Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Book 1
Book 1
2. Document Handling
4. Inventory Control
5. Discount Topic
2. Receivable စာရင္းကို Bal Sheet မွာ Assets အျဖစ္လည္းေကာင္း၊ Payable စာရင္းကို Bal မွာ Liabilities
အျဖစ္ လည္းေကာင္း စာရင္းျပသည္။
1. Sales Invoice
2. Purchase Invoice
Supplier Name မ်ားကို Label ထိုးသိမ္း…အဓိကက Payable စာရင္းအတြက္ Sales Invoice မ်ားကဲ့သို႔ပင္
3. Credit Voucher
4. Debit Voucher
-အသံုးစရိတ္ေတာင္းခံလႊာ
6. Advance Expense Vr
-ၾကိဳတင္ေငြထုတ္ ေဘာင္ခ်ာ
- (3)Copy အသံုးျပဳ ၊ First –Dr နဲ႔တြဲ ၊ Sec & Third – Advance Exp File ဖြ႔ျဲ ပီး Date အလိုက္ No အလုိုက္သိမ္း
Cash 50,000
8. Official Receipt
-Other Income မ်ား၊ ၾကိဳတင္ရ၀င္ေငြမ်ား၊ၾကိဳတင္ေရာင္းေငြမ်ားနွင့္ ဌာနခြမ
ဲ ်ားမွ ရံုးခ်ဳပ္သို႔ ေငြအပ္ခ်ိန္တြင္
အသံုးျပဳသင့္သည့္ ေဘာင္ခ်ာျဖစ္သည္…
-2 Copy or 3 Copy သံုးသင့္သည္။ CR VR ျဖင့္တသ
ြဲ ိမ္းရမည္…
-3 Copy သံုးသင့္သည္။
-First Copy (ပစၥည္းျပန္သြင္းသူ)..Second Copy (Accountant)..Third Copy (Storekeeper)
-Purchases Day Book သြင္းဖုိ႔ တခါတရံ Purchases Invoice ေပးမကိုင္တဲ့ လုပ္ငန္းေတြမွာ စာရင္းမသြင္းျဖစ္။
-Date; Invoice No, Customer Name, Sale Amount, Discount, Net Income စသျဖင့္ဇယားခ်သင့္သည္။
10,000 ေဆာင္ေငြထုတ္ျခင္း
ခရီးစရိတ္ေပးျခင္း 1001 500 500
ေဘာပင္၀ယ္ 1002 200 200
ေကာ္ဖီမစ္၀ယ္ 1003 3,300 3,300
Printer ျပင္ခ 1004 3,000 3,000
500 200 3,300 3,000
7000
Closing Bal 3000
10,000 10,000
-ေငြစတင္ထုတ္စဥ္က Main Cash Book ရဲ ႔ Cr.Side မွာ Petty Cash ေခါင္းစဥ္နဲ႔ စာရင္းသြင္းျပီး GL မွာ
Dr.Side မွာ သြင္းထားျခင္းေၾကာင့္ တစ္ပတ္တခါ (သို႔) တစ္လတစ္ခါ Petty Cash Book မွ စုစုေပါင္း
သံုးေငြမ်ားကို GL ရွိ Petty Cash ေခါင္းစဥ္ေအာက္က Cr.Side မွာ ျပန္သြင္းထားျပီး လက္က်န္ေဖာ္ျပီး
စာရင္းပိတ္ေပးရမယ္။Petty Cash လက္က်န္ကို Balance Sheet မွာ တန္းျပရင္ျပ မျပရင္ Main Cash သို႔
ျပန္အ၀င္ျပေပးဖု႔လ
ိ ိုပါတယ္။
Inventory Drawing
- လုပ္ငန္းရွင္ ထုတ္သံုးတဲ့ Stock အေရတြက္ကို Purchase Price နဲ႔ တန္ဖိုးတြက္ျပီး
- Purchase စာရင္းမွာ (Credit ), Goods Drawing စာရင္းမွာ (Debit) ျပရမည္္။တနည္းအားျဖင့္
Purchase မွာ အႏႈတ္ျပျပီး Balance Sheet ၏ Capital ေအာက္တြင္ Goods Drawing အေနျဖင့္
အနႈတ္ျပေပးရမည္။
(-) Inventory Drawing (-) 10,000 (-) Inventory Drawing (-) 10,000
FOC, Present
- FOC,Present မ်ား ရွိလွ်င္လည္း လက္ေဆာင္ေပးလိုက္ေသာ Stock ခုေရကို Cost ျဖင့္ တန္ဖိုးတြက္ျပီး
P & L မွာ Exp ျပေပးရမည္။
Inventory Loss
- Inventory နွင့္ပတ္သက္ျပီး သာမန္ဆံုးရွံဳးျခင္း (Normal Loss) နွင့္ သာမန္မဟုတ္ေသာ ဆံုးရွံဳးျခင္း
(Abnormal Loss) ဆိုျပီး သဘာ၀နွစ္မ်ဳိးရွိသည္။
P&L 20 DR
Consignment Account
For Example
-Trading A/c ၏ Purchase Amt မွာ Dis (Amt)ကို တပါထဲေလၽွာ့ထားရင္ P&L တြင္ Income ျပလို႔မရပါ။
-Purchase မွာ Dis (Amt)ကို တပါထဲ ေလၽွာ့မထားရင္ P&L တြင္ Income ျပန္ျပရမည္။
For Example
- ေၾကြးဆပ္ေငြကို Cash Book (DR Side)တြင္ အျပည့္ျပျပီး Cash Book (Credit Side) မွာ
- Discount Allowed အျဖစ္ အထြက္ျပျခင္းနည္း (သို႔) ဂ်ာနယ္ရိုက္ျပီး P&L မွာ Exp ျပရမည္။
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1. The economic entity assumption means that any activities of a business must be kept separate
from the activities of the business owner.
