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    2 - RC Slab, Column & Foundation Design

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    tevrede

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
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    sma om — sx ax me =a ENCV3DE2_ (DESIGN) UNIVERSITY OF NATAL DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING SYLLABUS 1. Solid Slabs (a) One-way spanning (b) Two-way spanning REINFORCED CONCRETE PAGES‘ C301 - C305 ¢ 305 - c315 2. Concentrated loads on slabs eBie- 64326 3. Columns c 31-6353 4. Foundations 354-371 5. Structural Frames 6. Redistribution of moments 7. Flat slabs 372 - 389 Structural engineering is the science and art of designing and making, with economy and elegance, buildings, bridges, frameworks, and other similar structures so that they can safely resist the forces to which they may be subjected ¢ 301 = SOLID SLABS Slabs may span in one direction or two directions and the edges may be free, simply-supported without restraint (bending and/or torsion), simply-supported with restraint, and continuous. Slabs spanning in rection These are slabs which are supported along two opposite sides, and q.,»,, have no support on the other two sides. ey Sepport Free 2 : co] Sean fy ‘| j b fo) * “ 8 a Free _ Support N sis enh 2 te Sine eng este dy pees I ‘The supported edges may be simply-supported or continuous. A special case of a one-way spanning slab is a cantilever slab. Long narrow slabs supported on all four sides are usually designed as one-way spanning if fy/éx > 3. Note: ty is the length of the longer side. &x is the length of the shorter side. To obtain the main reinforcement in the slab, a 1 metre width of slab is considered with its associated loading and is then designed as a beam. If the slab is continuous, coefficients may be used as in continuous beam design (Refer to pages 27 to 30 in second year notes). A simplified approach may be used for continuous slabs in which one load case consisting of the maximum load (1,2 D, + 1,6 Q,) is placed on all spans if the following conditions are met: a) ina one-way spanning slab, the area of each bay exceeds __30 m’ (Ref. figure 7 on page C 302 for definition of panels and bays) Peerone Ise! Ay b) the ratio of the nominal” imposed load Q, to the nominal _self-weight D, does not exceed 1,25 c) the nominal ‘imposed load does not exceed 5 XN/sq-m, - excluding partitions a) steel curtailment complies with the simplified rules given in 4.11.7.3 (ref page C 304). When analysis is carried out for the single load case mentioned above, the resulting support moments, except those at the support of cantilevers, should be reduced by 20%, with resultant — eee Tayet ban ait wie a enihere | eae hot poten em = —ASAS increases in positive span moment. ‘ When a span is adjacent to a cantilever of length exceeding one-third of the span of the slab, the other possibility of loading arrangement should be considered i.e. the case of slab unloaded and cantilever loaded. As an alternative to the above, if the one-way slab consists of approximately equal spans (difference < 15% of longer span), complies with the conditions given above and carries uniformly distributed loads, the coefficients given in table 13 may be used. Ultimate bending moments and shear forces in one-way spanning slabs i 2 3 Position Moment | Shear At outer support ° o4F Near middle of end span 0.086 FI : At fist interior support 0.086 Fl | 06F [At middle of interior spans 0,083 FI : A interior supports 063 Fi | OSE NOTE ~ Fis the total utimate load (1,2G, + 1.60, Allowance has been made in these coefficients for 20 % redistribution. No further redistribution: should be carried out. (See also 4.2.4 (d).) ‘The curtailment of reinforcement designed in accordance with table 13 may be carried out in accordance with the rules given in 4.11.7.3. co rt rw = wT wee a es Se ae ee | =I | Org.2031/€ Figure 7 - Definition of panels and bays fi 303 From the above, the maximum moments and areas of main reinforcement are obtained for a 1 metre width of slab. A Suitable size and spacing of reinforcement may be read off the area table (ref. page 6). The minimum area of this main reinforcement should not be less than: 0,13%bh when high yield reinforcement is used. 0,24%bh when mild steel reinforcement is used. (b = 1/000 mm, h = overall depth). The maximum spacing of main reinforcement is determined according to table 25 and clause 4,11.8.2.2 which is summarised in the following flow chart:- USE TABLE 25 = 100A - lvauues + 108/ USE TABLE 25 VALUES lspacing, $34 £ 75D me ‘Table 25 — Maximum clear distance between bars 1 iii] aetta| a ge | ttpeea| cited |eeegite teint | eepeetyeeage |e (ate Cir catance between bars Characteristic between bs strength of a reinforcement, f, Percentage redistribution to or from section considered MPa -30 | 25 | -20 | 15 | -10 | 0 | +10 | +15 | +20 | +25 | 30 250 21s | 230 | 245 | 260 | 275 | 300 | 300 | 300 | 300 | a0 0 | 300 450 120 | 130 | 135 | 145 | 155 | 170 | 185 | 195 | 205 | 210 | 220 485 sro | 120 | 125 |.195 | 140 | 155 | 170 | 10 | 190 | 195 | 205 — SS ol lO | ns c 304 Detailing of main reinforcement in one-way spanning slabs eee ee Figure 10.1. Simply supported—no restraint Greser ot 0-11 Greate ot0-1/ sndsbe port 50 es Os ay pane Figure 10.2, Simply supported, with restraint oar O-S/or4 swhichoveris greater re = fi —_—— ne vr cant | Gare os el] Figure 10.3. Continuous spanning, no end restroint Figure 10.4. Cantilever slabs © 305 In one-way spanning slabs, secondary reinforcement or "distribution steel" is provided at right angles to the main reinforcement. This helps to control cracking and also stresses caused by shrinkage, temperature and non-uniform loading. This reinforcement is tied inside the main reinforcement and the minimum area of secondary reinforcement should be not less than :— 0,13% bh when high yield reinforcement is used. 0,242 bh when mild steel reinforcement is used. (> = 1 000 mm for 1 metre width, h = overall depth of slab). The maximum spacing must not exceed 5 h. Slabs spanning in two directions. These are slabs which are supported on all edges. The slab is considered to consist of 1 metre wide strips spanning’ in each of the two directions. Each strip carries a portion of the load and the resulting bending moment in each direction can be determined by applying given bending moment coefficients which allow for various span ratios and support conditions. (a) Simply supported slabs. When simply supported slabs do not have adequate provision to resist torsion at the corners and to prevent the corners from lifting, the maximum moments per unit width are given by the following equations : Meee ae aL yaya where Mand M., are the moments at mid-span on strips of unit width and spans 1, and 1, respectively. nis the total ultimate load per unit area (1,2d,+ 1,69,). 