CLONING OF A COMPUTER SYSTEM

A
PROJECT WORK
PRESENTED BY
______________________
(FPA/CS/20/2-****)
SUBMITTED TO:
THE DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE,
SCHOOL OF
SCIENCE AND COMPUTER STUDIES,
THE FEDERALPOLYTECHNIC,
ADO-EKITI, EKITI STATE,NIGERIA.
IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE
REQUIREMENT FOR THE
AWARD OF NATIONAL DIPLOMA (ND) IN
COMPUTER SCIENCE

SEPTEMBER, 2022
 CERTIFICATION
This is to certify that this project work was prepared by ________ and submitted to
the Department of Computer Science, Federal Polytechnic, Ado– Ekiti, in partial
fulfillment for the award of National Diploma (ND) in computer Science.

……………………… ………………………….

MRS. AKIN OLAYEMI DATE &

SUPERVISOR SIGNATURE

……………………… …………………………

MRS ABIODUN .O DATE &

CORDINATOR SIGNATURE

……………………………….

EXTERNAL SUPERVISOR
 DEDICATION
I dedicate my project to Almighty God, who has given me the grace to participate
in the project.

I specially dedicate this work to my parents; ……………. and as many that have
contributed greatly to the success of my project.
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I would express my special thanks of gratitude to Almighty GOD, who kept us
alive to complete this project successfully

This project wouldn’t have been successful without the support of my able
supervisor, Mrs. AKIN OLAYEMI for his full support and advice in supervising
this project.

Also, my appreciation goes to my parents and siblings, they really had great
impacts on the success of this project.
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE i

CERTIFICATION ii

DEDICATION iii

ACKNOWELDGEMENT iv

TABLEOF CONTENTS v

ABSTRACT vi

CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 BRANDED VERSUS CLONED COMPUTER SYSTEM

1.2 BACKGROUND OF THE PROJECT

1.3 MOTIVATION

1.4 OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT

1.5 METHODOLOGY

1.6 EXPECTED CONTRIBUTION TO KNOWLEDGE

CHAPTER TWO

2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 THE COMPUTER SYSTEM

2.2 APPLICATION AREA OF COMPUTERS

2.3 BASIC COMPONENTS OF COMPUTER

2.4 THE PROCESSOR

2.5 FUNCTIONS OF COMPUTER SYSTEM

2.6 FACTOR AFFECTING THE CHOICE OF ANY PART PRICE

CHAPTER THREE

3.0 SYSTEM ANALYSIS AND DESIGN

3.1 TOOLS REQUIRED TO CLONE A COMPLETE COMPUTER

3.2 SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE

3.3 HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE PC

3.4 SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE PC

3.5 PROCEDURAL STEPS TO CLONE A SYSTEM

3.6 INSTALLING THE OPERATING SYSTEM

3.7 SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE SHOWING LINK OF COMPUTER

COMPONENT

CHAPTER FOUR

4.0 SYSTEM IMPLEMENTATION

4.1 MOTHERBOARD INSTALLATION

4.2 MEMORY MODULES INTALLATION

4.3 PLACE THE MOTHERBOARD INTO THE CASE

4.4 THE POWER SUPPLY CONNECTION

4.5 GRAPHICS/VIDEO CARD

4.6 CONNECT THE KEYBOARD, MOUSE AND MONITOR

4.7 INSTALL THE DRIVERS

4.8 TURN THE COMPUTER ON

4.9 INSTALL THE OPERATING SYSTEM (OS)

4.10 INSTALL OTHER SOFTWARE

CHAPTER FIVE

5.0 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

5.1 CONCLUSION

5.2 RECOMMENDATIONS

REFERENCES
ABSTRACT
Cloning of a Computer System is very essential in a computing area. This project
focuses more on how computer system could be coupled and maintained
effectively and efficiently over the years.

