4 Senify 07 mass densify Sens} fy OY mass _ density of a fluid is detine d as the —“ja8io_et mass of 0 fluid to iXs volu ume Zk is dented by ¢ THs st wih is kg pe meker cube, ka/ms —S.= Mass of -flyict Water — Igmicn? 1oookepr?| Volume ot -fluch, Ssolid Y Siiquid y Sgas . Specific weighR oy weight density —Specitic weigh? 0% _wetgh ensify of a_-fluicl * is_defin, Qs the iene of welgh? of a -+tlyjid Bo Ps volume THis denoted by ow uo_=__Welgh? ot fiuiich Wiad = 9-81 % 1000 N/m Volume of fluid w= Mass of fui Kg Volume ef fluid Qx 9. Mencuny - 13600 kg/m? cin = 12 g/m s, . vita ee _quaviky sre PERrOpT Egret. wera ri faced density of Stemdard fluidk etna __+__$%1000% 9.9) = _S &%_ 1000 kg/ma. Problent. Calculate sped fi & weight in donely = tyne sols one ihe of 2 “a _tigud ie > Given ee _ : Volume | ihe — = mm 1000 i ia ip. Specific weight w< Welght 7 . - v volume oh 7 = 7000 N/m? Mooo oe ii) tens & = Maes volume . pec. Mase = ight fA = 8 Specie weigh’ = 8-9 pede wel 3 oe sooo ee ; g-8) : Q = FW3-5 kg /m> WY Specific gravity . : [ S=_chetphlly of Plus . - Aenity of water Sg ee Male a 1000 S- onas.Caleulate . -fhe density, specie weiah® and : ‘he of peel of cpecitic” nak oa) Noles | Ms 1000 Tt Specitic_gaavity (8) J O-% S = density ot fluid = Stiuid densify sf wales, Sino, Spuid = SX Sy = O-7 1a00 kg lms * Bini 2 700 kaye +_Specitic weight Cw) = 2.9 = 700 x g-8) = Geet nms weight = specitic weight x volume. = Sae% 1 Nin? 1000 me 6 swetght 2 G-86% WN Viscosity Viscostty 1s defined 98 __ proper phich of teas Heslsfance fo Lhe a ae enk 6. ob one Rayer d__wigh _ Oven anothey adjac e, of the nds . distavy ‘dy! aparh | ma o esent yelaci fies te & du+ daPiue veloci fy causes A = ne, acting bebween -ehe tulad Layeh—Thhe._. tnp_layen__c Quaes—— 2. shear. arena on he. = adjacent Mayer thie the 7 as i veloc! \, 7 ae - Lowes ayes couses a ——7] “retin ahean shness on _-fhe = > _______This_shean_etress_is_pasponfional fo the —nafe ef _change ~ — o} velocity with aespeck toy . TH _is symbol (Tau). TX, du . dy. — T= Midy aucmu) = dy. a Fiona 4 > conehansh of propor enaly Coefficlen of dynamic Vicodity 04 onl viscocihy. oi day ay, uanid of viscosty te oa C = Foace / Anca a Change of velociiy (Length _ : ; change of distance , Time 7 Length, ——— = Foscel( Le Pe Foace x time. 7 [Thme. (Length) ? - C MKS ~ KG 4-se CGS: dyne-sec ¢=- Ns me m2 m2, Ikgf> 9-81N. = \ipeice ENS 7 - 1am? oe a—Kinemabic Viscostyy s ae detined ab phe pafo fis, lity and density of fluid ——st—ie_denoted by mu Cv) Wis Viscosity. = gy ee eneliiyls aed j )-Bhe dynamic = Y= Force Time = _—itorce Time Ctength)* ~% Mass mars CLemgth)® Length. 1 ts = Mass x tenth 2 Time mase/ 1engeh. = (_leng Ph) > Hime. : Unk of v= m2/5 one stoke = cm2/s, Newtorls Law of viscosity All those flutds a said 4p be _newtonian Fluid -fo. —_______whose _ghean _ sfisess 18 nec i io al . eheat, strain FA stats that shear shess( T) oN a Huid element Layer is —Alaectiy proportional fo the waft. of shear __ shnain , “The _constanp propastonaity is called the coetticien? of Viscosity . a T= dy _ dy.; Surface “Tension Le® us congden_o mokecule under he #unface of fluid This molecuge A ‘is under the acMien of balance cohesive force “faery all ides and these mole cule ia under equilibsiun