy
= 3sec 2 3x
dy  cos ( x + h ) − cos x − sin x sin y dx + cos x cos y
dx = lim   dy
dx h→0  h 3x 2 sin y − x 3 cos y
(ii)
dy 1
dx 2
= cos
x
2() (ii) cos ( x + h ) = cos x cos h − sin x sin h
(iii)
sin 2 y
dx

cos ( x + h ) = cos x cos h − sin x sin h

(iii)
dy
= 6 sin ( −6x ) 4 (i) dy = − (1 + y )
dx (iii)
d y dx 1+ x
dy d x d y −y 2
= 2x cos ( x 2 ) (ii) =
3 (i)
dx dy dy
= =
lim
 ( cos
 
lim
( ( ) )
) 1x−) 121 −h 2 21 h−2 ( sin
 (xcos − (xsin
) h x−) hcos  x
− xcos
 
dx 2 ( e 2 y + xy )
dy dy
= − sin x
dx dxδ x → 0δx → 0  h h  
(ii) = e tan x sec 2 x     (iii)
dx dx sin y
1 h 2 cos x − h sin x − cos
dy  cos xcos− x1 −h 2 2cos x − h sin x − cos x  x 
(iii) = − tan x = lim = lim  2   5 1
dx h→0 h→0 
  h h   5
dy 6 (i) 0
4 (i)
dx
= tan x + x sec 2 x
h→0
(
= lim − 1 h cos x − sin x
2 ) (ii) y = −1
dy
(ii)
dx
= e ( cos x − sin x )
x
(iv) lim
h→0
( 1
)
− 2 h cos x − sin x = − sin xTangent is x + y − 2 = 0
7
and normal is x − y + 2 = 0
dy
(iii)
dx
= cos 2 x lim
h→0
(
− sin−2 21xh cos x − sin x = − sin x ) 10 (1, −2) and (−1, 2)
11 (i)
dy y+4
d y − sin x =
( )
5 (i) = x cos x π π d x 6 −x
dx x2 12 (i) , − 3
6 2 (ii) x − 2 y − 11 = 0

)
e x ( cos x + sin x )
(

dy π 9
(ii) = (ii) 3 + (iii) 2, −
dx cos 2 x 6 2

545
 12 (i) ( π2 , 0), ( π2 , π) 8 f ( x ) = x 3 − 2x 2 + x − 4 Discussion point (page 205)
Each of these rectangles has a
(0, π2 ), (π, π2 )
9
9 2
(ii) height which is the height of the
y top curve minus the height of
(iii) x = π ,y = π the bottom curve. The enclosed
Answers

2 2 2
y region is the limit of the sum of
(iv)
ϖ the areas of these rectangles.

–1 O 2 x Discussion point (page 208)

ϖ x
The area under the red curve is
1
partly above and partly below the
10 24
Chapter 10 x-axis. If you find the total area
y between the red curve and the
Review exercise (page 201) x-axis, and then subtract this from
3
1 (i) 2 x + c8 the area under the blue curve, this
1 will give the wrong answer.You
4 x3 + x + c would need to subtract the areas
(ii) 3
5 9
x + x +c O 0.5 1 x under the red curve between x = 0
(iii) x −
2
and x = 1, and between x = 3 and
5 3
2 (i) 15
11 (i) x 3
+ 3 x 2
− x − 3 =
= ( x − 1x)(=x 4, 1)( xadd
+ and ) area between
+ 3the
2 x + 3x − x − 3  = ( x − 1)( x + 1)( x + 3) x = 1 and x = 3.
3 2

(ii) 75
4 (ii)
y Exercise 10.1 (page 208)
(iii) −26 4
1 3
3 (i)
4x x + c
3 2 (ii) 6 square units

3
(ii) − + c 3 (i) (3, 9), (−3, 9)
x –3 –1 1 x
6x 3 x + c (ii)
(iii)
7 y
–3
103
(i) − 12
y=9
4
(iii) 8 (–3, 9) (3, 9)
14
(ii) 9 12 (i) y + 2x − 3 = 0
y = x2
5 (i) y = x −x+c
2 (ii) ( 3,0
2 )
(ii) x
(iii)
y y (iii) 36 square units
4 (i) (1, 5), (5, 5)
normal
(ii)
y = √x
y
A(1, 1)
O 1 x y = 6x – x 2
B( 3
2
, 0)
(1, 5)
0 x (5, 5)
y=5
(iii) y = x2 − x + 1 (iv) 11
12
6 y = 2 − 22 − 2 x x
x Discussion point (page 203)
y3 (iii) 32
7 (i) + 2y − 1 + c The estimate may be good 3 square units
3 y
4 enough for some contexts. It 5 (i) (0, 0), (3, 3)

t −2 t +c
(ii) can be improved by using more,
2
narrower rectangles.

546
 (ii) 13 8 square units 1
(ii) ( ax + b )n +1 + c
y y a (n + 1)
10
y = 4x + 1
y = 4x – x 2
y=x Activity 10.2 (page 214)
5 3

Answers
(3, 3) y = x3 + 1 (i) 2( x 3 + 1) 2
+c
9
(0, 0)
–2 –1 0 1 2 x
x
Exercise 10.2 (page 215)
–5
1 (i) 1 ( x − 7 ) + c
5
5
(iii) 4.5 square units
4 4 14 (i) (ii) 1 ( 2 x − 7 )5 + c
6 (i) 3 square units, 3 square 10
y
units, 43 square units (iii) 1 (5x − 7) + c
5

y = –2x + 6 25
(ii) 32 square units 5
3
2 (i) 1 ( x − 2 )10 + c
2 2 y = 3x – x2 10

2
(iii)
∫ −2
(3 − ( x 2 − 1))d x =
2
∫
−2
(4 − x 2 )d x
0 1 2 3 x (ii) 81 ( 2 x + 3)4 + c
∫ (3 − ( x − 1))d x = ∫ (4 − x )d x
2 2
−2 −2
–5 (iii) 1 (1 − 6 x )6 + c
− 36
(iv) 32 square units
3
14 3 (i) 0.2
7 3 square units (ii) 20
8 (i) (−1, 5), (3, −3) (ii) 5
(iii) 20
(ii) (iii) 61
4 812
y 625
15 (i) 20 square units
(–1, 5) 5 2 ( x + 3) 23 + c
(ii) It is impossible to tell (i)
y = x 2 – 4x
3
as the strips are partly 1
below and partly above (ii) − +c
x 3 ( 3x + 1)
(3, –3) the curve.
(iii) 2 x − 1 + c
y = 3 – 2x (iii) 20 square units
(iv) 19.5 square units 6 y = 3+ 2x + 3
2
(iii) 32 square units (v) 18 3 square units. The 7 4 square units
3 3
more rectangles used,
9 64 8 175
3 the closer the estimate 12
gets to the true answer.
( )
7
10 (i) (1, 4), (−1, 4) (i) 1 x − 1 +c
2
9
16 (i) 21 square units 14
(ii) 3
y
(ii) 21.25 square units (ii) 2
9 (x 3
+ 1) + c
2

(iii) 21 1 square units 1

3 +c

4 (1 − x 4 )
6 (iii)
17 652:77
5
1
Discussion point (page 212) 10 6
4
3
1 = 1 11 (i) (2x + 1) = 16x + 32x + 24 x + 8x +
4 4 3 2
20 5 × 4
2 (2x + 1)4 = 16x 4 + 32x 3 + 24 x 2 + 8x + 1
5 is the derivative of the bracket
1
∫ (2x + 1) dx = 165 x + 8x + 8x + 4 x + x + c
4 5 4 3 2
and 4 is the new power.
x
∫ (2212)
–2 –1 0 1 2
Activity 10.1 (page x + 1)4 dx = 16
5
x 5 + 8x 4 + 8x 3 + 4 x 2 + x + c
1 ( 2 x + 3 )7 + c 1
(ii) 10 (2 x + 1) + k
5
(iii) 83 square units (i) (a) 14
1 ( 5 − 3x )4 + c (iv) In (ii) the constant term
11 4 square units (b) − 12 1 + k which is an
3 is 10
3
12 72 square units (c) 1 (1 + 2x ) 2 + c arbitrary constant.
3

547
 12 (i) A negative number does 5 (i) 1 x + 3 = x +1+ 2 = x +1 + 2 1 2
2 = x + 1 +
not have a square root. (ii) π −1 ( x + 1) 2
( x + 1) 2
  ( x + 1) 2
( x + 1) ( x + 1)2
x+3 = 2
x +1+ 2 = x +1 + 2 1 2
2 = x + 1 +
(ii) x 2 − 1 < x 2− 1)
( x + 1) 2 (iii) 2(e
( x + 1) ( x + 1) 2
( x + 1)  ( x + 1)2
(i) 1 e
x +3
(iii) 2 2 − 3 +c
2

6
Answers

2
Exercise 10.4 (page 225)
(ii) − 51 cos5 x + c 1 2 ln x + c
Activity 10.3 (page 216) (i)
 1  , − 1 , − 1  (ii) 1 ln x + c
1 (i) cos x 7 (i)  1 , 2
(ii) − sin x 2 2 e  2 2 e
(iii) 2 ln ( 2 x + 7) + c
1


2
(iii) sec x  1  , − 1 , − 1 
 1 , 2 (i) ln x − 4 + c
2 (i) sin x + c 2 2 e  2 2 e
0.432 (ii) − ln 2 − x + c
(ii) − cos x + c (ii)
(i) − e +c
cos x
(iii) tan x + c 8 (iii) 1 ln 2 x −7 +c
2
(e − 5) + c
8
3 (i) 4 cos4 x (ii) 1 x
3 (i) ln 2
8
(ii) −5sin 5x


2
(iii) 5sec 5x
9 (i) (0, 0), ( )(
ln 3, 3 ln 3 , − 3 lnln3 23
ln 3, −(ii) () )
4 1
(i) 4 sin 4 x + c ( )(
ln 3, 3 ln 3 , − ln 3, − 3 ln 3 ) (iii) ln ( 9 )
4
(ii) 3 ln 3 − 2
(ii) − 1 cos 5x +c 4 ln x 2 + 1 + c
5 10 (i) cos 2 x = 1 (1 + cos 2x )
(iii) 1 tan 5x +c
2 5 ln ( 23 )
5 (ii) 1 x + 1 sin 2 x +c
2 4
Activity 10.5 (page 218) 6 (i) ln x 3 − 4 + c
(iii) 1 x− 41 sin 2x + c
ex 2
1 (i)
1
(ii) − 21 ln 2 − x 2 + c
(ii) − cos x + 3 cos x +
3
(ii) 3e
3x 11 c
1
7 (i) 3 ln 6
(i) e + c
x
2

1 3x
(ii) 3 e + c
Discussion point (page 220)
1
(ii) − 2 ln 2
All three differentiate to 1 .
ln 3x − 2 + c
x
Activity 10.6 (page 219) 1 8 (i)
f (x ) For x > 0 , ∫ x dx = ln kx + c 1− x
(i) e +c x − 1+c
where k is any positive constant. (ii) ln
(ii)
( f ( x ))n +1 +c
1− x x
n+1 This is possible because ( x − 1)2
(iii) ln +c
Exercise 10.3 (page 220) of the arbitrary constant: 2x + 1
1 − 21 cos 2x + c
ln kx = ln k + ln x , and ln k is
a constant.
9 (i) 1 ln 3
2 2 ( )
2 (i) 21 e + c
2x
ln x is only defined for positive (ii) 2
3
21
+ ln 11 ( )

1 3x + 5 + c
(ii) 3 e values of x. (iii) ln 5 − 2
2 5( )
(iii) − 1 e
3− 2x
+c Discussion point (page 222) 10
2 y
3 (i) − 1 cos 6 x + c k must be positive for ln k to
6 be defined.Yes, for every value
1 sin ( 2 x + 1) +c
(ii) 2 of c we can write k = e c , and
therefore k > 0 and c = ln k. 1 y = 1
(iii) 3 cos (1 − 3x ) + c
1

1 3 x
4 (i) sin x + cos x + c Activity 10.7 (page 224)

x −x
(ii) e − e + c x + 3 = x +1+ 2 = x +1 + 2 = are1 x =
+ 0, y2= 1
Asymptotes

1 2x
(iii) −3cos x − 2 e + c
( x + 1)2 ( x + 1)2 ( x + 1)2 ( x + 1)2 x + 1 ( x + 1)2
Area of region is 2 + 23 ln 3

548
11 (i) y = 0, x = 21 (ii) (a) u = 2+x Activity 10.11 (page 230)
(b) 15 ( 2 +
3
x ) ( 3x − 4 ) + c (i) x2 x 2 cos x dx
∫ x sin x d x = 2 sin x − ∫
(ii) 2
2
y 2
x= 1
2 x 2
x 2
4
2
∫ x sin x d x = 2 sin x − ∫ 2 cos x dx
y = 0 Exercise 10.5 (page 228)

Answers
(ii) Parts chosen the wrong way
–2 –1 0 1 2 3 x 1
–2
1 (i) x − 2 ln x + 1 − +c round
x +1
x − 2 ln x + 1 − 1 +c
–4 Exercise 10.6 (page 233)
x +1
(iii) 3 ln 5
2 3 () (ii) 15
3
1 ( 2 x + 1) 2 ( 3x − 1) + c 1 1 x sin 2 x + 1 cos 2 x + c
2 4
1 + 2 3
2
5 −e
12 (i) 1 ( 2 x + 1) 2 ( 3x − 1) + c
1 + x 1 − 2x 15 e
3 (i) 21 xe − 41 e + c
2x 2x
(ii) 0.31845 2 (i) 7 8
13 (i) (0, 21 ) 4 (ii)
x 2 ln 3x − x 2 + c
(ii) 100 5 2 4
(ii) As x → ∞, y → 1 (from 4 (i) 1 −
2
below), as x → −∞, y → 0 3 (i) (a) u = 1− x e
x → −∞, y → 0 (from above) −2 ( 2 + x ) 1 − x (ii) 2 + π
(b) +c
3 1 ( 5x + 2 )( x − 2 )5 + c
(iii) 1.31 square units 5
(ii) (a) u = x+4 15

( x − 1) 6 (0, 2) , (2, 0)
3
2 ( 3x − 8 )( x + 4 ) 2 (i)
14 (i) 21 ln +c (b) +c
x+1 3 (ii) e −2 + 1

1
(ii) 2 ln x −1 +c
2 (iii) (a) u = 2x + 1 7 (i) y

(b) 1 ln 2 x + 1 −
x +c 2

( )

1 ln x−1 +c 4 2 1
(iii) x+ 2 x+1 4 (i) y = 2x − ln 2x + 1 + c
π π x
  (ii) y = 2x − 1 − ln 2x + 1 2
15 (i)  2π , 3  5 (i) a =1 (ii) π
 3 3 
(ii) Area of triangle = 3π (ii) Minimum at −1, − 41 ( ) 8 ln 3 − 2
3
6 1 9 (i) 1
(iii) ln 2 − 2
area ≈ 3π (ii) e − 1
(iii) Total
3 (1 + ln x )2
6
6 ( 2 ln x − 1) + c (iii) e
(iv) 2 ln 3. This is a little This is the area of the rectangle
more than the answer 7 (i) k = −3
formed by the red and blue regions.
from (iii) (ii) Minimum at (−4.5,  3.93)
1 2 1 1
(iii) 1.72 10 (i) − 2 x cos 2x + 2 x sin 2x + 4 cos 2x + c
16 (i) − 1 + c 5
x 8 y = 35 1 ( 2 x + 1)2 ( 5 1) 2+x2 +
− 21 xx 2−cos 1 x sin 2 x + 1 cos 2 x +c
2 4
(ii) There is a discontinuity
9 0.0271

at x = 0
π −e − x ( x 2 + 2x + 2 ) + c
(ii)
(iii) No, because the ­function 10 (ii) 8
11 (i) (1, 0)
is undefined at x = 0
11 (ii) π (ii) Minimum at
(iv) You cannot ­evaluate 6  1 
a definite integral if  ,− 1 
Activity 10.10 (page 229) e 2e 
the function has a
y
­discontinuity within the (i) ∫ x sin x d x = − x cos x + sin x + c (iii)
interval of integration.
∫ x sin x d x = − x cos x + sin x + c 1

Activity 10.9 (page 228) ∫ 2xe d x = xe 2 x − 1 e2x +c

2x
(ii) 2
(i) (a) u = 1+ x 1 2 x
∫+2cxe d x = xe 2 x − 1 e2x +c
2x

(b) ln 1 + x + 1 2
1+ x (iv) 8 ln 2 − 7
3 9

549
 x
(
12 (ii) 21 e sin x − e cos x + c
x
) 3 B 2y
dy = 2× 1
2 OM.AM =
 r cos α .r sin α
dx
4 C u = x − 5 = 2 × 21 OM.AM
  = r cos α .r sin α  [2]
Summary exercise (page 234)
1 − 13 xe −3 x − 1 e −3 x
9
+c Practice questions 2
1
sin 2a =
2 .r .r
Answers

