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Journal of Entrepreneurship in Emerging Economies (JEEE): Reflecting on the

Past 5-years while Thinking about the Future

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DOI: 10.1108/JEEE-06-2020-0162

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Thinking
Journal of entrepreneurship in about the
emerging economies (JEEE): future

reflecting on the past five years

while thinking about the future 791
Wen Li Chan and Michael James Mustafa Received 5 June 2020
Revised 24 July 2020
Nottingham University Business School, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Accepted 28 July 2020
Semenyih, Malaysia

Abstract
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of studies published in the Journal of
Entrepreneurship in Emerging Economies (JEEE) between 2014 and 2019. The review also provides
suggestions for future research in JEEE.
Design/methodology/approach – Integrative literature of 90 empirical and conceptual articles
published in JEEE between 2014 and 2019. The selected articles were analyzed using content analysis.
Findings – Analysis of the 90 published articles shows that JEEE has covered a number of relevant topics
related to entrepreneurship and innovation in emerging economies. In particular, scholars have adopted a
variety of methods to describe such activities in emerging economies. The review also highlights the lack of
comparative studies in JEEE and studies, which significantly take into account or focus on the emerging
economy context.
Practical implications – The findings suggest that future scholars wishing to submit to JEEE should
consider taking a more detailed account of the emerging context.
Originality/value – Since its first publication in 2014, this study represents the first review of articles
found in JEEE. Specifically, the study provides a platform for future scholars wishing to submit to JEEE to
take stock of the studies in the journal, thus giving them a better understanding of the field. The study also
provides directions regarding areas of possible future research, which might be of interest to scholars wishing
to submit to JEEE.
Keywords Emerging economies, Systematic review, Entrepreneurial ecosystem, Entrepreneurship,
Institutional environment
Paper type Research paper

1. Introduction
In 2014, after five years of continuous publication, the Journal of Chinese Entrepreneurship
(JCE) became the Journal of Entrepreneurship in Emerging Economies (JEEE). The rationale
for the change in the name and the scope of the journal was outlined in the Editorial of the
inaugural issue under the new title (Li, 2014), where a principal argument referred to the
growing significance of emerging economies in driving global economic growth,
entrepreneurship and innovation. Li (2014) noted that while the role of emerging economies
in entrepreneurship and innovation had caught the imagination of the world and the
attention of scholars, there was a lack of dedicated outlets to discuss and exchange new
knowledge and ideas on this area. Consequently, JEEE became the first journal to focus on Journal of Entrepreneurship in
Emerging Economies
all areas of entrepreneurship, innovation and government policies that constrain or Vol. 13 No. 5, 2021
pp. 791-818
stimulate entrepreneurship and innovation in emerging economies, providing an outlet to © Emerald Publishing Limited
2053-4604
advance empirical research and a platform for debate by policy-makers and practitioners. DOI 10.1108/JEEE-06-2020-0162
JEEE Six years on, JEEE as a journal has made tremendous progress. For example, in 2018,
13,5 JEEE received 152 submissions, which was an increase of 48% over the previous year.
Equally impressively, its CiteScore grew from 1.6 in 2017 to 2.2 in 2018 (Scopus, 2020a). As a
mark of its growing popularity and reputation, in 2019, JEEE was also listed in both the
Chartered Association of Business Schools in the United Kingdom (CABS) and Australian
Business Deans Council (ABDC) journal ranking guides (CABS, 2018; ABDC, 2019). The
792 journal has also made continuous progress in the SCImago Journal Rank (SJR), with its SJR
score rising from 0.388 in 2018 to 0.483 in 2019 (SCImago Journal and Country Rank, 2020).
Given its continued growth, it is timely to reflect on the progress made by articles appearing
in JEEE, while also offering suggestions for future research for scholars wishing to submit
to JEEE. Accordingly, this particular study seeks to provide an overview of articles
published in JEEE from 2014 to 2019, while also highlighting areas of future research on the
topic of entrepreneurship and innovation in emerging economies. A core aim of this paper is
to promote a better understanding of the research being published in JEEE, while also
encouraging future scholars to take into account perspectives related to emerging economies
in more detail. It is through the latter approach that we believe that JEEE can strengthen its
standing in the scholarly community and deepen our understanding of entrepreneurship
and innovation in emerging economies.