A business is considered a separate entity from the owner(s) and should be treated
separately. Any personal transactions of its owner should not be recorded in the business
accounting book unless the owner’s personal transaction involves adding and/or withdrawing
resources from the business.
2. The monetary unit assumption means that only activities that can be expressed in dollar
amounts can be included in accounting records.
The business financial transactions recorded and reported should be in monetary unit, such
as US Dollar, Canadian Dollar, Euro, etc. Thus, any non-financial or non-monetary information that
cannot be measured in a monetary unit are not recorded in the accounting books, but instead, a
memorandum will be used.
3. The time period assumption means that business activities can be reported in distinct time
intervals. These intervals may be in weeks, months, quarters, or in a fiscal year. Whatever the time
period is, it must be identified in the financial statement dates.This principle entails a business to
complete the whole accounting process over a specific operating time period.
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4. The cost principle refers to the historical cost of an item that is reported on the financial
statements. Historical cost is the amount of money that was paid for an item when purchased and
is not changed to account for inflation.
All business resources acquired should be valued and recorded based on the actual cash
equivalent or original cost of acquisition, not the prevailing market value or future value. Exception
to the rule is when the business is in the process of closure and liquidation.
5. The full disclosure principle means that all information that is relative to the business be
reported either in the content of the financial statements or in the notes to the financial statements.
6. The going concern principle refers to the intent of a business to continue operations into the
foreseeable future and not to liquidate the business.
It assumes that an entity will continue to operate indefinitely. In this basis, generally, assets
are recorded based on their original cost and not on market value. Assets are assumed to be held
and used for an indefinite period of time or during its estimated useful life. And that assets are not
intended to be sold immediately or liquidated.
7. The matching principle refers to the manner in which a business reports income and expenses.
This principle requires that businesses use the accrual form of accounting and match business
income to business expenses in a given time period. For example, a sales expense should be
recorded in the same accounting period that sales income was made.
This principle requires that revenue recorded, in a given accounting period, should have an
equivalent expense recorded, in order to show the true profit of the business.
8. The revenue recognition principle addresses the manner in which revenue, or income, is
recognized. This standard requires that revenue be reported on the income statement in the period
in which it is earned.
This principle requires that revenue should be recorded in the period it is earned,
regardless of the time the cash is received. The same is true for expense. Expense should be
recognized and recorded at the time it is incurred, regardless of the time that cash is paid. This is
to show the true picture of the business financial performance.
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Business transactions that will affect the decision of a user are considered important or
material, thus, must be reported properly. This principle states that errors or mistakes in accounting
procedures, that which involves immaterial or small amount, may not need attention or correction.
10. The last principle that makes me up is conservatism. Conservatism is the principle that calls
for potential expenses and liabilities to be recognized immediately if you are unsure whether they
will actually occur or not, but potential revenue not to be recognized until it is actually received.
This principle states that given two options in the amount of business transactions, the
amount recorded should be the lower rather than the higher value.
What Is GAAP?
Full name of GAAP is Generally Accepted Accounting Principles. GAAP refers to a specific set of
guidelines that have been established to help publicly-traded companies create their financial
statements.GAAP, is the framework and guidelines of the accounting profession. Its purpose is to
standardize the accounting concepts, principles and procedures
History of GAAP
Way back in 1929, a significant event in American history occurred. It was called the Stock Market
Crash of 1929, and it affected not only those people who had placed their hard-earned money into
corporate stocks and bonds but also every single person in America. The 1929 stock market crash
was a precursor to one of the hardest economic times that has ever been known, the Great
Depression.
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During this time, many people lost faith in the stock market and in the American economy. The
government decided that there needed to be some way to rebuild that lost faith, and so, in the
early 1930s, the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) was created.
The purpose of the SEC was to regulate financial practices among publicly-traded companies. In
1934, the SEC asked for assistance from the American Institute of Accountants, or the AIA, in
examining the formation of financial statements. Two years later, in a report on financial statement
formation, the concept of GAAP was mentioned for the very first time.
In the late 1930s, the AIA created a subcommittee to specifically create the GAAP principles. It
was called the Committee on Accounting Procedure, or CAP, and comprised 18 accountants and
three accounting professors. Shortly after CAP was formed, the first set of GAAP standards was
created. In 1973, the SEC decided to replace CAP with the Financial Accounting Standards
Board (FASB), which is still in place today.
The goal of IFRS is to provide a global framework for how public companies prepare and disclose
their financial statements. IFRS provides general guidance for the preparation of financial
statements, rather than setting rules for industry-specific reporting.
Having an international standard is especially important for large companies that have subsidiaries
in different countries. Adopting a single set of world-wide standards will simplify accounting
procedures by allowing a company to use one reporting language throughout. A single standard
will also provide investors and auditors with a cohesive view of finances.
IFRS is sometimes confused with IAS (International Accounting Standards), which are older
standards that IFRS has replaced.
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Knowledge of Accountancy
၇။ စာရင္းစစ္ပညာ (Auditing)
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What is Finance?
Definition of Finance
In General Sense
Finance is the management of money and other valuables, which can be easily converted into
cash."
According to Experts
Finance is a simple task of providing the necessary funds (money) required by the business of
entities like companies, firms, individuals and others on the terms that are most favorable to achieve their
economic objectives.