1 x − 5 x + 6x
3 2
+c r cos a.r sin a
2 3 2 (page 237)
1 (2 x + 5)11 + c 1 dx = ln x 4[1] sin 2a = 2 cos a.sin a[1]
∫
4
3 22 1 [ ]2
2x 5 (i)
1 ex2 + c
4 2 = ln 4 − ln 2 = ln 2 1
+
1
≡
sin 2 u + cos 2 u [1]
2 2
a 1 cos u sin u cos 2 u sin 2 u
∫ 5 x dx = ln a − ln 5[1]
1 (1 + sin x )4 + c
5 4 1 4
       ≡ cos 2 u sin 2 u = ( 2 sin u cosu )2
1
6 −
12(3x − 4)4
+c ln 2 = ln a  (oe) [1] 1 4
5
≡ cos 2 u sin
2 =
u ( 2 sin u cosu )2 
[1]
7
1 sin 3x + 1 cos 3x + c a = 10 [1]
3 9
2 (i) Any corect justification, 4 [1]
8 1 lnx−2 +c  = 
e.g. y = 5sin x is the sin 2 2u
4 x+2
9 x + 2 ln x − 2 + c curve which passes (ii) This is equivalent to
through the origin 4
1 = 4 and so
10 3 ( x + 3) + c
3
since 5sin 0 = 0.[1] sin 2 2u
1 7
sin 2u = ±1 [1]
11 7 x − 16x + c (ii) Valid method to
π 3π 5π 7π
12 x ln 3x − x + c determine horizontal Roots 2u = , , , ,...
1 tan 2
2 2 2 2
13 x+c translation such as π 3π 5π 7π
2 2u = , , , ,...[1]
4 sin x − 3cos x = 0 [1] 2 2 2 2
14 ln x + x + c
3

at least two correct
15 e
sin x
+c tan x = 43 [1]
and so
1
16 2 sin x + c
2
Therefore the u = π , 3π , 5π , 7π ,...[1]
4 4 4 4
17 tan x + c translation is described
 all correct
( x − 3)3 by the vector [1] dy dy
18 ln +c 6 (i) x 2
+ 2xy + 2 −4 = 0
( x − 5)2 − arctan 3  dx dx
 4  [1]
 [1]
2 (9 x
3  0 
19
27
+ 4) 2 + c  
3 (i) for product rule; [1]
20 x + tan x + c ( −2 )( −3)
1 5 1 4 1 3 1 2
(1 − x ) = 1 + ( −2 )( − x ) +
−2
2
( − x ) for 2
+ ...at least one correct
21 5 x + 4 x + 3 x + 2 x + x + c dy
( −2 )( −3) appearance of
22 2x + c (1 − x ) = 1 + ( −2 )( − x ) +
−2
2
( − x ) + ...
2
dx
1 x 2 e 2 x − 1 xe 2 x + 1 e 2 x + c [1] dy 2
dx (
23 2 2 4 x + 2) = 4 − 2xy [1]
= 1 + 2x + 3x 2 + 4 x 3 + 5x 4 + 6x 5 + ...
24 2 sin x + c dy 4 − 2xy
1 x 4 + 2=x13 ++ 21xx+ 2 3x + 4 x + 5x + 6 x + ... 
2 3 4 5
[2] =
25 4 2
+ c d x 2 + x2
3 ([1] if at least three
1 4
26 4 x ln x − 16 x + c
1 4
correct terms) dy
(ii) = 0 ⇔ 4 − 2xy = 0
( )
9 −2 d x
27 21 ln x + 2 ln x + c
2
(ii) [1] dy [1]
10 =0 ⇔ 4 − 2xy = 0
1 x 2 − x + ln x + 1 + c d x
28 2 = 1 + 0.2 + 0.03 + 0.004 + 0.0005 + 0.00006 + ...
Substitute y = 2
x
29 x − ln cos=x1 ++ 0.2 c
+ 0.03 + 0.004 + 0.0005 + 0.00006 + ...  [1] or equivalent in
1 2x 1 −2 x 1 4 Area of triangle x y + 2y − 4 x = 0 [1]
2
30 8 e − 8 e + 2 x + c
AOB = 21 .r .r sin 2a[1] 4 − 2x = 0 ⇒ x = ± 2
Multiple choice Area of triangle AOB
  x
(x = 2 OK) [1]
questions = 2 × area of triangle
Maximum point has
OMA  (oe) [1]
1 B −2 < x < 2 coordinates ( 2, 2 ) [1]
2 D 2 cos2 θ + cosθ − 1 = 0

550
 7 (i) 2
= 1 × 45 × 180
x−2 = π − 1 [1] 2
≡ A + B 8
( x + 1)( x − 3) x + 1 x − 3 9 (i) = 1 × 8100
2
 x − 2 ≡ A ( x − 3) + B ( x + 1)[1] y = 45
6

Answers
x = 3: 1 = 4B ⇒ B = 1 [1] 4 Exercise R.1 (page 242)
4
1 −1
x = −1: − 3 = −4 A ⇒ A = 3 [1] 2 (i) (a)
4 (b) (4, 3)
3 1 0 (c) 2 2
x−2 x
≡ 4 + 4 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
(ii) (a) −1
( x + 1)( x − 3) x + 1 x − 3
[1] (b) (3, 4)
3 1 curve increasing towards
2 (c) 2 2
(ii) ∫ 0 x+1
4 +
x−3
4 dx [1] asymptote
(iii) (a) − 43
2
=  43 ln x + 1 + 41 ln x − 3  0
dP =
(ii)
dt  [1] with attempt (b) (−1, −1)
[1] for ln, [1] for x − 3 (c) 10
(5 + e ) 6 e − 6 e .e
t t t t

= ( 4 ln 3 + 41 ln1) − ( 43 ln1 + 41 ln 3)
3    = (iv) (a) 1
 (5 + e ) t 2
(b) (−3, 4)
= ( 43 ln 3) − ( 41 ln 3)  [1]
[1] (c) 2 2
= 1 ln 3  [1]
2 30e t 2 (i) 3
=
      (5 + et ) [1]
2 (ii) −2
8 P clearly lies on the line
(i)
y = x. (iii) − 2
d 2P 3
P lies on the dt 2 = 0  [1] attempt (iv) 5
2
curve since when
x = π , y = π .sin π = π (5 + e ) 30e − 30e .2 (5 + e ) e
t 2
(i) y = 2 x + 3
t t t t
3
2 2 2 2 (ii) 2 y = x − 3
( 5 + et )
4

[1] (iii) 2 y = − x − 3
Evidence of the need [1] (iv) 2 y = x + 3
t (
to show that at P the 5 + et ) − 2et (v) 2 y = 3 − x
gradient of the curve = 30e  [1] 4 (i) (3, 5)
( 5 + et )
3

is 1. [1] (ii) (−2, 3)

dy 5 = et ⇒ t = ln 5 [1] (iii) (−1, 4)
y = x sin x ⇒ = sin x + x cos x
( )

dx (iii) Substitute P = 7 to (iv) 9 , − 1
dy t
8 4
y = x sin

x ⇒ = sin x + x cos x  [1] obtain 7 = 6e t [1] 5 k=9
dx
5+e π
π dy π π π 6 Gradient of AB is 2 and
When x = , = sin + cos =t 1 + 0 = 1 to
Simplification (i)
2 dx 2 2 2 e = −35[1]
gradient of BC = − 43 .
dy
x = π , = sin π + π cos π = 1 + 0 = 1 The equation has no − 43 × 3 = −1, hence
2 dx 2 2 2 solution so P cannot
4
dy
= π, = sin π + π cos

π = 1+ 0 = 1
[1] reach a value of 7. [1] AB and BC are
2 dx 2 2 2
(ii) ­perpendicular and ABC
∫ x sin x dx = −x cos x + ∫ cos x dx is right-angled.
 [1] by parts Review: Coordinate (ii) 12.5 square units
= −x cos x + sin x + c geometry 7 (i) Gradient of AB is − ,
1
2
 [1] accuracy
π gradient of CD is − 21 ,
1.π.π −
∫ 2
x sin x dx Discussion point (page 242) gradient of BC is –3
2 2 2 0
π
Area of triangle and gradient of AD is
or ∫ 2
0
x − x sin x dx [1] = 1
2
CM × MD 1 . Hence one pair of
2
3
π
= π − [−x cos x + sin x ] [1] 2
0 = 1 × 32 + 6 2 × 12 2 + 6 2 parallel sides ⇒ ABCD
8 2 is a trapezium.

551
 AD = BC = 10 ⇒ 12 12 5 (ii) (a)
ABCD is an isoceles 13 (2.4, 0.2); 5 t x y
trapezium. −2 4 −8
−1.5 2.25 −3.375
(ii) ( 53 , 73 ) Chapter 11 −1 1 −1
Answers

8 6.25 −0.5 0.25 −0.125

0 0 0
9 (i) k = 2 Discussion point (page 251) 0.5 0.25 0.125
(ii) 3x − 2y − 27 = 0 At points where the rate of 1 1 1
10 2y + 3x = 0 change of gradient is greatest. 1.5 2.25 3.375
11 (4,  0), (0,  1.6) 2 4 8
12 6.5 square units Exercise 11.1 (page 253) y
(b)
13 (2,  −1), (−0.8,  −6.6) 8
1
14 13 square units
3 4

Exercise R.2 (page 245)

O 4 x
1 (i) (3, 1); 5 2
−4
(ii) (3, −1); 5
(iii) ( −3, −1); 5 −8
(iv) (1, − 3); 5 -2 0 2
2 ( x − 5)2 + ( y + 2)2 = 16 (iii) (a)
t x y
3 x 2 + 6x + y 2 − 8y − 56 = 0
-2 −2 4 6
4 ( x − 1)2 + ( y − 6)2 = 10 −1.5 2.25 3.75
5 (i) ( x − 4) + ( y + 1) = 10
2 2 −1 1 2
−0.5 0.25 0.75
(ii) centre (4, −1); radius 10 0 0 0
6 (5, −5), (8, −2) 2 (−2, 1) 0.5 0.25 −0.25
6 3 (i) (a) (4, 1) 1 1 0
7 5
5 (b) (7, 6) 1.5 2.25 0.75
8 ( 2, − 2 ( 2 − 1)) and

(c) (−2, 3)
(ii) t = −3
2 4 2

( − 2, 2 (1 + 2 )) 4 (i) (1, 3)

y
(b)

9 k = 13 or k = –7 (ii) (27, 27) 6

10 (i) Use the circle theorem: (iii) (8, 12), (−8, 12)
5 (i) (a) 4
‘angle in a semicircle is
a right angle’ to show t x y
2
PQR is a right-angled −2 −4 4
triangle with a right O 1 2 3 4 x
−1.5 −3 2.25
angle at R. Either show
−1 −2 1 6 (i) (a)
PR2 + QR2 = PQ2
−0.5 −1 0.25 x y
(2 + 82 = 164) or show 
0 0 0 0° 1 0
mPR × mRQ = −1 0.5 1 0.25 30° 0.5 0.25
( 91 × −9 = −1) 1
1.5
2
3
1
2.25
60° −0.5 0.75
90° −1 1
(ii) ( x − 3) + ( y + 5) = 41
2 2
2 4 4 120° −0.5 0.75

(0, −5 ± 4 2 ), (−1, 0), (7, 0)
(b) 150° 0.5 0.25
(iii) y
( )
0, − 5 ± 4 2 , ( −1, 0), (7, 0) 4
180°
210°
1
0.5
0
0.25
11 (i) Centre lies on the 240° −0.5 0.75
2 270° −1 1
­perpendicular bisector of
300° −0.5 0.75
AB which is 2y = x + 4
330° 0.5 0.25
(ii) ( x − 2) + ( y − 3) = 10
2 2
−4 O 4 x
360° 1 0

552
 (b) (b) (ii) (a)
y y y
1 3
1
0.5

Answers
O 1 2 x
−1 O 1 2 3 x
−1 −0.5 O 0.5 1 x −3 −1

(c) Defined for

(c) Defined for 0 < x < 2 −2
−1 < x < 1 and
and −3 < y < 3
0<y<1 −3
(ii) (a) 7 (i) t x y
 x y −2 4 16 (b) x = 21 , y = − 21
0° 0 1 −1.5 2.25 5.0625 10 (i) t x y
30° 0.25 2 −1 1 1 −2 0.14 −0.91
60° 0.75 2.73 −0.5 0.25 0.0625 −1.5 0.22 −1.00
90° 1 3 0 0 0 −1 0.37 −0.84
120° 0.75 2.73
0.5 0.25 0.0625 −0.5 0.61 −0.48
150° 0.25 2 0 1 0
1 1 1
180° 0 1 0.5 1.65 0.48
210° 0.25 0 1.5 2.25 5.0625
1 2.72 0.84
240° 0.75 −0.73 2 4 16
1.5 4.48 1.00
270° 1 −1 2 7.39 0.91
−0.73 (ii) y
300° 0.75
16
(ii) x>0
330° 0.25 0 (iii)
360° 0 1 12 y
8 1
(b) y
3 4
O 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 x
O 1 2 3 4 x −1
1
(iii) Because it should also (iv) The graph oscillates
O 1 x ­infinitely many times
−1 state ‘for x > 0’
8 (i) y from –1 to +1 for t < –2,
(c) Defined for 3 i.e. where 0 < x < 0.14.
0 < x < 1 and For t > 2 the graph
−1 < y < 3 oscillates infinitely many
−4 −2 O 2 4 x
(iii) (a) times from –1 to +1,
 x y but successive distances
−3
0° 0 3 between a maximum
30° 0.5 2.6 (ii) Undefined for −2 < x < 2 and a minimum become
60° 1.5 1.5 9 (i) (a) increasingly large.
90° 2 0 y
3 11 (i)
120° 1.5 −1.5
2 y
150° 0.5 −2.6 t = 3
1 45 t = 2 t=4
180° 0 −3
t = 1 t=5
210° 0.5 −2.6 −3 −2 −1 O 1 2 3 x
−1
240° 1.5 −1.5 t=6
−2
270° 2 0 O 40 80 120 160 200 240 x
−3
300° 1.5 1.5
330° 0.5 2.6 (b) x = −1, x = 1, y = 0 (ii) 240 m
360° 0 3

553
 (iii) 13 (i)  x y Discussion point (page 257)
y A one-way stretch scale factor
0 a 0
45 π 3 parallel to the y-axis followed
(i ) 3 0.13a 0.65a
by a one-way stretch scale
(iii) π factor 4 parallel to the x-axis
Answers

2 0 a
O 100 204 240 x (transformations can be carried
2π
3
−0.13a 0.65a out in either order).
(iv) 36 m
12 (i) π −a 0
 x y
4π Discussion point (page 257)
0 0 0 3 −0.13a −0.65a
π (i) y
3 0.2a 0.5a 3π
0 −a 1
2π 2
1.2a 1.5a 0
3 5π 1 2 3 4 5 6 x
0.13a −0.65a –1
π 3.1a 2a 3
4π 2π a 0 –2
5.1a 1.5a
3 –3
5π y
6.1a 0.5a –4
3 a
–5
2π 6.3a 0
7π (ii) y
6.5a 0.5a −a a x 1
3
8π 0
7.5a 1.5a −a 1 2 3 4 5 6 x
3 –1
3π 9.4a 2a –2
10π (ii)
11.3a 1.5a a –3
3 n=1
11π (full circle) –4
12.4a 0.5a
3
n=4
4π 12.6a 0 (1 arc)
n=2 They are different because in (i)
(line)
13π
12.7a 0.5a n=6 1 < x < 3 as sin  lies between −1
3 (1 arc) and 1 and −1 < y < 1 as cos 2
14π –a n=5 a
3
13.8a 1.5a (4 arcs) lies between −1 and 1 and in (ii)
5π 15.7a 2a there are no restrictions on the
16π
n=3 domain ( x ∈  ) and the range is
17.6a 1.5a (4 arcs)
3 y<1
17π –a
18.7a 0.5a
3 Activity 11.1 (page 258)
6π 18.8a 0 When n = 0 the curve (i)
(ii)
becomes the single
y point (a, a). x = 2 + 5 sin t x = 2 + 5 cos 2t
2a (iii) (a) The larger the value y = 3 + 5 cos t y = 3 + 5 sin 2t
of n the closer the
curve is to the axes. x = 2 − 5 cos t x = 2 + 5 cos t
O (θ = 2ϖ) (θ = 4ϖ) (θ = 6ϖ) x
If the power is even, y = 3 − 5 sin t y = 3 + 5 sin t
(iii) Periodic the curve is only
in the first quadrant. x = 3 + 5 sin t x = 3 + 5 cos  21 t
(b) If the power is odd,
the curve is in all four y = 2 + 5 cos t y = 2 + 5 sin  21 t
quadrants.