1, is the length of the longer side. 1, is the length of the shorter side. Gx and a,, are moment coefficients shown in Table 14. _ = = a 2S ee ¢ 306 Table 14 — Bending moment coefficients for slabs spanning in two directions at right angles, simply supported on four sides 1 2 3 Sx | Gy 0,045 | 0,045 0.061 | 0,038, o.o7t | 0,031 0,080 | 0,027 0087 | 0,023, 0082 | 0,020 0.097 | 0.017 0,100 | 0,015 ot02 | o0r6 19 | 0103 | 0016 20 | 0104 | oo16 25 | o108 | oo18 30 | oat | oo17 (b) Restrained slabs. In slabs were the corners are prevented from lifting, and provision for torsion is made, the maximum moments per unit width are given by the following equations : Phat n Zz oe eras sy, sy = a 8, and B, are coefficients given in Table 1S. (Refer to P9 307} = 6, = 8, sx Slabs are considered as divided in each direction into_middle strips and edge strips, the middle strip being three-quarters of the width ecge series chree=auerest and each side strip one-eighth of the width. The moments calculated as above apply only to the middle strips, and no redistribution is allowed. Reinforcement in an edge strip, parallel to that edge, to meet the tainimum requirements given in4.11.4 (see page ( 303)and for torsion (see page C 307) peaaaaney ' ' - T fe [EL itae sip Mate stip | |# [ae 7 1 Bae ais 4. For span ix 6, For span ly Division of slab into middle and edge strips © 307 t Table 15 — Bending moment coefficients for rectangular panels. ‘Where these equations are used, the conditions given below apply. 4.4.42.1 In the case of continuous slabs The nominal selt-weight and imposed loads on adjacent stabs should be approximately the same as those on the slab under consideration, and the spans of all adjacent slabs should be approximately the Same in each of the two directions of the lines of the supports. (See also 4.4.4.2.2.) Torsion reinforcement ‘At any corner where the slab is simply supported on both edges meeting at that corner, torsion reinforcement is to be provided, e.g. at corner A & ‘e C ‘Supported on four sides with provision for torsional reinforcement E at the comers q a = E repay cuca Be tee E | ate ceeeacenere Yet te ‘eratvane’ 19 uw 12 13 1a 18 138, 20 had ee i ‘re een | oar | coe | oo | oot | oo | ome | oa ow Fesive moran iméarin | eo | oe | ome | cese | cow | son | gee | So. oe 2 | euasor we dune i = o1oe, ute. a = fogs Eo My] Fe. . ne tye = Dk. = 5 a DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING Course: 3DEZ (DESIA) Name: WT K Page No. UNIVERSITY OF NATAL EXAMPLE (eon) Date: C32 Hem Calculations Result B als = dy dwell e 0186 f ba = 0,156.25. 1070. = 48, kad A = 174 woh > Mi 24,44 Aves 0,45 al 6 Ay | = 241,49. 10//0,87. #50. 0,45. 174 = 1378 wend Case) i: 2 bo decline = 6,186, 25, tone. tbs / jo! = |103,6 ber = . > M = 3,77 enw Quins -B 20a 7 ‘A ARLE 3,77 «10%/o,87. #80. 0,45. 16> = | 62 wind Bub mun Ae = 913% bb = FAB tov0, 200 $260 sta Yio - 300% BSS Ee mm (202 Mae Spaors = ZA = 3. 1d = US4 we | > 200% Stan/A _[eatic Bose vabio = 16 (Tabu 10) le el ce i Ai tele 1 = ee Yous mada epee fol sediie = . aint sper/A varie = Bere fay = | ad <2ssu 19. B. 300, B2. AB qe a $ov0 UB acs oF Rens f RY 32+ 3,75 0/886 a 6 : 10) ky I PV. We. Orble slits) Si by ley ies wo ; DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING Course: 3DE2( E5140) : UNIVERSITY OF NATAL Name: WTK EXAMPLE (cont), Date: | tem Calculations (¢) ALL EDGES HELD Down I[ense 4 f= Boo gee ad Bsy = 2 ose » SUT DISCONTIN " z OAV 4,72. & = Mex] = foe ee Ln Ms) = Bey - 4 OOS Gr etn = : 2 Dn deiprn ee ose. os, woe. Yok = ee > mye tee | - A.| = 26,14. 10//0,87 SO. 0,95. 174 = 2 By detecfre Muc = OISG. 2. 1200. 13/4 ALS whe PM 2 14 Give B= 04 & pa As] = 13,14. 1 ‘0,97. 080 O45. 16> . EN ole Nee he mm ome ib) oN co. bare volo = 16 = tee Owed = fae 093.450. Tea ta T i be Mods fadoy (tee WO) = Les bap Meilbeid Sprn /4 vers = 1US. (= { oWnek pan /oh ~ . Keren = Semberefusiel OW dincrbinneus eben (= 45] Lye deve db EC rc [eas Cy dase Ay © 0,8. 2i9 = [04 wm fn eee ie . é War wosin Ay 1-309] y DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING |Course: 3DE 2 (DESIAN) Name: WT IC Page No. il UNIVERSITY OF NATAL Examece (cont) |Date: ic B14 Item Calculations Result i ToRsidN REINF . IN CORNEAS < 4 ! Ag} ww each do 4 lagers = O95 Ay = 6)75 404] © 303 meh Yio -2eo tT 12.10 B. Bow i 22 Yio D 300 TL pepe ans | marr’ Q 4.410,C.200 EW TOP & BTM (aT ALL connees) yi BLLYIZ A.250 Br ABR 8. N0.¢. 3001. [ +2 t Cental I iv Yathan Le, Mig Ven [ 22 10 D 300 TI ad shes mass of Rene ( A: 31. . 3,65. 0,886 = loo ky, ee B: 12. 7,26. 0,617 ese €: 80. 0,9. 0,617 = OY 2S 1 ky . Dee eS ee ci: eae: I st Gee) Ae 207 Gio 7 2 Gets 07> ee 147 ky C G16 key mr) Gln agile (. 5,34 by fms") Liane eee (13H 5 /m* ) ae ¢ 315 Loads on supporting beams or walls ‘The loads on beams or walls supporting solid slabs sparining in two directions at right angles and supporting uniformly distributed loads may be assumed to be in accordance with the following :~ (®> ALL SIDES simecy - suPppoR TED — n = total load per unit area of slab. Load carried on beam A.—=| Load carried on beam BY The total loads on the short and long spans due to one loaded panel 2) are given by: se <( ts) ewal Load on short span beam A = n 27/4 Load on long span bean B = nt, 2/2 ~n 02/4 These loadings ere not uniformly distributed, and bending moment coefficients for a uniformly distributed load do not apply. In order to make use of these coefficients, "equivalent" uniformly distributed loads are used, giving the correct bending moments. The "equivalent uniform load" per unit length of beam is as On the short span beam A, * ae ae . On she Jong apes bean By 82% [3 (2) | calculation only. Shear force should be determined from the actual loads. (by Some s1DES continuous » --——~—___+ It a fully restrained edge meets a freely supported 45° edge, the dividing angle on the restrained side is 60°. With partial restraint, the angles may be assumedto lie » | + between 45° and 60° (see figure 10(b)). 60° Figure 10(b) ZS = #3 = SS @ SS 2 @ BE E c 316 4.4.2.4 Distribution of concentrated loads on slabs 41 a slab is simply supported on two opposite edges and carries one or more concentrated loads in a line in the direction of the span, the maximum bending moments may be assumed to be resisted by an effective width of slab (measured parallel to the supports), given below. 4.4.2.4.1 For solid slabs, the effective width may be taken as the sum of the load width plus 2,4x(1- x/l) where x is the distance from the nearer support to the section under consideration and / is the span. For cantilever slabs the equivalent value is 2,4x. 4.4.2.4.2 For slabs other than solid slabs, the effective width will depend on the ratio of the transverse and longitudinal flexural rigidities of the slab, The minimum value to be taken, however, is the load width plus 4 xi! (1- x/!) metres where x and / are as defined in 4.4.2.4.1, such that, for a section at mid-span, the effective width is equal to 1 m plus the load wiath. 