2. Entrepreneurship in emerging economies

The past 40 years has seen significant scholarly, managerial and public policy interest in the
topic of entrepreneurship (Streb and Gupta, 2011). This interest is in part driven by
evidence, which suggests that entrepreneurship is a driving force for modern economies and
societal development through both economic growth and the generation of employment, and
the promotion of innovation (Bosma and Levie, 2010; Bosma et al., 2009). Broadly,
entrepreneurship can be described as the process of identifying, evaluating and exploiting of
new business opportunities (Shane and Venkataraman, 2000). While this process is critical
to new business creation, it is also central to the corporate entrepreneurial activities of
existing firms’ entrepreneurship endeavors (Sharma and Chrisman, 2007). Hence,
investigations into entrepreneurial activities should not be only limited to the activities of
new small independent ventures (Hughes and Morgan, 2007; Shane and Venkataraman,
2000; Wiklund et al., 2011) but may also be extended to activities taking place in established
organizations (Miller and Friesen, 1983).
A large body of scholarship has thus, been interested in understanding the determinants
(micro-macro-meso level) and the outcomes of entrepreneurial activity across all levels such
as wealth, job and knowledge creation (Alvord et al., 2004). Scholars of entrepreneurship
have been long interested in understanding how institutional arrangements can shape not
only the rate but also the nature of entrepreneurial activities across society (Chiles et al.,
2007). Institutions refer to the formal and informal norms, rules and values governing social
and economic exchanges within a country or society (North, 1990). As powerful forces,
institutions can exert considerable influences to make certain entrepreneurial actions and
behaviors more or less viable than others (Kostova, 1999; Peng and Zhou, 2005). All things
being equal, entrepreneurial activity is more likely to eventuate under circumstances were
the institutional environments are favorable to and supportive of entrepreneurial activities
(Bruton et al., 2008). Hence, important discussions have emerged in the literature with
respect to why some economic and social contexts make entrepreneurial activity either more
or less risky and/or complex the others (Aidis, 2005; Fogel et al., 2006; Manolova et al., 2008).
It is also crucial that future scholars start to take into consideration the context in which
entrepreneurial activity takes place (Zahra and Wright, 2011).
 Although institutions are common across countries and societies, considerable Thinking
heterogeneity can nevertheless be found among them. One such difference with respect to about the
institutional arrangements may be observed between developed and developing or
emerging, economies (Bruton et al., 2008). Similar to Hoskisson et al. (2000, p. 249), we define
future
emerging economies as those characterized by low-income, rapid-growth countries using
economic liberalization as their primary engine of growth. Such emerging economies are said
to account for approximately 75% of the world’s population lives in emerging economies [. . .]
[and] the population growth rates of emerging economies are the highest of all countries. 793
Hence, emerging economies can include the transition economies of East Asia, Central and
Eastern Europe and the newly independent states of the former Soviet Union, as well as the
economies in the Middle East, Latin America, Southeast Asia and Africa (World Bank,
2002).
An interesting feature of many emerging economies is that, compared to developed
economies, they are often characterized by high transaction cost environments, political and
economic instability and an undersupplied skilled workforce (Yiu and Lau, 2008). Such
characteristics have meant that potential entrepreneurs and firms operating in emerging
economies may be faced with distinct institutional challenges. For instance, a lack of
physical infrastructure (e.g. roads, telecommunications, sanitation and power) and
persistently high levels of corruption and political instability can act as a major hurdle for
entrepreneurs in emerging markets (Cavusgil et al., 2012). Similarly, a lack of credible legal
frameworks and financial capital availability and a prevalence of deeply embedded
networks and personalized exchanges, can make it difficult for “outsiders” to engage in
entrepreneurial activities (Meyer and Peng, 2005). Hence, such institutional challenges
suggest that entrepreneurship in emerging economies remains a highly complex, uncertain
and risky process (Zahra, 1993). However, an important caveat must be pointed out here. As
indicated by Meyer and Peng (2016), just as there may be considerable diversity between
developed and emerging economies, considerable within-group differences may be observed
among emerging economies themselves. This suggests that researchers should not treat
emerging economies as a homogeneous group.
In particular, as Meyer and Peng (2016) and others have pointed out (Bruton et al., 2008),
the significant heterogeneity existing within emerging economy institutional arrangements
means that entrepreneurship does occur and often flourishes in emerging economies. In
recognizing that institutional uncertainties and challenges pose very real barriers to many
entrepreneurs in emerging economies, we simultaneously recognize that such situations can
also create significant opportunities for entrepreneurs and entrepreneurial firms (Tracey
et al., 2011). For example, in emerging economies, entrepreneurs may find themselves
deliberately leveraging specific resources and strategies to create and/or manipulate the
institutional structures and weakness within which they find themselves embedded
(Dorado, 2005). Hence, it can be assumed that entrepreneurship in emerging economies is
likely to involve a different set of skills than those associated with entrepreneurship in
developed economies because of the former’s unique characteristics (Tracey et al., 2011).
Such peculiarities with respect to differing institutional arrangements among emerging
economies and entrepreneurial activity begs for a better understanding of the drivers of
entrepreneurial practices in such contexts, as well as the important effects of such activities
at the individual, organizational and societal levels. As the first journal specifically
dedicated to entrepreneurship in emerging economies, we urge future scholars and those
wishing to submit to the JEEE to take into consideration more carefully the emerging
economy context. Doing so may provide richer insights to the nuances of entrepreneurship
in emerging economies.
JEEE 3. Method
13,5 3.1 Scope of review
The review focused on all published [1] articles found in the JEEE [2]. This amounted to a
total of 115 published and available articles across 6 volumes and 17 issues between 2014
and 2019. In the end, the authors analyzed only 90 empirical articles, as guest editorial
pieces, book reviews and PhD thesis updates were removed.
794
3.2 Process
The authors followed the following review protocol in examining the 90 articles:

Each author individually read each of the 90 articles.

Each author then individually applied the following coding template to each of the
articles – Key Topics Investigated, Method, Sampling Frame, Country Focus,
Comparative Studies, Discussion of Emerging Economy Context.

The authors met to compare their individual coding of the 90 articles and any
disagreements that emerged. In the end, the authors were able to reach a
satisfactory level of agreement among their coding.

The above process gave us the basis in which to conduct our review. Specifically, we
focused on what has been currently been published in the journal and the areas/topics,
which warrant future investigation in the journal.

4. Findings
Table 1 provides a brief overview of selected studies discussed in this section.

4.1 Bibliometric information

For simplicity and comparability, the bibliometric information in this section is based on
data from Scopus. The quartile rankings of JEEE advanced from the second quartile in 2017
(highest percentile of 65% in the area of business and international management) to the first
quartile in 2018 (highest percentile of 81% in the area of economics, econometrics and
finance) and remaining in the first quartile in 2019 for the same area as 2018, with the
percentile increasing to 86% (Scopus, 2020b).
Table 2 sets out the top 10 most cited articles among the 90 review articles (Scopus,
2020c).
A conceptual study by Ratten (2014b) on the challenges of encouraging collaborative
entrepreneurship in developing countries ranks as the article with the most citations; one of
three conceptual papers that are listed in the 10 most cited JEEE articles. A majority of the
top 10 most cited articles (60%) used quantitative analysis techniques. For instance, Hyder
and Lussier (2016) applied the Lussier model of business success and failure with a sample
of 143 small businesses in Pakistan. Twenty per cent of the said top 10 articles involved
samples of women entrepreneurs. Only one out of the top 10 most cited JEEE articles used
qualitative analysis – Eijdenberg et al. (2015) conducted interviews with 133 Rwandan small
business owners to investigate entrepreneurial motivation and small business growth in the
country.

4.2 Key topics investigated and discussion of emerging economy context

Figure 1 provides a meta-overview of the key topics addressed by the 90 review articles.
Approximately 40% of the reviewed articles focused on topics related to the range of
entrepreneurial activity in emerging economies. For instance, adopting a historical
 Country
Authors Research question Sample focus Findings

Acheampong (2018) Evaluate the usefulness of financial Quantitative – 155 farmers Ghana
institution class ties in SCPFs’
survival in Ghana
Aldairany et al. Examine the theoretical bases and
(2018) main themes and issues that have
been studied in this area, to map the
current knowledge in a clear frame
as an attempt to highlight gaps and
weaknesses in relevant literature
Amrita et al. (2018) Explore the critical success factors
of women’s entrepreneurship (WE)
adoption in Indian micro, small and
medium enterprises (MSMEs)
Anderson and Examine the explanatory power of
Ronteau (2017) existing theories of
entrepreneurship
Anggadwita et al. Analyze how the socio-cultural
(2017) environment affects women
entrepreneurs
Asongu and Assess how entrepreneurship
Tchamyou (2016) affects the knowledge economy in
Africa
from the national poultry
support project
Qualitative – 57 articles in NA
a systematic literature
review (SLR)
Quantitative – Indian
MSMEs
conceptual
Quantitative – 210 women Indonesia
entrepreneurs
Quantitative – 53 African
countries for the period of
1996–2010
The survival rate of SCPFs is influenced by ties to
universal banks and cooperative credit unions that have
a positive effect while those with ties to savings and
loans companies have a reduced survival probability
Main conclusion is that more research and empirical
evidence is needed on understanding how
entrepreneurship flourishes in conflict zones
India Individual, management and government dimensions
take paramount importance while women aim to become
entrepreneurs in Indian MSMEs
N/A While existing theory is good at explaining aspects of
entrepreneurship, most theories are discipline bound and
operate in silos. A theory of entrepreneurship practice is
proposed to connect these disciplines
Practical implications include useful information for women
entrepreneurs to overcome the impact of the socio-cultural
environment in their entrepreneurial activities
African The creation of an enabling environment for starting a
nations business can substantially boost most dimensions of the
knowledge economy (KE), doing business through
mechanisms of trade globalization has positive effects
from sectors that are not ICT and high-tech-oriented. The
time needed to end the business has negative effects on
KE. Practical implications current technology in African
countries may be more imitative and adaptive for reverse
engineering in ICTs and high-tech products; African
countries should consider producing its own ICT and
high-tech commodities
(continued)