Finance ဆိုတာစီးပြားေရးလုပ္ငန္းမ်ား၊လုပ္ငန္းမ်ား၊လူတစ္ဦးတစ္ေယာက္နွင့္တျခားေသာအေျခအေနတစ္ခုမွ
လိုအပ္ေနတဲ့ေငြေၾကးကိုအေထာက္အကူျပဳေပးတဲ့ ရိုးရွင္းတဲ့လုပ္ေဆာင္ခ်က္တစ္ခုျဖစ္ျပီး သူတုိ႔ရဲ႔ စီးပြားေရး
ဆိုင္ရာရည္ရြယ္ခ်က္မ်ားကို ေအာင္ျမင္မႈရေအာင္အမ်ားၾကီးအေထာက္အပံ့ျပဳတဲ့အရာျဖစ္သည္။
Finance can also be defined as the science of money management. Finance describes the
management, creation and study of money, banking, credit, investments, assets and liabilities that make
up financial systems, as well as the study of those financial instruments.
Finance aims to price assets based on their risk level and their expected rate of return.
Finance ဆိုတာသိပၸံနည္းက်ေငြေၾကးဆိုင္ရာစီမံခန္႔ခမ
ြဲ ႈလို႔လည္းသတ္မွတ္လို႔ရသည္။Financeမွာစီမံခန္႔ခမ
ြဲ ႈ၊ဖန္တီးျခင္းနွင့္
ေငြနဲ႔သက္ဆိုင္သည္ကိုေလ့လာျခင္း၊ဘဏ္နွင့္သက္ဆိုင္သည္မ်ား၊အေၾကြးမ်ား၊ရင္းနွီးျမႈပ္နွံမႈမ်ား၊ပိုင္ဆိုင္မႈမ်ား၊ေပး၇န္ တာ၀န္
မ်ားစသည့္အခ်က္မ်ားသည္ financial systems, financial instruments မ်ားျဖစ္သည္။
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Finance into three distinct categories: public finance, corporate finance and personal finance.
Public finance includes tax systems, government expenditures, budget procedures,
Stabilization instruments, debt issues and other government concerns.
ျပည္သူ႔ဘ႑ာေရးမွာအခြန္နည္းစနစ္မ်ား၊အစိုးရအသံုးစရိတ္မ်ား၊ဘ႑ာေရးဆိုင္ရာအစီစဥ္လုပ္ထံုးလုပ္နည္းမ်ာ
း၊အေၾကြးမ်ားနွင့္ တျခားအစိုးရဆိုင္ရာလုပ္ေဆာင္ခ်က္မ်ား ပါ၀င္သည္။
Features of Finance
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1. Creating physical assets with the money (such as development of land, acquiring commercial assets,
etc.),
ေငြျဖင့္ပိုင္ဆိုင္မႈေတြကို ဖန္တီးျခင္း-ေျမယာေတြကိုတိုးတက္ေအာင္ျပဳလုပ္ျခင္း၊စီးပြားေရးဆိုင္ရာပိုင္ဆိုင္မႈေတြပိုင္ဆိုင္
ေအာင္ျပဳလုပ္ျခင္း။
စီးပြားေရးဆိုင္ရာ လုပ္ေဆာင္ခ်က္မ်ားကိုဆင့္ပြားျပဳလုပ္ျခင္း။
3. Acquiring financial securities (such as shares, bonds, units of mutual funds, etc.).
Investment opportunities are commitments of monetary resources at different times with an expectation of
economic returns in the future.
Profitable opportunities signify that the firm must utilize its available resources most efficiently under the
conditions of cut-throat competitive markets.
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Profitable opportunities shall be a vision. It shall not result in short-term profits at the expense of long-term
gains.
For example, business carried on with non-compliance of law, unethical ways of acquiring the business,
etc., usually may result in huge short-term profits but may also hinder the smooth possibility of long-term
gains and survival of business in the future.
Finance is concerned with the best optimal mix of funds in order to obtain the desired and determined
results respectively.
The composition of funds should be such that it shall not result in loss of profits to the Entrepreneurs
(Promoters) and must recover the cost of business units effectively and efficiently.
Internal controls are set of rules and regulations framed at the inception stage of the organization, and they
are altered as per the requirement of its business.
However, these rules and regulations are monitored at various intervals to accomplish the same which have
been consistently followed. (Inception-ကနဦး၊ Accomplish-ျပီးေျမာက္ေအာင္၊Consistently-အေျပာင္းလဲမရွိ)
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5. Future Decision Making
A "Good Finance” is an indicator of growth and good returns. This is possible only with the good analytical
decision of the organization. However, the decision shall be framed by giving more emphasis on the present
and future perspective (economic conditions) respectively.
ဒါဟာ အဖြ႔အ
ဲ စည္းရဲ ႔ ေကာင္းမြန္တဲ့ချြဲ ခမ္းစိတ္ျဖာေလ့လာသံုးသပ္မႈရွိေသာဆံုးျဖတ္ခ်က္မ်ားျဖင့္သာ ျဖစ္ႏိုင္
ပါလိ္မ့္မည္။လက္ရွိနွင့္ အနာဂတ္ စီးပြားေရးလုပ္ငန္းအေျခအေနမ်ားကို ပိုမိုထိေရာက္တဲ့ဆံုးျဖတ္ခ်က္ပံုစံမ်ားျဖင့္
ပံုစံခ်ျပဳလုပ္သင့္သည္။
At the same time, Finance also encompasses wider perspective of managing the business generated assets
and other valuables more efficiently.
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Balance Sheet (လက္က်န္ရွင္းတမ္း)
Assets = ရပိုင္ခြင့္မ်ား
Liabilities = ေပးရန္တာ၀န္မ်ား
Capital (or) Equity = ရင္းနီးျမႈပ္ႏွံေငြ
Assets (ရပိုင္ခြင့္မ်ား)
ရပိုင္ခြင့္မ်ားကို ပံုေသရပိုင္ခြင့္ (Fixed Assets) မ်ားႏွင့္ လက္ငင္းရပိုင္ခြင့္ (Current Assets) ဟူရ်္
(၂မ်ဳိး)ခြသ
ဲ ည္။
6. Goodwill (နာမည္ေကာင္း)
7. Trade Mark (ကုန္အမွတ္တံဆိပ္)
Liabilities (ေပးရန္တာ၀န္မ်ား)
ေပးရန္တာ၀န္မ်ားကိုLong Term Liabilities (ကာလရွည္ေပးရန္တာ၀န္)ႏွင့္CurrentLiabilities(ကာလတိုလက္ငင္းေပးရန္)
ဟူရ်္(၂မ်ဳိး)ခြထ
ဲ ားသည္။
Current Liabilities
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1. Trade Creditor
2. Bank Loan (Short Term)
3. Bank Overdraft
4. Accrued Expense
5. Prepaid Income
These financial reports must be prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting
principles often referred to as GAAP or US GAAP. This part of accounting is referred to as financial
accounting.