4.4.2.4.3 Where the concentrated load is near an unsupported edge of a slab, the effective width should not exceed the value given in 4.4.2.4.1 or 4.4.2.4.2, as appropriate, nor half that value plus the distance of the centre of the load from the unsupported edge (see figure 8) | Load | Stab : T £ x : | ; +L. _ Unsupported edge 2 ee & zZ Effective ‘width Drg.12032/E 12x(1-x/U Figure 8 - Effective width of solid slab carrying a concentrated load near an unsupported edge ¢ 317 4.4.5 Shear resistance of solid slabs 4.4.5.1 Shear stresses in solid slabs ‘The design shear stress v at any cross-section in a solid slab should be compared with the allowable shear stress ¥, and in no case should it exceed the lesser of 0,75 fey or 4,75 MPa, whatever reinforcement is provided. Calculate v from: © where vis the design shear stress; Vis the shear force due to design maximum loads; ‘bis the width of stab under consideration (usually 1 000 mm); and dis the effective depth; and the allowable stress , is the maximum design shear stress in concrete without shear reinforcement (obtainable trom 4.3.4.1). (ty 13 18 14 bn = ee ae) fev 4a Mea Yn ns 12248) < 3,0 es % ma = oc (SES Ce" When the design shear stress vis less than the allowable shear stress v,, no shear reinforcement is needed. When v exceeds v,, shear reinforcement should be provided in accordance with the appropriate rules for beams (see 4.3.4). When links are used in slabs less than 200 mm thick, the partial loss of etficiency of the links should be taken into consideration unless structural steel shear heads are provided that have been designed in accordance with specialist literature. It may be assumed that every 10 mm reduction in the slab thickness reduces the links’ efficiency by 10 %. 4.3.4.1.3 When links are used for shear reinforcement, ensure that the spacings of the legs (in the direction of the span and at right angles to it) do not exceed 0,78d and that the following condition is satisfied: Aa, B(v~ ve) 3) ORT hy where fyy_ 16 the characteristic strength of link reinforcement (but not exceeding 450 MPa); Ag, is the cross-sectional area of two legs of a link; and S, is the spacing of links along beam. mS US wars ry = wy mm Hem BEBE SBS ESB AES HH = Ez Ry Ei Ei Fi ta c 318 4.4.5.2 Shear stresses In solid slabs under concentrated load 4.4.5.2.1 The following terms specific to perimeters are used in this subclause: a) perimeter: a boundary of the smallest rectangle (or square) that can be drawn around a loaded area and that nowhere comes closer to the edges of the loaded area than some specified distance J, (a multiple of 0,750) (see figure 11) NOTE — See 4.4.5.2. for loading close to a fee edge. b) failure zone: an area of slab bounded by perimeters 1,5d apart (see figure 12); ©) effective length of a perimeter: the length of the perimeter reduced, where appropriate, for the effects of openings or external edges; 9) effective depth d: the average effective depth for all effective reinforcement passing through a Perimeter; and ©) effective steel area: the total area of all tension reinforcement that passes through a zone and that extends at least one effective depth (see above) or 12 times the bar size beyond the zone on either side. NOTE — The reinforcement percentage used to calculate the design ultimate shear stross vis given by 100 x effective staal area ud where Lis the outer penmeter of zone concerned: and dis the effective depth (as delined above) Perineter fe 1 i i | i c—— Figure 1 ~ Definition of a shear perimeter for typical cases © 319 \ 4.4.5.2.2 The maximum design shear streSS Vmax fesulting from the concentrated load and calculated ‘as below should not exceed the lesser of 0,75 fey or 4,75 MPa. v td Vmax where V is the design maximum value of concentrated load: Ug is the effective length of perimeter that touches a loaded area; and dis the effective depth of slab. 4.4.5.2.3 Punching shear zones that are to be checked for failure are shown in figure 12, Zone 1 is checked first (in accordance with the following subclauses). If shear reinforcement is required, then ‘successive zones are checked as shown in figure 12, until a zone is reached that does not require reinforcement. Shear stress for shaded zone Successive perimeters [heed on this perimeter Notionat failure for shaded zone PA DAS Notional failure for adjacent zones At least two sets of reinforcement should intersect the notional failure within each zone Drg.12035/E 10,7501 NOTE - A typical failure zone (zone 3) is shown je lems shaded together with the notional failure associated with the zone Figure 12 - Punching shear zones ee SL as = © 320 4.4.5.2.4 The nominal design shear stress v, appropriate to a particular failure zone, is calculated trom: ud 7) where V, d are as in equation (5); and us the effective length of outer perimeter of zone. 4.4.5.2.5 No shear reinforcement is required when the stress vis less than v, as calculated in 4.3.4.1. The value of 100 A,/bd to be used in 4.3.4.1 may be taken as the average for the two directions. In the case of zone 1, A, in each direction should include all the tension reinforcement within a strip of width b equal to the width of the loaded area plus three times the effective depth of slab on either side of the loaded area. The enhancement of v, permitted in 4.3.4.2 should not be applied to the shear strength of perimeters ata distance of 1,5d or more from the face of the loaded area. Where it is desired to check perimeters closer to the loaded area than 1,5¢, v, may be increased by a factor 1,5d/a, (up to 4 MPa), where a, is the distance from the edge of the loaded area to the perimeter considered. 4.4.5.2.6 When the stress vexceeds v_ shear reinforcement should be provided to increase the shear resistance as follows: (v = ve)ud E Ay, sin. 2 Yel O87, where Agy_is the area of shear reinforcement; @ is the angle between shear reinforcement and plane of slab; 's the characteristic strength ot shear reinforcement (but not exceeding 450 MPa); u is the effective length of outer perimeter of zone; is the effective depth of slab; and V> v2 0.4 MPa. Shear reinforcement may be in the form of vertical or inclined links anchored at both ends by being passed round the main reinforcement. The links should be distributed evenly around the zone of at least two perimeters. The spacing around the perimeter should not exceed 1,5d. During assessment of the reinforcement required, shear reinforcement within the zone provided to reinforce other zones may be taken into account. Where a concentrated load is located near a tree edge, the eftective length of a perimeter should be taken as that of the perimeter 1,5d trom the boundary of the loaded area. c 322 4,4.5.2.7 When openings in slabs and footings (see figure 13) are located at a distance of less than six times the thickness of the slab from the edge of a concentrated load or reaction, then that part of the periphery of the critical section that is enclosed by radial projections of the openings to the centroid of the loaded area is to be considered ineffective. Opening wig’ a+ i } “13 I 4 | I | ene i Loaded area Critical section Org.12036/E Figure 13 - Openings in slabs Where an opening is adjacent to the loaded area and its greatest width is less than the lesser of one- Quarter of the loaded area side or one-half of the slab depth, its presence may be ignored. 4.4.5.2.8 Where a concentrated load is located close to a tree edge, the effective length of a perimeter should be taken as the lesser of the two illustrated in figure 14. The same principle may be adopted for comer columns. ["——~Perimeter a Perimeter b [rs9 rg.12036/E Figure 14 - Shear perimeters with loads close to free edge BGS SP EB SPSS 2 Bf e& S 2 = = = 4 al i 4 n 322 EXAMPLE - CONTENTRATED LOAD On SLAB. THE FOUN G SLAG 1S SIMPLY SuPPORTED ON ALL SIDES AND THE comers ARE NOT RESTRAINED. : SLAB ZSO THICK. fur = Boma. 3eoo + CONCENTRATED LoD AT cEenrre OF SUbB :— PD-L= 350 kw PLL.