studies from JEEE

Table 1.
795
future

Sample of reviewed
about the
Thinking

Table 1.
Authors Research question
Abu Bakar et al. Assess the determining factors of
(2017) entrepreneurial business startups in
Saudi Arabia from an eclectic
perspective
Barbara and Li Examine the impact of the
(2014) dynamics of changes in career
choice intentions, and impacts of
career motives, university
environment and perceived barriers
on students entrepreneurial
intentions
Bhardwaj (2014) Examine the relationship between
education and training and
performance of women
entrepreneurs (WEs)
Chai et al. (2016) Are MNEs are often reluctant to
employ host country nationals at
important positions and treat their
host and parent countries’
employees differently
Dai et al. (2015) Examine the role of intra-national
institutions in business
performance
Country
Sample focus
Quantitative – data from Saudi
the 2000 Global Arabia
Entrepreneurship Monitor
Quantitative – 50 students China
in China and 450 overseas
Chinese students as part
of the GUESSS project
Quantitative – 150 women India
entrepreneurs
Qualitative – employment Hong Kong
details of civil servants
Quantitative – 84 firms in China
the pharmaceutical
industry that are listed on
the Shanghai and
Shenzhen Stock Exchange
13,5
796
JEEE
Findings
Income, fear of failure, perception of high status and
knowledge of other entrepreneurs, have a significant
relationship with the possibility of a business startup
The most preferred career choice option for Chinese
students right after leaving university is to work in a
large company and their intention to start an own
company is low. However, in five years after graduation,
founding an own company is identified as the most
preferred option. The change appears to be primarily
associated with students’ perception of own maturity,
confidence and improved financial position
The study also revealed that due to constraints in time
availability and resources, women entrepreneurs find it
hard to train themselves and equip themselves with the
recent developments in technology and the market
Host country nationals earn much less than not only the
British but also those from third countries. Moreover,
parent country nationals were placed at important officer
and supervisory roles, as oppose to host country
nationals at the bottom, forming a typically ethnocentric
governance structure
The level of regional financial sector marketization was
found to be positively associated with the likelihood of
engaging in corporate venturing by firms within the
region. Moreover, it was found that organizational slack
significantly decreases the institutional influence on
corporate venturing
(continued)

Authors Research question
Dvouletý (2017) Investigate the impact of newly
established entrepreneurial activity
on economic development of the
Czech NUTS 3 regions during the
period of years 2003–2015
Efobi and Orkoh Examine the effects of training
(2018) entrepreneurs and such
entrepreneurs going ahead to
retrain its workers on the business
high-growth performance
Eijdenberg et al. Investigate the relationship
(2015) between entrepreneurial motivation
and small business growth in
Rwanda
Hyder and Lussier Examine the factors that lead to
(2016) either success or failure of small
firms
Kassa and Raju Empirically examine the
(2015) relationship between corporate
entrepreneurship and employee
engagement
Hizam-Hanafiah and Examine the extent to which
Li (2014) franchisees are satisfied with the
attainment of their personal goals in
business
Table 1.
Country
Sample focus Findings
Quantitative – 13 Czech Czech Newly established business companies and the self-
Regions, during 2003– Republic employed were found on real gross domestic product
2015 (GDP) per capita. Only the higher rates of newly
established business companies and partnership were
associated with higher levels of GDP per capita in the
Czech regions
Quantitative – data from Nigeria Entrepreneurs who received standard evaluation training
the national business plan and goes ahead to retrain its workers experienced an
competition in Nigeria expansion in the number of employees by two persons,
(YouWiN!) an increase in innovation index by about three units
Qualitative – interviews Rwanda Predictors for the growth of small businesses can be
with 133 Rwandan small divided into three factors: one factor with a mix of
business owners motivations related to family background, necessity and
opportunity motivations; one factor with items
predominantly related to opportunity motivation; and
one factor with items related to necessity motivation
Quantitative – 143 small Pakistan Business planning, proper employee staffing, adequate
businesses capital flows and partnerships are important for the
viability and success of small businesses
Quantitative – 332 Ethiopia Findings showed that the relationship between the
respondents from six organization and its employees can be viewed as a
leather footwear mutually beneficial arrangement in a reciprocal exchange
companies
Quantitative – 204 Malaysia Findings suggest that franchisees were satisfied with
franchisee entrepreneurs their goal attainments. Additionally, findings also show
that franchisees were mostly satisfied with intrinsic
rewards goals, followed by perceived autonomy goals
and family concern goals
(continued)
797
future
about the
Thinking
 13,5

798
JEEE

Table 1.
Country
Authors Research question Sample focus Findings

Kumar and Yakhlef Explore the mechanism through Qualitative – single case
(2014) which the capabilities related to study
internationalization emerge and are
acquired as firms internationalize
Li et al. (2016) Develop a framework to facilitate
the evaluation of the complexities of
working in multi-level governance
and partnership and to assess the
extent to which collaboration adds
value in terms of both process and
outcomes
Meil and Salzman What opportunities are there for
(2017) growth among smaller innovative
technology entrepreneurial firms
Mehrotra and Verma To analyze the activities of Indian
(2015) social enterprises, identify the
reasons/causes for their
shortcomings
Molaei et al. (2014) Examine the effect of
entrepreneurial idea dimensions
(the value, content, number and
novelty of idea) along with intuitive
cognitive style versus an analytical
style on students’ entrepreneurial
intention
India
Quantitative – fuzzy China
analysis hierarchy process
(FAHP) of Wuhan Region
in China
Qualitative – Indian India
Technology Companies
Mixed method study – India
survey of 236 social
enterprises and 25
interviews with social
enterprise owners
Quantitative – 376 Iran
undergraduate students of
campuses
A firm’s ability to develop dynamic capabilities is key for
global service delivery and its growth and survival. It is
suggested that dynamic capabilities emerge as the result
of a mix of experiential and deliberate learning processes,
being in a constant change in rhythm with changes in
domestic and in international business environments
The effectiveness of multi-level governance and
partnerships is primarily determined by such factors as
clarity of framework for partnership, consensus on
mission statement of strategic partnership, mechanisms
for joint initiation and implementation of projects and
removal of barriers to flow of resources
The technology entrepreneurial development in India
appears to represent quite a distinctive path in terms of
both firm development and broader economic
development
Strategic and operational capabilities, workforce
management, establishing functional scaling up,
identifying and fulfilling beneficiary pool, identifying
and fulfilling donor pool and promotional efforts were
identified as the major activities of NGOs
Students with intuitive cognitive style, among the four
dimensions of entrepreneurial idea (i.e. idea content,
volume, value and novelty), the greatest direct effect
belongs to the idea volume and idea content. Further, for
the students with analytical cognitive style, the idea
volume and the idea value have the maximum direct
impacts on their entrepreneurial intention meanwhile the
least direct effect belongs to the idea novelty
(continued)