After locating and correcting the errors the bookkeeping phase was completed and the accounting
phase began. It began with an accountant preparing adjusting entries so that the accounts reflected the
accrual basis of accounting. Adjusting entries were necessary for the following reasons:
additional revenues and assets may have been earned but were not recorded
additional expenses and liabilities may have been incurred but were not recorded
some of the amounts that had been recorded by the bookkeeper may have been prepayments
which are no longer prepaid
depreciation and other non-routine adjustments needed to be computed and recorded
After all of the adjustments were made, the accountant presented the adjusted account balances in
the form of financial statements.
Accrual method
Cash method
1. a more complete reporting of the company's assets, liabilities, and stockholders' equity at the
end of an accounting period, and
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2. a more realistic reporting of a company's revenues, expenses, and net income for a specific
time interval such as a month, quarter or year.
As a result, US GAAP requires most corporations to use the accrual method of accounting.
The following table compares the accrual and cash methods of accounting:
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The Procedure of Complement Accounting Circle
Source Documents (or) Business Papers Bill, Vouchers, Invoice, Debit and Credit Notes,
Bank Pay in slips, and other documents of
accounting information
Original Entry Classify and summarizing data and then entered in books of prime
entry
-Cash Book, Day Books, Returns Inwards and
Outwards Day Books, the Journal
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(8) Official Receipt
(15)Journal Voucher
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(၂) သီးျခားပထမသြင္း စာရင္းစာအုပ္မရွိေသာ လုပ္ေဆာင္ခ်က္မ်ား
ပရိေဘာဂ ၊စက္ကိရိယာ စေသာ Fixed Assets မ်ားကို အေၾကြး၀ယ္ ၊အေၾကြးေရာင္း ကိစၥမ်ားတြင္ အသံုးျပဳသည္။
ဥပမာ ။ ။ ပရိေဘာဂ စာရင္း 100000 (DR)
Grand Furniture စာ၇င္း 100000(CR)
(Grand Furniture မွ ဘီဒိုတစ္လံုး ၀ယ္ယူျခင္းအား စာရင္းေရးသြင္းျခင္း)
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လုပ္ငန္းတြင္း Serial Number ပါေသာ Voucher မွန္သမွ်ကို Stock စာရင္းထိန္းသိမ္းသကဲ့သို႔ Ledger ေထာင္ျပီး
ေဘာင္ခ်ာ အမ်ဳိးအစားအလိုက္ စာရင္းျပဳစု ထိန္းသိမ္းထားရမည္။ ေဘာင္ခ်ာမ်ားကို တစ္အုပ္ကုန္မွ တစ္အုပ္ Serial No
အလိုက္သာ ထပ္ထုတ္ေပး ရမွာျဖစ္ျပီး ထုတ္ယူသူ အမည္နွင့္ လက္မွတ္ထိုးခိုင္းျပီး မွတ္သားထားရမည္ျဖစ္သည္။၊Voucher
မ်ားစြာ ထုတ္ထားျပီး ေရးခ်င္သည့္Voucher စာအုပ္တြင္ေကာက္ေရးျခင္းမ်ားလံုး၀ မျပဳလုပ္သင့္။ ေဘာင္ခ်ာအကုန္မ်ား/
(OC)ေဘာင္ခ်ာမ်ားကို တာ၀န္ခံ စာရင္းကိုင္မ်ားမွ စနစ္တက် ရံုးတြင္ ျပန္လည္သိမ္းဆည္းဖို႔ လိုအပ္သည္။