= ISO KN. 3000 2SO SLAB — Imposed Loapiny = 3 kN/nt (QD. DESIGN THE REIWFORCEMENT FoR ENDING Chay = #50MA) | Aard FOR SHeMe Ao THe comcenreaTe> Ceap (fyv= 2somPe) . ie SKETCH THE Stas Siounnm ALL REINFoR CemEsT. NOTE: Tre SHARING OF THE CONTENTEATED LOAD Between 2, ansp ty may GE SETAE) 6Y e@uATIEG =-DEFLEcTIONS IN THE TWO Directions AT MID -SPANS . 3 3 Le Ruan SS Webs = Wy by er er Were We Wy MD Wa Wy = OW c 323 DEPARTMENT OF GIVIL ENGINEERING, |Course: 3DE 2 (ES14N)| Name: WTY UNIVERSITY OF NATAL EXAMPLE [Date ttem Calculations: Result aero / 252 Stee fowt Lox: Pout 350 EN noo | ae Pa = 150 bw — yes 3 b0/m fue Bouka nw | = 0,25. 24.12 + 3-1/6 = | 12,0 Ea PL ean lend = § 350.12 + S06 = [660 kv. DESIGN Foe beudina Dato Pe ae (oney) 1,728 Wy Boo Wat Wy = W . 12H +5 = bbO Uap ome ge ata We = gig, EN My] = Webx/e = HI8168/4 = aiz,e Kenn Myf = Wy by le = 2H, 4. 36/4 S217, 7 WN Duarte vr yy Be rere ee cot iS 306 oNCY) ee) ee aan eeea es) 2e) Max Je 0,071. 12,0. 3* = 2767 Lon "]0, 031. 12,9, 3% = 3,25 kW ee ee ee ee ee ee ee ee om as a me or Eo = et ee ele = st mf DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING |Course: 3DE2 (DESIQ% Name: WIIG Page No. UNIVERSITY OF NATAL EXAMPLE Date: c Buy Item Calculations Result A Mx In shop ay ay Oude Shep se 0, 3t Chee “obs aie i. are = 1,0, hee fe “s Mine Ag © 0/1370 109. WFO = BTS wm fn Sees saa eee eee Fo Vor Yb ber, A= dvorte.t-9 = otf Shops_entryes FL (mak) Ue 0,24 06.36 3,0 = 2,36 0,32 M < = KE UOT + BIRLA ae lo. Worm) Y20 avy a = 250-2010 = | 220 wm = OSE Fuh? = 0,156.30. toro. a20//ot =| 226) harm 6 Gwin Be] 085A = tous. 0°/o,87, use.0,$y.226 = |zro mafl woes) Mone Spocunty = (hie 8) = ipo v Gost Links , ie Spee tA WS wn | Mg fon = 7,67 lore 0 SG Bara Yir law pole thor aloe te = 2b un = 0,1SG. 30. \ooe. rib Stor = 2188 22 0,45A = 7,67. 10'/o,87. uso. OAS 26 = G5 ves hon Edy shyp vit) patted (sem), ¢ 2 wat bones Shek Hesougheul an) DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING |Course: 3 DET (DESIGN) Name: WTIE Page No. UNIVERSITY OF NATAL EXAMPLE Date: IS 325 Item Calculations Resut 2 Mac] = 0,186. 30. love, wor, be AI bin |r 220 dobd b fs |= 48,6. 10°/o,87. uso 0,403. 202 = 1338 i [Wie @iuonm] | (1436) ‘ SHEAR i Que by] = (zrey Hiuse )/2 9 = 18H mein x bee A |= C2210 + r2rd/2 gee wv | WO An A |= loo. 180 Jiro. 211 = 0,87 20 eee eee eet cas U1) Porthos sowed er ue eed aoe Ml ve Vfust = boo Vere ay 23,4) ales |< Mag eat s . By BIA WY fem diamny ervommd Zone oe Us b, (2.3165 +2ev) = Y, $33 F 3332 wemy isa — 200 oe ew eye al Lead Vi= Goo 0,833.12 =] 671 kN. t = BE Se v= Nd = 671. 10° Asg2.21 04s ph BMRA agli one > Vee 0,67 | Reguize bee a (fe Ge ee eee (Geeta eg >: 0,87 by 887 Sey we e bac, aie om two. pean, : Plat 88 ow NNGOw en one 14 € 326 12 ae oA Senne ooo lan = we ee ee phe it \e 3 Lup wen per an a 0,4 we i - (se) (uy Pod Fanon oro wenth, etomd yor © i = uC 2. HIS + r00 yw. USO =] 4G 00mm aaca rc : a A zias.n Lond VE boo + Wistar =| 676 kN = 15 mm we Yad = brbto Yew. 211 a 2 < Vez 0, 6T Nee 2. No Lalo v4 = ITT = al > Ti T 1 a} Lo pee bee Li en Sastre ote ES ¥ : ee L 2 u a) af P(e] <| al <| <|| ! tr oft i q ae T ea : 2 TT lel 1 t 2% 2 Th TA ma 1 : au Set Hela |a le Se + + 1 oe ? | INT | | k Se i 2alel 9 iad tai : t 0 3 Sait ees a T 1 t a 1 H 4 2 r cal 1 sl i + > feels ee fees et fal Tae q “3 o v a Diz ee (| ee ||| } 26 y > 0 | t 1 2s r oar 1 Le t 9 oral eee) | ae ne) ri fa aS N r T iereateee a at . > oe geet ee ee |e eee du > i \ ' st ° a eager) eee gg rae) ame deaeeeel el 4 ev 1d 098 > _ Btls 998 ft V00¢ Bw 19 ofl VoOZ)L 9) Vo0g Bue B*Ue 20 l: SECTION X-X koa ae = 5 me se ce 327 47 Columns 2 4.7.1 General flee NOTE — The provisions of this subclause relate to columns whose greater overall cross-sectional dimension does not exceed four times its smaller dimension. While the provisions relate primarily to rectangular cross-sections, the principles adopted may be applied to other shapes, where appropriate. 47.1.1 Symbols For the purposes of this subclause, the following symbols apply: A, net cross-sectional area of concrete ina column a> Age area of vertical reinforcement ap) 4, deflection at ultimate limit state for each column, calculated from equation (10) 5 width of column (dimension of rectangular cross-section perpendicular to /) detective depth compression a! distance from compression edge to centroid of tenis steel Emin Minimum eccentricity (see 4.7.2.3) fy characteristic strength of concrete 4, characteristic strength of reinforcement m material factor ‘h depth of cross-section measured in the plane under consideration 1 second moment of area ' effective height of column in the plane of bending under consideration ly clear height between end restraints 'M, smaller initial end moment due to design ultimate loads ‘Mz larger initial end moment due to design ukimate loads 'M; initial design ultimate moment in a column before allowance for additional design moments arising out of slendemess ‘My initial column end moment due to vertical load ‘Mj initial column end moment due to horizontal load ‘M, — design ukimate moment about the x axis Mi, effective uni-axial design ultimate moment about the x axis design utimate moment about the y axis effective uni-axial design ultimate moment about the y axis 328 Mgag addtional design ultimate moment induced by deflection of column ‘Mgai_ bending moment corresponding to balanced conditions (for symmetrically reinforced rectangular sections, it may be taken as 0.874, Age (d~ d/ V2 +0.046 fey bd?) N design ultimate axial load on column Ngai design axial oad capacity of a balanced section, ie. with a compressive strain of 0,003 5 in the concrete and a tensile strain equal to 0,002 in the outermost layer of reinforcement (for sym- metrically reinforced rectangular sections, it may be taken as 0,25 {,ybd) design ultimate capacity of a section when subjected to axial load only number of columns resisting sideways at a given level or storey | . S, lateral stiffness of braced structure - Sy sway stiffness of unbraced structure f 47.42 Size and reinforcement of columNS ays yom os mind bre mH AJA2A The size of a column and the position of the reinforcement in it may be affected by the requirements for durabilty and fre resistance. Consider these, therefore, before commencing with the design. 4:7.1.2.2 For the minimum cross-sectional area of longitudinal reinforcement, see table 23. 4,7.1.2.3. It a column has a large enough section to withstand the design maximum loads without the dation of reinforcement, it may be designed in the same way as a plain concrete wall (see 6.5). ee | 4.11.42 Minimum area of main reinforcement 4.11.4.2.2 Ensure that the minimum number of longitudinal bars provided in a column is four in | rectangular columns and six in circular columns and that the diameter of the bars is at least 12 mm. Ensure that the total cross-sectional area of these bars will be at least 0,4 % of the cross-sectional area of the column. 4.11.45 Minimum area of links 4.11.45. Ina beam or column, where part of all of the main reinforcement is required to resist compression, provide links or ties of diameter at least one-quarter of the diameter of the largest compression bar at 2 maximum spacing of twelve times the diameter of the smallest compression bar. So arrange links that every comer bar and alternate bar or group in an outer layer of reinforcement is supported by a link passing round the bar and having an included angle of not more than 135°. Ensure that all other bars or groups within a compression zone are within 150 mm of a restrained bar. In the case of citcular columns, where the longitudinal reinforcement is located round the periphery of a circle, provide adequate lateral support by using a circular tie that passes round the bars or groups. 