554
 x = 2 + 5 cos t x = 2 + 5 sin t Discussion point (page 258) (ii) Part of ( y − 1)2 = 4 x
Changing t to 2t traces out the where 0 < x < 1 and
y = 3 + 5 cos t y = 3 + 5 sin t
circle more quickly, so a full −1 < y < 3
x = 2 + 5 sin  21 t circle is drawn in the interval (iii) Part of y 2 = 9 (2
2
− x)
0 < t < π and it is described
5 sin  21 t

Answers
y=3+ where 0 < x < 2 and
twice in the interval 0 < t < 2π.
−3 < y < 3
6 (i) x2 + y2 = 25
x = 5 cos  21 t x = 5 cos 2t y
Discussion point (page 259)
y= 5 sin  21 t y = 5 sin 2t (i) y
5

3
x = 5 cos t 2
y = 5 sin t 1 −5 O 5 x

−4 −3 −2 −1 O 1 2 3 4 x
(ii) Changing the ­interval y
(ii) −5
for the parameter ­produces 2
different ­sections of the (ii) x2 + y2 = 9
1
circle. y
−4 −3 −2 −1 O 1 2 3 x 3
For example, for
x = 2 + 5 sin t, y = 3 + 5 cos t Since et > 0, the second graph
the following curves are only shows half of the full curve. −3 O 3 x
produced:
π Exercise 11.2 (page 259) −3
(a) 0 < t <
2 x = 3t
y 1 xy = 9 and (iii) (x − 4)2 + (y – 1)2 = 9
10 y = 3 y
t
4
x = 3t 2
5 y 2 = 12x and
y = 6t (4, 1)
x = 1−t O x
y = (1 − x )2 and –2
5 10 x y = t2
(iv) (x + 1)2 + (y – 3)2 = 4
(b) 0<t<π x = 1 y
xy = 3 and t
y y = 3t
10
x = 2t
4 y = 4 − x 2 and (–1, 3)
y = 1 − t2
5
2 O x
2 (i) y = x
4 7 (i) y
5 10 x
(ii) y = x
2 3
(b)
(c) 0 < t < 2π (iii) y = x ± x
y 3 (i) x = 2t, y = 5 – 4t for (a)
10 0 < t < 2
O x
(ii) x = u – 1, y = 7 – 2u for (a)
5 1<u<5
4 (i) y = –1 + 4 sin t (b)
(ii) y = –1 + 4 cos t
5 10 x 1− x
5 (i) A segment of y =
2 (ii) (a) xy = 1
where −1 < x < 1 and (b) xy = 16
0 < y < 1

555
 (iii) The curve in (b) is an dy
= 1 + 12 y = 1x
(b) (ii) (a)
2
enlargement of the dt t
curve in (a), centre the dy t 2
+ (b) 2ey = x + e 2 − 1
(c) = 2 1 9 (i) (a) (1, −3) minimum
origin, scale factor 4. dx t −1
8 (i) 7 = 2 × 3 + 1 d x (b)
3 = 2 (t + 1)
Answers

(i) (a) y
 3 dt
(ii) (a)   dy 3
 7 (b) = 2 (t − 1) 2
dt
 1 1
dy
(b)  
 2
or any vector of (c) = t −1
dx t +1 x
−10 −5 O 5 10
 a (ii) (a) (16, 4) −1
the form  2a  , a ≠0 dy −2
  (b) = 21
dx −3
 3  1 3 +t  (c) 2 y = x − 8 −4
(iii)   + t  =  
 7  2 7 + 2t  4 (i)
1 + cosu (ii) (a) (0, 3) maximum
1 + sinu y
(iv) x = 3 + t, y = 7 + 2t
(ii) − 23  cot  4
9 (i)
y
(iii) −tan  3
2 (1 + t )2 2
5 (i) (a)
O 5 10 15 20 25 x
(1 − t )2 1
−2 (b) 9
−4 x –4 –3 –2 –1 O 1 2 3 4 x
(ii) (a) y =
−6 1 − 2x
10 (i) 6
(ii) y = −2 1
(b) (ii) y = 6x − 3
(iii) x = (y +
2)2 (1 − 2x )2
2
(iii) 3x + 18y − 19 3 = 0
10 (i) x − y = 4
2 2
(iii) At t = 2, x = and
(ii) y =
2x dy 1
3 11 (i) ( 41 , 0)
1 − x2 = =9 (ii) 2
dx (1 − 2x )2
1
11 (i) C(4, 6); P(9, 6) 6 (i) (10, 58.75) (iii) y = 2x − 2
(ii) x = 4 + 5 cos t,
y = 6 + 5 sin t
(ii) 70 m
(iii) 5.74 s; 114.8 m
(iv) (0, − 21 )
2 2(
(iii) (a) X 13 , 6 + 5 3 , ) (iv) y
12 (i) x – ty + at2 = 0
(ii) tx + y = at3 + 2at
70
XY = 5 2 (iii) (at2 + 2a, 0), (0, at3 + 2at)
60
(b) No 13 (ii) (0, –1); minimum
50
14 (i) −
b
Exercise 11.3 (page 263) 40
at 2
1 y – 2x + 2 = 0 30
(ii) at2y + bx = 2abt
2 (i) (a) dx = 6t
dt
20
10
(iii) X(2at, 0), Y (0, 2tb )
dy (iv) Area = 2ab
(b) = 6t 2 50 100 x
dt 15 (ii) (1, 0) and (–1, 0)
dy dy −t(t 3 − 2) (iii) The tangent is vertical
(c) =t 7 (i) =
dx dx 1 − 2t 3 at the point (0, 1).
dx = 4
(ii) (a)  1 2 (iv)
dt (ii) 2 3 , 2 3
  y
dy
= 4t 3
(b)
dt (
3 3 3 2
(iii) 2 , 2 ; )
2 ; P is the
4
3
dy
(c) = t3 farthest point on the 2
dx
dx = 1 − 1 curve from the origin 1
(iii) (a) 1
dt t2 8 (i)
2et −4 −3 −2 −1 O 1 2 3 4 x

556
16 (i) −
3cos t (ii) (a)  16
4 sin t  
(iv)  1
(ii) 3x cos t + 4y sin t = 12 a  1
f  
(iii) t = 0.6435 + nπ
17 (i) x cos  + y sin  =  −7
 

Answers
a+f (v)  −5
3 sin  + 3 cos  + 2
(iii) 2.85, 5.01 radians  8
 
(iv) y  2
(b) –f  
(vi)  0
a–f  −6
2.85  
5.01 a 6 (i)
( 13 ) + ( − 23 ) + ( 23 )
2 2 2

0 x = 1 + 4 + 4 =1
(c) 9 9 9
cosu
18 (i) − 6
sinu (ii) (a) 2 i
7
− 7
j + 73 k
(ii) y cos  − x sin  =
5 cos  − 2 sin  3i+ 3 j+ 3k

2c
(b)
3 3 3
7 a, d, e, f, and g are parallel
Chapter 12 2c + f
c and h are parallel
f 8 x = 2, y = 3
Opening activity (page 266) 9 a = −4.5, b = 10.5
Yes, by sailing at an angle to the 10 k = 4, 10.8 N
wind. When a boat sails in the (d) 
11 (i) AC = −3i + j + 2 k ,
same direction as the wind it 
AB  = 5i − 4 j + 3k ,
can never go faster than wind a f 
speed. BC = −8i + 5 j − k
(ii) 98 ≠ 6 + 46 − 8
The keel stops the boat moving
a+f+c c 12 (i) (6 i + j)N
sideways, so only the forwards
component of the wind comes (ii) (4 i + 5 j)N
into play. However, when a boat (iii) 2 5 N; 116.6° to the i
sails at an angle to the wind it 3 (i) (13, 67.4°) direction
(ii) (13, 22.6°)
can increase the relative wind (iv) 10 N; 71.6° to the i
velocity across the sails and so sail (iii) (13, −67.4°)
direction
faster than the wind. (iv) (13, 112.6°)
a = −6; b = −5
13
(v) (13, 202.6°)
14 (i) a = −3; b = −2
Discussion point (page 270) 4 (i) 5 (ii) a = −6; b = 6
For example, velocity, force, (ii) 21 (iii) a = 0; b = 1
acceleration, weight, displacement. (iii) 5 15 (i) 12.8 km
(iv) 14 (ii) 20 km h−1, 5 km h−1
Exercise 12.1 (page 272) (iii) After 40 minutes the
 1
boats meet.
1 a = −2i – 3j 5 (i)  −3
b = 2i  2
  Discussion point (page 274)
c = i + 3j Three different answers:
 −2
d = –2i + 2j    10   −14 
e = −2j (ii)  −2      
 4 OD =  −1 , OD =  7
f = 3i + 2j    −3  −1
 
2 (i) b = a, c = −a , d = 2a,  −2
e = −3a; f cannot be    16
(iii)  −3 
given in terms of a  3 or OD =  11
 
 21

557
 Exercise 12.2 (page 275) 7 (i) 3 ( b − a)  −0.25
 
 = 2 3 
2
1 (i)     3 12 (i) OM
       (ii) AB = ( b − a ), PQ = ( b − a ) and XY = 3 ( b − a )
AB = − CD,BC = − DA ⇒ AB  + CD + BC + DA = AB − AB + 2BC − BC = 0  −1.25
          3   
AB = − CD,BC = − DA ⇒ AB + CD + BC AB += DA ( b −= aAB
), PQ − AB= 2+( bBC − a−) BCand =XY0 = 23 ( b − a )
            0.8
  
Answers

− CD,BC = − DA ⇒ AB + CD + BC + DA  = 3AB − AB + BC − BC = 0

   AB  =( b − a), PQ= ( b − a ) and
XY = 23 ( b − a ) since (ii) ON =  4.4 
+ CD + BC + DA = AB − AB + BC − BC = 20 the vectors are all scalar  1.2 
 
(ii) Yes, closed loop.
multiples of b − a they
2 (i) (a) 2b 13 a = 4 or −2
are all parallel.   s AB
(b) c − a
14 OC = OA +
(iii) 4 : 9 s+t
(c) −a − b  
 2 OA = a and AB = b−a
(d) c or (b − a)    
 8 AB = DC =  4  , 
 (ii) AB = c = b − a ⇒ a + c − b = 0  8 OC = a + s ( b − a )
s+t
AB = c = b − a ⇒ a + c − b = 0
3 (i) (a) a
so AB and CD are parallel = a+ s b− s a
and equal in length. s+t s+t
(b) c + a
(c) c – a    
 3 = s +ta − s a + s b
s+t s+t s+t
(d) a − c AD = BC =  −3 ,
(e) −a – c
 −6
  = t a+ s b
s+t s+t
(f) 1 c
so AD and BC are also 15 No, a quadrilateral is a plane
2 parallel and equal in length. figure and these points do
(g) a + c 1 Hence ABCD is a parallel- not lie on the same plane.
2
ogram as it has two pairs of
(h) 1 c − a equal, parallel sides.
2


(ii) OP = 1 ( c + a ) ,

9 OD = 21 ( p + q ), Chapter 13
2
 
OQ = 21 (a + c); OE = 21 p + q , Discussion point (page 279)
   1 (i) First
diagonals of a 1 (p + q) = 1 q
DE = OE − OD = 2 p + q − (ii) 2 Third 2
parallelogram bisect
   (iii) First
each other. DE = OE − OD = 1 p + q − 1 ( p + q ) = 1 q
2 2 2 (iv) Second
4 (i) (a) q
(b) −p  1
(c) q + p
   Exercise 13.1 (page 282)
10 (i) OD =  4 
1 (i) y = x + c
3
(d) r + p  10
(e) p + q + r  2  2  2 y y = x3 + 4
(ii) p + r 3 (ii) AB + AD = BD ⇒ 24 + 35 = 598
5  2  2  2
(iii) Assume the AB +
diagonals AD BD ⇒ 24 + 35 = 59
=
 2  2  2 6
bisect at N, thenAB + AD = BD ⇒ triangle 24 + 35ABD = 59is
  right-angled, hence 4
ON = 21 OC y = x3
ABCD is a rectangle. 2
= 21 ( p + q + r )  0.5
   -2 -1 0 1 2 x
Also, (iii) OX =  5.5
  
 -2 y=x - 23
ON = p + q + 21 BG  6.5
-4
= p + q + 21 (r − p − q ) 
11 OC = 13 (a + 2b) and y = x3- 6
 -6
1 1 1
= 2 p + 2 q + 2 r = 2 OC 1 
OD = 21 (a + 2b), hence the -8
as required. vectors are scalar multiples of
5 Trapezium each other and so are parallel. (ii) y = x − 2
3

6 11.74 Both vectors pass through O,

so OCD is a straight line; 2 : 3

558
 dv dM = 0.05t ( 8 − t ) 8 4 − 1
2 13 (i) (i)
dt is the rate of change dt 2x − 3 x − 1
of the velocity with respect (ii) 4.27 kg dy A ( 2 x − 3 )2
(ii) =
to time (the acceleration). 16 (i) It is growing at a constant dx x −1
The differential equation tells rate of 0.5 metres per 9 (i) h = 5 +
( 20 − 3t )2

Answers
you that the acceleration year. After 10 years it is 4
is increasing and so is the 5 metres tall. (ii) The water stops flowing
velocity. dh = k with k = 5 (iii) 163 seconds
(ii)
dr = k
dN = kN dt t 10
3 (i)
dt
dt (iv) 74 years to the nearest r2
4 The odd one out is y. It is year (ii) k = 5000, 141m (3 s.f.)
the rate of change of y (v) dr = c
(iii) ,
with respect to time; all the dt r (2 + t )
2
h
others are the rate of change 15 c = 10000
of y with respect to x. (iv) 104 m (3 s.f.)
(i) y = x − 4 x + c
2
5 dv = 3
5 11 (i)
dt v
(ii) v = 6t + 4
6 y = x – 4x + 6
2
10 74 t (iii) 10 seconds
(i) P = 600e
kt
4 12
(0.005t − 0.4 sin(0.02 t ))
2 (iii) P = 600e ,
y = x2 – 4x + 4 Exercise 13.2 (page 287)
1 very good fit with the
0 1 2 3 4 1 y = e 3 x3 data
–2
y = x2 – 4x + 2 3x 2 + c (iv) 549
–4 y = x – 4x
2 (i) y = 3
2
2 13 (i) q = Ap
−h

2 (ii) (a) h = 0.776 (to 3 s.f.)

dP = k P (ii) y =
6
dt c − x2 (b) q = 817 p
−0.776

 x 2 + 1
dv = 4 3 (i) y = ln   (c)
7  2 q
dt v
(ii) y = sec x 120
dT = − x 100
8 4 11.02 a.m.
dx 4
80
9 (i) y = 2e
−2 x
+c ds = 2
5
dt s , s = 4t + c 60
y −2 t 40
6 (i) u = 20 − Ae
20
3 (ii) u = 20 − 15e
−2 t

O 20 40 60 p
2 (iii)

T dP = λ P
1 14 (i)
25 dt
0 1 2 3 x 20 (ii) P = P0 e
2t

–1 15 (iii) 499 minutes

(iv) P = P0 e
sin 2 t
10
y = 2e −2 x − 1
(ii) 2 5 (v) 551 minutes
dT = − (T − 15) (vi) In the first model, the
10 O 20 40 60 t
dt 160 population increases
d r (iv) 60 seconds exponentially with time.
11 (i) = −k t with k = 1.5 In the second model,
dt
3
(v) Temperature becomes
(ii) r = 8 − t 2 the same as the room, the population oscillates
(iii) 4 weeks 20°C with time, going above
dv = 2 then below the initial
y = ± 5x + 3
2
12 (i) 7
dt t+2 2 population of P0
15 (ii) 1
c

559
 Chapter 14 become long, so this method is 4 (i) f (x ) = x 3 − x − 2
ff ((11)) =
more difficult to carry out by = −
−22 << 00
Activity 14.1 (page 292) hand. ff (( 22 )) =
= 44 >> 00
(i) Yes: x = 1, x = 3 Sign change and
(ii) Yes: x= −5 ± 17 Discussion point (page 295) continuity, therefore
Answers

(iii) No: x≈ −1.6, x ≈ 0.6, x ≈9 1.3

iterations for 1 d.p. and root in the interval
x ≈ −1.6, x ≈ 0.6, x ≈ 1.3 10 iterations for 2 d.p. (iii) x1 = 1,
(iv) Yes: x = 0, x = −1, x = 1 x 2 = 1.442 249…,
x = 0, x = −1, x = 1 Activity 14.2 (page 298) x 3 = 1.509 897…,
(v) No: x ≈ 0.35, x ≈ 2.15 The iterations either diverge, or x 4 = 1.519 724…,
they converge to the root already x 5 = 1.521141…
Discussion point (page 292) found in the interval [0, 1]. (iv) f(1.5205)= −0.005 < 0
The first root is between 0.3 and f(1.5215) = 0.00 0 7… > 0
0.4, and the second is between Activity 14.3 (page 299) Sign change and
2.1 and 2.2. 0.45,0.55 continuity, therefore
(i)
root in the interval
The first root looks as if it is (ii)  −0.3695, − 0.3685  [1.5205, 1.5215].
closer to 0.4, so you can be fairly Therefore root is 1.521
(iii) 21.63415,21.63425
confident to state that the root is accurate to 3 d.p.
0.4 to 1 d.p., but you would have
(i) f ( x ) = e − x − 2
x
Discussion point (page 301) 5
to zoom in further to show that f (1) = −0.28… < 0

the root is to the right of 0.35, to Often it is not so much a failure
f ( 2) = 3.38… > 0
be sure. It is not clear whether the of the method as a failure to use
Sign change and
second root is nearer to 2.1 or 2.2 – an appropriate starting point or
continuity, therefore
you would have to zoom in to see an appropriate re-arrangement of
root in the interval
on which side of 2.15 the root lies. the equation.
(iii) x1 = 2,
x 2 = 1.386 294…,
Discussion points (page 294) Discussion point (page 301)
Decimal search is reasonably The iteration diverges because x 3 = 1.219736…
efficient but a computer of the gradient of the curve; it is (iv) and (v)
programme might need to carry steeper than the line y = x. y
out several calculations before 3 y=x
finding a change of sign. If Exercise 14.1 (page 302) 2
you are doing it yourself on a 1 f ( x ) = e x − 5x 1 y = In(x + 2)
calculator, you can speed it up: if x3 x2 x1
f ( 2 ) = −2.61… < 0 x
you know that a root lies in the 1 2 3
interval [1, 2] you could try 1.5 f ( 3) = 5.08… > 0
first, to find out which half of Sign change and continuity, 6 (i) f ( x ) = 6 − x − ln x
the interval it is in, rather than therefore root in the interval. f ( 4 ) = 0.61… > 0
working through 1.1, 1.2, etc. 2 Equation 1 – Diagram (b). f ( 5) = −0.60… < 0
The iterations are Sign change and
converging to the root a. continuity, therefore
Discussion points (page 295)
Equation 2 – Diagram (c). root in the interval
Interval bisection is more
The iterations are (ii) f ( 4.5 ) = −0.004… < 0
efficient when programming a
converging to the root a. Sign change between
computer because it follows the
x = 4 and x = 4.5
rule of halving the interval each Equation 3 – Diagram (a). therefore root lies in this
time, so only one point needs to The iterations are diverging. interval. So root is closer
be tested at each stage. However,
Equation 4 – Diagram (d). to x = 4.
the numbers to be tested quickly
The iterations are diverging.