Authors Research question
Montiel-Campos Explore the influence that different
(2018) factors have on the creation of
university spin-offs
Mustafa et al. (2015) Explore the impact of psychological
ownership (both job and
organizational based) on extra-role
behaviors among family and non-
family employees in small overseas
Chinese family businesses
Mustafa et al. (2016) Develop an empirical model that
examines whether a student’s
proactive personality or the
university support environment
affects their entrepreneurial
intentions
Olomi et al. (2018) Examine the experiences and
lessons from formalization
initiatives in four sub-Saharan
African countries
Pham et al. (2019) Explore the role of the father in
supporting the son’s business
knowledge and development in
Vietnamese family businesses
Popkova et al. (2018) Determine the role of innovations in
provision of competitiveness and
innovational development of
economy and overcoming of
“underdevelopment whirlpools”
Table 1.
Country
Sample focus Findings
Quantitative – 52 Various An entrepreneurial orientation, incubators or
universities countries entrepreneurship support programs and goods market
throughout efficiency are the factors that positively influence the
Latin creation of university spin-offs
America
Quantitative – 80 family Malaysia Job-based psychological ownership was found to
owners/managers and significantly predict both types of extra-role behaviors.
non-family employees Organizational-based psychological ownership, however,
from 40 small overseas was only a significant predictor of voice extra-role
Chinese family businesses behavior
Quantitative – 141 Malaysia Findings indicate that a proactive personality and
undergraduate students concept development support have significant impact on
attending an students’ entrepreneurial intentions. Additionally, the
internationally renowned results showed that a student’s proactive personality had
university a greater effect on their entrepreneurial intentions than
that of the university support environment
Qualitative – comparative Tanzania, The informal sector has a small layer that responds to
case studies of micro- Ghana, the simplification of regulations and a larger one that
enterprises Kenya and requires a different formalization framework
Rwanda
Qualitative – semi- Vietnam Findings suggest that the father plays different roles at
structured interviews with different stages of the son’s business knowledge
five father-son succession development process
pairs
Quantitative – national Russia, Innovations were found as a means for eliminating
comparative data set Republic of structural disproportions in economy of Russia and
Belarus countries of Eastern Europe, i.e. overcoming of
“underdevelopment whirlpools”
(continued)
799
future
about the
Thinking

Table 1.
Authors Research question
Ratten (2014a) Examine the effects of privacy
concerns and consumer
innovativeness toward consumer’s
adoption of a technological
innovation in the form of cloud
computing technology
Ratten (2014b) Examine the challenges of
collaborative entrepreneurship in
developing countries, in particular
how it differs depending on a
country’s level of economic and
social development
Rehman (2016) To investigate the innovation
activities of Chilean firms
Ren et al. (2016) Examine the evolution of
innovation-based dynamic
capabilities in informal copycat-
style firms
Roundy (2017) Develop a framework for studying
entrepreneurial ecosystems in small
towns
13,5
800
JEEE
Country
Sample focus Findings
Quantitative – 270 China, USA Findings suggest that the performance expectancy,
Undergraduate Students perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use can help
from China and the USA predict intention to adopt cloud computing services in
both the USA and China, but consumer innovativeness is
a better indicator in the USA than in China for consumers
adopting technological innovations
Conceptual N/A A number of different types of collaborative
entrepreneurship are found, including cultural
collaboration government attitudes and society benefits,
community innovations and collaborative capabilities
Quantitative – 696 Chilean Chile SMEs are less likely to apply for patents and introduce
small and medium product innovations. SMEs that are engaged in quality
enterprises (SMEs) programs are more likely to spend on patents. Finally,
SMEs with public support for innovation activities
positively influence the patent application
Qualitative – single case China Findings suggested that firms should reduce innovation
study of a failures and lower damage degree of dynamic capabilities
telecommunication through consistent innovation and paying attention to
company their innovation improvement
Conceptual N/A Entrepreneurship in small cities is best conceptualized as
the outcome of an ecosystem, which means that although
small towns may not have some of the same key
components as entrepreneurial ecosystems in large urban
centers, other elements of the ecosystem may be able to
bolster these deficiencies
(continued)
 Country
Authors Research question Sample focus Findings

Shojaei et al. (2018) Explore the barriers that constrain
the VC financing in Iran based on
the institutional theory
Singh and Kota Examine whether family businesses
(2017) innovate and internationalize more
than non-family businesses and
further analyzes the type of family
businesses “age-wise” and “size-
wise” that innovate and
internationalize more
Srivastava and Misra Identify the antecedents of
(2017) entrepreneurial intentions of young
women in India
Sonfield et al. (2016) To compare the use of non-family- Quantitative – total of 485
members in the higher-level
management team of Arab/Islamic
family businesses versus American
family businesses
Qualitative – 31 detailed Iran
Interviews with various
VC stakeholders
Quantitative – BSE 500 India
(Bombay Stock Exchange)
index companies for a
period of 11 years from
2005 to 2015
Mixed-method study – India
survey of 248 female
students and a focus
group of 110 young female
students
US, Egypt, American family businesses engaged the services of non-
family businesses Kuwait and family-member managers to a statistically significant
Lebanon
Major formal institutional deficiencies include lack of
appropriate financial regulations, inefficacy in tax, labor,
property rights, financial disclosure, bankruptcy,
investor protection laws and regulations, lack of credit
rating/scoring systems, inefficacy in small and medium-
sized enterprise-supporting policies and capital market
underdevelopment. Moreover, there exist some informal
institutional barriers such as a culture of capitalism
disapproval, a culture of secrecy, individualistic customs
and weakness of managerial skills that constrain VC
activities in Iran
Family businesses are more innovative and
internationalized when compared to non-family
businesses
Findings confirms the role of social valuation as an
important antecedent of entrepreneurial intentions
among women. However, it also identifies that
entrepreneurship education is also an important element
that affects the entrepreneurial intentions of young
women in India
greater degree than did Arab/Islamic family businesses
(continued)