4.11.5 Maximum areas of reinforcement { ‘The amount of longitudinal reinforcement should not exceed 6 % of the gross cross-sectional area of the column in vertically cast columns or 8 % in horizontally cast columns, except that it may be 10 % at laps in both types of column. ae | G = se Ee 2 SEE fe S 25 329 47.1.3 Braced and unbraced columns vanrwcl (1 ey pS ‘A column may be considered braced in a given plane if lateral stabiliy to the structure as a whole is provided by walls, bracing or buttressing designed to resist all lateral forces in that plane. It should otherwise be considered unbraced. If the degree of lateral restraint is in doubt, the stiffness of the bracing system should be evaluated from the ratio S,/S,. If the ratio exceeds 5, the frame can be considered fully braced. Ne 4.7.1.4 Short and slender columns 7 ‘column may be considered slender in a particular plane it ts slendemess ratio in that plane (J,,/h or ley/b) exceeds 10 for unbraced columns and 17-7M,/M, for braced columns. It should otherwise be con- ‘ores shor tis thoretore possible that a column may be slender in one plane and short inthe other plane and it should be treated accordingly. - 4.7.15 Slenderness limits for columns " Generally, the clear height /, should satisty the following: 1, < 60b and b 2 0,25h (see also note to 4.7.1) Ht, in any given plane, one end of an unbraced column is unrestrained (e.g. a cantilever column), its clear height /, should satisty the following: Jy < 25b and b > 0,25h (see also note to 4.7.1) For unbraced columns, the considerations of deflection (see 4.7.5) may introduce further limitations. RAL Cron UBEAED — couurmns g : ~ \ mae senlh oe Sen 7 ~ME clauie core cpp ora mrntt’ (pte) aF ne > 17-7 hay Thee Shonda” Jeg] > 19-7.) bloneee C330 4.7.1.8 Effective height of a column 4.7.1.8.1 Effective height of a column: general method . ‘The effective height /, of a column in a given plane may be obtained from the following equation: I= Bl Values of B are given in tables 18 and 19 (for braced and unbraced columns, respectively) as a function of the end conditions of the column.” Figure 20 may be used to obtain an approximate assessment of the effective height, it desired. It should be noted that the effective height of a column in the two plane directions may be different. In tables 18 and 19, the end conditions are defined in terms of a scale of 1 to 4. An increase in this scale corresponds to a decrease in end fixity. An appropriate value can be assessed from the following four end conditions: ee) 2) end condition 1: the end of the column is connected monolithically to beams on either side that are at least as deep as the overall dimension of the column in the plane under consideration. Where the == olumn is connected to a foundation structure, this should be of a form specifically designed to carry bore moment. b) end condition 2: the end of the column is connected monolithically to beams or slabs on either side that are shallower than the overall dimensions of the column in the plane under consideration. ‘c) end condition 3: the end of the column is connected to members that, while not specifically designed 10 provide restraint to rotation of the column, will nevertheless provide some nominal restraint, \ ¢) end condition 4: the end of the column is unrestrained against both lateral movement and rotation ~ S. (e.g. the free end of a cantilever column in an unbraced structure). Table 18 — Values of 8 for braced columns 8 . End conn oe es es fate ae 2 | Sm | Se | ots 3 090 0.98 1,00 | Table 19 — Values of B for unbraced columns | Peg. : | End condition End condition at bottom: ap +t: [a | 1 12 13 16 : Sei e ui] ate alain |e |e | | oui] eet (eee) @ 4.7.1.6.2 Effective height of a column: more rigorous method Fora framed structure, effective height may be obtained from the following equations: wi ai a) for a braced column, the lesser of fe=b10.7 + 0,05 (a,, + ,,)1< ly and fa = fo (0.85 + 0.08 t4 pin)

    EL . e848. ae ee Bkehmwo © 26L,540 ou 2625 EK beams " 2a Fae Zar ke Bab Ker = Eh chums — 208 b+ 2005 = 200 wom Anis > ' 781;1.16 sll ee | 208,6. 1 | 242. io é a = O,us = 0,807 LoS,b ZK beam 4d +24e ie SF ff Ff Ss 2s 2 2a ESE = SS = = DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING Course: 3 DED DESIAN |Name: WK Page No. UNIVERSITY OF NATAL EXAMPLE Date: ic 335 item Calculations Resut Apply aainw ee a r ly ue & eve de TT, = [tome (2, [0,9 +005 (.,44,)] = Lfon +4 95(@01 +095) = 0,763 do — Le [0,85 + 0,08 ee vcen T= dy [ase 08. ews ] = 0,873 0, do = 1,0 de re ho 20,765 = 0,768 (Z000- 450) = | 14eS wn ‘ _ 2628 2 : » Growl ly zee { ene er = ez, (previme ome) |= 9,607 - Fuw 2086 ee =u fe eo Cee ban chre + ) Arp apabione or bentusl [yas s0 eove: i (09 + e08 (4,0 +0,807) ] = | 0,740 Le ee | Meee — Dm Yb [oss + oo, 2,807 | = |o,840 be Le NOs we Le = 07404, = 0,148 (4am - use) =| 206 mm (b)| uneence> Diaeetion (a Cems voter mis iyo pe LE Ludo = 300, 350% 2 ee 4 G0 Lem = tro, sro Ar = | 2604 . to’ mnt ee frome (t= 84) Chora WW bo vet = 1072 .10'/ Zero 2/357, Jo € Cetmrmne G Te We Ze .107t-I'/(yovo~250) 2/286. 10° € Brame (19 =E . 2604 .10/ go00 2/eay. 10 & Bran (29 =E .2604.10°/ 8000 alae hs DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING [Course 3D€2 DESIGN |Name: wrk Page No. UNIVERSITY OF NATAL ExAmPre Date: C336 Item Calculations Result : us4 346 = 257+ : atoll 387 | See peel to ie | set Xe, = 3574286 = Joes K's " 2 | puree i Athy tapebes for wnlyaud frannte a. | L, [io +015 (He, +4,,)] = L, [iat ays (urrased] 2 1147 b . O, fo Hose Tet, fae +0,3,0,47| Fawr * oe 1,197 ( 3e00 - S00) = | 2493 sue leet? Gro wed = 387 4286 . oe |g ee ee | F MMe fom 266 E 5 - G > salve C Rage bege cone 4) BB Baran sapekiens Gee wrlrneed poe 5 pee dus ) Ld, [ue £0,158 (1,0 + ,S¥6) } = 11277 to € € 9 de (210 + 0/3. ©, 846 | 7 [ease de fees ag te ee ot4 (4an-see) >| be Te Hm Bf @ CLAUSE 4,7.1.6.