CLIMATE 1.Define climate. Sum total of weather conditions and variations over a large area for a long period of time. (more than 30 years). 2. Define weather. The state of atmosphere over an area at any point of time. 3.what are the elements of climate and weather? #temperature #atmospheric pressure #wind #humidity #precipitation. 4. Define Monsoon 1% do you know box in pg. no 26 5. What is the name of Indian climatic type? Monsoon type of climate. 6. How does latitude affects India's climate? # The tropic of cancer passes through India from Rann of Kachchh in the west to Mizoram in the East. #South of Tropic of cancer experiences tropical climate and north of Tropic of cancer experiences sub-tropical climate. #Therfore India's climate has characteristic of both tropical and subtropical climate. 7.How does altitude affects Indias climate? # Himalayas average height is about 6000mts # some coastal areas have maximum elevation is about 30 mts.# The subcontinent receives milder winter as Himalayas block the cold winds from central Asia. # In the higher altitudes the atmosphere becomes less dense and temperature decreases. 8. “The pressure and wind system over India are Unique”-Explain # India lies in the region of North Easterly Trade Winds. #They originate from Subtropical high-pressure belt of the northern hemisphere and blow southwards and get deflected to the right due to Coriolis force, move towards equatorial low pressure. # They bring little rain as they blow from land and carry little moisture. #Therefore, India should have been an arid land but it is not so because of its unique wind systems. # During winter, there is a high-pressure area north of Himalayas. # Cold dry winds blow from this region to the high-pressure areas over the oceans to the south. #In summer, a low-pressure area develops over interior Asia and in northwestern India. # This causes a complete reversal of wind direction. #Air moves from the high-pressure area over the southern Indian ocean in southeasterly direction, crosses the equator and deflect to its right towards the low-pressure area in the Indian subcontinent. These are called as south west monsoon winds.#As they originate from warm oceans and they bring in widespread rainfall (moisture bearing winds) Monsoon — ComPreTé: Reversar oF WIND. 1 WINTER: bend - er-fF) NE Trade winds, wind , Lith RE gea- HT [7] se 2. Lemp CANE wane Moree eaRiNg \ensoen band it @psi nensoon sind ae eer Ee RAINFALL 9. Define Coriolis force. 1" blue box in pg no 28. 10.What are Jetstream's? Name the two Jet streams which influence the climate of India. 2" blue box in pg no 28 A) Subtropical westerly jet stream- #Located approximately over 27°- 30° north. # They blow south of Himalayas except in summer # These westerly flow influences the western cyclonic disturbances.B) Tropical Easterly Jet stream-# Located approximately over 14° North. #Blows over peninsular India #Influences the tropical cyclones. 11. What are western cyclonic disturbances and Tropical cyclones? 3" blue box pg no 28. Western Cyclonic DEPRESSIONS, q Pye)17.Name the four main seasons of India Cold weather season, Hot weather season, advancing monsoon season And retreat monsoon season. 18. Explain the cold weather season under the following headings. Duration- mid November to February Coldest month-December and January (in North India) Temperature - # temperature decreases from south to north # average temperatures from south to north Chennai- 24° To 25°c Northern plains-10 to 15 Himalayas and northern India-frost is common Wind system-#north east trade winds prevail over the country #these wind blow from land to sea #so for most part of the country it's a dry seasonPressure system-#a feeble high-pressure belt develops in the northern part of the country #light winds blow outwards from this region #these winds blow through the ganga valley from west and the northeast due to the reliefs General weather condition# clear Sky #low humidity #Feeble variable winds #low temperature Rainfall-1. characteristic feature of the cold weather season over the northern plain is the inflow of cyclonic disturbance from the West and the northeast these low-pressure systems originate over the Mediterranean Sea and western Asia moving to India along with the western flow they cause much needed winter rainfall over the Plains and the snowfall in the mountain this is called as mahavat and it helps in the cultivation of rabi crops 2. Tamil Nadu coast receives rainfall from the North East TradeWinds here the wind blow from sea to land 19. why peninsular region do not have a well-defined cold season? There is hardly any noticeable seasonal change in temperature Pattern during winters due to the moderating influence of the sea 20. Explain about hot weather season under the following headings Duration- March to mayTemperature- #due to the apparent movement of the sun northwards the global heat belt shift and it causes hot weather season in India #the influence