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Daily Sale စာရင္း ေရးသြင္းျခင္းနွင့္ ဆိုင္ခမ
ြဲ ်ားအတြက္ Daily Sale Control
Inventory Control(ကုန္ပစၥည္းစာရင္းထိန္းသိမ္းျခင္း)
Inventory Control ဆိုသည္မွာ ကုန္ပစၥည္းစာရင္း ထိန္းသိမ္းမႈျဖစ္သည္။မည္သည့္ကုန္ပစၥည္းကိုမဆို ၀င္၊ထြက္၊
လက္က်န္ စသည့္စာရင္း ပံုစံျဖင့္ စာရင္းမွတ္သားထားျပီး ေျမျပင္အရွိ ပစၥည္းအေရအတြက္ႏွင့္ စာရင္းမွတ္တမ္းရွိ
ပစၥည္းအေရအတြက္ ကိုက္ညီမႈရွိေစရန္စာရင္းကိုင္တြယ္ႏိုင္ရမည္။ ကုန္ပစၥည္းနွင့္စာရင္းမွတ္တမ္းထိန္းသိမ္းမႈမ်ား
နည္းစနစ္က်နမႈ တိက်ေသခ်ာမႈမ်ား ရွိဖုိ႔လိုအပ္ပါလိမ့္မည္။Stock ၀င္၊ထြက္၊လက္က်န္ စာရင္းမ်ားကို ေအာက္ပါ
မွတ္သားနည္းပံုစံမ်ားထဲမွ လုပ္ငန္းတြင္း လိုအပ္ခ်က္အရ ကိုက္ညီသင့္ေတာ္မႈရွိေသာ ပံုစံ တခုခုျဖင့္ ထားရွိႏိုင္သည္။
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Main Stock Ledger (Or) Store Ledger မွာ မည္သည့္ အေရာင္းစာရင္းမွ မႏႈတ္ရပါ။ ႏိုင္ငံျခား (သို႔) ျပည္တြင္းမွ
ျပန္လည္ေရာင္းခ်ရန္ ၀ယ္ယူထားေသာပစၥည္းမ်ား ဂိုေထာင္ကို ၀င္လာခ်ိန္တြင္ Main Store Ledger တြင္အ၀င္သြင္းရမည္။
ဆိုင္ခြမ
ဲ ်ား ၊ Showroom မ်ား ၊အေရာင္းကားမ်ား၊ Consignment ဆိုင္မ်ား သို႔ချြဲ ခမ္းပို႔ေဆာင္ပါက Main Store Ledger တြင္
အထြက္သြင္းရမည္။ထိုအတြက္စာရင္းမ်ားကို သက္ဆိုင္ရာ Sales ဌာနမ်ား၏ Stock Ledger မ်ားတြင္အ၀င္စာရင္းသြင္းျပီးမွ
ေန႔စဥ္ေရာင္းမ်ားကို စာရင္းႏႈတ္ေပးရမည္။
အ၀င္ရွိပါက 1.ကုန္အ၀င္ေန႔စြဲ
2.အေၾကာင္းအရာတြင္ Store မွအ၀င္ Issue Voucher No. တို႔ကိုျဖည့္သြင္းရန္
3.၀င္လာသည့္အေရအတြက္ကို (ကုန္ရအကြက္) တြင္ျဖည့္သြင္းရန္
4. လက္က်န္ကြက္တြင္ လက္က်န္ျဖည့္သြင္းရန္
အထြက္ရွိပါက1.ကုန္အေရာင္းေန႔စြဲ
2.အေၾကာင္းအရာတြင္ Customer အမည္၊ Sales Vr.No တို႔ကို ျဖည့္သြင္းရန္
3.ထုတ္ယူသည့္အေရအတြက္တို႔ကို (ကုန္ထုတ္အကြက္)တြင္ ျဖည့္သြင္းရန္
4.လက္က်န္ကြက္တြင္ လက္က်န္ျဖည့္သြင္းရန္
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Stock Ledger မ်ားကို ေန႔စဥ္ စာရင္းသြင္း၊စာရင္းႏႈတ္ ပံုမွန္လုပ္ပါ။ လစဥ္ လက္က်န္အမွန္ေဖာ္ရ်္ စာရင္းပိတ္သိမ္းပါ။
မ်ဥ္းပိတ္ပါ။တစ္လ၏ ေနာက္ဆံုးရက္ လက္က်န္သည္ ေနာက္လ (1)ရက္ေန႔အတြက္ စာရင္းဖြင့္လက္က်န္ျဖစ္သည္။
1. ကုန္ထုတ္ေဘာင္ခ်ာ စာအုပ္(သို႔)မွတ္တမ္းစာအုပ္ထားပါ။
2. ကုန္ထုတ္ယူလွ်င္ ခြင့္ျပဳသူ၊ ထုတ္ေပးသူ ၊ထုတ္ယူသူမ်ား လက္မွတ္ေရးထိုးပါ။
3. ကုန္ပစၥည္းမ်ားကို ဂိုေထာင္သို႔ ၀င္ေရာက္လာစဥ္ ထုတ္ေပးစဥ္ (အေရအတြက္)ကို ေသခ်ာစြာ စစ္ေဆးျပီးမွ
အေပး/အယူလုပ္ပါ။
4. Stock ကိုင္တာ၀န္ယူထားသူမ်ားသည္ Store ခန္းအတြင္း တာ၀န္ရွိသူမွ အပ မည္သည့္၀န္ထမ္းမွ် အ၀င္မခံပါနွင့္။
5. တစ္လ တစ္ၾကိမ္ Ground (ေျမျပင္) လက္က်န္ေကာက္ယူျပီး Ledger လက္က်န္စာရင္းမ်ားႏွင့္ တိုက္ဆိုင္စစ္ေဆးပါ။
6. Stock Ledger တြင္ အ၀င္၊အထြက္ရွိတိုင္း ေရးသြင္းပါ။
7. ဆိုင္ခြမ
ဲ ်ားမွ ဂိုေထာင္ျပန္ပို႔မ်ား ရွိပါက ဂိုေထာင္စာရင္းတြင္ အ၀င္ျပန္သြင္းရန္ မေမ့ပါနွင့္။
8. Store လယ္ဂ်ာတြင္ မည္သည့္အေရာင္းစာရင္းမွ ႏႈတ္ရ်္မရပါ။
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-အေၾကြးေကာက္သူထံ ထည့္ေပးလိုက္မည့္ ေဘာင္ခ်ာမ်ားကို စာရင္းကိုင္ေရးသားထားေသာ Note Book မွ မွတ္တမ္းနွင့္
တိုက္စစ္ခိုင္းျပီး မွန္ကန္ပါက လက္မွတ္ထိုး ၇်္ ေငြေကာက္တာ၀န္ခံကို လက္ခံခိုင္းရမွာျဖစ္ပါတယ္။ အေၾကြးေကာက္ရာေတြ