% t see ee eet ee (A)| BeAcED DiRection k eee eee es Buran shifters ( poeed ot fro) , ROS. EF. v2 EE (Se Joo come) fl ie ma = = ll DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING |Course: 3DE2 DESIGN |name: WK Page No. UNIVERSITY OF NATAL EXAMPLE Date: C 337 Item Calculations Result : Fe 20(0 . Fuse Urey to REY 2 fo reel] 09 = 0,71 fn “y iat Ker = 0,807 ‘ e 6 & = 0,71 (s70- use) = | 18 Crowd te fo top exer = “et = 076 Pre Ee cn iytltees de> Ble = 276 (yom -yso) = | 264gum (%)| Unbracer DiRecion : Beans ships (yreedl ea = 0,5 er eFC eee ep ye . oe | eee 2 FAY b bop Y= 247 /0,34 213810 go ce fe mh) fied a uaugene a) Ries Dee ee lees tece (3001- seo) 3875: ma Grow to dow te = 0,Sup/ ou > 2,44 ( 218 an { {ree ia f ea hen = 1,0 ter WS to = US (Yor- seo) $250 vm Sumancty sehive Duct hte [mm ) BRALED Mated D Metrod @ — Mataef Man. We to vee) 1413 44s : Dikection 144s 1$ul 742 Crowd te fone Leb 2806 264 $42 ungeacep| Wr to ¥ ovo 2493 387s|* 2457, DIRECTION | Ctoumd ty ye - ¥ 200 uuro Sasol? as Wr Vals fren vegerows metro ©) DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING UNIVERSITY OF NATAL couse 3D€2 DESIGN wane WIG acne ExampPce ‘ je 338 Date: Item Calculations. Result ® SLENPERNESS OF CoLumns Fev $0 te v1 : Uy braced een Leder Crdh comre sengld er *, Rudunk sleketwin 2 NOUS = gg eyo | (Muttend ©) err fe Bort (hy eee eee a Genk Genders 2 2443 = gy elio | sHet = : Cwellred ®) 350 (ster) a Crowd to Fu Uy Byead devechan ! Sled wheve Weer dink covvalerd & ORL Lorde ’ Bowie curvrbure % ond -M, = 9,5 Mr Bf Se Ee 2282S ee sa fi 82 8 fs DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING Course: 3DE2 DESIGN| Name WTC Page No UNIVERSITY OF NATAL Ex amecre Date: C 339 Item Calculations Result Ma be . = Poe rg oar ant 20,8 h Gov Haney My a0 St ie Ce feee Ga e TW Gree iiee 244 < hs y (mre © ) (site) ae ) 4.7.3.1 Design In general, a cross-section may be designed as for a short column as given in 4.7.4, but account has .,, 10 be taken of the addtional moment induced in the column by fis deflection. The deflection of rectangular or circular column under ultimate conditions y May be taken as: a,=B, Kh (10) In this equation, 8, has the value obtained from table 20 o7/ alternatively, from equation (12) from which the table is derived. Kis the reduction factor that correctsthe deflection to allow for the influence of axial load. itis derived from the following equations: , Naz = N c Ei K a fo (11) Ei and it the factor Kin equation (11) exceds 1,0, ie. Nis less than Npqy, then: 4 i M, L ko ol iy, bal 7 c 342 Table 20 — Values of 1 2 ih | By 10 | 005 12 | 007 ie 15 | 011 20 | 020 25 | ost 30 | 045 35 | 061 40 | 080 45 | 101 50 | 125 55 | 181 60 | 1.20 The appropriate values of K may be found iteratively, taking an initial value of 1,0. Alternatively, it woukt always be conservative to assume that K'= 1,0. Values of B, in table 20 are derived from the following equation: yD pee (tay a" 3000 UF NOTE — his generally to be taken as the eolumn dimension in the plane of bending ‘The deflection induces an additional moment given by Mags = Nay (n, 47.3.2 Slender columns bent uni-axially !f a column is slender about both axes, it must be designed to resist the relevant primary moment and additional moment about each axis separately. If a column is slender about one axis only, the additional moment need only be considered in one plane. Hf calculations show that the primary moment in one or both planes is less than the nominal eccentricity moment (see 4.7.2.3), the primary moment in the relevant plane(s) should be based on the eccentricity ‘moment, The critical section is designed to withstand the design ultimate axial load N, plus the total design moment in either of the two directions. 4, 2.1 Slender braced columns bent uni-axially Figure 21 shows the distribution of moments assumed over the height of a typical braced column. It may be assumed that the initial moment at the point of maximum additional moment (Le. near mid-height of ee ee ee ee w Lo4ed the column) is given by: M, = 0,4 M, + 0,6 M, g, where u ‘M is the smaller initial end moment due to design ultimate vertical loads; and if My isthe larger intial end moment due to design utimate vertical loads. ‘Assuming the column is bent in double curvature, M, should be taken as negative and M, as positive. BE If a column is bent in a single curvature, both terms are assumed positive. it can be seen from figure 21 that the maximum design moment will be the greatest of (a), (b) or (c) below. va) My EM Maas ane ©) Onin. c 344 End conditions Initial moments Additional Design of column (from analysis) moments moments 9 = Mao fy poe ° Myga72 My Mygg/2 My || B- fp Larger moment Mygg/2 My Mygg/2 M, A: / Org.12042/E m Mag 72 Hyaa7? < greatest of (a) 1u 4,1 Smaller moment in 473.21 Figure 21 - Braced slender columns - Bending moments chart hoot I EKA i C345 47.322 Slender unbraced columns bent uni-axially a The distribution of moments assumed over the height of an unbraced column is indicated in figure 22 ‘The additional moment referred to in 4.7.3.1 may be assumed to occur at whichever end of the column has the stifer joint (.e. where the largest primary moment occurs}. The additional moment is to be based on the unbraced effective length. The additional moment at the other end of the column may be reduced in proportion to the ratio of the joint stiffness. The moment will act in a direction such that it increases the absolute magnitude at the critical section. The maximum design moment for the column will therefore be the greater of (a) and (b) below. 8) My = My + My [1+ Maa anor (My + My); oF 2) 0.6 M, + 0.4 M, + Macs braced where M, and M, are the smaller and larger column end moment respectively, after including for the Sway effect as ilustrated in figure 22, and Maga. braceq from equation (13), using the braced effective length, 1 caleulations show that the total primary moments at both ends M, + My are less than the nominal eccentricity moment enin/M, My shall be taken as éniqN about each'axis Separately ra C346 End conditions Initial moments Additional Design of columns (from analysis) moments moments MytMy ggg (14 My/ My) + = 2 3° Stiffer end joint MysMy — Mygg/ (1+ My/ My) + (Drg.12043/E Less stiff Myaa May be reduced end joint in proportion to the ratio of the stiffness of the less stiff to the stiffer joint Figure 22 - ed slender columns - Bending moments chart 4.7.3.3 Additional moments in members attached to a slender column Where i,/n exceeds 10 for unbraced columns and 17-7M,/M for braced columns in one or both Principal planes, members monolithically connected to such columns at either end should be designed to withstand the additional design moments in the plane(s) where the slenderness limits are exceeded, in addition to those moments calculated using normal analytical methods. Where there are columns both above and below a joint, the beams or slabs should be designed to withstand the sum of the additional design moments at the ends of the two columns. 4.7.4 Design of column section for ULS 4.7.41 Analysis of the cross-section In the analysis of the cross-section of a column to determine its design ultimate resistance to moment rr a et ee ser or bc rer eee So ae mee oo C347 3 and to axa ore, the same assumptions should be made as when a beam is being analysed (see € 433.1) $4742 design charts tor symmetrically reinforced columns s 19 Suitable design charts for symmetrically reinforced columns, based on the relevant material properties x 2nd partial safety factors, may be used in the design of column sections. = 4.7.4.3 Maximum axial load capacity in presence of nominal eccentricity moment & Where, owing to the nature of the structure, a short column cannot be subjected to significant moments, > its maximum utimate axial design load in the presence of the nominal eccentricity moment given in ie may be taken a N= 040 fay Ay + 0.67 Ase fy NOTE — Ths includes an allowance f0r y 47.44 Biaxial béraing ? co ab aes ! When it is necessary to consider biaxial bending, and in the absence of a more accurate calculation, i symmetrically reinforced rectangular sections may be designed to withstand an increased moment about ‘one axis (given by the following equations), together with the original moment about the other axis, are a} for ll> Mylb, ML = My + By My Sar gat bs ‘i q a B)for Mylh < Mylo, Mi, = My + By 2 My where is v wr; ‘hI the overall section dimension in plane of moment M,: é » isthe overall section dimension in plane of moment My ae Le g By is the coefficient obtainabie trom table 21. NOTE ~ For slender columns in one or b incl aon Mand wou ave in three iy ee ‘ Table 21 — Values of coefiicient f,, a] iaale , wt | 0 Bhi, 000 | 0.50 aors | oo i 4 0,180 | 0,70 . Hf o2s0 | 070 a0 | 0.8 400 | oss 00 | o42 : 20600 | 0.20 LIMIT-STATE THEORY C348 TABLE 1 5 9 Short rectangular columns: Simplified CP110 formulae—1 n d/h=0.95 Tne ¥. aN Prat 05 MIBR., 0.7 m| d/h=0.90 Phe) 14 12 1.9} og os 04 0.2} °° ea “0s 08 Min, 0.7 LIMIT-STATE THEORY C349 Ey Short rectangular columns: Simplified CP110 formulae—2 TABLE 1 6 0 | ] ] 16 t d/h =0.85 " | Ce ol a a ie iM a ta tn d/h=0.80 2 Beas 2-2 ‘eae Noa 0.8 MipRR, 0.7 so DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING —|Course: 3DEL (DESIGN Name: WTK Page No, UNIVERSITY OF NATAL .