of the shift can be clearly seen from the temperature recordings during March to may March 38 degrees centigrade in deccan plateau April 42 degrees centigrade in Gujarat and Madhya Pradesh May 45 degrees centigrade in North western parts of the country In peninsular India the temperature remains low due to the moderating influence of the ocean. Pressure conditions- #the summer months experience rising temperature and falling air pressure #towards the end of the may elongated low pressure develops in the region from thar desert in the northwest to Patna and chota Nagpur plateau in the East #Air circulates around this trough Wind systems 1. # a striking feature of the hot weather season is the loo these are strong, gusty, hot and dry blow during the day over the North and North western India direct exposure of these winds proves to be fatal 2. #the dust storms are very common during the month of May in northern India They bring temporary relief by reducing temperature and bring light rain and cool breeze3.#thunderstorm also occur in this season associated with violent winds; torrential down pour often accompanied by hail. In West Bengal these storms are known as Kal Baisakhi Rainfall- towards the close of summer pre monsoon showers are common in Kerala and Karnataka. they help in early ripening of mangoes and referred as mango showers 21. Explain about the advancing monsoon season under the following headings Duration- June to Mid-October Pressure and wind systems- by early June the low-pressure condition over the northern Plains intensifies it attracts the trade winds from the southern hemisphere which originate over warm subtropical areas of the southern oceans they cross equator and blow in the South westerly direction and then enter the Indian Peninsula as the South West monsoon they blow over warm oceans and bring abundant moisture the velocity of the wind is over 30 kilometre per hour With the exception of the extreme northwest the monsoon covers the country in about a month Rainfall the windward side of the western ghats receives very heavy rainfall more than 250 centimetre the deccan plateau and the Madhya Pradesh also receive some amount of rainfall in spite of lying in the rain shadow regionNorth eastern part of the country receives maximum rainfall in this season Maysynrum in the southern Ranges of Kashi Hills receives highest average rainfall in the world Rainfall in ganga valley decreases from the East to the West (as the moisture get reduces in the wind while they are blowing in the land) best Rajasthan and parts of Gujarat gets scanty rainfall Rajasthan and parts of Gujarat gets scanty rainfall. Break in rainfall-# monsoon has the tendency you have breaks in rainfall #it has wet and dry spells #this breaks in monsoon is related to the movement of monsoon trough #The trough and its axis keep moving keep northward or southward #this determines the spatial distribution of rainfall #If the axis is closer to the Himalaya's there are longer dry spells in the Plains and widespread rainfall in the mountains which leads to diva stating floods causing damage to life and property # if the axis of the trough lies in the northern plain, rainfall is good in these parts. # the tropical cyclones also determine the amount and duration of monsoon rains # the tropical depressions follow the axis of monsoon trough low pressure Monsoon uncertainty-# monsoon are known for its uncertainties.# the alternation of dry and wet spells varies in intensity frequency and duration # it causes heavy flood in one part and responsible for droughts in the other. # monsoon is often irregular in its arrival and its retreat # so sometimes it disturbs the farming schedule of millions of farmers all over the country 21. Explain about retreating monsoon season under the following headings Duration- October to November Temperature and pressure conditions- during October the apparent movement of the sun towards the South makes the low pressure truf in the North becomes weaker. And it is replaced by a high pressure system. so the South West monsoon gradually withdraw. October and November form a transition. From hot rainy season to dry winter conditions this is marked by clear skies and rise in temperature. while days are hot and nights are cool and pleasant . The land is still moist . October heat- owing to the conditions of high temperature and humidity the weather becomes rather oppressive during the day this is commonly known as October heat. Cyclonic depressions-# the low pressure conditions over North western India get transferred to the Bay of Bengal by early November# this shift is associated with a occurrence of cyclonic depressions over the Andaman sea # these cyclone causes heavy and widespread rain in East Coast of India and often very destructive. # the bulk of rainfall of f the coromandel coast is derived from the depressions and cyclones. 22.How monsoon act as a unifying bond? 23.Explain the distribution of rainfall in India