The main reason why people go for assembling of system instead of buying a new
system is to allow them to have good and satisfactory quality of what they want.
Buying a new computer system might not meet the need of some people except in
situation where you go for configuration option from the manufacturer website or
related outfit. But coupling it themselves will ensure performance and satisfaction.
The main importance of coupling a computer system is to have access to all those
components and to know how to couple and disassemble it when the system is
faulty.

In this project, we shall procure computer components and couple them together to
make a computer system that could rival the performance of the branded version.
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION

Cloning of a personal computer components refers to collection Computer hardware,

which is the collection of physical components that constitutes a computer system.
Computer hardware is the physical parts or components of a computer, such as the
monitor, keyboard, computer data storage, hard disk drive (HDD), graphic cards, sound
cards, memory (RAM), motherboard, and so on, all of which are tangible physical
objects. By contrast, software is instructions that can be stored and run by hardware.

Hardware is directed by the software to execute any command or instruction. A

combination of hardware and software forms a usable computing system.

The use of computers has touched every part of our everyday lives, the way we work,
learn or even play, it is almost impossible to go through a single day without
encountering a computer. Modern computer system is electronic devices that obey

IPO cycles based on predefine instructions. A desktop computer is a personal computer

designed for regular use at a single location on or near a desk or table due to its size and
power requirements. Figure 1 illustrates a desktop computer. The most common
configuration has a case that houses the power supply, motherboard (a printed circuit
board with a microprocessor as the central processing unit (CPU), memory, bus, and
other electronic components), disk storage The case may be oriented horizontally or
vertically and placed either underneath, beside, or on top of a desk. Building and
assembling a computer system, gives maximum satisfaction to the user and a very
rewarding experience. To Assembles Desktop PC (Personal Computer) the users/builders
of such systems are probably contemplating building or assembling a computer instead of
purchasing one pre-built or pre-assembled.

This project is to enlighten us on how a computer student can build a computer and peer
to peer network with less stress and less amount of money, and how an assembling
system and upgrading a branded can meet up with the processing requirement of the
school Laboratory. This project has managed to purchase a branded computer free dos
O.S, some upgradable components that could suite the performance of desktop PC
expected in a modern Lab Facility.
1.1 BRANDED VERSUS CLONED COMPUTER SYSTEM

Branded computers are perhaps the best computers in the market to buy but there are still
some people who go for the cloned ones since they are cheaper and can be fabricated in
the way of choosing the computer peripherals to use.

Of the two, we can single out the choice as dependent on the end user. For the typical
computer user who simply wants to use software and do business or anything that a
computer will allow them to perform, most of them would vouch for the branded ones as
offered by big name players in the computer industry such as IBM, Compaq and Dell.
Although price may be an issue, at least they are assured of quality parts and service to
which will be needed should they find themselves distraught for sudden problems with
their computer.

Cloned computers or something referred to as chop-chop, are normally preferred by the

technical savvy people who can take them apart and assemble them as they wish, using
various computer hardware stuff available in the market. Normally, the typical computer
geek would have their CPU case opened since they often want to upgrade and change
parts as often as they can depends on the one owning or using the computer.

There are people who have a high level of satisfaction when it comes to computer
requirements while others are simply satisfied with using them as long as they can
provide the needs of their software to get their job done.

It may seem obvious but depending on the nature of the person who owns and uses these
computers, chances are it will divide which is for branded and which is for cloned
computers.

1.2 BACKGROUND OF THE PROJECT

Building and upgrading the computer system on this project embarks on gathering
different components/devices of computer system together in other to make a well-
functioning computer system available to the computer laboratory (THE FEDERAL
POLYTECHNIC ADO-EKITI) and to enable students to be more familiar to each
components of the computer system. Thus, this project will cover all the process of
purchasing components, coupling/upgrading and the process of installing the OS
(operating system) into the computer system. Building/ upgrading computer brings
significant benefits which are identified below.
  Know about computer components, and how they fit and work together.
 Understanding the internal and hardware workings of a computer.
 Learning computer hardware terminology
 Ability to customize a computer according to specialized specifications.
 Building and assembling computer system from components.
 The satisfaction of a job well-done.
 Technical problem-solving ability.