tet us consider a mokecuJe B which 1s on sunface of the fluid and these molecule 16 unde: fhe action of nek downward pull and hence his molecule ts under skyekch condition Theye aye Lange number ot molecules or Sunfuce and all the molecules axe _under_a pul? 4 due to his there appear -fo be a mMembyane over the surface of fluid which ¢a9 be a smal Load & this property is known a4 surtace -tens\e) Surface Renson Fs alse defined as Line of -fonce with forces dePing perpendiculay fo thene Line, Inthe plane of the surface, _ Suntace ens is also given as force aching _ per a unit Length : Y G=zF Nim a wheye F 16 surface inelon force Q is fength en which eurtace Penson 1b — “Hth_increase inn ctimpraRure waatare Pension deca as — 7 oaVapour Phessune -—__—condifiol_ave” fhe aunface of 4 a Le® us consider a clove containey Rhak js parfiany filled with uid “The molecule sy the sunface of fluid axe iq highly excttech Hake and by Pakivg energy -from the mofecuDe benemth Bhs molecule evoporades. a “The ai} above the +tluid has some absorption capac hy and his absonpte is Known ax schusafion und? the safwratlery cohdition the numbey of molecules deaving the surface of fluids evaporaficn becomes 2. Mechanical Gauges . pressure measuemenf 1s known as. manomete + - ManomeRex aye cBamified as. 2 Simple Manometey y Tip Sifferen® _Manomefer . Sip _ManomePea ~ A_simple manomehex consist of a fa lube one end _connecfed fo a peinP wheye pressine ts -to be emeasuyed. amd _othey end _pematna open -fo ! atmosphere9), Prezomefey. ; Ben is_ct_simple glass. Aba apenas En ena nh—pesot J and the othex,end_s_kep peta tine nse a -eartf be wed) 89 a pea pe iibeve P is Pressure inside he pipe Sis density of ligh® welgh® -fluid . 82 = density of heavy fluid P+ Bgh = S2gho P= @agh2 - Sigh) ib BifterenBia® manometer. @> U-Bube _differenPiall Moanomeker. c —— Kitfenential manomeexs ane the devices used for. —— Lhe difference of pressune bePueen Rw polyfs —-——— Ina_pipe ov 19 Puro atten pipes. i a Pas Sight «Pe 4 Soha 4 Sacha. N ioa9 PA-Pa = Sagh2 4 ache 4= Sigh, 4 Pa =_prssine of pipe A Po — pressure of pipe B S- denity of tqud Sn Pipe A. §3- Slensity of heavy Nguidh _A eeMechanical Gauges _ _ Mechanical gauges a1 used -bo yneasuye pressuye thal axe veny high. with fess accuyacy . All the _menfion- mechanical gauges consis of an elecPric elemeg® twhich ges deform on apphicabien of pressure » THs defoymafion is furthey magnified Le Jean land pinion) _ P annangemenk Po a prinkey scale and _pressuye idomeasuned, . t Example &- Bourdon -tube » bellows, cdead- ueigh? = claph yxam it P Hydrostatic Law BA ZFy = 0 Ls - PdAtmg = (P+dp)-dA. ah] P.dA Amg = P-dA +dpdA | PdA + C.v.g . PdA 4 AP.dA Cex ap) cAseis +c = Ps 8gh +. Patm a As we move c jownwand lui = Ahe «pressuve | Tncveases | as gh. as we move verses — upward the pressure clecseates as __= $9 There is 00 ch i ange in pressure in honizpntal cam, devel. =m Bas — >Pz Sighs Pa = Sagh2 Tn hz Shy = S2hoP= S2gh ~ Sight iy Aitferenfial manomeles. a fel 3, AitentnHiol -manomeRend ane the devices used fox the Aitfenence s+ pressure bekween two polnfs in _a pipe ov in two dick fee nk pipes Pa + Sigh = Pe + Soghr4 Ssgha Po= Pe > Sogho4 eaghi- igh fp - pressure of pipe A Pe - presene af pe. 8 