° EXAmpec’ Date: C3 | them Calculations . Result L mean a wy le kas StroRT | COLUMN WITH NEZLIGiBLS MOMENT] u MATE AXIAL LoAD ON = 2200 ky 400 £, = Bo Mla = A450 Mf 300 fs 2 MILD ExXPosuRg J DETERMINE REINFORCEMENT. ~ (a) [Arey ee bas (Pose 57) a NS Oe Ae Oey Ag. fy Z2r00. oe 2,430 (409. 300- Ase) + 0,67) Age - Uso 2100-10 = yb = 12 Age + B01, S Ase | Woe es use [ex yes (2aus) Asaarneraer: 19 As/yh, = 10. 24US/369"Ges . _|2>15 (ww) “enpie USE 2S um COVER To LINKS 225-8 = [Id Um J > O28] > ISMN bwks > Dim 22-8. 625 By Spacing & 12 ¢ = 12.061 = [Zoo%] i EXTRA LINK NOT ReQuired. (ee DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING course: 3DEZ (DESIGN| Name. Wo i UNIVERSITY OF NATAL, EXAmPLe oe Date: wee A C35 tem i (4 “32 S| Calculations du(var “sn Result (b) | WSe_ carer ® a (4- 2358 = | 989) Wop ese “y NA. aefis NU UL0O. 10 = 0,61 : 5 é, 2 Om. Kiso = Ope] | ov 2,677 a Ae, = 2167. 2o0. yoo + 3200 mu T re cra Cary 36 Se \ Ww Ti GST) o ae co yes_ yt CAN USE Same 7 LINKS RB O 3o0% but coveR MUST . RERSE TO 3tmm Mae Y To MN BARS sg, i DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING |Course: 3DE2 (DESIG Name: WT Page No. UNIVERSITY OF NATAL ExamPce Date: C352! Item Calculations Resuit SHORT COLUMN WITH MOMENT ROUT MATOR AKIS Pee ee UT N = eco kn 400 ucr mM = 140 EN 300 ae MIN COVER = 20mm | DESIAN KEINE, Few F de) A _ Bye we trret ©) ~~ = oe ~ ove N 2000, 10% ae bh ie 300. Hod. YO M = 140.10" = i es 9 094 bht fom 300.400". wo ' Le = ou. = g, Hl ae 0, O8by Aye = t bh = 00304. 300, eo = Jo = EBS 00, oe Pou Aes too £,02 7 a ‘ 32% | bie 2 + é ie) ct ae 2,90-2.8=3,32) A, ms. Bee ee aes (ese) DY an | wre | RE @ 350% J hag S = 244 DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING |Course: 3)E2 (DESIGN Name: WK Page No. UNIVERSITY OF NATAL EXAMPLE Date: C353 Item Calculations Result SHORT COLUMN WITH BIAXIAL BENDUsG UT N= 1100 kas ULT My, = 0 Ens Ly0 ULT My = LO kn MIN CovER = Zoomer hag = Fm DESIGN REINE ee on = EO Ma = = fot = 0S ve e~ lnyey 6 “ a pe bd 150 TaN ne tae (ee Rae Ss a M Me + Pb aa ta N, = Me, to} : 2 Nan f = IY gst BaRe OB 20,57 «= 80 +0547, 3. To = 466 bin \ Mw Py = AoC. = Abe oe worgo 0,08 Crant © with ‘gee 6 kus o3 Qo: %Ag, = 0,07 (2%) v Ase = 0,02, wWo,3g0 = jFoo ma —_—— aw 2 é zy B =629 7 we AS : = eee t ates ue I) — $s ents goo 5 @ Rew SYmmereicay a i n 28 v 2 eee 0,87 Adok ©0585 XN 23 2 2 eee a 22 Ei on 2 C354 FOUNDATIONS spot bases eee Combined foundations = Strip footings \ Strap footings anes SPOT BASES These are independent foundations supporting a single column. a) Founding level i) Generally found on undisturbed ground. Occasionally founding is on fill which has been in place for several years (usually more than 7 years) in which case soil tests are essential. Founding on compacted fill can be done if the soil, specification and compaction is very carefully controlled and tested. ii) Minimum founding depth. Minimum 600 mm but usually 1 metre or more which is necessary to prevent damage to the founding surface due to weathering, gardens, stormwater and services (pipes, cables etc.). iii) adjacent to other foundations or Values of x + Rock : x=1 Sand + «2+ 2703 b) 4a) C355 This is determined at either service level or ultimate level. column service load Allowable service soil pressure ive. base area or base area = _Column ultimate load a Factored soil pressure Note that the Factored soil pressure should contain factors compatible with those used to factor the column load. The mass of the foundation is added to the column load by some designers, and ignored by others on grounds that the foundation is merely replacing the excavated soil. It is conservative to include the foundation mass: wi ee zat id we we dws twa: fw2 fee: fat P Net pb = due fo WI enly $s Gress p = due te Zw, nat Bending moments and shears in the base are due to net p only. iii) Minimum size even for snalLcelunneleads should not be too small. A minimum s square for iv) lightly loaded steel pipe columns and 1200 mm square for small reinforced concrete columns is suggested. Soil pressure distribution depends on stiffness of base the type of soil but generally taken as linear distribution. ‘ ACUTTIRT TN ee ee ee ee oe ee ee ee ee c35G c) Shape Shape is usually arranged to provide equal projections 4, from the faces in both directions to give equal moments and shears. a) Depth As @ rough guide, depth h varies from 4y2 to ly3 depending on whether the soil pressures are high or low respectively. (e..g. Service pressures high 500 kN/m’, low 100 kN/m) Depth is usually determined to avoid the use of shear reinforcement. Two shear checks are required: i) Shear stress on a critical Section 1,5d from the face of the column. The ultimate shear force v is the ultimate net soil Pressure on the hatched area. Then v = V/bd must be less than v, ii) Punching shear is checked on Bye a critical perimeter 1,5d from the column face. The ultimate shear force Vv is either the ultimate net soil Pressure on the hatched area ge the ultimate column load tess the ultimate net soil pressure on the area inside the critical perimeter. Then v = V/ud must be less than v, The minimum depth of a spot base is about 250 mm —S—__- C357 | A blinding layer of weakmix concrete about 60 mm thick should be cast onto the founding surface as soon as it has been approved by the Engineer. This is to protect the surface from damage from the weather or collapse of the side of the excavation, and it gives a firm level surface on which to fix the reinforcing steel and cover blocks. e) Bending i ) The bending moment is calculated at the column face in each direction. ie pls/2 EQUAL IF oa p2y/2 darty= 4 ( pis ultimate net soil pressure) M, This gives a mat of bottom steel. A cover of at least 50 mm should be used. In the long direction the bars A are evenly spaced. In the short direction the bars B have closer spacing in a central band of width Ll as follows Steel in centre band = As.2 Bl+L where A,- total steel required BL = Li /L (Balance of As on sicles)) of of Li Slats eee | 1 ZA | ioe np ew ww ee Ft a a = = Ble = he f£) Eccentric loading P ain - [fe + Suet Sai b OUT abiagrom considered as —> May be | oe ' BD BD* @€>2 (tension case) a B ' - P = average pressure x Area 1 (a) = b x 6! i Zz =F De Paes in c (2-e) ie 262 e) take veri aT 7) I oe reessure NUN aa (2-8) | diagra : ae , ae or 7 Page No. a 63549" tem Calculations Result DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING |Course: 3DE2 DESIGN |Name: WTIC UNIVERSITY OF NATAL EXAmee Date: SPOT BASE A GD xX 400 CoLumN cAReies AN ULtimaTE lohD oF 2400 EN . DESIAN & SuitAEle FOUNDATION To Limit THE WLS. &RoulwD PRESGURE To 160 kN7ur2. fu 2 25 men , fy = USO Mon Le ork t 1S Ole Ore ° (2G +00X2e +04) =|03,2 ul : a ; eam] Ma den = Zs mee i ; BENDIS (Same bet seme? . 