Sale Invoice အျပင္ Cash Receipt Vr ပါတြဖ
ဲ က္သံုးစြရ
ဲ မည္။
-အေၾကြးေကာက္ခံလာေသာ ေငြမ်ားကို Cashier မွလက္ခံခ်ိန္တြင္ ေငြတန္းေရျခင္း မျပဳဘဲ Customer Invoice နွင့္ Cash
Receipt Vr ေပၚက Customer ေပးေခ်ေငြစာ၇င္း အေရးအသားေတြကို တိုက္ဆိုင္စစ္ေဆးပါ။ဖ်က္ရာ ျပင္ရာ လံုး၀
မရွိေသာ Cash Receipt Vr ကိုသာ အတည္ျပဳလက္ခံပါ။ထုိ႔ေနာက္ ေငြေရတြက္ရ်္ ျပည့္ပါက Cash Receipt Vr ေပၚတြင္
ေငြလက္ခံသူ Cashier Sign ထိုးေပး၇မည္။
အထူးျပဳလုပ္ခ်က္ အေနနဲ႔ ေနာက္တြဲျပဳမယ့္ Sale Invoice ေတြေပၚမွာ Cash Book ကို ေငြစာရင္းသြင္းတဲ့ Date Seal
ထုသင့္သည္။ ထို Date ကို အေၾကြးေကာက္ခံ Date နွင့္(၁ရက္)အျပင္ပိုမကြာသင့္ပါ။ကြာခဲ့ လွ်င္ ျပသနာ
(၃ခု)ျဖစ္ေပၚႏိုင္သည္္။အေၾကြးေကာက္ေငြမ်ား စာရင္းမ၀င္ဘဲ Closing Cash Bal မမွန္ကန္ျခင္း၊အေၾကြးစာရင္းမ်ား
ကိုက္ညီမွန္ကန္မႈ မရွိရ်္ Customer နဲ႔အျငင္းအခံုျဖစ္ျခင္း၊အေၾကြးေကာက္ခံရေငြကို ရံုးသို႔မအပ္ဘဲအလြသ
ဲ ံုးစားျပဳ
ျခင္းမ်ားျဖစ္ေပၚသည္ကို အခ်ိန္မွီမသိရွိလိုက္ျခင္းတို႔ ျဖစ္သည္။ ေငြအေက်မရေသးသည့္ ေဘာင္ခ်ာဆိုလွ်င္
ေနာက္တြအ
ဲ ျဖစ္ Copy ဆြရ
ဲ ်္တြျဲ ပီး Invoice မူရင္းကိုေဘာင္ခ်ာFileမွာျပန္သိမ္းဆည္းရန္နွင့္ေငြအားလံုးေက်ျပီး သား
Invoice ကိုေတာ့ မူရင္းအတိုင္းေနာက္တြျဲ ပဳလုိ႔ ရသည္။
100,000
516,000 10,320 505,680
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61,000
100,000 - 50,000
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1.ကုန္ေရာင္း ေဘာင္ခ်ာမ်ား
2.ကုန္၀ယ္ ေဘာင္ခ်ာမ်ား
3.အေထြေထြ အသံုးစရိတ္ ေဘာင္ခ်ာမ်ား စာရြက္စာတမ္းမ်ား
4.အျခား၀င္ေငြ အေၾကာင္းအရာမ်ား ၊အေၾကြးရေငြမ်ား၊အေၾကြးေပးရန္မ်ား
ေငြစာရင္းထိန္းသိမ္းမႈတြင္ Cash Transaction နွင့္ Non Cash Transaction ဟူရ်္ (၂)မ်ဳိးႏွစ္စားရွိရာ Non Cash
Transaction မ်ားကိုေတာ့ သက္ဆိုင္ရာ Ledger မ်ားတြင္ စာရင္းေရးသြင္းရမွာ ျဖစ္ျပီး ေငြတကယ္၀င္ တကယ္ထြက္
စာရင္းမ်ားအားလံုးကို Cash Transaction ဟုသတ္မွတ္ျပီး ေငြစာရင္းစာအုပ္ Cash Book တြင္ စာရင္းေရးသြင္း ရမည္။
Cash Book ခိုင္မာမႈရွိမွ လုပ္ငန္းအရႈံး၊အျမတ္စာရင္း ဆြယ
ဲ ူလို႔ရမွာ ျဖစ္သျဖင့္ Cash Book ကိုစနစ္တက်ေရးသြင္းတတ္ရန္
အထူးလိုအပ္သည္။Cash Book တြင္ ေငြအ၀င္ (သို႔) အထြက္ျဖစ္စဥ္တိုင္းတြင္ အၾကမ္းပံုစံေရးမွတ္ျခင္းမ်ဳိး လံုး၀ မျပဳလုပ္
သင့္ပါ။သက္ဆိုင္ရာ စာရင္းေခါင္းစဥ္မ်ားျဖင့္ ေအာက္တြင္ သံုးစြေ
ဲ သာ အေၾကာင္းအရာမ်ားကို ျပည့္စံုေသခ်ာေအာင္
ေရးသားရမည္။
မွတ္ခ်က္ ။ ။ ေငြစာရင္း ကိုင္တြယ္ရာတြင္ စာရင္းကိုင္တိုင္းအတြက္ အထူးသတိျပဳရန္ႏွင့္ ကၽြမ္းက်င္ရန္အခ်က္မွာ
ေငြ၀င္ ၊ ေငြထက
ြ ္ ကိစၥတိုင္း၏ အေၾကာင္းအရာကိုၾကည့္ရ်္ စာရင္းေခါင္းသတ္မွတ္ေပးရျခင္းကိစၥျဖစ္သည္။
လုပ္ငန္းတခု၏ Financial Statements တြင္ ထည့္သြင္းေဖာ္ျပမည့္ စာရင္းေခါင္းစဥ္မ်ား အားလံုးကို စီစဥ္
ထားေသာ List ကို Chart of Account List ဟုေခၚျပီး အတိုေကာက္ (COA)ဟုေခၚသည္။စာရင္းကိုင္တာ၀န္
ယူမည့္သူတစ္ဦးသည္ မိမိလုပ္ငန္းတြင္ စာရင္းမ်ားကိုင္တြယ္ေရးဆြရ
ဲ န္အတြက္ ထို (COA) List ကို စဥ္းစား
ထားျခင္း စီစဥ္ထားျခင္းမရွိပဲ စာရင္းကိုင္တြယ္ရ်္ မရႏိုင္ပါ။ေငြ၀င္/ထြက္ စာရင္းမ်ားကို စာရင္းေခါင္းစဥ္မေပးပဲ
အၾကမ္းမွတ္သားျခင္းျဖင့္ Financial Statements မ်ားေရးဆြႏ
ဲ ိုင္မည္ မဟုတ္ေသာေၾကာင့္ျဖစ္သည္။