i= Aensihy of liquid _in pire A &2 — densify of Aquidl iy pipe B 83 — densihy *} heavy Rqud“Thermodynamics Sefiuthon - i. 2 Tt tha _byanch ef science which deal with souxgy Jnerackion and Ws effec an eatery and suyxounding Eystem) + - {& in a fixed mace oy a Hegien tn space w ° 1s focused . F A_syskery 1s a_-finike quantity of matte on a prescribed neglon ot space, Surrounding *- Everything erceph the sushem becomes the Sunrounding Uhe Hegloy) % he «eurnounding which is at fecke A dined by fhe Syokn, is called _immediafe sannounding Boundaries 2+ 2 1s a Heal on Imaginany sunface which Zeprnafes syle fam suynoundina « Goundany can be -fiaed oy moval Tupes. Of system, ¢ Syste =z} the boundary of the syehr 35 Ampsevious fp flow e+ matter is caiiiec| efosed _ sysker}, | An example of £hBSE System 4s Mass of gas ox confain In a engi H Angin. by the: a 3¢. Confinugus and no_mathey ___ eyll walls cult here fhe boundary is J-_ ‘ may enter oy leave TH efose: ns -fexe d ete a 2 Open Syste) L “The one in which — maktex and enengy “Fissss 19g wuroundin g \ a tay tal ecange siakd syst is a miefheyx eneng makke x. with any othey ” Syst) oy with eee X__ Properties Of System, Any chanacfenisfic _ot the syetm Ts Called property o}+ Lhe Systm “The prsperty ean be class\tied as iy nknswe ./ snkransie parspenty iu Hy fBatenswe / Exkuinsie Pro penty Peasy aes Doknsive oS 40, \ ae end ef fale Ie ipapty Example =Etmp 7 crluve —piessuve density Velocity ji) _Extmsive property yt - > ; The property which depend 2D) amass of ° systtin Is —~ i fxample -_*, volume energy enthalpy, emtiopy. cc. peeeranaiaen____Michoscopte and Macnoscopte part of view . 48 434 approach 79 which avenage ——™olecufon behavhouy is consideneds and the individual —moleculay behavioux is nek Baker) te conside nati on. This approach can be_ Applied fi he confinu —___1s__vaitd tt inte To_Lhis approach -the matter, 1s -kyeatd to be coniinuo —dishibu®ed wih mo vol _preserrb SN this approach a __cenPain, quankity’ e+ makten is cent dex, withouk taking whe accounk -the evens occuning af mole- culay ReveR y ani Xn _ofhey wonds these appyoach -to then medynamics js conseaned wikh gress ey overall behaviouy_. “Tits ts known ae cPassical -gheymodynamies Mic oscopic . approach. ‘ _ fn _kheze approach Lhe individual mmolecukay behaviouy is -takern info conidexafion becayse Lhe average _pnopendy become anmeaningful. o 4 Rhese approach ih is considened -thak —the sysfern is amade up ef veny large; number of dtscncbe parficBes Known a6 molecufes. There molecules have diftenen® vekociPies and energies “he value of hese eneagie&® are conekanSly ehange wikh ime —— “Theée approach -te khexmodynamics which 1s _conseyned Bech wikh styuckune of marten. is known as shabiefical £henmod ym ari c&- “Yim ____Theamedyn ames Equikibniam, oe 7 $$$. ibn it a — As my, isto Abermed yams —<9ull Ali 4 the — = ieee balan _praine_sk_ot_pastle ae same Thee huuld pena’ volocify—_ghadien# andl chenjcgy —_ “Thus fon aktaining a eferfe. of therm odynéinic = spilbsium -the_-}towng thee type of ¢ quillbaiyy ~——— [a whale must be achieved . : _ 4. Thermal Cautibyium “The Remperafurye af syst) dees mot change vid -_ time and has same value a2 alle palok gps Syst) € 2 Mechanicak fquilibrium i “Thexe