560
7 (i) Two roots Exercise 14.2 (page 306) (ii) f ( −1) = −5 < 0
y
1 (i) f ′( x ) = 3x 2 − 1 f ( 0 ) = 2 > 0
9 y = 3x
8 xn3 − xn − 3 Sign change and
(ii) xn +1 = xn −
7 3xn2 − 1 continuity, therefore
6
(iii) 1.727… the root is in the

Answers
5
4 (iv) y interval
3 y = f(x) (iii) x 2 = −0.3846153…,
2
1
y = 9 − x2 x 3 = −0.3783533…
x
(iv) f (−0.3785) < 0,
−3 −2 −1 O 1 2 3
x1 x
f (−0.3775) > 0, so
(iv) x = 1.6549 (4 d.p.) x2 root lies in the interval
8 (i) and (iii) [−0.3785, −0.3775]
y and is therefore −0.378
3 correct to 3 d.p.
y=x
2 (i) f ( x ) = x 3 − 6x 2 5 (i) and (iii) Maximum at
2 y = sin x + 1

+ 12x − 11
f ( 3) = −2 < 0
( −1, 5), minimum
x4
f (4 ) = 5 > 0 at (1, 1)
1 x1 x2 x3 Tangent y
3π x Sign change and
1 2 6
­continuity, therefore the 5
x1 = 1,
(ii) root is in the interval. 4
x 2 = 1.84147098…, (ii) x 2 = 3.444, x 3 = 3.442 3
x 3 = 1.96359072…, x 2 = 3.444,
x 3 = 3.442 (3 d.p.) x2 = –2.1 x1 = –2 2
1
x 4 = 1.92384305… (iii) f (3.435) < 0 and y = x3 – 3x + 3
(iv) You can only give the f (3.445) > 0, so the –2 –1 1 2 x
root as x = 2 to the root lies in the interval (ii) −2.111111…
nearest whole number. [3.435, 3.445] and so the (iv) f (−2.115) < 0,
(v) x = 1.93 (2 d.p.) root is 3.44 to 3 s.f. f (−2.105) < 0, so the
10 (i) Curves cross only once 3 (i) f ( x ) = e − 15x − 2
2x
y root does not lie in
f (1.5) = −4.41… < 0 the interval [−2.115,
4 f (1.7 ) = 2.46... > 0 −2.105] and therefore
y = x2 + 2
3 Sign change and the root is not −2.11
2 y = ex continuity, therefore the correct to 2 d.p.
root is in the interval. f (−2.15) < 0,
1
(ii) x 2 = 1.64 (3 s.f.) f (−2.05) > 0, so the
(iii) f ( x ) = e − 15x − 2
2x
–1 0 1 x root does lie in the
f (1.635) = −0.21... < 0 ­interval [−2.15, −2.05]
1.32
(ii) f (1.645) = 0.16... > 0 and therefore the root is
11 3.1623
(ii) Sign change and −2.1 correct to 1 d.p.
12 0.747 continuity, therefore the 6 (i) f ( x ) = x − 7 x + 1
4 3

root is in the interval f (0) = 1 > 0

Discussion point (page 306) [1.635,1.645] and is f (1) = −5 < 0
f ′( x1 ) = 0 so the method therefore 1.64 to 3 s.f. Sign change and
cannot proceed. The tangent
never crosses the x-axis 4 (i) f ′ ( x ) = 6x 2 + 5 continuity, therefore the
f ′ ( x ) is positive for all root is in the interval
Tangent values of x, so the graph (ii) 0.54 (2 d.p.)
of y = f ( x ) has no (iii) Tangent to the curve at
turning points and x = 0 is horizontal, so
x1 α x therefore crosses the never meets the x-axis.
x-axis once only. Second approximation
is undefined

561
 y
7 (ii) Exercise 14.3 (page 314)
3 y 1 54.75
y=x+1
4
2 2 (i) 0.8194
3
2
(ii) 0.8317
1
3 0.512, overestimate because
Answers

y = tan x 1
0 1 2 3 x curve is concave upwards.
–1 1 2 x y
–1
1.13 (3 s.f.) –2
–3
f ( x ) = tan x − x − 1
–4
f (1.125) = −0.032… < 0
f (1.135) = 0.012… > 0 (iii) 1.202 (3 d.p.)
1 1
y=x+1
Sign change and continuity, (iv) Still converges rapidly x
–1 0 1 2 3 4
therefore the root is in the to root
interval [1.125,1.135] and is 10 Equation is 4 1.22, underestimate because
therefore 1.13 correct to 3 s.f. 3x 12 − 750x + 747 = 0 curve is concave downwards.
8 y x = 1.49513 (5 d.p.) y
1 y = ln x y= √x – 2
Discussion point (page 309) 1
The shape is a semi-circle of
1 x
­radius 2.5 so calculating the area is
y = cos x
easy. As you increase the n ­ umber 2 4 6 x
–1
of strips, the accuracy of the
5 (i) 458 m
1.303 ­approximation increases.
(ii) Trapezium rule
f ( x ) = ln x − cos x approximates curve with
f (1.3025) = −0.0008… < 0 Discussion point (page 312) straight lines, values are
f (1.3035) = 0.0009… > 0 If there is a turning point then not given to a very high
Sign change and continuity, the rectangle using the smaller y degree of accuracy.
therefore the root is in the value may not lie entirely below 6 (i) x y
interval [1.3025, 1.3035] the curve, and the top of the 0 1
and is therefore 1.303 rectangle using the bigger y value 0.2 0.9615
­correct to 3 d.p. may not be entirely above the 0.4 0.8621
curve, making your values 0.6 0.7353
9 (i) One point of intersection 0.8 0.6098
y
unreliable as bounds. 1 0.5
y = ex
4 Rectangle using smaller y value:
3
(ii) Upper bound is 0.8337
y
2
Lower bound is 0.7337
4
y= x (iii) 0.8 to 1 d.p.
1
yr + 1
(iv) Increase the number of
–3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 x yr
–1 rectangular strips
xr h xr + 1 x
–2 7 (i) 0.229 383 0
–3 Rectangle using bigger y value: (ii) 2.3 ln 2.3 − 2 ln 2 − 0.3,
y=
4
–4 y 0.0059%
x
8 Trapezium rule with 8 strips
yr gives 0.3749, sum of
8 rectangles below the
yr + 1 curve gives 0.3667, so the
xr h xr + 1 x
area is 0.37 to 2 d.p.
As you increase the number 9 (i) Approx 15 strips, the
of strips, the accuracy of the area is 0.683.
approximation increases. (ii) Approx 15 strips, the
area is 0.683.

562
 
Multiple choice 4 (i) O D = v + 13 u; (v) f(2.085) = −0.106…,
 f(2.095) = 0.005…,
questions (
   O E = 43 v + 13 u ) change of sign so root
2           = 43 v + 41 u; lies in interval
1 B y = 2( x − 1) 
  C E = −v + 43 v + 41 u [2.085, 2.095] and

Answers

2 C − i − 52 j − 21 k root is 2.09 to 2 d.p. [2]
           = 41 u − 41 v[3] 8 (i) A is when t = −2,
3 C x = 4 xx− 2 
(ii) C A = u − v, so x = −3, y = 0; B is
4 A [0.9005, 0.9015]   when t = 2, x = 5,
C E = 41 C A and E must
y = 8. [4]
­therefore lie on AC
Practice questions 3
dy
dy
(as CE is in the same (ii) = ddxt = 2 + 2t .[2]
direction as CA). [2] dx 2
(page 319) dt
5 (i) f ′(x) = 8 cos 2x − 3x [1] 2 dy
= 0 when
dm = k 4 sin 2xn − xn3 dx
1 [1]
dt m xn+1 = xn − [1] 2 + 2t = 0 ⇒ t = −1[1]
8cos 2xn − 3xn2
When t = 0, m = 9, and when t = −1, x = −1,
x0 = 1, 1.416 67,
dm k y = −1, so turning
= 10, so 10 = 1.297 23, 1.288 64,
dt 3 point is (−1, −1).[2]
dm = 30 1.288 59, so
⇒ k = 30, so .[2] x = 1.29 (3 s.f.) [2] (iii) t = x − 1
dt m 2
2 F1 + F2 + F3 =
(ii) f(1.285) = 0.042…,
f(1.295) = −0.0755…
   ⇒ y = 2 × 2 + 2
x −1
( )
x −1 2
(2ai + 3bj) + (−bi + aj) + and change of sign       = x − 1 + 41x2 − 21x + 41
(10i − 2j) = means root is correct
(2a − b + 10)i + (3b + a − 2)j     = 41 x2 + 21 x − 43 [3]
to 3 s.f. [1]
= 0 [1] 6 (i) Interval is [−1.5, −1,4] as 9 (i)
⇒ 2a − b = −10, a + 3b = 2 3d v
⇒ b = 2, a = −4[3]
f(−1.5) = −1.593 75 < 0
and f(−1.4) = 0.421 76 > 0.
∫ v(v − 3) = − ∫ kt dt [1]
[2]
3 = A+ B
 −2        v( v − 3) v v−3
   (ii) Using list function or
3 (i) AB =  1 ;    ⇒ 3 = A(v − 3) + Bv
­otherwise:
 −1         v = 0 ⇒ 3 = −3A,
  f(−1.43) = −0.119 71,
    so A = −1
 2 f(−1.42) = 0.066 466,
   v = 3 ⇒ 3 = 3B,
   so root lies in
A C =  −2  ;     so B = 1
[−1.43, −1.42].[2] 3 1 1
−6  so v(v − 3) = v − 3 − v [3]
  (iii) f(−1.425) = −0.0259,
or interval to 3 d.p. is
 4 3d v 1 1
   [−1.424, −1.423] ⇒ ∫ v(v − 3) = ∫  v − 3 − v  d v = ln(v − 3) − lnv

BC = −3 [2] so root is closer to
−5 3d v =  1           1
  ∫ v(v − 3) [2]
−1.42, to 2 d.p. ∫  v − 3 − v  d v = ln(v − 3) − lnv [1]
7 (i) x = 21 (x3 − 5), so a = 0.5

and b = −2.5[1] so ln(v − 3) − lnv = −kt + c
(ii)
AB = ( −2)2 + 12 + ( −1)2 = 6; (ii) x1 = −2, x2 = −6.5, ⇒ v − 3 = e −kt +c = A e −kt [2]
v
AC = (2) + ( −2) + ( −6) =
2 2 2
44; x3 = −139.8125.[1] when t = 0, v = 10 ⇒ A = 0.7[1]
Divergent[1] ⇒ 1 − 3 = 0.7e−kt
BC = 4 2 + ( −3)2 + ( −5)2 = 50, v
(iii) x = 3√(2x + 5),
⇒ v3 = 1 − 0.7e−kt
so AB2 + AC2 = 6 + 44 = 50 so c = 2 and d = 5. [1] 3
= BC2, and by Pythagoras’ (iv) x1 = 1.912 931 183, ⇒v = as required. [2]
1 − 0.7e −kt
theorem triangle ABC is x2 = 2.066 580 768, (ii) As t → ∞, e−kt → 0, so
right angled. [3] x3 = 2.090 292 423. [2] v → 3, and terminal
velocity is 3 m s−1[2]

563
 Review: Working medals. This is 81.6% of
the 207 countries.
with data D UNCERTAIN. The
information is not
Discussion point (page 325) provided to draw this
Answers

The same They are illustrating the same data conclusion. It was in
Different Labels fact false with several
Frequency chart The vertical scale is labelled ‘Frequency’ large countries, e.g.
Histogram The vertical scale is labelled ‘Frequency India, Pakistan and
density’ Nigeria, getting no
Scales on the vertical axes gold medals but that
Frequency chart The vertical scale is the frequency information was not
Histogram The vertical scale is such that the areas given.
of the bars represent frequency. E TRUE. 1.49 + 2 × 4.79
Class intervals = 11.07 so countries
Frequency chart The class intervals are all the same, with 12 or more medals
10 seconds are identified as outliers.
Histogram The class intervals are not all the F FALSE. It is true that
same; some are 10 seconds but one is the mode is 0 but the
50 seconds. midrange is
0 + 46 = 23
Discussion point (page 327)
2 and not 0.
3 (i) 1.623 m and 0.152 m
8 (ii) 31.7° C and 0.61° C So the combined
Sxx = 8, s 2 = = 0.888…,
9
4 Positively skewed statement is false.
0.888… = 0.943 ( 3 d.p.)
(i)
s = 6 (ii) (a) 5%
(ii) Median = 0, Q1 = 0,
Q3 = 1 (b) 12%
Exercise R.1 (page 328) (c) About 11%
(iii) Since the lower quartile
1 R.8 and median are both (iii) The distribution is
2 (i) The mean per capita negatively skewed.You
zero you can’t draw the
GDP is much higher in box properly and there would expect this as
Western Europe than it is no whisker on the left. babies can arrive very
is in Eastern Europe. (iv) The large frequency early but if a baby is
(ii) (a) 41 000 US$
for 0 gold medals means getting long overdue it is
(b) 8000 US$
that this group dominates common for the birth to
(iii) (a) Both 30 000 to
displays such as vertical be induced.
40 000 US$ and line charts and stem and (iv) The label ‘births’ means
40 000 to 50 000 US$ leaf diagrams, making it their frequency.The unit
(b) 20 000 to 30 000 US$
difficult to see the details. on the horizontal scale
(c) 20 000 to 30 000 US$
5 A FALSE. 309 medals is 1 day so ‘per day’ is
(iv) Modal group
were awarded and the same as ‘per unit’ or
(v) Western Europe
between them the top ‘density’.
39 000 US$ Eastern 4 countries won 118 of 7 (i) 4.79
Europe 16 000 US$ them, so less than half. (ii)
(vi) (a) 15 941 US$
B TRUE. There were ∑ ( x − x )2 =∑ (x − 2xx + x )
2 2

(b) They do not take

the sizes of the
309 medals and 207 = ∑ x − 2∑ ( xx ) + ∑ x
2 2

countries, giving a mean

populations of the 309 = 1.492… = 1.5 = ∑ x − 2x ∑ x + nx
2 2

various countries of
207
into account. = ∑ x − 2x × (nx ) + nx
2 2
to 1 d.p.
Weighted means C TRUE. 148 + 21 = 169 = ∑ x − 2nx + nx
2 2 2

would be better. countries got 0 or 1 gold

(vii) 19th or 20th = ∑ x − nx
2 2
 
564
 (iii) If
you are working by important, e.g. age, and Chapter 15
hand and the mean, x, classify the data for it. Then
has several decimal he should write down some Opening activity (page 334)
places, working out the possible stratified samples. (i) A civil case between two
individual deviations can He should then classify the parties is decided on the