2 lM oe pa, 2 VIS,u Lo /n = 2a, 5 bell i . day, = b¥9-50-1G = 5B fp [lw au we E156 Lew bd? F O)Sb 2S. tro. S847, |F 1380 barn Seat ce cameg. Yoel ‘ Z =10,45A - & by, = force ey, Jo. uss, oay. sty (1033 Yio -( B9 nv m7) Miho = MW) r/ ee. bso = 0,709, eae : mar S gel 7 i Gbohs Take s/s & ] A * GS = ~ Blogs to * = Yor, 2 496 bek[IS0 mae DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING | Course: 37E2 PE?!S™ IName: WTK Page No. UNIVERSITY OF NATAL EXaimhre Date: C360 tem Calculations Result qu = 87mm = 4S7,2 EN ayt (ges) we 2(690 +2, sn) +2(% = 4008 ww Ves 174 Hae libe Wey Vee le V frm bbehed aver Ste He wee Ors eo iene) | N ee Vga lei oe she . 2 ae eee ree L + = (1,6 0,876). 13,6. 175.4 0,217 Mra 0,26 Ks mu ¥ (aust) eqn 2.676) Ns, & 0,287 pts O.t46 Mfe Cc 361 2. COMBINED FOUNDATIONS Where adjacent columns are close together the provision for spot bases may overlap. This can be handled by using either long and narrow spot bases or a combined foundation. ° . . . eb When D tends towards 2B the long narrow spot bases become unecongitical anda combined foundation should be used. Centroids of load and foundation area : It is desirable with a combined foundation that the centroid of the two loads should co-incide with the centroid of the base to achieve a uniform ground pressure under the base. A non-uniform pressure could catise uneven settlement and rotation of the foundation. Sometimes, owing to the proximity of boundaries or other foundations it is not always possible to achieve a rectangular shape in order to line up the centroids of loads and foundations. fe fp L{- Boundary E Trapes real ro ah foundation Resultant load and foundation centroid co-incicle =| fo give uniform ™ oe soil pressure founclation ae DEPARTMENT OF CIVILENGINEERING | Course: 3&2 Desian| Name: Page No. 4 UNIVERSITY OF NATAL EX AOAPLE Date: c3er t Item Calculations: Result ’ COMBINED FounDaATion | Tu crime Viernes whhinebe| Lends | [ Columns a ia . ae Man. Leacheved gvewel t Sense, [A en Pitted. = 2opkn/y? | pe fut rimds, $y 2 ]eso ate | | | 2 Onta = \Suv/r00 = 7,5 ioarara a TE gauee = UIwxryawem PP | \ oO a Oven = tsvo/rue = lO mw ee Ss ame eo ce i b sort tughines ave to be ome iS Tk spect _fevbays ave 0,495 Wed HE OA wrth of — (BHZ)2= ke Yan veh lA Dee 3. (yea fae) = 504 | aun tt = aint me = 98 Bow ave “tees eth = 3800 /rew eu i ane = a nr DEPARTMENT OF CIVILENGINEERING | Course: 32 DéS! LY Ve ee | Oty Men Ff Bue. Sau CM et i LAS _ wo. (sgo74 2010) _ 2 a Ae sume Oe il we = SAE (ou) HEY > foto mee ley. p = i avy ‘ig 38 Vz Col lend = pup lebudl even |B Go a im : z lag: = Lewy = 148. 2,102" = 1125 lel Tet ae 8 r De oer & A aes YU. 202, $2 Mere tvheat : , v py eed SB! | ZV, Suley +b obeve a [> : eee Course: 3D€2 DESiA] Name: Page No. UNIVERSITY OF NATAL EXamPLe Date: C Boy ttem Calculations Result Oe es t 2 Mh | Ace ot 0001 vce Ger cc ag s (see Tet . ae eS eheuD: Slo / 58 = 19)u EN ‘b= 02% bh 50,13. love. beo, : eo 5 me. zin,) Hes ae DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING | Course: 32 DeS/4H Name: UNIVERSITY OF NATAL | Page No. ExrmPce » Date: i 36S Item Calculations Result ewe. : | 249 YE ol / (Bo B2 | 5 16 D 4 | 250 BI 3,4 fe PLAN 27258 7% l:S0 LYRE) | Sy2m ye) COLUMN STARTERS Not SHowN mala E 2 DDD DDABEAACBAD DD >Dd SECTION X-X Note « if ee fortes mpork,| coutel oT ee, eg Het MM bevurcrr Colmes | ie top shal case habs 2 woo} walk b oe Could tore ward ered TH eam |! Les wad YW Creede + Shtten wap § bene + Tun np top she Hi Cc 366 3. SIR IGS usually provided for a row of closely spaced columns. The depth is based on shear, larger end cantilever or on punching of the most heavily loaded column. fhe resultant of the column loads should co-incide with the centroid of the foundation. Bending moments The shear force diagram should first be drawn and then the maximum bending moments calculated at points of zero shear. This allows for the flexibility of the foundation. Cross-section For lightly loaded systems a rectangular cross-section may be used. For heavier loads an inverted T-beam can be used as shown in the following diagrams. ke Inverted T- beam footing Less conerete Less reiof. stifer + shuttering ine Rectangular footing * More concrete ‘More reinf * Flexible + two pours. — sr mm mers Cc 367 4. STRAP FOOTINGS In the CBD it is common to have columns on the boundary and it js impossible to use a concentric base. The base is therefore placed eccentrically under the column and a strap beam connecting the boundary base to an internal adjacent base is used to carry the bending moment caused by the eccentricity of the base. external —_| t Internal foundation EF | — oundation x theca: STRAP, Y usually : w=, Boundary —*) 3 PLAN - i rll | Pe 2 Reagne te pose TITY fa ELEVATION —= sures ee ~ er actuneet corner columns can be strapped to the two adjacent boundary bases to take the double eccentricity, or strapped diagonally to an internal base. pressure “PH ees - i CONCEPT i 2 a fon z 4 - i ve oP | TTT | | @ — BOUNPARY - | = \ = Be, Sail i coe 3 gE GE NY ©) @ \ steap(2) ~Y> ® | Cc 368 Lightly loaded columns can be strapped to counterweights (dead- men) if no internal column exists in close proximity. ELEVATION 1 = | = Uniforen ie wxd > Pe pressure ‘ Counterseight i / f 2 column E PLAN a _ Boundary. “ DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING Course: 3DE2 PESIAN |Name: WT roo i UNIVERSITY OF NATAL. EXAm PLE Date: C 369, tem Calculations Result 4 B STRAPPED FOUNDATION OUNDARY | - ee ( : FACToRED (Desa, | [670 (000 kl, o tend] Cons. 2 7 a “— Comumns Bed *] Zor un x’ ‘y! a yo : MAX. FaeTOREP SbIL 4 Sopp Beso ppessuee = 228 |beaS/un® en FS Mes 14 FSG Min 4 cover = el 4 ar) toe eee Four Y | A= loo/as = ween” fuse 22x 2A | (ei I DESNGN AS INDEPENDEKT SPOT BHGE. oh aan, Founp x’ ee . ’ a2 Founp x | A prrs ae 1 Inererse 84 About 0% To ALLOW FoR ef rect OF GeceNTHICITy (REF PH C367) Le AY 3, Ban? i TRY|2750 x 1200 x Guo S$ a (BREADTH [200 Keet SMALL To REDUCE Ee. enirerciry | ° oa 4 ——F2E2 —p i i i [ | |eoo x sae a w | viptt 4600 _ Rg & (lg oe - Ruewk 7? | Ri bbro = G20. soso . Relase wll Sok presrers Rh = A =|22 kPa a P > 1,2 2,78) 4225p MIN Jeep (Force P70 Be ExeRren BY BASE YY’ = 734-b70 “sil wo = 2,18. 213 = 613,5 len ZE DEAD LoAD|ON “y 4 SHEAR, ce Force 77 = — xe be ye shew | Dine RAM a iy = brofels,3 7 04 266 lew eee a Bewpin, = Man M atk que rel MOMENT WT ae ee 4 Diraenm 6,4 khan =266 la 1 — oh EB DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING |Course: 3)EZ DESIZN |Name: WTKR Page No. & UNIVERSITY OF NATAL ExAnePce Date: C310 B Item Calculations _Resutt L hh cover Lyk ut * Min bb Foe stenp : A= G00-S0-\l0- Ins [ My = Ons oe bea? F 527,5 2 ll 2eb.10° = O1Sb.25.b, $27,S b+ ws fine b= Se eee 2 mm oe Mu > O86. W. Su. $9745 = by26 Yeas 20,9054 fi b Age 266.10°/o,87.use. 0,405. 52,5 = poe ee lt [3% 725 (un iz > t won stear = bbto/svo. yarns = 0,28 [aha ; . Newotet

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