Table 1.
801
future
about the
Thinking

Table 1.
Authors Research question
ul Haq et al. (2014) Compare the entrepreneurial
activity in China and Pakistan
based on: fear of failure, perceived (GEM) data
capabilities, perceived opportunities
and knowledge of other
entrepreneurs
Urban and To determine to what extent culture
Ratsimanetrimanana influences entrepreneurship by
(2015) connecting the causal chain from
cultural values to perceived
desirability to entrepreneurial
intention (EI)
Valliere (2015) To report on the level of EI in
southwestern Cameroon
Yaseen et al. (2018) Explore what predicts the
entrepreneurial decisions in the
dairy industry of Pakistan
Zhao and Wang Examine how the interactions
(2015) between the entrepreneur’s
technical and market knowledge
and the intra- and extra-industry
ties affect resources acquisition
Zheng and Wong Explore why this company can
(2016) overcome the fatalism that “family
business could not pass on over
three generations”
Sample
Quantitative – 2010 Global China,
Entrepreneurship Monitor Pakistan
Quantitative – 2,220
individuals in self-
employment
Quantitative – national
survey
Quantitative – 174 milk
producers
Quantitative – 165 high-
technology companies
located in the incubator in
Xi’an
Qualitative – single case
study of Li and Fung
Corporation
13,5
802
JEEE
Country
focus Findings
Chinese entrepreneurs were found not to be significantly
influenced by their fear of failure to engage in
entrepreneurial activity. Gender is also not a significant
predictor of entrepreneurial activity in China. In
Pakistan, perception of opportunities does not
significantly predict whether to involve in
entrepreneurial activity or not, while other factors do.
Gender is a significant predictor of entrepreneurial
activity in Pakistan
Madagascar Findings show that cultural dimensions influence the
relationship between perceived desirability and EI only
for the highlander ethnic group. Differences between the
ethnic groups are also observed in terms of the
indulgence-restraint cultural dimension
Cameroon Contrary to the expectations for low entrepreneurial
prevalence and intention expressed in the literature, there
is actually no significant EI deficit in Cameroon
Pakistan Intention is a strong predictor to start entrepreneurial
activities in the Pakistani dairy industry. Among
precursory factors, perceived feasibility, readiness and
conviction were found strongly linked to intention when
explaining the causes of entrepreneurial start-ups
China There is a positive relationship between the
entrepreneurs’ knowledge and the resources acquisition.
The effects of the technical knowledge and the market
knowledge are contingent on the intra-industry ties and
the extra-industry ties in different ways
Hong Kong Li and Fung Corporation has flourished for over a
century because they adopted the “pruning the family
tree” mechanism and “listing and de-listing” mechanism
during critical stages of succession and development
 No. of citations
No. Authors Article title (Scopus, 2020c) Sample Country focus

1 Ratten (2014b) Encouraging collaborative 48 Conceptual N/A

2 Hyder and Lussier (2016)
3 Anggadwita et al. (2017)
4 Asongu and Tchamyou (2016)
5 Mustafa et al. (2016)
6 Bhardwaj (2014)
7 Anderson and Ronteau (2017)
8 Dvouletý (2017)
9 Eijdenberg et al. (2015)
10 Roundy (2017)
entrepreneurship in developing countries:
the current challenges and a research
agenda
Why businesses succeed or fail: a study on 47 Quantitative – 143 small Pakistan
small businesses in Pakistan businesses
Socio-cultural environments and emerging 36 Quantitative – 210 women Indonesia
economy entrepreneurship women entrepreneurs
entrepreneurs in Indonesia
The impact of entrepreneurship on 29 Quantitative – 53 African countries African nations
knowledge economy in Africa for the period of 1996–2010
Entrepreneurial intentions of university 29 Quantitative – 141 undergraduate Malaysia
students in an emerging economy: the students attending an
influence of university support and internationally renowned
proactive personality on students’ university
entrepreneurial intention
Impact of education and training on 26 Quantitative – 150 women India
performance of women entrepreneurs: A entrepreneurs
study in emerging market context
Toward an entrepreneurial theory of 24 Conceptual N/A
practice; emerging ideas for emerging
economies
Can policymakers count with positive 22 Quantitative – 13 Czech Regions, Czech Republic
impact of entrepreneurship on economic during 2003–2015
development of the Czech regions?
Entrepreneurial motivation and small 22 Qualitative – Interviews with 133 Rwanda
business growth in Rwanda Rwandan small business owners
“Small town” entrepreneurial ecosystems: 20 Conceptual N/A
Implications for developed and emerging
economies

Top 10 most cited

JEEE articles
Table 2.

articles among the

803
future

reviewed
about the
Thinking
JEEE Main Topics Covered
13,5

804

Figure 1. 1 = entrepreneurial intenons 2 = Entrepreneurialism

Key topics covered
3 = SMEs and Family Business 4 = Determinants of Entrepreneurial Acvity
among the review
articles 5 = Entrepreneurship Educaon 6 = Other

approach, Chai et al. (2016) examined whether first-moving multi-national organizations

treated their local employees in an ethical and reasonable manner, for the employees
entering the service between 1845–1850. Similarly, Miel and Salzman’s (2017) study
explored the opportunities for growth among smaller innovative Indian technology
entrepreneurial firms, while Kassa and Raju (2015) explored how corporate entrepreneurial
attitudes in Ethiopian firms can influence the engagement levels of their employees at work.
A total 20 articles (approximately 22%) focused on critical issues related to the effective
functioning and growth of either small and medium enterprises (SMEs) and/or family
businesses. Some articles focused on growth and development issues in family-SMEs. Singh
and Kota (2017) explored how the innovation behavior of family-SMEs influenced their
internationalization strategies, while Mustafa et al. (2015) examined how non-family
employees feelings of ownership affected their ability to positively contribute to the
development of family-SMEs. Other studies examined issues related to the ability of SMEs
to thrive and survive in emerging economies. Eijdenberg et al. (2015) on the other hand,
explored whether entrepreneurs’ personal motivation affected the survival of their
enterprises in African least developed country, Rwanda, while Dai et al. (2015) examined the
role of intra-national institutions in China in influencing the business performance of
Chinese SMEs.
The majority of the remaining reviewed articles either focused on specific determinants
of entrepreneurial activity (14 articles) or the entrepreneurial intentions of individuals
(11 articles). Many of the articles here focused on determinants of entrepreneurial activity
examined a range of organizational-level (Kumar and Yakhlef (2014), country-level (Roundy Thinking
(2017)) or individual attributes (Hizam-Hanafiah and Li (2014)), which drive entrepreneurial about the
activities. For example, Olomi et al. (2018) focused on how the informal business sector future
responds to the simplification of national regulations, while Amrita et al. (2018) examined a
range of individual attributes that influenced Indian women’s start-up activities. Regarding
entrepreneurial intentions, Barbara and Li (2014) examined the dynamics of changes in
entrepreneurial intentions among Chinese students, while Molaei et al. (2014) looked to 805
examine the effects of students’ thinking styles on their entrepreneurial intentions. Closely
related to the topic of entrepreneurial intentions, a further six studies explored how
receiving training or development with respect to entrepreneurship can influence
entrepreneurial activities. Mustafa et al.’s. (2015) study looked at the effects of students’
receptiveness toward entrepreneurship education on their entrepreneurial intentions, while
Efobi and Orkoh (2018) explored how the Nigerian government’s efforts of training
entrepreneurs may improve their business performance.
The review also highlighted the lack of adequate discussion and consideration of the
emerging economy context among the reviewed articles. As per Figure 2, approximately
35% of articles provided a detailed discussion of the emerging economy context when
framing their respective studies or considering their findings. For instance, Mustafa et al.
(2016) framed their study of a proactive personality and entrepreneurial intentions with
respect to the issue of overcoming institutional barriers and challenges in Malaysia. Ren
et al. (2016) on the other hand, used the development of the Chinese mobile phone industry as
part of her analytical framework in explaining the evolution of innovation-based dynamic
capabilities in a Shanzhai firm. Similarly, Eijdenberg et al. (2015) explained how the
institutional uncertainties and weakness in Burundi can influence the strategic decision-
making processes of entrepreneurs.

