Chapter 8: Finite Volume Method for

Unsteady Flows

Ib hi Sezai
Ibrahim S i
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Eastern Mediterranean University

Spring 2008-2009

8.1 Introduction
The conservation law for the transport of a scalar in an
unsteady flow has the general form
∂
( ρφ ) + div( ρ uφ ) = div(Γ grad φ ) + Sφ ((8.1))
∂t
by replacing the volume integrals of the convective and
diffusive terms with surface integrals as before (see section
2.5) and changing the order of integration in the rate of
change term we obtain:
⎛ t +ΔΔt ∂ ⎞ t +ΔΔt
⎛ ⎞
∫CV ⎝ ∫t ∂t
⎜ ( ρφ ) dt ⎟
⎠
dV + ∫t ⎝A
⎜∫ n ⋅( ρ u φ ) dA ⎟ dt
⎠ (8.2)
t +Δt
⎛ ⎞ t +Δt
= ∫ ⎜ ∫ n ⋅(Γ grad φ )dA ⎟ dt + ∫ ∫ Sφ dVdt
t ⎝A ⎠ t CV
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 Introduction
Unsteady one-dimensional heat conduction is governed by the equation
∂T ∂ ⎛ ∂T ⎞
ρc = ⎜k ⎟+S (8.3)
∂t ∂x ⎝ ∂x ⎠
In addition to usual variables we have c, the specific heat of material
(J/kg/K).

Consider the one-dimensional control volume in Figure 8.1. Integration of

equation (8.3) over the control volume and over a time interval from t to
t+Δt gives
t +Δ
Δt t +Δ
Δt t +Δ
Δt
∂T ∂ ⎛ ∂T ⎞
∫ ∫
t CV
ρc
∂t
dVdt = ∫ ∫
t CV
⎜k
∂x ⎝ ∂x
⎟ dVdt +
⎠
∫ ∫ sdVdt
t CV
(8.4)
This may be written as
⎡
e t +Δt
∂T ⎤
t +Δt
⎡⎛ ∂T ⎞ ⎛ ∂T ⎞ ⎤ t +Δt

∫w ⎢⎣ ∫t ∂t ⎥⎦
ρ c dt dV = ∫t ⎢⎣⎜⎝ ∂x ⎟⎠e ⎜⎝ ∂x ⎟⎠w ⎥⎦ ∫t S ΔVdt
kA − kA dt + (8.5)
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The left hand side can be written as

⎡ t +Δt ∂T ⎤
∫CV ⎢⎣ ∫t ρ c ∂t dt ⎥⎦ dV = ρ c TP − TP ΔV
0
( ) (8.6)

I equation(8.6)
In ti (8 6) superscript
i t ‘o’
‘ ’ refers
f to t temperatures
t t att time
ti t.
Temperatures at time level t+Δt are not superscripted
Eqn(8.6) could also be obtained by substituting
∂T TP − TP0
=
∂t Δt
So, first order (backward) differencing scheme has been used. If we
apply central differencing to rhs of eqn (8.5),
t +Δt
⎡⎛ TE − TP ⎞ ⎛ TP − TW ⎞⎤ t +Δt
ρ c (TP − T ) ΔV =
P
0
∫ ⎢⎜ ke A ⎟ − ⎜ kw A ⎟ ⎥ dt + ∫ S ΔVdt
⎣⎢⎝ ∂xPE ⎠ ⎝ ∂xWP ⎠ ⎥⎦
t t
(8.7)
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 To calculate the integrals we have to make an assumption
about the variation of TP, TE and TW with time, we could use
temperatures
at time t, or
at time t+Δt
or combination of both.
Integral of temperature TP with respect to time can be written
as; t +Δt
IT = ∫ TP dt = ⎡⎣θ TP + (1 − θ )TP0 ⎤⎦ Δt (8.8)
t
Hence
θ 0 1/ 2 1
1
IT TP0 Δt
2
( )
TP + TP0 Δt TP Δt

θ = a weighting parameter between zero and one.