Answers
be tedious. So in such data in his other chosen ‘balance of probabilities’.
cases it is easier to use fields and see in which of (ii) In a criminal case there is an
the ∑ x 2 − nx 2 form. the possible samples those assumption that the accused
8 Cleaning involves looking strata are as well represented is innocent and must be
through a data set to check as possible, given the small proved guilty ‘beyond
for the following: size of the sample he is reasonable doubt’, i.e. with
selecting. Note that a a very high probability.
Outliers: Example – Bob
random sample may not
Roberts’s age is given as 138 Review exercise (page 337)
turn out to be all that
Errors: Example – Debbie representative when, like 1 (i) 2
Lane’s distance from home 6
this, the size is small. So, in
is 75 km this case, a stratified sample (ii) 3
6
Missing entries: Example – is preferable. (iii) 1
6
the time of Simon Sefton’s 11 With the exception of
people’s names, all the fields (iv) 1
accident is missing (v) 0
could be relevant to this
Format: Example – use of comparison, some more 2 (i) True
12 hour and 24 hour clock obviously so than others. So (ii) False. There are two
for times of accidents the first thing is to decide ways of selecting those
9 Averages could be calculated which fields you are two cards: first 7♦, then
for age, distance from home; going to use. Then, starting 8♥ or first 8♥ then 7♦.
nights in hospital and with the most important Each has a probability
possibly time of accident. field, divide the data for 1 × 1 = 1
of 52 51 2652
It would be best to look each field into two subsets: so the overall probability
at the distributions before younger cyclists and
deciding which average. The 1 = 2 .
is 2 × 2652
older cyclists. Compare 2652
other fields are categorical their total frequencies and (iii) True
(including the number of their distributions. This (iv) False. There are 4 fours
the police officer reporting comparison may show there and 13 hearts but the
the accident), and so no are no differences, which 4♥ is repeated. So
average is appropriate. is interesting because it the total number is
However for some of these suggests that both groups 4 + 13 − 1 = 16 and the
the modal class may be may be equally at risk. probability is 16 .
52
helpful, for example, the On the other hand, the
day of the week. (v) False. The probability
comparison may show up that the first card is a
10 Robin would want his case differences and that too
studies to be as representative is interesting. It suggests spade is 13 = 1 but
52 4
as possible so he should respects in which one for the second card
look for different groups, group is more at risk than there would be only
or strata within the data. the other. This in turn could 12 spades left out of
Obvious fields are: age, lead to intervention policies 51 cards and 12 ≠ 41 .
cause and injuries. Next to reduce the risk. 51
he should decide which of (vi) True.
these he thinks is the most

565
 3 0.9 Discussion point (page 342) (iii) 0.4998
4 0.42 It seems unrealistic to think that 3 0.12 car stolen
5 0.28 any witness would select someone break-in
6 (i) x = 3, y = 14, z = 11 in an identity parade entirely at 0.07 car not
0.88
stolen
(ii) 17 , 25 , 28 , 14 random, let alone all four doing
Answers

30 30 30 30
so. It is also unlikely that any
(iii) 28 + 14 = 42
court would convict someone on 0.93
0.12 car stolen
30 30 30
17 25 no
= 30
+ 30
the evidence of only one out of break-in
car not
four witnesses. 0.88
Since P(B ∩ F ) ≠ 0
(iv) stolen
both B and F can occur. However, this example raises an (i) 0.0084
There are nights when important statistical idea about (ii) 0.1732
both badgers and foxes how we make judgements and (iii) 0.1816
visit the garden. decisions.
4 (i)
7 0.57 Judgements are usually made
8 0.6 under conditions of uncertainty 1
1
12 correct
correct
9 (i)
and involve us in having to
12
11 wrong
%(85) correct 12
weigh up the plausibility of 1 1
12
C H 12
11 wrong
correct
one explanation against that of 12
11 wrong
another. Statistical judgements 12
9 13 42 1
are usually made on such a basis. 1 12 correct
correct
We choose one explanation if we 11
12
12
11 wrong
wrong 12
21
judge the alternative explanation 1
12 correct
to be sufficiently unlikely, that 11
12 wrong
wrong
11
(ii) (a) 64 = 0.753 is, if the probability of its being 12
85
true is sufficiently small. Exactly (ii) (a) 0.00058
(b) 13 = 0.153 how small this probability has to
85 (b) 0.77
(iii) 64 = 22 + 55 − 13 be will depend on the individual (c) 0.020
85 85 85 85
circumstances and is called the (iii) (a) 0.0052
(iv) 21 64
= 1 − 85
85 significance level. (b) 0.52
(v) 30% of those not Somebody on trial is assumed (c) 0.094
wearing helmets suffered innocent until shown to be 5 0.93
from concussion guilty beyond reasonable doubt; 6 (i) 0.2436
compared with reasonable doubt must mean a (ii) 0.7564
24% of those wearing very small probability that the (iii) 0.2308
helmets. person is innocent. (iv) 0.4308
7 (i) 0.0741
You would expect lower
Exercise 15.1 (page 343) (ii) 0.5787
concussion rates among (iii) 0.5556
those wearing helmets 1 0.4
8 For a sequence of events you
and this is what the 2 0.51 boy
multiply the probabilities.
data indicate. However boy However, 61 × 61 × 61 × 61 ×
the actual percentages, 0.51
0.49 girl 1 × 1 gives the probability
30% and 24%, are too 6 6
of six 6s in six throws. To
close for it to be safe to find the probability of at
draw any conclusions 0.51 boy
0.49 least one 6 you need
on statistical grounds, girl
1 – P(No 6s) and that is
particularly given the 0.49 girl
1 – 65 × 65 × 65 × 65 × 65 × 65
small number of cyclists (i) 0.2401
involved. (ii) 0.5002

566
 = 0.665. (vii) 0.028 (iv) 5
6
9 0.5833 (viii) 0.0022
7 (i)
10 0.31 (ix) 0.000 95
ε
11 (i) 0.1667 (x) 0.48 (90)
J M
(ii) 0.1389 2 (i) (a) 0.031

Answers
10 5 28
(iii) 0.1157 (b) 0.078
5
(iv) 0.5787 (c) 0.043 3 6
29
12 (i) (d) 0.061
4
24
44 H (e) 0.000 86 LH

44 M (f) 0.11
88
(g) 0.014 Key:
20 H′
44 J = juniors
(ii) Those sentences for M = males
9 motoring offences LH = left-handed players
44 H
44
would probably have
88 M′ (ii) (a) 41
35 H′
shorter sentences than
44 others so are likely to (b) 1
6
(ii) (a) 24 represent less than 1.5% (c) 28
88 45
of the prison population
55 4
(b)
88 at any time. (d)
5
(iii) H 3 (i) 35 (e) 19
H ′ Total 100 24
M 24 20 44 (ii) 42 (f) 10
100 39
M ′ 9 35 44
(iii) 15 8 (i)
Total 33 55 88 65

M F
4 (i) 1
(iv) The probability of being 6
13
kept in hospital after an (ii) 5
12 41 H
accident involving a
24 (iii) 2
motor vehicle, 44 , is 5
15 13
greater than that after an 5 (i) 30
accident not involving a (ii) 7 (ii) (a) 26
40 82
9
motor vehicle, 44 . 54
(iii) 7
10
(b)
82
13
(iv) 7 (c) 54
Discussion point (page 347) 15
13 = 1
109 6 (d) 26
P(T | S) = 169
= 0.645 (i) 2

43 Hunter Hunter Total (iii) Robin might say, ‘Our

P(T | S ′) = 87 = 0.494 dies lives figures suggest that
So P(T | S) ≠ P(T | S ′) Quark 1 5 1 males are more likely to
dies 12 12 2
be wearing a helmet
Quark 2 1 1 than females. Using them
Exercise 15.2 (page 350) 12 3 2
lives we estimate that
1 (i) 0.6
1 3 the probability that
(ii) 0.556 4 4 1
someone is wearing a
(iii) 0.625
(ii) 1
helmet given that the
(iv) 0.047 12 person is male,
(v) 0.321 (iii) 5 41 = 0.73, and the
12
(vi) 0.075 56
probability that someone
is wearing a helmet
given that the person is
female, 13
26
= 0.5.’

567
 Chapter 16 argued that lateness is Exercise 16.1 (page 360)
more likely on certain 1 0.22
Opening activity (page 353) days of the week, for 2 (i) r P(X = r)
For accurate estimates you must various reasons). The 1
2 36
leave your thought experiment second is more dubious;
Answers

2
3 36
behind and go out and collect if a train is late on one 3
4
some real data. day it may be due to 36
4
5
a cause which is also 36
5
Review exercise (page 354) present the next day, 6 36
6
1 (i) X ~ B(100, 0.25) such as bad weather, 7 36
5
(ii) 25 (given by np) engineering works, 8 36
(iii) 0.049 track problems, etc. 9
4
36
(iv) 0.149 7 (i) (a) 0.016 59 10 3
36

B(7, 61 ) where p is the (b) 0.003 69 2

2 (i) 11 36
(c) 0.000 39 12 1
probability of scoring a 6 (d) 0.020 67
36

C 7 ( 61 ) ( 65 ) The distribution is
7 0
(ii) = (ii) If 70% of this age group (ii)
7
are wearing helmets, then symmetrical.
0.000 003 57 P(X = r)
the probability of 20 or 0.18
(iii) 280 000 0.16
more out of a sample of
3 (i) (a) 0.282 0.14
22 wearing helmets is 0.12
(b) 0.526 0.1
given by the answer to
(ii) 75 0.08
part (i)(d); it is 0.020 67. 0.06
(iii) 0.049 0.04
This is indeed small so it
(iv) They may well be 0.02
is very likely that the true 0
related and so their 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 r
figure is greater than 70%.
characteristics (i.e. the
5
(iii) (a) 18
However, it is not certain,
colour of their spots) 1
as the organiser claims. (b) 2
may not be independent.
(iii) 70.4% for the 15 to 2
4 (i) (a) 20 (c) 3
29 group and 44% for
(b) 0.3 3 (i) 20
1
those over 29. These
(c) 0.7 (ii) Uniform distribution
lower figures suggest
(ii) It is 1 − 0.952 = 0.048, (iii) 0.5
that the campaign
so 4.8% 4 (i)
is influencing the
(iii) a = 3 r 0 1 2 3 4 5
behaviour of young
5 P(X < 11) = 0.697 P(Y = r) 18
3 5 4 3 2 1
people, particularly 18 18 18 18 18
6 (i) 0.392
children, but is not very (ii) The distribution has
(ii) 0.556
effective with older positive skew.
(iii) 3 P(Y = r)
people. However, they
(iv) It must be assumed that 0.3
are based on the small 0.25
the probability of the
numbers of cyclists 0.2
train being late is the 0.15
involved in accidents so
same on each day, and 0.1
can only be estimates 0.05
that whether or not 0
of the overall figures in 0 1 2 3 4 5 r
the train is late in one
Avonford, where the
2
day does not influence (iii) (a)
3
campaign has been held.
whether or not it is late 1
(b)
on another day. The first 2
Discussion point (page 358) 5 (i) k = 0.4
assumption may not
be unreasonable for a The scores on a fair six-sided r 2 4 6 8
P(X = r) 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4
particular time of the dice. The outcomes on a spinner
(ii) (a) 0.3
year (but it might be with equal sectors, labelled
(b) 0.35
differently.
568
6 k= 20 27 (v) p is the probability
(i) 49 (iii)  P(X < 3) = 216
,
P(X = r) 19
that someone who
0.45 P(X = 3) = ; is at hospital in the
216
0.4 64 daytime will be detained
0.35 P(X < 4) = 216 ,
overnight, and (1 − p)

Answers
0.3
0.25
P(X = 4) = 37 ; is the probability that
216
0.2
P(X < 5) = 125
, the person will be
0.15 216 discharged.
0.1
P(X = 5) = 61 ; So if there are N people
0.05 216
0 P(X < 6) = 1, at hospital on one day,
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 r
91 N(1 − p) of them will
P(X = 6) =
(ii) 0.248 (to 3 s.f.) 216 be discharged and Np
7 (i) r 0 1 2 3 (iv) The distribution has of them will be kept
1 3 3 1
P(X = r) negative skew.
8 8 8 8 in overnight. So at
P(X = r) the start of the next
(ii) The distribution is 0.45
symmetrical. 0.4 day Np of the people
P(X = r) 0.35 will be in hospital. Of
0.4 0.3
these Np(1 − p) will be
0.35 0.25
0.3 0.2 discharged and Np2 will
0.25
0.15 be kept for a further
0.1 night, and so on. The
0.2
0.05
0.15 0 initial value of N is the
0.1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 r
number of people in the
0.05 11 (i) 2
8 sample, in this case 92.
3 R
0 9 R
0 1 2 3 r B
R
6
8 Discussion point (page 368)
1 4 3
(iii) 2 10
6 B
8 R
In both cases the vertical scale
9 5 B
(iv) No. Could get 2H, 2T 8 is frequency density and so the
8 (i) 4
3
8 R
area under the graph represents
R
r 1 2 3 4 6 8 9 12 16 6
10
9
5 B frequency.
B 8
1 2 2 3 2 2 1 2 1 4
P(X = r) 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 5 B
8 R Discussion point (page 373)
9 4 B
1 Some people may have refused
8
(ii)
4 (ii) r to answer and those planning to
0 1 2 3
9 (i) a = 0.42 1
2
3 1 1
P(X = r) 6
10 30 vote Labour may have been more
1
(ii) k = likely to do that. The sampling
35 12 (i)
(iii) Since the probability may have been concentrated at
No
distributions look quite Nights 0 1 2 3 4 5 >5 data a time of day when non-Labour
different, the model is Frequency 58 23 5 2 0 2 2 1 voters were more likely to be
not a good one. there. Also, although it's very
(ii)
P(X = r) unlikely, it is
1 still=possible to get
0.45 Sum = (1 − p ) (1 + p + p 2 + ...) = (1that
− p )result
× from 1
0.4 (1 − p ) a random sample.
0.35 Sum = (1 − p ) (1 + p + p 2 + ...) = (1 − p ) × 1 =1
0.3   (1 − p )
0.25 Exercise 16.2 (page 374)
(iii)
0.2 1 (i) 0.631
0.15 Nights 0 1 2 3 4 5 >5
0.1
(ii) 0.252
Frequency 59.8 20.9 7.3 2.6 0.9 0.3 0.2
0.05 (iii) 0.117
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 r (iv) They are a good match, 2 (i) 0.8413
1 but the real data have (ii) 0.0228
10 (i) P(X = 1) =
216 more high values, (iii) 0.1359
(ii) P(X < 2) = 8 including the two 3 N (5.349, 4.825)
216
outliers, 8 and 40.
569
 4 (i) 0.0668 (iii) P(0 or 1 defective mug) =
(ii) 0.6915 Age, a years Frequency density 0.0692; Accept H0 since
(iii) 0.2417 0 < a < 10 0.836 0.0692 > 5%
5 (i) 0.0668
10 < a < 20 1.363 It is not reasonable
(ii) 0.1587
Answers

to assume that the

(iii) 0.7745 20 < a < 30 1.743
proportion of defective
6 (i) 78.9%
30 < a < 40 1.743 mugs has been reduced.
(ii) 0.5
(iv) Opposite conclusion
7 (i) 106 40 < a < 50 1.363
since 0.0692 > 10%
(ii) 75 and 125
50 < a < 70 0.618 2 (i) Let p = P(business
(iii) 39 or 40
70 < a < 90 0.098 operates no smoking
8 (i) 0.246
policy) H0: p = 0.7,
(ii) 0.0796
(iv) It would represent H1: p < 0.7
(iii) 0.0179
8.36 + 13.63 + 17.43 (ii) k < 10
(iv) The Normal distribution
+ 17.43 + 13.63 + 12.37 (iii) k < 1
is used for continuous
+ 1.96 = 84.81. (iv) For 19 businesses,
data and so covers
The left hand tail of the P(H0 rejected) = 0.1855
non-integer values that
Normal distribution For 4 businesses,
have to be rounded to
(i.e. the part for negative P(H0 rejected) = 0.1265
find the nearest integer
ages) has been excluded.
values of the binomial The 19 business test is
(v) It would give a partial
distribution. preferable because it gives
explanation. However, a
9 (i) 0.0038
a greater probability of
Normal population with
(ii) 0.5
rejecting H0 when it
mode in the 60s would
(iii) 0.495
should be rejected.
inevitably be quite small.
10 (i) 31, 1.98
3 (i) 0.430
Taking it away from the
(ii) 2.0, 13.5, 34.4, 34.4,
(ii) 0.9619
main population would
13.5, 2.0 (iii) 0.0046
still leave a positive skew.
(iii) More data would need
(iv) H0: p = 0.9,H1: p < 0.9
to be taken to say reliably (v) n = 17;
that the weights are Chapter 17 P(X < 13) = 0.0826 > 5%;
Normally distributed. not sufficient evidence
11 (i) 0.309 Opening activity (page 378) to reject H0.
(ii) 0.383
Medicines are only licensed after (vi) Critical region is
(iii) 7 881 daffodils
undergoing extensive trials sup- X < 12, since
12 (i) (a) 0.315
ported by rigorous statistical tests. P(X < 12) = 0.0221
(b) 0.307
4 (i) (a) 0.0278
(ii) Assuming the answer to Review exercise (page 382)
(b) 0.0384
part (i)(b) is correct, there 1 (i) 2; 1.195 (ii) Let p = P(blackbird
is a 7.6% error. Worse. (ii) P(2 defectives in 10) = is male) H0: p = 0.5,
(iii) 0.5245 0.302; in 50 samples H1: p > 0.5
13 (i) The areas of the bars of 10, the expected (iii) Result is significant at
give the numbers of number of samples with the 5% significance level.
people they represent. two defectives is 15.1 Critical region is X > 12.
14 + 25 + 16 + 10 + 6 which agrees well with (iv) You would be more
+ 19 + 1 = 91. the observed 15 reluctant to accept H1.
(ii) It is not symmetrical (iii) H0: P(mug defective) =
Although H0 is still
(positively skewed). It is 0.2; H1: p = 0.5, the sampling
bimodal. P(mug defective) < 0.2; method is likely to give
n = 20 a non-random sample.