Figure 2.
Number of studies
incorporating a
discussion of the
emerging economy
context
JEEE 4.3 Methods and sampling frame
13,5 Figure 3 provides an overview of the chosen methodologies adopted in reviewed articles.
The majority of the articles appearing in the journal used quantitative techniques such as
hierarchical regressions, structural equation modeling or logit-probit models. For instance,
Molaei et al. (2014) used hierarchical regression analysis to investigate the effects of
entrepreneurial idea dimensions along with the intuitive cognitive style of students on their
806 entrepreneurial intentions. Similarly, Acheampong (2018) used lagged-probit model
estimations to understand the usefulness of financial institution class ties in small
commercial poultry farms’ (SCPFs’) survival in Ghana, while Sonfield et al. (2016) used
analysis of covariance to compare differences between American and Arab/Islamic family
business attributes. Close to a third of the published articles used qualitative methodologies
such as single and multiple case studies, semi-structured interviews and/or systematic
reviews of the literature. Meil and Salzman (2017) drew on a comparative case study
approach to explore how opportunities for growth emerge among smaller innovative
technology entrepreneurial firms in India, while Zheng and Wong (2016) examined how
leadership and ownership emerge in corporations using a single in-depth case study.
Shojaei et al. (2018) on the other hand, conducted 31 detailed interviews to understand
how institutional barriers constrain venture capital (VC) financing in Iran, while Aldairany
et al. (2018) provided a detailed review of 57 peer-reviewed articles to develop an overview of
the literature on entrepreneurship in conflict and post-conflict societies. Only four articles
were found to have used mixed-method approaches, while six articles were conceptual in
nature. For instance, in examining the determinants of Indian students’ entrepreneurial
intentions, Srivastava and Misra (2017) used both a survey instrument and a series of semi-
structured interviews.
Figure 4 provides an overview of the different sampling frames adopted by the
reviewed articles. Approximately, 57% of published articles relied on samples from
either organizations [e.g. SMEs (16 articles) or large organizations (12 articles)] or

Methodologies Used

Figure 3.
Key methodologies
used among review
articles Quantave Qualitave Mixed methods Conceptual
 Sampling frame Thinking
18 about the
16 future
14
12
10
8 807
6
4
2
0
Figure 4.
Sampling frames
commonly used
among the review
articles

owners/managers of enterprises [e.g. entrepreneurs (13 articles) and business owners (11
articles)]. For instance, Pham et al.’s. (2019) data came from the owner-managers of five
family SMEs in Vietnam in their study exploring the role of the father in supporting the son’s
business knowledge and development, while Zhao and Wang (2015) sampled 165 technology
entrepreneurs to examine how such entrepreneurs’ technical and market knowledge and their
intra- and extra-industry ties affect their resource acquisitions. In total, 13 articles were found
to have sampled either high school or university students, to investigate their willingness to
engage in entrepreneurial activity.
In addition to the sampling of enterprises and student populations, 17 articles were found
to sample general populations of emerging economies, such as Valliere (2015), who
investigated entrepreneurial intentions among Cameroonians or Abu Bakar et al. (2017),
who surveyed working adults from Saudi Arabia to determine their willingness to start their
own business. Of these 17 articles, 7 explicitly focused on the experiences of women
regarding their entrepreneurial actives. For instance, Bhardwaj (2014) sampled 150 Indian
women entrepreneurs to examine whether their education and access to training programs
influenced their performance, while Srivastava and Misra (2017) examined the determinants
of entrepreneurial intentions among young Indian women. Only six articles focused on
specific emerging economies as a unit of analysis. For example, Popkova et al. (2018)
compared the Republic of Belarus and the Czech Republic to show how innovations have a
key role in the provision of competitiveness and innovational development of an economy,
while Li et al. (2016) used data from Wuhan, China to develop a framework to evaluate of the
complexities of working in multi-level governance and partnerships and how they add value
to firms in terms of both processes and outcomes.

4.4 Country focus and comparative studies

Figure 5 provides a graphical representation of the geographic distribution from which the
articles drew their data. For additional clarity, Table 3 sets out a frequency distribution of
the countries within each geographic area that are represented in the reviewed articles.
Currently, a majority of articles sampled in the review have focused on the experiences of
entrepreneurial activity throughout the Indian subcontinent (20 articles), with the most
number of articles having considered samples based in India (15 articles). For example,
JEEE Geographic distribuon of studies
13,5 25