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Using formula (8.8) for TW and TE in equation (8.7), and

dividing by AΔt throughout, we have
⎛ TP − TP0 ⎞ ⎡ ke (TE − TP ) k w (TP − TW ) ⎤
ρc ⎜ ⎟ Δx = θ ⎢ − ⎥
⎝ Δt ⎠ ⎣ δ xPE δ xWP ⎦ (8.9)
+ (1 − θ ) ⎢
(
⎡ ke TE0 − TP0
−
) (
k w TP0 − TW0 ) ⎤
⎥ + S Δx
⎢⎣ δ xPE δ xWP ⎥⎦

which may be re-arranged to give

⎡ Δx ⎛ k k ⎞⎤ ke k
⎢ρc +θ ⎜ e + w ⎟ ⎥ TP = ⎡⎣θ TE + (1 − θ ) TE0 ⎦⎤ + w ⎣⎡θ TW + (1 − θ ) TW0 ⎦⎤
⎢⎣ Δt ⎝ δ xPE δ xWP ⎠ ⎥⎦ δ xPE δ xWP
⎡ Δx k k ⎤
+ ⎢ρc − (1 − θ ) e − (1 − θ ) w ⎥ TP0 + S Δx
⎣ Δt δ xPE δ xWP ⎦
(8.10)
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 Now we identify the coefficients of TW and TE as aW and aE and write equation
(8.10) in familiar standard form:
a pTP = aW ⎡⎣θ TW + (1 − θ ) TW0 ⎤⎦ + aE ⎡⎣θ TE + (1 − θ ) TE0 ⎤⎦ (8.11)
+ ⎣⎡ aP0 − (1 − θ ) aW − (1 − θ ) aE ⎦⎤ TP0 + b
where
aP = θ ( aW + aE ) + aP0
and Δx
aP0 = ρ c
with
Δt
aW aE b
kw ke
S Δx
δ xWP δ xPE
For θ = 0 Æ explicit scheme
0 < θ < 1 Æ implicit scheme, for θ = 0.5 Æ Crank-Nicolson scheme
θ = 1 Æ Fully implicit scheme

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8.2.1 Explicit scheme

In the explicit scheme the source term is linearized as b=Su+SpTp0.
Now the substitution of θ = 0 into (8.11) gives the explicit
discretisation of the unsteady conductive heat transfer equation:
aPTP = aW TW0 + aETE0 + ⎡⎣ aP0 − ( aW + aE − S P ) ⎦⎤ TP0 + Su (8.12)
where
aP = aP0
Δx
and aP0 = ρ c
Δt
aW aE
kw ke
δ xWP δ xPE
The right hand side of eqn (8.12) only contains values at the old time
step so the left hand side can be calculated by forward marching in
time. The scheme is based on backward differencing, and is of first
order accurate.
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 All coefficients should be positive Æ aP0- aW - aE >0
or if k = const. and δxPE= δxWP=Δx this condition can
be written as
Δx 2k (8.13a)
ρc >
Δt Δx
Or
( Δx )
2

Δt < ρ c (8.13b)
2k
q y sets a stringent
This inequality g maximum limit to the
time step size and represents a serious limitation for
the explicit scheme.
Not recommended for the explicit scheme problems.
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8.2.2 Crank – Nicolson scheme

The Crank – Nicolson method results from setting θ = ½ in eqn.
(8.11). Now the discretised unsteady heat conduction equation is

⎡T + T 0 ⎤ ⎡T + T 0 ⎤ ⎡ a a ⎤
a pTP = aW ⎢ W W ⎥ + aE ⎢ E E ⎥ + ⎢ aP0 − W − E ⎥ TP0 + b (8 14)
(8.14)
⎣ 2 ⎦ ⎣ 2 ⎦ ⎣ 2 2⎦

Where aP = 1 ( aW + aE ) + aP0 − 1 S P
2 2

And Δx
aP0 = ρ c
Δt
aW aE b
kw ke 1
Su + S PTP0
δ xWP δ xPE 2
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 Schemes with ½ ≤ θ ≤ 1 are unconditionally stable for all values
of time step Δt.
However, for physically realistic results all coefficients should
be positive, then, coefficients of TP0 should be positive, or
⎛ a + aE ⎞
aP0 > ⎜ W ⎟
⎝ 2 ⎠
Which leads to
Δx 2
Δt < ρ c (8.15)
k
This time step limitation is only slightly less restrictive than (8.13)
associated with the explicit method
The method is based on central differencing Æ Second order
accurate in time
Is more accurate than explicit method