အေၾကြး၀င္ေငြမ်ားသည္ (ေန႔စဥ္ Cash Down) အေရာင္း၀င္ေငြႏွင့္ သဘာ၀ခ်င္း မတူညီရ်္ Cash Book တြင္ေရးသြင္း
သည့္အခါ Sales Income မ်ားႏွင့္ ေရာရ်္စာရင္းသြင္းလွ်င္ မွားယြင္းပါလိမ့္မည္။ Receivable Income အေနျဖင့္ Account
Head ခြရ
ဲ ်္ စာရင္းေရးသြင္းရပါမည္။
ၾကိဳတင္ရ ၊ၾကိဳတင္ေရာင္း အတြက္ ေငြလက္ခံခ်ိန္တြင္ Sale Invoice မျဖတ္ရ။ Official Receipt ျဖင့္သာ ေငြလက္ခံျပီး
Cash Book ရဲ႔ Debit Side တြင္ Advance Sales (or) Prepaid Sales ေခါင္းစဥ္နဲ႔ ေငြစာရင္းသြင္းပါ။ Balance Sheet
တြင္ Liabilities ေအာက္မွာ ေပးရန္ရွိ စာရင္းျပန္ေဖာ္ေပးရမည္။ထို Adv Sale Amt ကို P&L တြင္ထည့္မဆြရ
ဲ …
တကယ္အေရာင္း Confirm ျဖစ္ေသာကာလတြင္သာ Sale Invoice ဖြင့္ရ်္ထို Sale Amt ကို P&L တြင္ထည့္ဆြပ
ဲ ါ..
Balance Sheet မွာ ေပးရန္ရွိေဖာ္ထားေသာ ဂဏန္းကို Journal ရိုက္ျပီးစာရင္းေခ် မွတ္တမ္းထားရမည္။
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အခြန္အခ ေပးေငြက်ပ္ ၈၅၀ ကို ၅၈၀ ဟု မွားေရးမိျခင္း၊ကုန္ေရာင္းရေငြ ၉၄၀၀ ကို ၄၉၀၀ ဟုမွားေရးထားျခင္း
က်္မွားယြင္းမႈမ်ားအတြက္ ျခားနားခ်က္ သင့္ေငြကို စာရင္းညွိႏိႈင္းရမည္။
Date Particular Debit Credit
ယာယီစာရင္း ၂၇၀
အခြန္အခ စာရင္း ၂၇၀
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(၂) စုစုေပါင္း ကိန္းဂဏန္းမ်ား ႏွစ္ဘက္မကိုက္ညီလွ်င္ ျခားနားခ်က္ ဂဏန္းကို ရွာပါ။ အဆိုပါ ျခားနားေငြသည္ စာရင္းတစ္ခု
က်န္သြားျခင္း၊ နွစ္ၾကိမ္ေရးမိျခင္းကို ညႊန္းျပတတ္ပါသည္။
၄င္းျခားနားေငြႏွင့္တူညီေသာ စာရင္းလက္က်န္ကို လယ္ဂ်ာတြင္ ရွာေဖြ၇န္။
ျဖတ္ထိုးစစ္ေဆးနည္း
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(၂) အစမ္းရွင္းတမ္းကြာျခားေငြကို ၉ ျဖင့္စား၇်္ ျပတ္လွ်င္ ရလဒ္သင့္ေငြ၏ (၀)အေရအတြက္ကို ၾကည့္ရ်္ ကိန္းဂဏန္း
ေျပာင္းျပန္ေရးမိသည့္ေနရာကို သိႏိုင္ျခင္း၊
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Cost of goods sold (or) Cost of sales ကိန္းဂဏန္းထြက္လာျပီးပါက Sales (ကုန္ေရာင္း၀င္ေငြ)ထဲက Cost of sales
ကိုႏႈတ္လိုက္ပါကအၾကမ္းအျမတ္ (သို႔) အၾကမ္းမရံႈးကို ရရွိမွာျဖစ္သည္။ထိုအၾကမ္းအျမတ္ (သို႔) အၾကမ္းအရႈံး မွ
ရံုးသံုးစရိတ္မ်ား (Other Expenses)မ်ားကိုႏႈတ္လိုက္ပါက အသားတင္ျမတ္ (Net Profit) (သို႔) အသားတင္အရႈံး
(Net Loss) ကိုရရွိပါလိမ့္မည္။
လခ်ဳပ္စာရင္း
လခ်ဳပ္စာရင္းဆိုသည္မွာ ေန႔စဥ္လုပ္ေဆာင္ခဲ့ေသာ လုပ္ငန္း၏ အေရာင္းအ၀ယ္အေျခအေနေၾကာင့္ ျဖစ္ေပၚလာေသာ
၀င္ေငြ
ထြက္ေငြ ၊ကုန္ပစၥည္း အ၀င္အထြက္လက္က်န္စာရင္း
၊အေၾကြးက်န္(ရရန္ရွိ)စာရင္းမ်ား၊(ေပးရန္၇ွိ)စာရင္းမ်ား၊ကုန္ပစၥည္းေရာင္းခ်မႈ
အားတို႔ကို (၁လ)တစ္ၾကိမ္ (သို႔) (၃လ)တစ္ၾကိမ္ (သို႔) (၆လ)တစ္ၾကိမ္ စာရင္းခ်ုဳပ္ၾကည့္ျခင္းျဖစ္သည္။
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Hen You Ming Co., Ltd
Profit & Loss Statement as at 30 June 2010
Income
Sales Income -
(Less)Sales Refund ( -)
Total Net Sales xxx
Custom Duty -
Carriage Inwards -
Total Cost of Sales (-)
(Less) Expenses
Advertising -
Fuel -
Commissions & Fees -
Donation -
General Expense -
Stationery -
Transport Charges -
Wages & Salaries -
Gift & Entertainment -
Refreshment -
Electricity Bill -
Discounts Allowed -
Tax-Sebin -
Phone Bill -
Depreciation on Office Equipment -
Depreciation on Office Furniture -