1.3 MOTIVATION

Considering the rates at which the previous cloned installations in the school laboratory
are often damaged as a result of component issued, the passion to know the functions of
each and every components of the computer, building/upgrading a functioning computer
SFF (small form factor) systems for use in any of the school laboratory.

1.4 OBJECTIVES OF THE PROJECT

The objectives of this project are:

 To identify small form factor (SFF) computer that will be suitable for laboratory
use and stand test of time.
 To upgrade the above to meet expected performance requirement.
 To install OS and necessary software.
 To setup necessary configuration setting on the PC

1.5 METHODOLOGY

To achieve this system, the component that enhance their performance of complete
computer system such as; motherboard, Hard disk (size), processor (size) etc. are
specified and strictly adhere to. After the procurement of necessary components, the
coupling /upgrading the system shall be carried out.

Finally the operating system (O.S) and other software are installed.

1.6 EXPECTED CONTRIBUTION TO KNOWLEDGE

This project when completed, will ensure component configuration of assembled and
branded upgrade system are to meet with the performance expectation of the computer
system.

CHAPTER TWO

2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW

Assembling of computer system primarily specifics the ability of a computer science

student to have the technical know how about and how to choose between buying a
whole or sub assembly computer system. Assembling of a computer system regards as
step by step procedure for coupling computer components for the purpose of achieving a
set of configurations required by the users.

2.1 THE COMPUTER SYSTEM

A computer is an electronic device that can be programmed to accept data (input),

process it and generate result (output). A computer along with additional hardware and
software together is called a computer system.
A computer system primarily comprises a central processing unit (CPU), memory,
input/output devices and storage devices. All these components function together as a
single unit to deliver the desired output. A computer system comes in various forms and
sizes. It can vary from a high-end server to personal desktop, laptop, tablet computer, or a
Smartphone. Computer like any other thing in the world begin from a point. In the early
days, people who performed arithmetic operation were referred to as computers, as the
innovation of computerization began, a machine that could perform these operations was
developed. This was how computer was developed.
The evolution of computer could be divided into five generations:

2.2.1 GENERATION OF COMPUTER

2.2.1.1 First Generation Computer 1940-1956 Vacuum Tubes

The first computers used vacuum tubes for circuitry and magnetic drums for memory.
Their characteristics are:
 Very big, taking up entire rooms
 Very expensive to operate
 Using a great deal of electricity
 Generated a lot of heat problem at a time.
2.1.2 Second Generation Computer 1956-1963 Transistors
Transistors replaced vacuum tubes and ushered in the second generation of computers.
Their characteristics are:
 The computers become smaller
 They are faster, cheaper and are more energy-efficient
 They are more reliable than the first-generation computers.
 They used assembly language to perform operations
 Generated lesser heat
 Second-generation computers still relied on punched cards for input and printout
for output.

2.1.3 Third Generation Computer 1964-1971 Integrated Circuit

The development of the integrated circuit was the hallmark of the third generation of
computers. Transistors were miniaturized and placed on silicon chips called
semiconductors. Characteristics of computers in this generation are:

 They were smaller and cheaper than their predecessors.

 Drastic increase in speed.
 The computers are highly efficient.
 Keyboard is used as input device.
 Monitor and printouts are used for output.

Users interacted with the third generation computers through an operating system which
allowed the device to run many different applications at one time with a central program
that monitored the memory. Computers for the first time became accessible to a mass
audience

2.2.1.4 Fourth Generation 1971-Present Microprocessor

The microprocessor brought the fourth generation of computers, as thousands of
integrated circuits were built onto a single silicon chip. What in the first generation filled
an entire room could now fit in the palm of the hand
In 1981 IBM introduced its first computer for the home user, and in 1984 Apple
introduced the Macintosh. Microprocessors also moved out of the realm of desktop more
everyday products began to use microprocessors computers and into many areas of life as
more and As these small computers became more powerful, they could be linked together
to form networks which eventually led to the development of the Internet. Fourth
generation computers also saw the development of GUI, the mouse and handheld devices.