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The fully implicit scheme

When θ =1 we obtain the fully implicit scheme. The source term is
linearized as b=Su+SPTP. The discretised equation is
a pTP = aW TW + aETE + aP0 TP0 + Su (8.16)
where
aP = aP0 + aW + aE − S P
Δx
and aP0 = ρ c
Δt aW aE
with kw ke
δ xWP δ xPE
Both sides of the equation contains temperatures at the new time step,
and a system of algebraic equations must be solved at each time level
is unconditionally stable for any Δt
is only first order accurate in time
Æ small time steps are needed to ensure accuracy of results
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 8.3 Illustrative examples
Example 8.1
A thin plate is initially at a uniform temperature of 200 ºC. At a certain time t=0 the
temperature of the east side of the plate is suddenly reduced to 0ºC. The other
surface is insulated. Use the explicit finite volume method in conjunction with a
suitable time step size to calculate the transient temperature distribution of the slab
and compare it with the analytical solution at time (i) t = 40s, (ii) t = 80s and (iii) t =
120 Recalculate
120s. R l l the h numerical
i l solution
l i using
i a time
i step size
i equall to the
h limit
li i
given by (8.13) for t = 40s and compare the results with the analytical solution. The
data are: plate thickness L=2cm, thermal conductivity k = 10 W/m/K and ρc = 10 x
106 J/m3/K.
Solution: the one–dimensional transient heat conduction eqn is

∂T ∂ ⎛ ∂T ⎞
ρc = ⎜k ⎟+S
∂t ∂x ⎝ ∂x ⎠ ((8.17))
The initial and boundary conditions:
T = 200 at t =0
∂T
= 0 at x = 0, t > 0
∂t
T = 0 at x = L, t > 0
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The analytical solution is given in Ozisik (1985) as

T ( x, t ) 4 ∞ (−1) n +1
= ∑ exp ( −αλn2t ) cos ( λn x ) (8.18)
200 π n =1 2n − 1
(2n − 1)π
Where λn = and α = k / ρ c
2L
The numerical solution with the explicit method is generated
by dividing the domain width L into five equal control
volumes with Δx = 0.004m. The resulting one-dimensional
grid is shown in Figure 8.2.

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The time step for the explicit method is subject to the condition that
ρ c ( Δx )
2

Δt <
2k
10 ×106 ( 0.004 )
2

Δt <
2 × 10
Δt < 8 s
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Example 8.2 solve the problem of Example 8.1

again using the fully implicit method and compare
the explicit and implicit method solutions for a time
step of 8 s.

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 8.4 Implicit Method for Two-and Three- dimensional Problems

Transient diffusion equation in three-dimensional is governed by

∂φ ∂ ⎛ ∂φ ⎞ ∂ ⎛ ∂φ ⎞ ∂ ⎛ ∂φ ⎞ (8.27)
ρc = ⎜k ⎟+ ⎜k ⎟+ ⎜k ⎟+S
∂t ∂x ⎝ ∂x ⎠ ∂y ⎝ ∂y ⎠ ∂z ⎝ ∂z ⎠
A th di i l control
three dimensional t l volume
l i considered
is id d for
f the
th
discretisation. The resulting equation is
aPφP = aW φW + aEφE + aSφS + aN φN + aBφB + aT φT
(8.28)
+ aP0φP0 + Su
where
aP = aW + aE + aS + aN + aB + aT + aP0 − S P
ΔV
aP0 = ρ c
Δt
S = (Su + SPφP) is the linearized source
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A summary of the relevant neighbour coefficients is given below

aW aE aS aN aB aT
Γ w Aw Γ e Ae
1D − − − −
δ xWP δ xPE
Γ w Aw Γ e Ae Γ s As Γ n An
2D − −
δ xWP δ xPE δ ySP δ yPN
Γ w Aw Γ e Ae Γ s As Γ n An Γ b Ab Γ t At
3D
δ xWP δ xPE δ ySP δ yPN δ z BP δ z PT
The following values for the volume and cell face areas apply in three
cases: 1D 2 D 3D
ΔV Δx ΔxΔy ΔxΔyΔz
Aw = Ae 1 Δy ΔyΔz
An = As − Δx ΔxΔz
Ab = At − − ΔxΔy
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 8.5 Discretisation of transient convection-diffusion equation