20

15
808 10

Figure 5.
Geographic focus of
review articles

Yaseen et al. (2018) examined the nature of entrepreneurial behavior among 174 milk
producers in the Pakistani dairy industry, while Mehrotra and Verma’s (2015) study focused
on how Indian social enterprises can enhance the performance by using their networks to
increase their donor and beneficiary pools. The review of articles also identified a rapid
emergence of articles focusing on entrepreneurial activities throughout the economies of
Asia (19 articles) and the Middle-east (11 articles). Studies on Asia (19 articles) tended to
exclusively focus on entrepreneurial activities in China (14 articles) or Hong Kong
(4 articles). The review also identified a growing trend of articles (17 in total) focusing on the
emerging economies of Africa, including those of Nigeria (4 articles), Ethiopia (2 articles)
and Tanzania (2 articles). Articles typically focused on a range of African economies. For
instance, drawing on data from the under-researched country, Madagascar, Urban and
Ratsimanetrimanana (2015) explored how the country’s unique cultural values influenced
the entrepreneurial intentions of its population, while Olomi et al. (2018) examined the
business formalization experiences of four sub-Saharan African countries (Kenya, Ghana,
Rwanda and Tanzania).
From the studies on emerging economies that were reviewed, our analysis only identified
seven specific articles, which focused on the experiences of Latin American countries. For
example, Rehman (2016) used the World Bank Enterprise Survey data on Chilean SMEs to
demonstrate how their resource constraint prevents them from introducing product
innovations and applying for patents. In contrast, Montiel-Campos (2018) used a
representative sample of 52 universities from across the Latin American region in his
analysis of what creates university spin-offs. In addition to the lack of articles focusing on
Latin American countries, the review also revealed a dearth of articles drawing on data from
emerging and in particular transition European economies (three articles). These three
articles focused on the experiences of SMEs in such economies. For example, Dvouletý
(2017) used country-level econometric data to demonstrate the effect of new entrepreneurial
activity on Czech regional economic growth.
It was also observed from the review that there is a lack of articles providing a
comparison among emerging economies or between emerging economies and developed
economies. In fact, only 12 such articles were identified. For example, using data from the
Global Entrepreneurship Monitor, ul Haq et al. (2014) compared entrepreneurial activity
 No. of articles
Thinking
Total per about the
Geographic area Country Country geographic area future
Indian subcontinent India 15 20
Pakistan 5
Asia China 14 19
Hong Kong 4 809
“Asian countries” (Malaysia, Kazakhstan, 1
Iran, Iraq, Thailand)*
Africa Nigeria 4 17
Ethiopia 2
Tanzania 2
Cameroon 1
Burundi 1
Ghana 1
Kenya 1
Madagascar 1
Rwanda 1
South Africa 1
“Four Sub-Saharan African countries” 1
(Kenya, Ghana, Rwanda and Tanzania)*
Middle East Iran 4 11
Turkey 2
Saudi Arabia 2
United Arab Emirates 1
Palestine 1
Gulf Cooperation Council countries (Saudi 1
Arabia, Kuwait, United Arab Emirates,
Qatar, Bahrain, Oman)*
Latin America Brazil 2 7
Chile 2
Argentina 1
Peru 1
“Latin American region” (Chile, Panama, 1
Mexico, Costa Rica, Colombia, Peru, Brazil,
Honduras, Ecuador, Argentina, Bolivia and
Venezuela)*
Southeast Asia Malaysia 4 6
Singapore 1
Indonesia 1
Europe UK 1 3
Czech Republic 1
Russia 1
North America USA 2 3
Canada 1 Table 3.
Frequency
Notes: *The figures in this table are intended to present a general overview of the spread of countries
represented in the review articles, and do not take into account any double-counting that may occur owing distribution of
to articles that may have conducted an analysis on a sample of countries selected from across the countries represented
geographic area concerned or across two or more geographic areas in the review articles
JEEE among Pakistani and Chinese working adults, while Olomi et al. (2018) compared the
13,5 experiences of Kenya, Ghana, Rwanda and Tanzania with respect to how they regulate their
informal economy. Only five articles were found to provide a comparison of entrepreneurial
activity between emerging and developed economies. For instance, Ratten (2014) compared
the samples of US and Chinese students with respect to their determinants of their cloud
computing adoption behavior. In another article, Sonfield et al. (2016) compared the cultural
810 values of USA and Middle-eastern family business owners.

5. Discussion and suggestions for future research

The section below provides a brief discussion of the above findings and also suggestions for
future research. The discussion and suggestions for future research will be framed around
the key themes discussed above.

5.1 Key topics investigated and discussion of emerging economy context

The review indicated a particular topical focus on the nature of entrepreneurial activity in
emerging economies along with the factors that influence the growth and development of
SMEs and family businesses. As such, we suggest several promising topical areas for
further research emerge to broaden the fields understanding of entrepreneurship in
emerging economies. In particular, further research is needed to understand and explore the
uniqueness of entrepreneurship and entrepreneurial activities in emerging economies. For
instance, prior research has shown that the determinants of firm-level entrepreneurial
activity may vary significantly between developed and emerging economies and such
activity may significantly contribute to wealth creation (Gomez-Haro et al., 2011). Hence,
future research may do well to look into the conditions unique to emerging economies and
how they influence the pro-entrepreneurial attitudes of emerging economy firms.
Entrepreneurship involves the study of sources of opportunities, the process of discovery
and the exploitation of opportunities (Shane and Venkataraman, 2000). This suggests that
entrepreneurial activity can take on a variety of different forms in addition to the mere
creation of enterprises. Consequently, we urge future researchers to take into consideration
of the different forms of entrepreneurship, which have been traditionally understudies in
JEEE and how they take shape in emerging economies. For example, sport entrepreneurship
is an emerging field within entrepreneurship research (Gonzalez-Serrano et al., 2019; Ratten,
2010), but one that has received scant attention in the emerging economy context. Future
research on topics such as agripreneurship (Otache, 2017) in Africa, aquapreneurship in
Qatar or eco-entrepreneurship (Palmås and Lindberg, 2013) in Sri Lanka is also much
needed as it may provide unique insights into how different forms of entrepreneurship can
impact the community and national development. We further recommend that future
authors explore under-researched issues in JEEE such as entrepreneurship and
sustainability, entrepreneurship and equality and social justice, and entrepreneurship and
well-being.
Additionally, future research is needed to understand and account for the nuances of
entrepreneurial activity in emerging economies. Compared to other journals in the field,
JEEE places considerable emphasis on research that describes emerging economy local
conditions, ecosystems and surroundings of entrepreneurial activity. In this regard, we echo
calls by Zahra (2007) and others to take “context” more seriously in order to advance
theoretical development regarding entrepreneurship in emerging economies (Welter, 2011).
For example, due to a lack of resources and institutional support, how and why emerging
economies SMEs internationalize may be quite different from that of developed economies.
Hence, future research, which explores topics such as innovation, internationalization or
corporate venturing with respect to emerging economies enterprises is urgently needed. Thinking
Addressing such issues may provide a more evolving and dynamic picture of about the
entrepreneurial activity in emerging economies.
The review also highlighted a greater need to understand how and why individuals in
future
emerging economies may choose to engage in entrepreneurship. In addition to focusing on
entrepreneurial intentions, future research may also explore how entrepreneurs and
individuals identify entrepreneurial opportunities and mobilize the necessary resources to
exploit them. In particular, future research may focus on the individual-level characteristics 811
of entrepreneurs in emerging economies that makes them thrive and survive in such
contexts. Broadly, the above suggestions for future research highlight the importance of
taking into account the emerging economy context, when examining entrepreneurial
activities (Bruton et al., 2013). It may be particularly worthwhile to use relevant theoretical
frameworks such as institutional theory (North, 1990), which takes into account the
regulative, normative and cognitive factors and how they influence entrepreneurial activity
in emerging economies. For instance, institutional theory could be used to explain how
entrepreneurs in Africa recognize opportunities and how financial institutions may or may
not support their entrepreneurial activities.