axe no unbalanced -ferce adn “the sysiert) on _behween the fuipeunding “The _presswse Vathe System deos Mot hange win me a 3. Chemical — Equitibaium —— No chemic ah neachey -takes place in athe syste) ——————— and fhe chemical —fompusitioy) which is same a ahah the aye) dees oak gory saith :State of system) Any conditey) of the Arete is catled hake of system The shake of sycnmy is Specified by Khe properties at cuslem if Any changes the cran- 6tale_ of sys) Change - Process of eysitn) 2 - A__ process Occu w Rhe_« ch ig stat. 04 ay enengy Raansfex A process may be non “flow in which a fixed mass withn he dedined boundany is undergoing a change of stale. Example - A sysky substance which is being health in closed uti A us Nen Hous pracess 1s _a_elosed system A Oe s yb. ou ocess 4 whicQuasi TO wast. abghtc process and ner Cea, Camas) es : etait alas fussed — =n GEN pcan coin Aaa ystem i paoces, ee is also called a4 nevedtille process Wyn Quast ahafic process ; ae : litical a . “ dofie pancos veasi ble neversed Fail ous’ nT and the Jarscunding both returning Bo ie Ptal condition Quasi sfahic comprcsaten, a expansion of a gas will be _Considench as Hevertible. Ponsidered os reve ssi Pein? Funchio) 4 Path function, (pv) ° Thermodynamic properties . aye point puncPiey fon aq guen shabe A CPN) “The _change 3) Rherumo- dynamic __properhy of- ov hie SoulSys in change in shake is indepegdeng of pat, o4 Phe System during a change» ie ona oeende enla o4 ial ay foal shafe o Ae Sa Fron) he abowe figure 12 as Possibee to Rake a eykem fem shake A to wfak B afong many auari sabe _pombs Alng the path \, 2, 3 | Since &he area under cach cunve Aepresen® work toy each process. The _amoun# ef worl involved in each case is nok a -funchion of end shake ol process _ TR depends on path o| Khe _systern follows in going from Stale A +o B. “The example ef path functions ane work and heal . Heat and work inexack dt}ferential, Lhene chanae cannot be writkn as ditterence befween Lhely end stakes SqP= Pp Sdve V2-%, Sdw + wa-w, = we S6Q4 @.-G =ay “ihe _operafiorS)delta re wed fo denote inerack Aitfesential and operator A ie used fon exack diiereniid Zeroth haw of Yhermedynardcs Ej two bedies. A and © are Individually tn theamal equillbsium wth Rind body 8 Rhen -Rhe wo bodies A and C alse uit be In theamal equilibviur “his is known O8 zeroth Leus o} Pheamadyn amnics rh ie basis of 4emparatuve measurement v TMs Raw was in by RH. Fowler. Sn the Year 193) Since Phe firs} andi cecond jaw already eats of Ahad fime Tat was desiqned ag Berth Reo se ghat 12 preceedsRo form a dogical seqy five and second tae es Faden sey aust tundengses 1a chheAmedynants = LU cycle then neck heat supplled Re the spelen fro ~ : . dhe eursounding 's equal Bo. mek work dene by u - moni turn punding System) on its Sur’ nm §aa - gan : According fe shafiment of fina Raw of theamedynami given _by Joule -for_a _eQosed system und eyche meh heat ramen is equal > met faansfea {is valid fon both Heversible and Iarcveasible cycle . The expression applies only “Bs _eysiery undeageing eycle Bk it a 64h tanclenn og @ change of skate during which beth heat transfer and work Raansfer ane iveWed the nef “defined as the hea sequined Po nose uni amas fo one degace -femparakure rise A@= meat C= Specitic heak Ma mass of syste). At = -RKmporakune rise dQ@ = MecpdT. AB®.