The unsteady transport of a property φ is given by

∂
( ρφ ) + div( ρ uφ ) = div(Γ grad φ ) + Sφ (8.29)
∂t
Here, we quote the implicit/hybrid difference form of the
transient convection-diffusion equations.
Transient three-dimensional convection-diffusion of a general
property φ in a velocity field u is governed by
∂ ( ρφ ) ∂ ( ρ uφ ) ∂ ( ρ vφ ) ∂ ( ρ wφ )
+ + +
∂t ∂x ∂y ∂z
∂ ⎛ ∂φ ⎞ ∂ ⎛ ∂φ ⎞ ∂ ⎛ ∂φ ⎞
= ⎜ Γ ⎟ + ⎜ Γ ⎟ + ⎜ Γ ⎟ + Sφ
∂x ⎝ ∂x ⎠ ∂y ⎝ ∂y ⎠ ∂z ⎝ ∂z ⎠ (8.30)
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The fully implicit discretisation equation is

aPφP = aW φW + aEφE + aSφS + aN φN + aBφB + aT φT
(8.31)
+ aP0φP0 + Su
where
aP = aW + aE + aS + aN + aB + aT + aP0 + ΔF − S P
with ΔV
aP0 = ρ c
Δt
and
d
S ΔV = Su + S PφP
The neighbour coefficients of this equation for the hybrid
differencing scheme are as follows:
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 One-dimensional flow Two-dimensional flow Three-dimensional flow
⎡ ⎛ F ⎞ ⎤ ⎡ ⎛ F ⎞ ⎤ ⎡ ⎛ F ⎞ ⎤
aW max ⎢ Fw , ⎜ Dw + w ⎟ , 0 ⎥ max ⎢ Fw , ⎜ Dw + w ⎟ , 0 ⎥ max ⎢ Fw , ⎜ Dw + w ⎟ , 0 ⎥
⎣ ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎦ ⎣ ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎦ ⎣ ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎦
⎡ ⎛ F ⎞ ⎤ ⎡ ⎛ F ⎞ ⎤ ⎡ ⎛ F ⎞ ⎤
aE max ⎢ − Fe , ⎜ De − e ⎟ , 0 ⎥ max ⎢ − Fe , ⎜ De − e ⎟ , 0 ⎥ max ⎢ − Fe , ⎜ De − e ⎟ , 0 ⎥
⎣ ⎝ 2⎠ ⎦ ⎣ ⎝ 2⎠ ⎦ ⎣ ⎝ 2⎠ ⎦
⎡ ⎛ F ⎞ ⎤ ⎡ ⎛ F ⎞ ⎤
aS − max ⎢ Fs , ⎜ Ds + s ⎟ , 0 ⎥ max ⎢ Fs , ⎜ Ds + s ⎟ , 0 ⎥
⎣ ⎝ 2⎠ ⎦ ⎣ ⎝ 2⎠ ⎦
⎡ ⎛ F ⎞ ⎤ ⎡ ⎛ F ⎞ ⎤
aN − max ⎢ − Fn , ⎜ Dn − n ⎟ , 0 ⎥ max ⎢ − Fn , ⎜ Dn − n ⎟ , 0 ⎥
⎣ ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎦ ⎣ ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎦
⎡ ⎛ F ⎞ ⎤
aB − − max ⎢ Fb , ⎜ Db + b ⎟ , 0 ⎥
⎣ ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎦
⎡ ⎛ F⎞ ⎤
aT − − max ⎢ − Ft , ⎜ Dt − t ⎟ , 0 ⎥
⎣ ⎝ 2⎠ ⎦
ΔF Fe − Fw Fe − Fw + Fn − Fs Fe − Fw + Fn − Fs + Ft − Fb
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In the above expressions the values of F and D are

calculated with the following formulae:
Face w e s n b t
F ( ρ u )w Aw ( ρ u )e Ae ( ρ v )s As ( ρ v )n An ( ρ w )b Ab ( ρ w )t At
Γ w Aw Γ e Ae Γ s As Γ n An Γb Ab Γt At
D
δ xWP δ xPE δ ySP δ yPN δ z BP δ zPT

The volumes and cell areas given in section 8.4 apply here as
well.
Other schemes such as linear upwind or QUICK may be
incorporated into these equations by substituting the
appropriate expression for the coefficients as will be
demonstrated in the following example