570
5 0.0991
(i) (a) 1-tail test, using (iv) Z = 2.25, significant
0.1391
(b) binomial B(20, 0.5) (v) Z = −2.17, significant
p = P(seed
(ii) Let Significance level 10% 3 (i) 0.3085
germinates)
The p-value for the (ii) 0.0062

H0: p = 0.8, observed number of (iii) H0: m = 4.00 g,

Answers

H1: p > 0.8, since a boys is P(X > 13), H1: m > 4.00 g
higher germination where X ∼ B(20, 0.5) z = 3, significant
4 (i) H0: m = 72.7 g,
rate is suspected. and this is 0.1316.
(iii) Critical region is
H1: m ≠ 72.7 g;
Since 0.1316 > 0.10, the
X > 17, since Two-tail test.
result is not significant.
(ii) z = 1.84, not significant
P(X > 17) = 0.0991 < 10% but H0 is accepted.
(iii) No, significant
The data do not provide 5 (i) H0: m = 23.9°,
P(X > 16) = 0.2713 > 10%.
sufficient evidence to H1: m > 23.9°
(iv) (a) When p = 0.8 he
support Sally's conjecture. (ii) z = 1.29, significant
reaches the wrong
(ii) Overall 66% of the (iii) 4.54; this is much greater
conclusion if he
accidents are males. than 2.3 so the ecologist
rejects H0, i.e. if
Among the under-13s should be asking ­whether
X > 17, with
the figure is 65%. This the temperature has
probability 0.0991.
suggests that this age ­become more variable.
(b) When p = 0.82 he
group are no different 6 (i) You must assume it has
reaches the wrong
in this respect from a Normal distribution.
conclusion if he fails
people of all ages. (ii) H0: m = 470 days,
to reject H0, i.e. if
(iii) The data do not provide H1: m > 470 days
X < 16, with
evidence as to the cause (iii) z = 3.02, significant
probability
of the disparity. Further (iv) More time to produce
1 − 0.1391 = 0.8609.
data, directly related to offspring
6 (i) 0.0417
the suggestions, would 7 (i) You must assume that
(ii) 0.0592
need to be collected to the speeds are Normally
(iii) 0.0833
establish to what extent distributed.
(iv) 0.1184
they are valid. (ii) H0: m = 80 mph,
(v) Let p = P(man selected)
H0: p = 0.5, H1: p ≠ 0.5 H1: m ≠ 80 mph
Activity 17.1 (page 388) z = 2.28, significant
P(X < 4 or X > 11) =
0.1184 > 5% 1-tail 2-tail (iii) Yes: z = 1.33, not
There is not sufficient 10% 1.282 1.645 significant
evidence to reject H0, so it 5% 1.645 1.960 8 (i) You must assume that
is reasonable to suppose that 1
the visibilities are
22% 1.960 2.240 Normally distributed.
the process is satisfactory.
(vi) 4 < w < 11 1% 2.320 2.576 (ii) H0: m = 14 sea miles,
7 (i) Let p be the proportion H1: m < 14 sea miles
of those in this age (iii) z = −2.284, significant
Exercise 17.1 (page 391) (iv) Choosing 36 consecutive
group having accidents
1 Either he wants to test days to collect data is
who are boys.
whether the mass of the hens not a good ideas because
H0: p = 0.5  Boys and of that type has increased, or weather patterns will
girls of this age group he wants to test whether the ensure that the data
are equally likely to mass of the hens of that type are not independent.
have cycling accidents has decreased. A better sampling
H1: p > 0.5  Boys are 2 (i) Z = 1.53, not significant procedure would be to
more likely than girls to (ii) Z = −2.37, significant choose every tenth day.
have accidents. (iii) Z = 1.57, not significant In this way the effects of

571
 weather patterns over the (iv) The number in the Similarly 10 can be replaced by
year would be eliminated. Avonford data set is 92. y . The number of points is n.
9 (i) 998.6, 7.055 Standard deviation =
The root mean squared
(ii) H0: m = 1000, 92 × 75 × 72 = 4.333, deviation of x is given by
H1: m < 1000
mean = ∑(x − x)
Answers

2
(iii) z = −1.59, not
rmsd =
i

significant 92 × 75 = 65.714 n
10 H0: m = 0, H1: m ≠ 0; Using continuity and similarly for y.
z = 0.98, correction So the calculation becomes
not significant 71.5 − 65.714 = 1.3352 ∑ ( xi − x )( yi − y )  ∑ ( xi − x )2
11 (i) 16.2, 5.231
z =
4.333 ÷ ×
∑(y i−
(ii) H0: m = 15, H1: m > 15 F(1.335) = 0.9090 n  n n

(iii) z = 1.986, not
( )( )  ( ) ( yi − y ) 
∑ i
= − ∑ ∑
2 2
Probability 1
x − 0.9090
x y − y x − x
÷ 
i i
significant        = 0.0910 ×
n  n n 
12 (i) 1.977, 0.132 5    
(v) H : p = 7
(ii) H0: m = 2, H1: m < 2 0
 yi − y ) 
( x − xH)(:yp −> y7) ÷  ∑ ( x
∑ − x) ∑ (
2 2
(iii) z = −1.68, not 5
i
1
i i
× 
significant n1-tail test at 5%
 n n 
13 (i) 104.7, 3.019    
significance level
(ii) H0: m = 105, Since 0.0910 > 0.05, The n cancels out and so this
H1: m ≠ 105 the null hypothesis is becomes
(ii) z = −0.89, not accepted.
r =
∑ ( xi − x )( yi − y ) .
significant
14 (i) Probability = 7 ,
1
The evidence does not
∑ ( x i − x )2 × ∑ ( y i − y )2
suggest that accidents
Expectation = 13.143, are more common
Activity 17.4 (page 400)
the distribution is on weekdays than at
weekends. This can be done by calculator
uniform.
or by using the method in
(ii) At the 10%
Example 17.5.
significance level the Discussion point (page 394)
evidence suggests the A Negative correlation, Exercise 17.2 (page 403)
distribution is not providing both variables 1 (i) (a) Negative correlation
uniform, but at the are random (b) Countries with high
5%, 2.5% and 1% levels B Positive correlation, life expectancy tend
the evidence is not providing both variables to have low birth
strong enough for the are random rates.
hypothesis that the C Negative association (ii) (a) Positive association
distribution is uniform D Two distinct groups (b) Countries with high
to be rejected. showing neither correlation GDP per capita
So it is marginal nor association tend to have high
whether or not the life expectancy.
distribution is uniform. Activity 17.3 (page 396) (iii) (a) Negative association
(iii) Patterns of cycling are The calculation in the example (b) Countries with high
different. On weekdays followed these steps. GDP per capita
some people cycle to
Work out ∑ ( xi − 17 )( yi − 10 ). tend to have low
work, and students birth rates.
Then divide it by the number of
cycle to school or 2 (i) (a) Positive association
points. Then divide by the rmsd
college. At the weekend (b) Both variables are
for x and the rmsd for y.
people cycle more for random but the
leisure. In this 17 is the mean value of relationship is not
x so can be replaced by x. linear.

572
 (ii) (a) Positive association There may be other It is reasonable to think
(b) This is a time series explanations for the high that people cycle further
and so correlation divorce rates in some from home because they
is not appropriate countries and the low are older.
because the time rates in others. Perhaps It is not reasonable to

Answers
(in this case X) is Charlotte should collect think that people are
not random. some data herself to older because they cycle
(iii) (a) Neither highlight the dangers further from home.
(b) The two variables of drinking alcohol, e.g. (v) H0: There is no
are independent so wine consumption/liver association between the
there is neither disease. distance from home
correlation nor 7 (ii) H0: r = 0, H1: r > 0 at which people have
association. (iii) Accept H1 accidents and their ages.
(iv) (a) Positive correlation (iv) Giving more training H1: There is a positive
(b) Both variables are to employees does tend association between
random and the to keep staff with the the distance from
relationship is linear. company. home at which people
(v) (a) Neither 8 (ii) rs = 0.79, strong positive have accidents and
(b) X is controlled and association their ages.
so not random and 9 (i) 0.54 The p-value provides
the value of Y is (ii) 0.54 extremely strong
determined by it so (iii) They are the same evidence in favour
is not random either. because they use of the alternative
(vi) (a) Negative correlation alternative ways to hypothesis. There is
(b) Both variables are calculate this measure virtually no chance
random but the of association. of seeing data like
relationship is linear. 10 0.94 these unless there is
3 (i) Positive correlation 11 (i) 0.50 an association in the
(ii) x = 8, y = 6 (ii) −0.242 underlying population.
4 Sachin is not correct. The (iv) Apart from one outlier, (vi) The scatter diagram
data clearly belong to two (10, 12), the data show suggests that the
distinct groups and so it is negative correlation. data are not drawn
not appropriate to calculate Without knowing more from a bivariate
a correlation coefficient. In about the outlier it is Normal distribution;
fact there is no significant not possible to evaluate the departure from
correlation in either of the the two measures. Normality looks clear
two groups; if you work 12 (i) Outliers have been and considerable.
out the values of r, they are considered. Missing data Consequently, no useful
0.316 for x < 15 and −0.1 items have been excluded. interpretation can be
for x > 15. (ii) Both are random. made of the value of
5 (i) H0: r = 0, H1: r > 0 (iii) There are places where the product moment
(ii) Accept H1. The evidence several points lie on correlation coefficient.
suggest that there is straight horizontal lines Knowing the value
a positive correlation corresponding to whole of the pmcc can add
between performance in numbers of kilometres. nothing new to Robin's
the high jump and the Ages are rounded down understanding of the
long jump. to the nearest integer. situation.
6 (i) H0: r = 0, H1: r < 0 (iv) The independent
(ii) Accept H1 variable is Age and the
(iii) Correlation does dependent variable is
not imply causation. Distance from home.

573
 Multiple choice be that there are fewer
= 0.224
0.964 = 0.232 [3]
observers in August:
questions perhaps they are on 6 (i) 4 =  + 1.0364s and
38 holiday.[2] 2 =  − 0.8416s[2]
1 C 1 − 43 × 51
(iii) The rise and fall in the Solve:  = 2.90
18
Answers

2 B and s = 1.06 [2]

60 figures is consistent with
3 C 0.8849 an annual life cycle. (ii) H0:  = 3.2, where μ is
4 D P(79.5 < X < 90.5) However the low figures the population mean
are also consistent with yield for variety B
Practice questions: other hypotheses – for H1:  < 3.2 [2]
Statistics (page 410) example that slugs (iii) Sample mean is
hibernate in the winter – 3.06 kg. Critical ratio is
1 (i) Only 5 countries show 3.06 − 3.2 = −1.556
so it isn’t possible
a value over 50 minutes, 0.9 ÷ 100 [2]
to say. [2]
and 24 countries show Compare with
4 (i) Use X ~ B(10, 0.65) to
a value below. Of the z = −1.645[1]
find P(X > 5) = 0.751.[2]
two countries with the Accept H0; insufficient
(ii) H0: p = 0.65 where p
biggest populations, India reason to suppose his
is the probability of
is considerably above yield will be below 3.2.
choosing the quickest
50 minutes and China [1]
check-out when there
is just below. It isn’t (iv) Assumption: the SD is
are three available.
possible to be certain, still 0.9.This is the best
H1: p < 0.65  [2]
but the figure may be information available, but
(iii) P(X < 8) = 0.0060,
plausible, particularly if it the SD for the farmer’s
P(X < 9) = 0.020, so
is rounded. [2] crop could be different.[2]
k = 0, 1, 2, …,7. [3]
(ii) 50 minutes per day is (v) Assumption: the farmer’s
(iv) The first 20 visits might
about 304 hours per crop is a random sample
be sufficiently random if,
year. This is roughly (of typical conditions on
for example, they were
39 days of 7.8 hours, his land). If, for example,
at different times of day.
so 39 working days. [2] all the trial plants were
However, patterns of
2 It should say ‘in a Normal grown in the same
behaviour, by staff and
distribution (about) 95% of location this might be
customers, might be
the distribution is within untypical of the land
different immediately after
2 standard deviations of the as whole. In that case
2 opening a third check-
mean’ (or about 3 within out. Also, it is possible that the mean yield is not a
1 standard deviation). [1] the person asking the reliable estimate. [2]
Replace 2s with 4s (or question is still learning in 7 (i) k ( 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 ) = 1,
1 1 1 1
change the percentage) in the first 20 trials. [2] 60 = 12 .[2]
the diagram. [1] so k = 125
5 (i) (a) 0.4 × 0.7 × 0.2 25
3 (i) There may be fewer + 0.4 × 0.3 × 0.8 (ii) Vertical line chart. [1]
slugs to be seen in the + 0.6 × 0.7 × 0.8 (iii) P ( X 1 = X 2 ) = k ( 1 + 1 + 1 + 1
) = 125
41
2
1 4 9 16
winter months. There = 0.488 [2]
may be fewer observers
P X 1 = X 2 ) = k ( 1 + 4 + 9 + 16 ) = 125 [2]
(b) 1 − 0.6 × 0.3 ×( 0.2
2 1 1 1 1 41

looking for slugs in the = 0.964 [2]
P ( X 1 < X 2 ) = 21 (1 − 125 ) 125
41 = 42
winter months.  [2] (ii) P(successful on all 3)
2( 125 )
(ii) 93 (in month 8) is an = 0.4 × 0.7 × 0.8 = P0.224( X 1 < X 2 ) =   1 1 − 41 = 42
125 [2]
anomalous dip. It could P(successful on all 3 |
be just randomness in the successful on at least 1)
sampling. Or, noting that P(successful on all 3 ∩ successful on at least 1)
the other observations in = P(successful on at least 1)
month 8 are low, it could

574
8 (i) Mean wing lengths differ Chapter 18 (0, 0); (2, 8); (8, 16);
by about 2 SDs; mean (18, 24); (32, 32)
weights differ by about Review exercise (page 422) (iii) 8j; 4i + 8j; 8i + 8j;
1 12i + 8j; 16i + 8j
4
of an SD. So there is 1 (i) v
much more overlap of (iv) 21.5 m s−1

Answers
weights than there is 25 −4  0 
2 v  =   ;  a  =   
of wing lengths. So the −5  0 
10
comment is correct. [3]
3 4.47 m s−2;  −153°
(ii) Females’ weights will
O 30 t 1 t 2 i  +   1 t 3 j
vary according to 4 (i)
20 30
whether or not they have (ii) 30 s
recently laid eggs. Males’ (iii) 2275 m (ii) 5i + 33 13 j
weights will not have this (iv) v = 10 + 0.5t; 0 < t < 30
element of variation. [1] v = 25; t > 30 5 v   =  2t 2 i   +  ( 6t − t 2 ) j;
2 (i) 3 m s−1
(iii) The vertical ‘striping’ in r = 23 t 3 i + ( 3t 2 − 13 t 3 ) j
the data corresponds to (ii) 2.25 m s−1  
the wing lengths being 3 (i) 200 m 6 15.3°
recorded to the nearest (ii) 30 s 7 8.11 m s−1
millimetre.[1] (iii) 150 m 8 (i) initial velocity =
(iv) The data cloud looks 4 (i) 1.875 m s−2
initial velocity = 3.54 i − 3.54 j
broadly elliptical. So it is (ii) 14.6 m s−1 (ii) v   =  8.54 i + 11.46 j ;
appropriate to carry out 5 (i) 3 m s−1
r   =  52.0i + 14.6 j

the standard test on the (ii) 50 m
(iii) 9.6 m s−2
 15 
pmcc.[2] 9 (i) v  =  ;
(v) There is almost no chance (iv) 35 m 16 − 10t 
(probability less than 1 (v) 5.25 m  0
in 106) that so strong a 6 78.4 m a =  
 −10
correlation would be 7 (i) 4.11 s
(ii) 1.6 s
obtained in a sample of (ii) −20.2 m s−1
(iii) 22.8 m s−1
this size if there were no 8 16 s
(iv) y   =  2 +   16 x − 1 x2
underlying correlation in 9 (i) 3.5 m s−1, −3 m s−2 15 45
10 (i)
the population. [2] (ii) 21 13 m
position (metres)