- mevdT. Gp is Specie heat af conafand pressure, cv is specific heat af cons volume. Co- Cv = KR R. 2 ™ Ro, = gis 32Tt Enthatey Enhatpy ts ene of the = Q@ = ha=hi Q = Mcp CT2=T1) TE can be seen from 4iguee when the od system js Inflmghle as in psfan# voluroe phe, ——F-2sansfan pressure pacceas the boundary and my Since the pixfan 1s pushed -Phaough a dain A_Revessible Tempanatuse _Paocess, C Reothenm af A process af constant -+emparakure te called isotheand, process When a Wweéking substance ip a cylinder behind a piston) expand 20m high preesune fo Pow pressure thene is 4 sbendeney fon Rhe Rempanakune ~€o fain an isofhenmal expansion heak mus® be added Confi nu ou. iy) orden -fp. ketp Rhe Sempasakune at ‘mifiel Value gimiloay in case of isothermal Compaessi or PV= MRT mM C PN. ic, Tec Ff Pee Ver, AUs mevCAT) v auc 9, ; O-We AU : GQ. Wdw. vs Av © pve > Caw = «Cav N Wo= © .Wn(v2) ve Wis Nt Ow) ve Pye PN, = PpV2 Yiu 2. be. Nz yp +k _Revessible _adfabaPic procese. AN adiabofic procees 16 one which No heal is -tra each. from he fluid using —the process 4@ -aqw =< dw. Cdag@zo0.T- 0) Ow = Au. Xz ratio of spedtic heat of conetawk pressuse fo corfawk volume. Poe 1a J ee. in adiabalic paocesé . dw. Pav. dwiz ic dv ya oa oY= - a = +t W- cle ) ae, | +41 tt Ww c cE ee eo) = Va —— -t+ 1 J Ww. PN i 22. x-1 Second Law Of “Theamodynanjice | source Gi O2 (ue [sink | w a WwW = Q [az] Fink aw of £hearmodunamie salted quanhitabye— Saw because if does mok Rakes into account vali of Rhe Find Law does nok differentiate pehween gherosl encaqy at higher -ttmpan hue and _thenmal ene 2, coon di 2 Seco 5 . stheamal cnengy at Ripken femporqhve has w0¥” 2 a a aacsignificance when compare Oo Syyén samme _annuack of _—Prcam al essen gy ah owe. fmf on tuhe a= theamak energy nerewviour bk Source Sounce is a -Rheamat energy Derenviouy which ean give Large amoun? of thermal enthqy, wibhouk unde q : ping any Rempan aku e change 2 Sink - a -heamal eneaqy neserviouy which can aossab Longe aroun of -Rhenm al encagy. w\Phous ies Any Pernparature chonse . ae 2k Clausiu Etatemenk Ee TH is impesible Be develop a cyclic device which Boonsten energy ror Rowen tmpratuae fo highen thmpare- E Zune wiPhout any atenn al eneaqy \npuk Effciency = =z Ws a -a, a ay rae. ia, Coetticien of. Fesfmmance wl Acconding fo Raine stameng? Rhe Cop of clvice s : Gon evel, be Neqgahve | Zn other, wouds heaf of T4seit cannok low from |Kevin __ Plank stalemernh Tt is imptusible xp develop _a cyclic wosk while exchanging, _enengut with & Single Herenigy stakmen¥ an enginé can device which devel, > Acconding > Kelvin plank Meven have 100 fe efficiency Alth Clquslus luin plank Stateme ough _Clauslu and kelvin _plavl akmenk Opp an bbe difteren# hey ane peally equivalenk in -Rhe se, violation ef either statment implies vlelation of~* Otocyke ee Q-Q2 = Wwe eZ a ied ¥ Mos Wi- We ae a : Qi v s QQ ar = MeyCr -T) #-mey (12-74) mevC-T) HS {= t2-T4 Th - Te Te { a is Wisi OxOto cycle. This cycte i o u “the _polnt 4 _nepnesenf that cylinden is fall of ala wig ine faul_engine sare Zt, com ; elume V, __and__pressure Pi J : . 