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INTRODUCTION
5. Bangladesh is likely to be among the countries that are the worst affected by
climate change. With the rise of temperature across the globe floods, tropical
cyclones, storm surges and droughts are likely to become more frequent and severe.
Rise of sea level would cause flood and intrusion of saline water into rivers across
the southern belt. Rainfall is predicted to be higher and more erratic which would
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increase frequency of flood. All these will seriously affect the agriculture, food,
fishery and livestock, forest and above all will degrade humanity.
AIM
6. The aim of this paper is to analyze climate change and its effects.
CLIMATE CHANGE
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10. On the broadest scale, the rate at which energy is received from the Sun and
the rate at which it is lost to space determine the equilibrium temperature and climate
of Earth. This energy is distributed around the globe by winds, ocean currents and
other mechanisms to affect the climates of different regions.
11. Factors that can shape climate are called climate forcings or "forcing
mechanisms". These include processes such as variations in solar radiation,
variations in the Earth's orbit, variations in the albedo or reflectivity of the continents,
atmosphere, and oceans, mountain-building and continental drift and changes
in greenhouse gas concentrations. There are a variety of climate change
feedbacks that can either amplify or diminish the initial forcing. Some parts of the
climate system, such as the oceans and ice caps, respond more slowly in reaction to
climate forcing, while others respond more quickly. There are also key threshold
factors which when exceeded can produce rapid change.
12. Climate change can either occur due to external forcing or due to internal
processes. Internal unforced processes often involve changes in the distribution of
energy in the ocean and atmosphere, for instance changes in the thermohaline
circulation. External forcing mechanisms can be either anthropogenic (e.g. increased
emissions of greenhouse gases and dust) or natural (e.g., changes in solar output,
the earth's orbit, volcano eruptions).
13. Causes of climate change are of natural and human induced. Solar variation,
solar cycle, orbital variations, mountain-building, continental drift, changes in
greenhouse gas concentrations, ocean current, volcanic eruption and ice caps are
the major causes of climate change.
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15. Climate change will lead to changes in many aspects of weather, such as
wind patterns, the amount and type of precipitation, and the types and frequency of
severe weather events. Such climate change could have far-reaching and/or
unpredictable environmental, social and economic consequences.
16. The global sea level could rise due to several factors including melting ice and
glaciers. Rising sea levels could damage coastal regions through flooding and
erosion. The climate of various regions could change too quickly for many plant and
animal species to adjust. Harsh weather conditions, such as heat waves and
droughts, could also happen more often and more severely. Melting ice caps in
Antarctica and Greenland have most likely led sea level to rise by 3.1 millimeters per
year between 1993 and 2003, according to IPCC. The rise is expected to reach 15 to
95 centimeters by 2100.
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17. Climate change could also affect health and well-being. Many larger cities
could experience a significant rise in the number of very hot days. Air pollution
problems would increase, placing children, the elderly and people suffering from
respiratory problems at greatest risk of health effects. Increases in molds and pollens
due to warmer temperatures could also cause respiratory problems such as asthma.
18. Ice melting is one of the most evident consequences is melting ice – the
melting of the cryosphere, those portions of Earth’s surface where water is
in solid form, including ice caps, glaciers, and permafrost (those areas where soil is
permanently frozen). According to predictions, Arctic ice could completely melt
during the hottest periods of the year by the end of the century. The cryosphere
naturally plays a crucial role in the global climate system and a change in its
extension could cause a change in the system itself. Fragile ecosystems like oceans,
mountains and wetlands could be damaged permanently.
19. Ocean acidification increased levels of CO2 in the atmosphere will also lead
to ocean acidification, causing irreparable damage to marine ecosystems – like
the Great Barrier Reef that is a UNESCO heritage site as it is home to more than
“400 types of coral, 1,500 species of fish and 4,000 types of mollusk. It also holds
great scientific interest as the habitat of species such as the dugong and the large
green turtle, which are threatened with extinction”. Professional services firm Deloitte
estimated the economic value of this treasure: 56 billion Australian dollars, and
64,000 jobs.
20. Bangladesh, being one of the 49 LDGs is likely to be among the countries that
are the worst affected by climate change. Floods, tropical cyclones, storm surges
and droughts are likely to become more frequent and severe in the coming years.
The country is on the pipeline to become a middle-income country by 2020. Over the
last 20 years the economy has grown at over 6% 1, the population growth rate has
declined from around 2.9% per annum in 1974 to 1.4% 2 in 2006 and food production
has increased three-fold. Climate change will severely challenge the country's ability
to achieve the high rates of economic growth. The likely impacts are:
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21. Flood. Most of Bangladesh lies in the delta of three of the largest
rivers in the world – the Brahmaputra, the Ganges and the Meghna. These rivers
have a combined peak discharge in the flood season of 180,000 m 3 /sec. and carry
about two billion tons of sediment each year. Two-thirds of the country is less than 5
meters above sea level and is susceptible to river and rainwater flooding and, in
lower lying coastal areas, to tidal flooding during storms. Once in every 4 to 5 years,
however, there is a severe flood that may cover over 60% of the country and cause
loss of life and substantial damage to infrastructure, housing, agriculture and
livelihoods.
23. Rise of Sea Level. The IPCC also forecasts that global warming will result in
sea level rises of between 0.18 and 0.79 meters in next century. Rise of sea level
leading to submergence of low lying coastal areas and saline water intrusion up
coastal rivers and into groundwater aquifers, reducing freshwater availability;
damage to the Sundarbans mangrove forest, a World Heritage site with rich
biodiversity; and drainage congestion inside coastal polders, which will adversely
affect agriculture.
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spread of these diseases and to improve access to health services for those
communities likely to be worst affected by climate change.
CONCLUSION
26. Climate change is the greatest challenge of the world today. If the global
temperature rises by 2.0 degree in the polar region it could rise by 10 degree in the
Gulf Stream. Reduction in concentration of GHG in the atmosphere is the main focus
of UNFCCC. Although USA, a signatory to UNFCCC but has not ratified to Kyoto
Protocol, is responsible for 36.1% of 1990 emission level of GHG. USA has its own
emission reduction policy and by 2020 they will reduce CO 2 to 2005 emission level.
Rest 39 Annex I countries that are responsible for 63.9% of 1990 emission, have
committed to reduce by themselves 5.4% GHG by 2012.
28. Although LDCs are not responsible for climate change but they are the
vulnerable group. But to mitigate climate change it evident that both developed and
developing countries need to work together for a possible solution. The Copenhagen
Conference produced a non consensus poor pot come accord but it established a
climate fund of $30 Billion during 2010 to 2012 period. To save the humanity the
global leaders should produce a comprehensive, fair and legally binding climate
accord at COP 16 in Cancun, Mexico in December 2010.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
Internet
1. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change
2. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_gas
3. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyoto_Protocol
4. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intergovernmental_Panel_Climate_Change
5. http://www.climatechangefacts.info
6. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNFCCC
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