(vi) It seems very likely

10 (i) v = 3t2 − 8t + 6;
that there would be 2
s = t3 − 4t2 + 6t + 4
strong evidence for a
(ii) v = −10t + 12; 0
correlation in the male 0 4 8 12 16
s = −5t2 + 12t − 2
blackbirds too. However, t (seconds)
it is not certain. [1] Discussion point (page 426)
(0, 2); (4, 2); (8, 1.6);
It would not have been (12, 0.8); (16, −0.4)
y = 0 when t = 2.4 and then the
sensible to work with projectile hits the ground. (ii) v   =  20 i + (1 − 10t ) j;20 i − j
males and females as a
v   =  20i + (1 − 10t ) j;20i − j
single sample. Combining Exercise 18.1 (page 433)
two separate samples can (iii) −10j
1 (i) v   =  4t i  +  8 j (iv) y   =  2 +   1 x − 1 x
2
often lead to spurious or 20 80
(ii)
misleading results. [1] 11 (i) y
vertical position (m)

y
vertical position (m)

30
40
20
20 10
0
0 x
0 10 20 30
0 20 40 60 x horizontal position (m)
horizontal position (m)

575
 (ii) 5 s (iii) 1200i + (−600 + 112.5t)j 6 (i)
(iii) 33.5 m s−1, 63.4° (iv) Because of air resistance
R = 5g T
(or 116.6°) (v) The motorcycle leaves
(iv) the ground T
a = (12 − 6t ) i + (9 − 6t ) j A B
18 (i) 2i + j + k
Answers

is never 0 (ii) (2t − 5)i + (t + 1) j + t k

12 (i) 16.9 m s−1 (iii) 1.5 s; 3.5 m W = 5g 4g
(ii) 19 x   =  6 − 4 y   +   y
2

 2 − 3t   +  t 2   6 20 r   =  (2 − sin ωt )i + 2cos ωt j  +   ( sin ωt(ii) − 3A:) kT = 5a;

 ωt j +   ( sin ωt − 3) k ;
r   = (2 −2  sin ωt )i + 2cos      B: 4 g − T = 4a
r =  −5  +  2t − 0.5t  ,  −5 v   =   −ω cos ωt i − 2ω sin ωt j + ω cos ω(iii)
t k 4.35 m s−2
   
  ω40
v  t=2   −ω cos t i − 2 ω sin     
ωt j + ω cos ωt k
 8  +  2  7 (i)
13 (i) A: v sin 35°i + v cos 35°°j
B: −8.66i + 5 j
Chapter 19 T1 T1
T2

(ii) A: vt sin 35°i + vt cos 35°j; A

Opening activity (page 438) B
C
B: ( 5 − 8.66t ) i + 5tj
(iii) 6.1 km h−1
There are a number of forces T2
(iv) 0.4111… hours =
acting on the car which cancel 8g
2g 5g
24.7 min each other out, resulting in no
14 (i) 2t 2 i  +  4t j motion. In order for that to be (ii) A: 8 g − T1 = 8a;
possible the cable must make B: T1 − T2 − 2 g = 2a
(ii) 2 t i   +  2t j
3 2
3 small angles with the horizontal C: T2 − 5 g = 5a
(iii) 1 t i  +   2 t j
4 3 so that the vertical components (iii) 0.65 m s−2, 73.2 N, 52.3 N
6 3
of the tension cancel out the
(iv) speed 9.61 m s−1; 56.3° 8 (i)
weight of the cable car. In that
to i direction. case the tensions in the cable R1 R1
15 (i) 20i+10j will be greater than the weight
B R2
(ii) T = 5 s; 125 m of the car. A
16 (i) 16 cm
(ii) 20 cm Review exercise (page 444) 0.1g 0.5g
(iii) 0 cm s−1, 0 cm s−1;
1 (i) 0.3  m s−2
20 cm s−1, −16 cm s−1 (ii) A: R1 − 0.98 = 0.08;
(ii) 500 m s−2
(iv) t = 0, rA = rB = 16j B: R2 − R1 − 4.9 = 0.4
2 65 N
t = 2, rA = rB = 20i (iii) R1 = 1.06 N,
3 (i) 3 m s−2; 2 2  s
(v) All components are zero, 3
R2 = 6.36 N
so model B is ­better. (ii) 1440 N
9 (i)
17 (i) 4 (i) 29.5 N
300 N
750 (ii) 19.5 N
caravan T
600 (iii) 24.5 N
Distance travelled (m)

450
5 (i)
T1 T2
300
250 N
150
car 2250 N
A B T
No it doesn’t, maximum
O
120 420 1020
Time (s)
y  =  9.48 when t  =  2.67 50g T2 25g (ii) 1 m s−2
(ii) (iii) 1100 N

8 (
) (
v   =  8ti  +   8 − 4t  +   3 t 2 j; a   =  8i  +   −4 +   3 t j;0 < t  < 8
4 g + T − T = 100
(ii) A: 50
) 10 (i) 18000 − 900 = 90000a
⇒ a = 0.19
( ) ( )
2 1
3 3
8ti  +   8 − 4t  +   t j; a   =  8i  +   −4 +   t j;0 < t  < 8
2
B: 25 g − T2 = 50 (ii) 4000 N
8 4
( )
(iii) 585 N, 195 N (iii) 8000 N
a   =  8i  +  −4 +  3 t j;0 < t  < 8
4 (iv) −0.21 m s−2
v   =  64 i; a   =  0i + 0 j; 8 < t < 20
(v) −4000 N (thrust)
v   =  64 i; a   =  0i + 0 j; 8 < t < 20

576
 Discussion point (page 449) (vi) Resolve vertically for 12 (i) Cable 1 (5638 N,
Draw a vertical line to represent whole system. It is the 2052 N); Cable 2:
the weight, 10 g = 98 N. Then add same as the weight of (T2 cos 30°, T2 sin 30°)
the line of the force T2 at 45° the girder. (ii) 4104 N
to the horizontal (note the 4 (i) 78.4 N (iii) 9193 N

Answers
length of this vector is unknown), (ii) 15 N
13 (i)
R
and then the line of the force RN
T1 at 30° to the horizontal
8g FN
(60° to the vertical). C is the j
point at which these lines meet. (iii) 66.1 N, 8.60 N
5 9.04 N i
15°
Discussion point (page 450) 6 5.39 N; 21.8°
7 (i) T2 50g N
The angles in the ­triangle are 180° T1
− a , 180° − b and 180° − g. The (ii) −Fi, Rj, 127i − 473j
sine rule holds and sin(180° − a) TR T2 (iii) 473 N, 127 N
= sin a, sin (180° − b) = sin b and 30 N (iv) 254 N
sin (180° − g) = sin g. (ii) Rod: 56.4 N, 14 (i)
RN
­compression, Cable 1: TN
Exercise 19.1 (page 452) 59.1 N, tension
1 There is no force to the 8 4.40 N, 3.26 N FN
j
right to balance the force 9 (i) 15.04 kg i 5g N
towards the left. (ii) Both read 10 kg 25°
2 (i) 30 N, 36.9°; 65 N, 67.4° (iii) Both read 7.64 kg
(ii) (iv) Method A or C
Ti, − Fi,Rj,
(ii)
− 20.7i − 44.4j
10 (i) TAB
T (iii) T = 29.4 N, 8.69 N
(iv) 1.23 kg
15 (i) 58.0i + 15.5j,
1000g
59.0i − 10.4j
(ii) A force to the right is (ii) (a) 117.04 N
required to balance the (b) 5.11 N
horizontal component (iii) 97 N forwards
of T. (iv) 3 N
49  (iii) T 16 (i) 11.0 N, 63.4°
(iii)   ; 92.1 N, 57.9° (ii) A circle centre A radius
78  1000g
1 m. No, 2 parallel forces
3 (i) TAB and a third non-parallel
T T
(iv) (a) 9800 N, 13859 N, force cannot form a
9800 N triangle.
20 000g (b) 9800 N, 9800 N, 17 (i) The wall can only push
9800 N outwards.
(ii) T cos40°, T sin 40°
(ii) T sin 35° = R sin α , 
(iii) T =
20000 × 9.8 = 152460.9 N  60cos75°   15.5
11 (i)  = T cos 35° + R cos α = 80 g

20000 × 9.8    
2 × sin 40°  −60 sin 75° T − 58.0
cos 35

° + R α = 80 g
cos
T = = 152460.9 N
2 × sin 40°  60cos75°   15.5 (iii) T = 562.92 … ,
(iv) T1
=
 −60 sin 75 °    −58.0 R = 457 N
(iv) 563 N down along
T T
 56.1  the rope
(v) 196 000 N (ii) (a)   (v) 563 N
61.2 
(vi) 1074 N
(b) 83.0 N, 47.5°
(iii) 30.8 N, −121°
577
 Discussion point (page 457) 3 (i) both accelerations so Sam would
Parallel to the slope, up the slope. 3 not travel as far on either leg of
2
his journey.
2
Discussion point (page 457) 5 Exercise 19.3 (page 466)
60° 60°
Start with AB and BC. Then
Answers

1 (i) 1.5i − j
draw a line in the right (ii) Equilibrium (ii) 1.80 m s−2
­direction for CD and another 4 (i)
2 (i) 4i + 11j
­perpendicular line through A. (ii) 8i + 8j, 2i + 2j
These lines meet at D. 4 3 (i) TN
6 RN

Discussion point (page 457) 30°

(i) The sledge accelerates up 10 N
6 8g N
the hill. 4
(ii) The sledge is stationary or 45°
(ii) 11.55 N
moving with constant speed (iii) 1 m s−2
(forces in equilibrium). (iv) 0.4 s
(ii) Equilibrium 4 0.37 m s−2 down the plane,
(iii) The acceleration is
5 (i) 71.2 N
­downhill. 1

10 5 (i)
30 N 40° 50°
Exercise 19.2 (page 461) 40 N
24.77
1 (i)
30

1.9g N
18.66 (ii) 11.4 N, 30.1 N
3 20° (iii) 16.9 m s−2 at 69°
(iv) The fish swings
(iii) −i; 1 N down incline
10 sideways as it moves up
­

5 6 (i)
towards Jones.
38.30 6 (i) RN
TN
6
50
0.75 m s–2
(iii) 3i – 5j; 5.83 N, −59° 32.14 30°
2 (i)
30g N
40°

(ii) Equilibrium (ii) T i, Rj,

7 5.73 N; −49.7° −30 g sin 30°i − 30 g cos 30°j
8 (i) 6.04 i + 17.40 j (iii) 169.5 N

(ii) 18.4 N, 70.9°

(iv) The crate slows down
10 5
9 3.77i + 2.60j; 4.58 N, 34.6° to a stop and then starts
10 P 3 sliding down the slope.
6
7 3.36 m s−1, 0.1 N in
­compression
30° Discussion point (page 462)
8 0.71 m s−2, 600 N
Down the slope.
9 (i) RN
200 N
(iii) 0.196i – 7j;
7.00 N, −88.4° Discussion point (page 464)
Sam and the sledge are a particle. 50 N
α
There is no friction and the slope 67g N
is straight. Friction would reduce

578
 (ii) 13.2° bQ (ii) 90 g , 5 g
a+ (between
(iii) 0.87 m s−2, 35.9 m (P + Q ) (iii) 0
(iv) 9.37 m s−1 P and Q). (iv) 23  m
10 (i) RN
(ii) P − Q line of action parallel 9 (i) 0.5 g ( 30 − x ) kN;

Answers
to P and Q and in direction 0.5 g(20 + x ) kN
of larger; distance from O is (ii) Its centre of mass
bQ (iii) Constant 15 g   kN each
a−
3g N
(P − Q ) (to the left of 10 6 g; 9 13  cm
42°
P for P > Q). 11 20 75  kg
(ii) 6.56 m s−2
(iii) 1.75 s Discussion point (page 477) 12 (i) 35 g  N, 75 g  N
(iv) 13.0 N You produce equal and opposite (ii) No
11 (i) Horizontal component couples using friction between (iii) 36 kg
of tension in the rope the other hand and the jar so that 13 2 N upwards, 9 m to the
needs a balancing force. they turn in opposite directions. left of A.
(ii) RN Pressing increases the normal 14 (i) 2262 N, 7538 N
100 N reactions and hence the maximum (ii) 6
friction possible. (iii) 784 N
20°
15 (i) 3600 N
FN
Exercise 20.1 (page 478) (ii) 0.0017 m s−2
1 (i) 15 Nm (iii) 195 N
80g N 16 Olwyn is correct. Laura's
(ii) −22 Nm
(iii) 94.0 N, 750 N (iii) 18 Nm number is right but her
(iv) 128 N (iv) −28 Nm units are wrong.
(v) 0.144 m s−2 2 (i) 2.1 Nm Meena correctly tried to
12 (i) RN (ii) 6.16 Nm find the component of the
TN
TN
(iii) −0.1 Nm force perpendicular to the
(iv) 0.73 Nm line from A but worked
3 28.6 N; 20.4 N out 12 cos 60° instead of
15 N 12 sin 60°.
5g N mg N 4 (i) 1225 N, 1225 N
30°
(ii) 1449 N, 1785 N. Nat did not take account of
(ii) 4.03 kg, 39.5 N 5 96.5 N, 138.5 N. the angle at which the force
(iii) 1.75 m s−2, 48.3 N 6 (i) is acting.
13 5.10 m 2m
14 a = −0.121 m s−2 37g 26g
⇒ s = 413 m Chapter 21
15 319 m xm
mg 8g
1m
Activity 21.1 (page 484)
Chapter 20 55 kg
(i) vy = 0
(a)
y =0
(b)
(ii) 0.8 m
Discussion point (page 473) (ii) These remain the same
7 (i) P = 27.5 g , Q = 147.5 g
The tool shown on the left of throughout.
(ii) P = 2.5 g , Q = 172.5 g
Figure 20.8 works with one hand (iii) If child is less than
but has less leverage than the tool 0.95 m from the adult, Discussion point (page 485)
on the right. P < 0 so the bench tips 1 Yes for a parabolic path.
u
unless A is anchored to uy − gt = 0 when t = y
Discussion point (page 477) g
the ground.
(i) P + Q line of action parallel and uyt − 2 gt = 0 when
1 2
(iv) The bench tips if A is
to P and Q and in same not anchored. u
direction; distance from O is t =2 y.
8 (i) 15 g  N, 30 g N g

579
 2 The balls and the bullet can (b) ux = 9.74, not a feature of the motion; a
be modelled as projectiles uy = −2.25 stationary particle has a position
when there is no spin or (c) v x = 9.74, vector.
wind and air resistance is v y = −2.25 − 9.8t
negligible. Also a rocket with (d) x = 9.74t , Exercise 21.2 (page 489)
Answers

no power. The air affects the y = −2.25t − 4.9t 2 1 (i) (a)

motion of the others. (v) (a) y
y
Discussion point (page 485)
U 4 m s–1
The only acceleration is in the 10
vertical direction so any change
in velocity happens vertically. α 0
0 x
x
This causes the projectile to  4 
reach a velocity of zero halfway (b) ux = U cos α ,  (b) v=  
−9.8t 
through its flight. uy = U sin α    
(c) v x = U cos α ,   4t 
(c) r=  
Exercise 21.1 (page 485) v y = U sin α − gt 10
 − 4.9t 2 
1 (i) (a) y (d) x = Ut cos α ,  (ii) (a)
y = Ut sin α − 21 gt 2 y
10 m s–1 10 m s–1
(vi) (a) y
35° 35°
7
x uy
(b) ux = 8.2, uy = 5.7 0 x
(c) v x = 8.2,  
0 ux x 8.2 
v y = 5.7 − 9.8t (b) v=  
5.7 − 9.8t 
(b) ux , uy  
(d) x = 8.2t , 
(c) v x = u x , (c)
y = 5.7t − 4.9t 2 v y = v x − gt  8.2t 
(ii) (a) y r=  
(d) x = u x t ,  7

 + 5.7t − 4.9t 2 
–1 y = v xt − 21 gt 2
5 ms (iii) (a)
2 (i) (a) 1.5 s y

0
2 m s–1 x (b) 11.025 m
(b) ux = 2, uy = 5 (ii) (a) 0.51 s 20 13°
(b) 1.28 m 10 m s–1
(c) v x = 2, 
3 (i) (a) 4 s 0 x
v y = 5 − 9.8t
(b) 80 m (b)
(d) x = 2t ,  
(ii) (a) 0.88 s  9.74 
y = 5t − 4.9t 2 (b) 2.21 m v=  
−2.25 − 9.8t 
 