3 Line 12 wepne. end _adiabahic _compvession) Ling 23 shows supply of heal ak zs consank volume 2 Line 4 Heprcsenk adiababic expansion of. i aA i jock c ve Qi = mcyC 13-72) G2 = mom, ~ TW) Ms Wo. a Sa; Qs a zt Qs. Qa A= i = Ty - Th T3-T2 TZ \t-! = yea WS ; es Ce Adiabatlc expan: i ey tal a Vad T ~_ = T-\ 2 Vy. vq Vo Ww.MEP 2 ow Vs Cdispaced_vatume) = _W Mi-No. Wiz = Povo - AV v1 Wag = PaNa — Pag t-1. MEP = Wy ~ Way Ns2 3 Tie gee ince by 2.8 Aste — 4 jlo 1494 4 ae ee tad af at sansbant saline 4 Process 1.2 is adivbafic compression i Praees oe 1c heal cuppitedva m eC T3-Ta) ai = CyCty~1)) dl p(T -T2 ) Py a = Cp E cv - t \ let) > — cv (13-T) Y cp. - Us \ call . O32) . rena 2ae a ve Te = (vy, \O7! mw Va J oe 7 le 4 \ 8 Va, So Vs N3 or 2 S a PcG Pv-et aT | va a =e | Vest 43 ys Sa ge 5.407 Tg Wa (ennt a “i Ta Soy Tm ~ inf me Wee aang ¥Ct-T2_) " o Sak Ke}+—_—_Y-1 tla es CVs Vn). Ws = Rava = Pau v-\Qual Cyche ae e == \ Q Wala: ag sang = Qy = mevC42- TD =m Qa = mee Ta-T3) Qs = _mvCrs- Te) a ps: Pa . 3 Pa e/a (pet-1 \ = mes -) J +p) ats 1 f peta ft Ce-)+ pi =} Mep = w Ns Wie PaN2 - PN t-1 Sn = Pa Ve Na We = Pay - PoVe -1 “This cycle 15 alto canned Rimiked pressune cae pe mined cycle ic _a combination of okto 2 diesel cycle mM a way Rha hea ig partly ot constant velume and _consRanf pressune. ‘the dual cyefe _conseh of 1-2 Ag a _adiabafte compressi Bs addition of heak at constant volume Sy addi Hey of hed ak constant pressureA-S adiabatic eipansi on aS 1 tt retePisy of heat af constand volume _ =k Gaus TTanbine _ Cyele . * [¢ = Q 3 Qy = mep( 13-12) a Qo = mMep (7% -T) t We G5. ae Sa H Q Qi H = I - ( a) a 2 \ = MepCt4—1) ‘ Mep Ta - T2) 2 \ = Tat ! Ta-t m TiGnefon Cyhe a pestech gas. $2 is abe cared woule cycle _ ‘The heal Prareten ane _actieved ‘1 Heversiple constant pressure heal exchange ib Erehon eycke onde of 1-2 h ai 2-z consist of “head flow into £ysiem ak constan} pre 3- ‘es tevewibie adlabahe expansion. 4-1 is _q_ heat aejectory at consPand pressure. _*_ Mcp CTa~Te) — mepC Ta -T. = Mep D(C, = meptyf 1-7Ft mer a4 ae rcp Til 4 a _W= eG =} fa 4 fc_Wonk Ratio « Wee Wr-we 2. 1- w Wr Wr In open cycle gas abine Open _cycle D the ain is drqwn inte the compresos 3 afta _comprssisn Uk passes te combusior) . i shamber, : “The cuppyied 1 0 i chambe. S20 ih the afer ain eteam, And thes ates expand through the -Rurbine to the akmopheses 3 z . x =e —“En orden ke achieve mek work udp from the uns the Kisbine musk clevelop move grass work ouput than Hequined fp claive -the compnesor, and fo avencome Khe mechanical Rosses i the drive. “The puoduck of combusier) coming ouk —fyern -the Seurkine ane exhausled to the akmaphere. He Arey cannof pe used any more. The wesking -fluid an_anck fuck must be replaced confinuously a6 Rhey We exhaust ‘inte the Atmopgheie “ Ef the Rese iy _combusion, chamber is _negieRed his cycle may be lrqun on TS diagrgry, Process 1-2" ‘Is “Inneversible edigbable compressir » Process a'- 3 ‘1s constant pressure beat cupplied . Process 2-4) ‘us _dyveverSple _acliabatie panier= TT As, . : Ta -Ta Asinraphic Scontrophic Mes minwWe — meetT 1 mers _mep@rt 19): “13 = pia wr = mip Cre Ta) Monws _mep (ts = ta)i e561 the fthidency | —diesell jel & calculale ‘ts mean tte Bie pres Lt. a Aetine simple _gas -bubine. end exslain Vs piocess and Geaive £1 edchiciencys of breton cycle