5.2 Methods and sampling frame

The review indicated a strong usage of quantitative and theory testing approaches among
the relevant studies. While theory testing approaches still remain important in providing
empirical evidence concerning entrepreneurial activities in emerging economies, there still
remains considerable scope for future scholars to adopt more exploratory approaches, such
as case studies, interviews or ethnographic studies in examining entrepreneurial activity.
We encourage future researchers wishing to submit to JEEE to consider a diversity of
research methodologies and the application of rigorous qualitative research methods. In
regard to qualitative methodologies (e.g. case studies and interviews), we strongly urge
future researchers to go beyond simply describing some interesting themes or concepts
about entrepreneurship in emerging economies but to instead explore relationships between
concepts. Additionally, our analysis of the JEEE articles highlight a lack of studies in
developing theoretical models of entrepreneurial activity in emerging economies (Leppänen
et al., 2019). While the application of entrepreneurship theories developed in Western
contexts to emerging economy contexts may help to validate the generalizability of theories,
the lack of, or weak, contextualization of the emerging economy context hinders the proper
understanding of entrepreneurial phenomena such conditions (Welter, 2011). Accordingly,
qualitative methodologies may be well-suited to studying entrepreneurship in emerging
economies as they can lead to theory development through the construction of highly
contextualized models or by explaining how concepts are theoretically linked to one another
(Eisenhardt, 1989). Such approaches may be worthwhile in deepening our understanding of
how the emerging economy context may influence entrepreneurial activity (Hughes and
Mustafa, 2017).
Corporations (either SMEs or family business) and/or their business owners emerged as
the most common source of data among the reviewed articles. However, entrepreneurial
activities in emerging economies may not be solely restricted to such individuals and
enterprises. In fact, not only is there considerable heterogeneity with respect to
entrepreneurial activity in emerging economies but there also may be considerable
heterogeneity with regard to whom is engaging in such activities. A particularly notable
trend among the articles reviewed in JEEE was the growing focus on the entrepreneurial
activities among female entrepreneurs in emerging economies. While we encourage future
JEEE scholars to continue exploring such a group, we also remind scholars that besides women,
13,5 there are also other marginal groups in emerging economies such as indigenous groups, the
youth or religious/ethnic minorities (Dana, 2015). It is highly probable that such groups may
be faced with informal or formal barriers to their entrepreneurial activities. Conversely,
because of their marginalized status, such groups may also have access to unique ethnic or
class resources, which may lead them to entrepreneurial activity through unusual routes.
812 Hence, we encourage future research to also consider exploring the uniqueness of such
groups of entrepreneurial activities and their determinants.
Additionally, future research is also needed to explore the entrepreneurial activities of
informal enterprises in emerging economies. Lindell (2010, p. 5) described the “informal
sector” as “economic activities that lie beyond or circumvent state regulation” and as a
sector that in which most of most entrepreneurial activity in Africa is located in.
Accordingly, we urge future researchers to move beyond investigating formalized
entrepreneurial activities and to also consider specific issues related to enterprises in the
informal sector. For example, possible studies may seek to compare business performance
and growth among informal and formal enterprises. Additionally, future studies may wish
to focus on the uniqueness of entrepreneurial activities among informal enterprises. For
instance, future studies may examine how enterprises in the informal sector develop
“resource-constrained” innovations and business models that create high value at a very low
cost (George et al., 2012).

5.3 Country focus and comparative studies

Currently, the majority of the articles reviewed focused on the entrepreneurial activities
taking place in the emerging economies of the Indian subcontinent (India and Pakistan in
particular) or East Asia (mostly China). The review also highlighted the rapid growth in the
journal of studies focusing on the African continent. Nevertheless, we strongly encourage
future researchers to explore other emerging economy regions such as Latin America,
Central and Eastern Europe, the former Soviet Republics (e.g. Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan,
Tajikistan, etc.), as well as the Middle-east and Gulf countries, were there continues to be a
dearth of empirical studies. It may be particularly worthwhile in this respect to provide a
comparative analysis of intra-regional and inter-regional entrepreneurial activity. For
instance, considerable economic and social differences can be observed throughout the
African continent, which, in turn, can have a variety of effects on entrepreneurial activities
throughout the region (George et al., 2012). Hence, future studies may seek to compare the
nature of entrepreneurial activity between Southern and Northern African economies or
among the least developed countries in the continent. Similar approaches are also
encouraged with respect to the emerging economies of Latin America and East Asia.
Equally important may be advancing our understanding of within-country differences in
entrepreneurial activity. For instance, Huang et al. (2020) pointed out that as a country China
consists of significant sub-national, cross-region variations and marked differences between
sub-national institutions, all of which can either facilitate or constrain entrepreneurship in a
variety of ways. Given such differences within a particular country, future research may
wish to explore how variations in regional governments may affect the quality of
entrepreneurial activities and knowledge spillovers and innovation (Pyka et al., 2019). In
sum, we strongly urge future scholars to continue conducting comparative studies, not only
between emerging and developed economies but also among emerging economies
themselves. Such approaches have the potential to significantly enhance our understanding
of the variations in entrepreneurial activity in emerging economies.
6. Conclusion Thinking
The current study is based on an exhaustive review of 90 empirical and conceptual studies about the
published in the JEEE between 2014 and 2019. The review was conducted to better
understand the topics, methods, samples and country focuses published in JEEE. Our
future
findings suggest that studies published in JEEE strongly align with its core scope of
focusing on issues related to entrepreneurship and innovation in emerging economies.
However, the review also uncovered a greater need for future scholars wishing to publish in
JEEE to ensure that the emerging economy context is developed very carefully and 813
extensively. Specifically, we recommend future scholars wishing to submit to JEEE to draw
on meta theories such as institutional theory (North, 1990) to help further understand how
the emerging economy context influences entrepreneurial and innovative activities, as well
as considering how such activities themselves influence the emerging economy context. In
this regard, we also urge future scholars to develop more nauseated theories and models of
entrepreneurial activity in the emerging economy context through the use of qualitative
methodologies. Finally, we also encourage future scholars to adopt more comparative
studies, not only between developed and emerging economies but also among emerging
economies. Such approaches will help the field of entrepreneurship in emerging economies
to better understand how intra-regional and country differences can influence
entrepreneurial activities.

Notes
1. The review focused only on articles, which were assigned volume and issue numbers. Hence, pre-
publication (EarlyCite) articles were not included in the review.
2. The JEEE was previously published under the name of JCE, which was published between
2008–2013. The review did not include articles from the JCE nor the said time period.

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Corresponding author
Michael James Mustafa can be contacted at: michael.mustafa@nottingham.edu.my

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