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 8.6 Worked example of transient convection-diffusion using QUICK differencing

Example 8.3 consider convection and diffusion in the one-

dimensional domain sketched in Figure 8.7. Calculate the transient
temperature field if the initial temperature is zero everywhere and the
boundary conditions are φ=0 at x=0 and ∂φ /∂x=0 at x=L. the data are
L=1.5m,
L 1.5m, uu=2m/s, 1.0kg/m3 and Γ
2m/s, ρρ=1.0kg/m Γ=0.03kg/m/s.
0.03kg/m/s.

the source distribution defined by Figure 8.8 applies at times t>0 with
a=-200,
a= 200 b=100,
b=100 x1= 0.6m,
0 6m x2= 0.2m.
0 2m Write a computer program to
calculate the transient temperature distribution until it reaches a steady
state using the implicit method for time integration and the Hayase et
al variant of the QUICK scheme for the convective and diffusive
terms and compare this result with the analytical steady state solution

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Solution convection-diffusion of a property φ subjected to a

distributed source term is governed by
∂ ( ρφ ) ∂ ( ρ uφ ) ∂ ⎛ ∂φ ⎞
+ = ⎜Γ ⎟ + S (8.32)
(8 32)
∂t ∂x ∂x ⎝ ∂x ⎠
We use a 45 point grid to subdivide the domain and perform all calculations
with a computer program. It is convenient to use the Hayase et al
formulation of QUICK (see section 5.9.3)since it gives a tri-diagonal system
of equations which can be solved iteratively with the TDMA (see section
7.2).
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The velocity is u=2.0m/s and the cell width is Δx=0.0333 so F=ρu=2.0
and D=Γ/δx=0.9 everywhere. The Hayase et al formulation gives φ at
cell faces by means of the following formulae:
1 (8.33)
φe = φP + ( 3φE − 2φP − φW )
8
1
φw = φW + ( 3φP − 2φW − φWW ) (8.34)
8
The implicit discretisation equation at a general node with Hayase’s et al
QUICK scheme is given by
ρ (φP − φP0 ) Δx ⎡ 1 ⎤
+ Fe ⎢φP + ( 3φE − 2φP − φW ) ⎥
Δt ⎣ 8 ⎦
⎡ 1 ⎤
− Fw ⎢φW + ( 3φP − 2φW − φWW ) ⎥
⎣ 8 ⎦
= De (φE − φP ) − Dw (φP − φW ) (8.35)
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A time step Δt=0.01 is selected, which is well within

stability limit for explicit schemes

Start with an initial field of φ P0 =0 at all nodes.

Solve iteratively for φ values until a converged solution
is obtained
Set φ P0 Å φ P and proceed to the next time level
To monitor whether steady state reached:
if φ P- φ P0 < ε Æ steady state , ε may be 10-9

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 The Analytical Solution
Under the given boundary conditions the solution to the problem is as
follows:
a0
φ ( x) = C1 + C2 e Px − ( Px + 1) (8.41)
P2
∞
⎛ L ⎞⎡ ⎛ nπ x ⎞ ⎛ nπ ⎞ ⎛ nπ x ⎞ ⎡ 2 ⎛ nπ ⎞2 ⎤ ⎤
−∑ an ⎜ ⎟ ⎢ P sin ⎜ ⎟+⎜ ⎟ cos ⎜ ⎟ ⎢P + ⎜ ⎟ ⎥⎥
n =1 ⎝ nπ ⎠ ⎢⎣ ⎝ L ⎠ ⎝ L ⎠ ⎝ L ⎠ ⎢⎣ ⎝ L ⎠ ⎥⎦ ⎥⎦