Co., Licence Expense -
Damage -
Showroom Rental Expense -
Warehouse Rental Expense -
Total Expenses (-)
Net Profit / (Loss) for the period xxx
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Current Assets
Cash in Hand -
Cash at Bank -
Accounts Receivable -
Closing Stock -
Prepaid Showroom Rental -
Prepaid Warehouse Rental -
Prepaid Phone Bill Expense -
Deferred Co., Licence Expense -
Total Current Assets xxx
Total Assets xxx
Liabilities
Current Liabilities
Accounts Payable -
Accrued Tax Sebin Expense -
Total Liabilities (xxx)
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ကုန္ထုတ္လုပ္မႈ စာရင္းေရးဆြရ
ဲ ျခင္းသည္ ထုတ္လုပ္ျပီးစီးသည့္ ကုန္ေခ်ာ တန္ဖိုးကို သိလိုေသာေၾကာင့္ျဖစ္သည္။
Note : (Prime Cost +Factory Overhead Cost) = Production Cost (ထုတ္လုပ္မႈ စရိတ္)
3. Other Expenses
(a) စီမံခန္႔ခမ
ြဲ ႈ စရိတ္ (Administration Cost)
(b) ေရာင္းခ်ျဖန္႔ျဖဴးမႈစရိတ္ (Selling & Distribution Cost)
(c) ဘ႑ာေရးစရိတ္ (Financial Expenses)
(Indirect Cost) ဟုေခၚသည္။ Indirect Cost ကိုစက္ရံု၀န္ေဆာင္မႈစရိတ္ (Factory Overhead Cost)တြင္ ထည့္ေပးရမည္။
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xxx
xxx
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Cost of Sales
(xxx)
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ေငြစာရင္းစာအုပ္အရ ဘဏ္လက္က်န္ႏွင့္ဘဏ္ရွင္းတမ္းအရလက္က်န္တို႔ကိုကိုက္ညွိခ်က္ရွင္းတမ္း
ေရးဆြျဲ ခင္းျဖစ္ပါသည္။
ဘဏ္ရွင္းတမ္းႏွင့္ ကြလ
ဲ ခ
ြဲ ်က္ျဖစ္ေပၚရျခင္းကိစၥရပ္မ်ား
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လုပ္ငန္းသည္ မိမစ
ိ ာရင္းဖြင့္ထားသည့္ ဘဏ္ကို မည္သူအား မည္သည့္ရက္တြင္ ေငြမည္မွ်ထုတ္ေပးပါ
ဟူသည့္ အျမဲတမ္းညႊန္ၾကားခ်က္မ်ား ေပးႏိုင္သည္။ထိုညႊန္ၾကားခ်က္အရ ဘဏ္က လစဥ္ေပးထုတ္ေပးရမည့္
သူဆီသို႔ ေငြထုတ္ေပးေနမည္ျဖစ္သည္။အဆိုပါ ဘဏ္မွေပးေငြအတြက္ ေငြစာရင္းစာအုပ္တြင္ မညွဳိႏိႈင္းရေသးပါက
ေငြစာရင္းအရ လက္က်န္သည္ ဘဏ္ရွင္းတမ္းအရ လက္က်န္ထက္ ပိမ
ု ေ
ုိ နမည္ု ျဖစ္သည္။
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ဘဏ္မွ ထုတ္ေငြမ်ားအတြက္
နံပါတ္(1) ကဲလ
ြ ခ
ြဲ ်က္အတြက္ ေငြစာရင္းစာအုပ္ရွိ လက္က်န္တြင္ (+) ေပးရမည္။
နံပါတ္(2) ကြလ
ဲ ခ
ြဲ ်က္အတြက္ ေငြစာရင္းစာအုပ္ရွိ လက္က်န္တြင္ (-) ေပးရမည္။
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က်ပ္ က်ပ္
xxx
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Hen You Ming Company ၏ 30.6.2010 ေန႔ရွိ ေငြစာရင္းစာအုပ္အရ ဘဏ္လက္က်န္မွာ က်ပ္ 435,000
ျဖစ္သည္။ဘဏ္ရွင္းတမ္းအရ လက္က်န္ႏွင့္ မကိုက္ညီသျဖင့္ စစ္ေဆးရာ ေအာက္ပါ အခ်က္မ်ားကို ေတြ႔ရပါသည္။
(1) June လအတြင္း ထုတ္ေပးလိုက္ေသာ ခ်က္လက္မွတ္မ်ား အနက္ က်ပ္ 10,000 ႏွင့္ က်ပ္ 4,500 တန္ဖိုးရွိ
ခ်က္လက္မွတ္မ်ားမွာ ဘဏ္တြင္ ေငြမထုတ္ယူေသးျခင္း။
Add
Unpresented Cheque 145,000
Direct Credit 30,000
Dividends 100,000
275,000
Less 710,000
Uncredited Cheque 60,000
Standing Order 5,000
Bank Charges 3,000
Dishonored Cheque 15,000
83,000
Balance according to Bank Statement 627,000
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