(iii) (a) y uy2
4 (i) (c)
2g  
4 ms –1
2uy 9.74t
0 x r =  
(ii)
g  20 − 2.25t − 4.9t 2


(b) u x = 4, u y = 0
2uxuy (iv) (a) y
(iii)
g
(c) v x = 4,  v y = −9.8t
(d) x = 4t ,  y = −4.9t
2
Discussion point (page 489) 24 m s –1
(iv) (a) y The particle’s direction is a
feature of its motion and so is 0
7 m s–1 x
0 13° x determined by its velocity. In
10 m s–1  7 
contrast the position vector is
(b) v =  

 24 − 9.8t 

580
  7t  3 (i) 41.0 m s−1, 28.7 m s−113 (i) 34.6 m
(a)
(c) r =  
2 (ii) 39.4 m
(b)
 24t − 4.9t 
t 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 40 m
(c)
(v) (a) y 39.4 m
(d)
vo x 0 41 82 123 164 205 246
y 0 24 38 42 36 21 −4.3 34.6 m
(e)

Answers
800 sin α cos α = 800cos (90° − α ) sin (90°
(ii)
(iii)
(a, b) uo
y 800 sin α cos α = 800cos (90° − α ) sin (90° − α )
0 x
50 (iii) 57.9°
 u  (iv) −30  cm; +31  cm. The
(b) v= 
v −
0  25
 0 gt  lower angle is slightly
more accurate.
 a + u 0t  0 x
  50 100 150 200 250 14 (i) 26.06 m s−1
(c) r = b + v t − 1 gt 2 
 0 2  –25 (ii) 27.35 m s−1
(iii) 26.15 < u < 26.88
2 (i) (a) 1.5 s (iv) 42.0 m, 239.7 m 15 25.48 m
(b) 26.025 m (v) The ball is a particle, no
(ii) (a) 0.31 s spin, no air resistance, so Discussion point (page 498)
(b) 10.46 m acceleration = g. 20i + 30 j ; (0, 6); 10 m s−2
3 (i) 2.86 m 4 (i) 17.21, 8.03 m s−1
(ii) 1.64 s
(ii) 2.86 m Exercise 21.4 (page 498)
(iii) (iii) 28.2 m
5 x2
(iv) 0.82 s
1 (i) y = 16
y
(v) 3.29 m y = 6 + 0.4 x − 0.2x 2
(ii)
(vi) 2.72 m, no y = −14 + 17x − 5x 2
(iii)
5 (i) 10.32, 14.74 m s−1 y = 5.8 + 2.4 x − 0.2x 2
(iv)
(ii) 2.91 s gx 2
(v) y = 2 x −
(iii) Into goal 2u 2
(iv) No 2 (i) x = 40t
6
( ) ( )
2
0 1 2 3 x (i) 45.2 s x ;  y = 30 x − 5 x
(ii) t =
2.8 (ii) 13.55 km 40 40 2 40
( ) ( )

u sin θ + u 2 sin 2θ + 2 gh (iii) 535 m s−1 t = x ;  y = 30 x − 5 x
40 40 40
4 T = ; (iv) 55.9°
g (iii)
7 (i) 3.2 m, vertical
u 2 sin θ cos θ u cos θ 2 2 y t=3
R = + u sin θ + 2 ghcomponent of velocity t=2 t=4
g g is always less than 8 m s−1 40
t=1 t=5

R =
u 2 sin θ cos θ u cos θ 2 2
+ u sin θ + 2 gh
(ii) 5.54 m 20
g g t=6
(iii) 52.2° t=0
0
8 (i) 1.74 s 40 80 120 160 200 240 x
Discussion point (page 495)
(ii) 3.50 m, hits Juliet’s 3 (i) y = 0.75x − 3201 x2
They land together because u, s
window (ii) Air resistance would
and a in the vertical direction are
(iii) 9.12 m s−1 reduce x.
the same for both.
9 (i) 2.02 s (iii)
Exercise 21.3 (page 495) (ii) No, height is 0.2 m y
1 (i) 17.3 m s−1, 10 m s−1 (iii) 21.57 m s−1
40
path of ball

(ii) 0, −9.8 m s−2 10 (i) 0.47 s

(ii) 0.64 s 20
(iii) 35.3 m
(iv) 1.02 s (iii) 25.44 m s−1 0
40 80 120 160 200 240 x
(v) 5.10 m (iv) 28.8 m s−1
11 (i) Yes, the range is 70.4 m Yes; horizontal
2 (i) 25.8 m
(ii) 4.59 s (ii) 32.7 m s−1 acceleration = −0.5 m s−2
(iii) 178.9 m 12 19.8 m s−1; 17.7 m s−1 4 (ii) 11.54 m s−1; 30.96°

581
 Discussion point (page 501) 2 u would be an 3 4802 N
The projectile is a particle.There underestimate if the motor 4 (i) 42.7 N
is no air resistance or wind.The cycle was not actually at rest (ii) 0.32
particle is projected from the origin. when it hit the car. 5 0.82
3 If the deceleration is not 6 (i) (−)1.02 m s−2
Answers

Discussion point (page 501) uniform then u could (ii) 0.102 N

either be an over- or and (iii) 0.104
Substitute the x coordinate into
underestimate. (iv) 49 m (independent
the equation and see if it gives
4 If the motorcycle were of mass)
the y coordinate.
not a particle it would be 7 (i) smoother contact
effected by air resistance. (ii) 0.204
Exercise 21.5 (page 501) Air resistance would (iii) 140 N
1 (i) ( 21.21t, 21.21t − 4.9t )
2
reduce skid so u is an 8 (i) 7.35 m s−2
x
(ii) t =

21.21.. ⇒ underestimate. Smaller m (ii) 17.7 m s−1
would extend skid so u is an (iii) 59.9 m
y = x − 9.8 x 2
900 overestimate. 9 (i) 58.8 N
(iii) 8.91 The model gives a (ii) 62.5 N
(iv) 29.4 or 62.4 good indication that the 10 (i) 0.577
2 (i) y = 1.5 + x tan14° − 100 (1 +  tanmotorcyclist
4.9 14° ) x 2   was speeding, (ii) 35.0°
2

(iii) 2.14
y = 1.5 + x tan14° − 100 ( )
4.9 1 +  tan 2 14° x 2   but it would be sensible to
take further measurements (iv) 50.2°
(ii) 7.0 m to try to improve the model, 11 (i) 4.5 m s−2
3 (i) y = 2.5 + x tan 5° − 625 ( e.g.)slope of road, a more
4.9 1 + tan 2 5° x 2 (ii) F = 2.30  N,
R = 18.4 N,
y = 2.5 + x tan 5° − 625 (1 + tan 5° ) x
4.9 2 2 accurate estimation of m.
µ = 0.125
(ii) 24.2 m
Discussion point (page 509) (iii) 2.20 m s−2, 4.20 m s−1
(iii) Yes, y = 2.43m
7.30 … xFriction is forwards when 12 (i) R
4 (i) y = 1 + 0.70 … x −
2
u 2
pedalling, backwards when F
y = 1 + 0.70 … x − 7.302 … x 2 freewheeling.
  u
(ii) u > 7.73 m s−1 mg
Discussion point (page 510) (ii) 4.42 m s−2
(iii) u < 8.41 m s−1
Either the object is moving or it (iii) 5.15 m s−1
5 (i) 1 m, (25, 0)
is on the point of moving. (iv) 5.42 m
(ii) 10 m
(iii) 0.6 s 13 Greater than, equal to, less
Exercise 22.1 (page 513) than 16.7°, respectively.
(iv) u x = 25 m s−1, 1 s
1 RN
(v) 25.7 m s−1 14 (i)
6 56.3°, 18.43 m s−1 FN TN 24 N
7 (ii) 1.8, 0.6 RN 15°
(iii) 22.5 m when 10g N
tan α = 1.2 (i) 0.102
(iv) 15.4 m FN
(ii) 0.051 30°
8 (ii) 39.2°, 72.6° 2 (a) 0.61 m s−2, T = 45.9 N; 40 N
F = 36.8 N
(ii) F = 3.18 N,
(b) 2.61 m s−2, T = 7.19 N;
Chapter 22 F = 1.96 N
R = 28.4 N ⇒ µ = 0.11
(iii) 3.46 N, 4.05 m s−2
(c) 0.31 m s−2; T1 = 76.0  N,
Discussion point (page 508) 15 (i) 1.4 m s−2
T2 = 40.4  N;
1 Downward slope would (ii) 1.20 s
F = 29.4  N
extend skid so u is an (iii) 0.92 m s−1
(d) a = 0; T1 = 9.8 N,
overestimate; opposite for 16 144.1 < T < 1810.9
T2 = 29.4 N;
upward slope. F = 19.6 N
582
17 (i) (a) 37.94 N and right angle marked −0.01t 3 + 0.4t 2 − 0.4t 
(b) 37.16 N TA
(ii) r= ∫ v dt = 

− 0.2t + 8t + 0 
2

−0.01t 3 + 
37.52 N 0.5g [1] 0.4t 2 − 0.4t 
r = ∫ v dt =
(c) 
TB 
 [1, 1]
(ii)
40  − 0.2t 2 + 8t + 0 
cos α + 0.4 sin α TAA =
T 0.5 gg cos
= 0.5 30°° =
cos 30 = 4.24N
4.24N[1]
(iii) When t = 5,

Answers
(iii) 21.8°
= 0.5 g sin 30 ° =
TBB = 0.5 g sin 30° = 2.45N[1]
T 2.45N
 
(i) Contact force 72g[1] r = −0.01 × 5 + 0.4 × 5 − 0.4 × 5 = 6.75
18 Least force to move object up
3 2  
2
   35 
plane = W (sin α + µ cos α ) (ii) Downward forces [1]  − 0.2 × 5 + 8 × 5
2
  

Least force to prevent Upward


−0.01 forces
× 53 + 0.4 × 52 − 0.4 × 5 6.75 [1]
­object sliding down plane r =  (x) 
=  

48g
 − 0.2 × 5 2 32g
+ 8 × 5   35 
= W (sin α − µ cos α ) A B

72g
[1]
8g (0.9 m)
( )
arc tan 35 = 79.1
6.75
Multiple choice (iii) Take moments about B[1]
Bearing = 011° [1, 1]
(iv) Travelling NE when
questions (72 g )x + (8 g ) × 0.9 = (48 g ) × 1.8
g ) ×g )x0.9+ (8
(72 g ) ×g0.9 = (48 g ) × 1.8 components of velocity
1 B x +=(81.10
(72 g )x          = (48 ) × 1.8
equal (and positive) [1]
x = 1.10  x = 1.10 [1]
2 C − 0.03 t 2
+ 0.8t − 0.4 = −0.4t + 8
Centre of mass is 1.1 m
3 D  he time, horizontal
T
above his feet. [1] −0.03t 2 + 1.2t − 8.4 = 0
displacement and
3 (i) = 30.95, 9.0
t[1]
vertical displacement P
from the origin 30.95 > 20 so time 9.0 s[1]
R
4 C Its initial speed is 7 m s-1 20° 5 (i) In equilibrium for the
F bucket
T = mg[1]
Practice questions: 1.2g In equilibrium for the
Mechanics (page 518) Weight and P shown [1]
block resolve up the slope
normal reaction
[1] T = 1.5 g sin 40° [1]
1 Method 1 Arrows showing friction
1.5 g sin 40°
Weight = 0.5g[1] m =
opposing P[1] g
Resolve horizontally and (ii) Resolve vertically [1]    = 0.964 kg[1]
vertically R = P sin 20 ° + 1.2 g (ii) Resolve downwards for
−TA cos60 + TB cos 30° = 0 Fmax = µ R = 0.4 (P sin 20° + 1.2 g ) the bucket N2L
TA sin 60 + TB sin 30° = 0.5 g [1] 1.7 g − T1 = 1.7a[1]
 [1, 1] On the point of sliding Resolve up the slope for
Solve simultaneous equations when[1] the block
TA = 4.24N, TB = 2.45N P cos 20° = Fmax T1 − 1.5 g sin 40 = 1.5a
 [1, 1] P cos 20° = 0.4(P sin 20° + 1.2 g )[1] [1]
Method 2 – note the Add equations
P (cos 20° − 0.4 sin 20°) = 0.48 g [1]
strings are perpendicular 1.7 g − 1.5 g sin 40 = 3.2a
Weight = 0.5g[1] P = 0.48 g
= 5.86[1] a = 2.25
Resolve along the strings[1] cos 20° − 0.4 sin 20°
4 (i) Stationary when both Acceleration is
TA = 0.5 g cos 30° = 4.24N −2
2.25 m s [1]
components of v = 0
TB = 0.5 g cos60° = 2.45N − 0.4
−0.4t + 8 = 0 t + 8 = 0 (iii) To find velocity when
 [1, 1, 1] t = 20 [1] the bucket reaches the
t = 20  
   
ground[1]
Method 3 triangle of When t = 20
forces −0.03(20) + 0.8(20) − 0.4 = 3.6 ≠ 0
2 s = 0.8
Weight −0.5g[1] s =
u = 00.8 v 2 = u 2 + 2as
So boat is never
Diagram arrows forming a uv = = ?0 vv 22 2 =
= u0 2 2+
2
stationary.[1] + 22as× 2.25 × 0.8 = 3.6
loop[1] v 2 = u 2 + 2vas= ? v2 = u2 + 2as
a = 2.25 v =2 =
    = 4.5
0 2+×20.8 × 2.25 × 0.8 = 3.6
v 2 = 0 2 + 2     × 2.25 × 0.8v ==1.90 0 + 2 × 2.25 × 0.8 = 3.6
3.6
at == 2.25 v = 1.90
v = 1.90 t = v = 1.90 [1]
583
 When tension removed sin 2α takes maximum Speed =
− 1.5 gg sin
−1.5 40 =
sin 40 1.5aa
= 1.5 value of 1 when
(10cos α ) + (10 sin α ) = 100 (cos 2 α
2 2
aa =
=−− gg sin
sin 40
40 [1]  2α = 90°[1]
s = ? R = u 2 (10cos α )2 + (10 sin α )2 = 100 (cos 2 α + sin 2 α ) = 100 × 1 = 1

u = 1.90 v 2 = u 2 + 2as: v 2 = 3.6
max g when
= 100 (cos 2 α + sin 2 α ) = 100 × 1 = 10[1]
Answers

(10cos α ) + (10   αsin=α45) °[1]

2 2
v =0 0 = 3.6 − 2 × ( g sin 40) s (iv) Using α = 30 to find
a = − g sin 40 (viii) To find T in new model
s= 3.6 = 0.286 time and range
t = 2 g sin 40 y component of r = 0
[1] For B2 time
10t sin α − 4.9 t 2 = 0
Block travels another t = 2 × 10 sin 30 = 1.02
T = 2u sin α which

g
28.6 cm.[1] [1] g
6 (i) Vertical motion For C2 range is exactly the same
s=0 s = ut + 21 at 22 2 × 10 2 sin 30cos 30 equation as in the
s=0 1
s = ut + 2 at 1 2 x = standard model in
u = u sin α 0 = u sin αt − gt g
u = u sin α 0 = u sin αt − 21 gt 2 = 8.84 [1] part (ii)[1]
v = 2
v = 0 = t (u sin α − 21 gt ) (v) Maximum range (ix) For E5, we need
a = −g 0 = t (u sin α − 21 gt ) [1] u 2 =u 27.1 horizontal component
a = −g
t =? t = 0, uu 1sin α
α = 22uu sin α
α g g = 7.1 [1]
t =? t = 0, sin
2 g = sin
g when t = 1.44
1 g g
2 u =u = 7.1 ×7.1 9.8 = 8.34
× 9.8 [1] x = 10 × 1.44 cos45° − 1.5 × 1.44 2 = 7.07
= 8.34
Horizontal motion = 10The
x(vi) × 1.44 cos45° − 1.5 × 1.44   2
= 7.07  [2]
2 u sin α measurements
when t = [1] give the maximum (x) The vector model is
g

( )
2 range when the angle an improvement. It fits
R = (u cos α ) t = u cos α 2u sin α = 2u sin α cos α all the measurements
g g is 40°. Changing the

( ) better than the standard

2
= u cos α 2u sin α = 2u sin α cos α [1] value for u will still
g g have the maximum model and it gives the
(ii) Negligible air range at 45°. [1] maximum range of
resistance[1] (vii) 7.53 for 35° as
(iii) sin 2θ = 2 sin θ cos θ  10cos α − 3t  compared with the
d r
2
u ( 2 sin α cos αv) = ud2t sin
2 = 2α  [1] measured value of 7.4 m
R = 2u sin α cos α = =  10 sin α − 9.8t 
occurring at 40°. [1]
g g g
2
u ( 2 sin α cos α ) u sin 2α
2 2 When t = 0
= 2u sin α cos α = = 10cos α − 0 
g g g [1] v =  

[1]
 10sin α − 0 

584