with ρu a0 ∞
an ⎡ 2 ⎛ nπ ⎞2 ⎤
P=
Γ
; C2 = + ∑
P 2 e PL n =1 e PL
cos ( nπ ) ⎢P + ⎜ ⎟ ⎥
⎝ L ⎠ ⎥⎦
⎣⎢
a0 ∞ ⎡ 2 ⎛ nπ ⎞ 2 ⎤
and C1 = −C2 + P 2 + ∑ an ⎢P + ⎜ ⎟ ⎥
n =1 ⎢⎣ ⎝ L ⎠ ⎥⎦
( x1 + x2 )( ax1 + b ) + bx1
and a0 =
2L
2 L ⎪⎧⎛ a ( x1 + x2 ) + b ⎞ ⎛ nπ x1 ⎞ ⎡ ⎛ ax1 + b ⎞ ⎛ nπ ( x1 + x2 ) ⎞ ⎤ ⎪⎫
an = 2 2 ⎨⎜ ⎟ cos ⎜ ⎟ − ⎢a + ⎜ ⎟ cos ⎜ ⎟⎥ ⎬
n π ⎩⎪⎝ x2 ⎠ ⎝ L ⎠ ⎣⎢ ⎝ x2 ⎠ ⎝ L ⎠ ⎦⎥ ⎭⎪
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The analytical and numerical steady state solutions are compared

in Figure 8.9. as can be seen the use of the QUICK scheme and a
fine grid for spatial discretisation ensure near-perfect agreement

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8.7 Solution procedures for unsteady flow calculations
8.7.1 Transient SIMPLE
The continuity equation in a transient two-dimensional flow is given by
∂ρ ∂ ( ρ u ) ∂ ( ρ v ) (8.42)
+ + =0
∂t ∂x ∂y
Th integrated
The i t t d form
f off this
thi eqn over a two-dimensional
t di i l scalar
l c.v. is
i

(ρ P − ρ P0 )
ΔV + ⎡⎣( ρ uA )e − ( ρ uA ) w ⎤⎦ + ⎡⎣( ρ uA )n − ( ρ uA )s ⎤⎦ = 0 (8.43)
Δt
The equivalent of pressure correction equation (5.32) for a two-dimensional
transient flow will take the form
aP pP′ = aW pW′ + aE pE′ + aS pS′ + aN p′N + b
aE = ( ρ Ad )e aW = ( ρ Ad ) w aN = ( ρ Ad ) n aS = ( ρ Ad ) s (8.44)
aP = aw + ae + as + an
( ρ Po − ρ P )ΔV
(
b = ρu* A ) (
w
) ( ) (
− ρ u * A + ρ v* A − ρ v* A +
e s
) n Δt
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With neighbour coefficients

aI −1, J aI +1, J aI , J −1 aI , J +1
( ρ dA)i , J ( ρ dA)i +1, J ( ρ dA) I , j ( ρ dA) I , j +!
A higher order differencing scheme may also be used for time
derivative
A second order accurate scheme with respect to time is
∂T 1
=
∂t 2Δt
( 3T n +1 − 4T n + T n −1 ) (8.45)

Tn and Tn-1 are known from previous time stepsÆthey are

treated as source terms and are placed on the rhs of the eqn.

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8.8 Steady state calculations using the pseudo-transient

approach
It was mentioned in chapter 6 that under-relaxation is
necessary to stabilize the iterative process of obtaining
steady state solutions. The under-relaxed form of the two-
dimensional u-momentum equation
equation, for example
example, takes the
form
ai , J ⎡ a ⎤
ui , J = ∑ anb unb + ( pI −1, J − pI , J ) Ai , J + bi , J + ⎢(1 − α u ) i , J ⎥ ui(,nJ−1) (8.46)
αu ⎣ αu ⎦

Compare this with the transient (implicit) u-momentum

equation
ti
⎛ ρi0, J ΔV ⎞ ρi0, J ΔV 0 (8.47)
⎜⎜ ai , J + ⎟⎟ ui , J = ∑ anbunb + ( pI −1, J − pI , J ) Ai , J + bi , J + ui , J
⎝ Δt ⎠ Δt

ME555 : Computational Fluid Dynamics 36 I. Sezai – Eastern Mediterranean University

18
In equation (8.46) the superscript n-1 indicates the previous
iteration and in equation(8.47) superscript 0 represents the
previous time level. We immediately note a clear analogy
between transient calculations and under-relaxation in
steady state calculations. It can be easily deduced that
ai , J ρi0, J ΔV
(1 − α u ) = (8.48)
αu Δt
This formula shows that it is possible to achieve the effects
off under-relaxed
d l d iterative
it ti steady
t d state
t t calculations
l l ti from
f a
given initial field by means of a pseudo-transient
computation starting from the same initial field by taking a
step size that satisfies (8.48).

ME555 : Computational Fluid Dynamics 37 I. Sezai – Eastern Mediterranean University

19