2.2.1.5 Fifth Generation (present and Beyond) - Artificial Intelligence

Fifth generation computing devices are based on artificial intelligence. They are still in
development. Applications that have been developed so far in this generation are:

 Voice recognition that is being used today.

  Parallel processing and superconductors which is helping to make artificial
intelligence a reality.
 Quantum computation, molecular and nanotechnology will radically change the
face of computers in years to come.
The goal of fifth-generation computing is to develop devices that respond to natural
language input and are capable of learning and self-organization.

2.2 APPLICATION AREA OF COMPUTERS

It is a binding fact that are computers are very productive, efficient and make our
personal and professional lives more rewarding. These 'magical' machines can do just
about anything imaginable. Moreover they really excel in certain areas. Below are some
of the principal applications of the computer systems:

1. Businesses: Businessmen make bar graphs and pie charts from tedious figures to
convey information with far more impact than numbers alone can covey.
Furthermore, computers help businesses to predict their future sales, profits, costs
etc. making companies more accurate in their accounts. Computers may also play
a vital role in aiding thousands of organizations to make judgmental and hard
provoking decisions concerning financial problems and prospective trends.
2. Education: Most good schools in the world have computers available for use in
the classroom. It has been proved that learning with computers has been more
successful and this is why numerous forms of new teaching methods have been
introduced. This enhances the knowledge of the student at a much faster space
than the old traditional methods. Likewise, colleges and various universities have
extended the use of computers as many educators prefer the 'learning by doing'
method - an approach uniquely suited to the computer.
3. Law Enforcement: Recent innovation in computerized law enforcement include
national fingerprint files, a national file on the mode of operation of serial killers,
and computer modeling of DNA, which can be used to match traces from an
alleged criminal's body, such as blood at a crime scene. In addition, computers
also contain a completed database of all the names, pictures and information of
such people who choose to break the law.
4. Transportation: Computers are used in cars to monitor fluid levels, temperatures
and electrical systems. Computers are also used to help run rapid transit systems,
load containerships and track railroads cars across the country. An important part
is the air control traffic systems, where computers are used to control the flow of
traffic between airplanes which needs a lot of precision and accuracy to be dealt
with.
5. Banking: Computers speed up record keeping and allow banks to offer same-day
services and even do-it yourself banking over the phone and internet. Computers
have helped fuel the cashless economy, enabling the widespread use of credit
cards, debit cards and instantaneous credit checks by banks and retailers. There is
also a level of greater security when computers are involved in money transactions
 as there is a better chance of detecting forged cheques and using credit/debit cards
illegally etc.
6. Agriculture: Farmers use small computers to help with billing, crop information,
and cost per acre, feed combinations, and market price checks. Cattle ranchers can
also use computers for information about livestock breeding and performance.
7. Government: Among other tasks, the federal government uses computers to
forecast the weather, to manage parks and historical sites, to process immigrants,
to produce social security checks and to collect taxes. The most important use of
the computer system in this field is perhaps the Army, the Air Force and the Navy.
The computers have to be very powerful and in order to be run they have to be
very accurate and precise. E.g. in the use of missiles and other likes, every
nanosecond counts, which may save trillions of lives on this planet. The
government also uses computers in various simulations like the spread of
influenza in a particular locality.
8. Health and Medicine: Computers are helping immensely to monitor thee
extremely ill in the intensive care unit and provide cross-sectional views of the
body. This eliminates the need for hired nurses to watch the patient twenty-four
hours a day, which is greatly tiring and error prone. Doctors use computers to
assist them in diagnosing certain diseases of the sort. This type of computer is
called the Expert System, which is basically a collection of accumulated expertise
in a specific area of field. Computers are now able to map, in exquisite detail, the
structure of the human cold virus - the first step towards the common cold.
Furthermore, computers are used greatly in managing patients, doctors, wards and
medicine records, as well as deal with making appointments, scheduling surgeries
and other likes.
9. Manufacturing Industries: Computers have made their way towards jobs that
were unpleasant or too dangerous for humans to do, such as working hundreds of
feet below the earth or opening a package that might contain an explosive device.
In other industries, computers are used to control the production of resources very
precisely. All robots and machinery are now controlled by various computers,
making the production process faster and cheaper. All the stages of manufacturing,
from designing to production, can be done with the use of computer technology
with greater diversity.
10. Scientific Research: This is very important for mankind and with the
development of computers; scientific research has propelled towards the better a
great deal. Because of high-speed characteristics of computer systems, systems,
researchers can simulate environments, emulate physical characteristics and allow
scientists to proof of their theories in a cost-effective manner. Also, many test lab
animals are spared since computers have taken over their roles in extensive
research.
2.3 BASIC COMPONENTS OF COMPUTER
The first step to building a computer is acquiring the parts. This project work will start
with a quick explanation of essential parts and elaborate on them further on. A computer
is made up of a case (or chassis) which houses several important internal components,
and provides places to connect the external components, including non-peripherals.
Inside the case go the following internal parts:

 Motherboard

The motherboard is the computer's main circuit board. It's a thin plate that holds the CPU,
memory, connectors for the hard drive and optical drives, expansion cards to control the
video and audio, and connections to your computer's ports (such as USB ports). The
motherboard connects directly or indirectly to every part of the computer.

 CPU/Processor

The central processing unit (CPU), also called a processor, is located inside the computer
case on the motherboard. It is sometimes called the brain of the computer, and its job is to
carry out commands. Whenever you press a key, click the mouse, or start an application,
you're sending instructions to the CPU.

The CPU is usually a two-inch ceramic square with a silicon chip located inside. The chip
is usually

A processor's speed is measured in megahertz (MHz), or millions of instructions per

second; and gigahertz (GHz), or billions of instructions per second. A faster processor
can execute instructions more quickly. However, the actual speed of the computer
depends on the speed of many different components—not just the processor.

 RAM (Random Access Memory)

RAM is your system's short-term memory. Whenever your computer performs

calculations, it temporarily stores the data in the RAM until it is needed.

This short-term memory disappears when the computer is turned off. If you're working on
a document, spreadsheet, or other type of file, you'll need to save it to avoid losing it.
When you save a file, the data is written to the hard drive, which acts as long-term
storage.

RAM is measured in megabytes (MB) or gigabytes (GB). The more RAM you have, the
more things your computer can do at the same time. If you don't have enough RAM, you
may notice that your computer is sluggish when you have several programs open.
Because of this, many people add extra RAM to their computers to improve performance.

 Hard Drive

The hard drive is where your software, documents, and other files are stored. The hard
drive is long-term storage, which means the data is still saved even if you turn the
computer off or unplug it.

When you run a program or open a file, the computer copies some of the data from the
hard drive onto the RAM. When you save a file, the data is copied back to the hard drive.
The faster the hard drive, the faster your computer can start up and load programs.

 Power Supply Unit

The power supply unit in a computer converts the power from the wall outlet to the type
of power needed by the computer. It sends power through cables to the motherboard and
other components.

If you decide to open the computer case and take a look, make sure to unplug the
computer first. Before touching the inside of the computer, you should touch a grounded
metal object—or a metal part of the computer casing—to discharge any static buildup.
Static electricity can be transmitted through the computer circuits, which can seriously
damage your machine.

 Expansion cards

Most computers have expansion slots on the motherboard that allow you to add various
types of expansion cards. These are sometimes called PCI (peripheral component
interconnect) cards. You may never need to add any PCI cards because most
motherboards have built-in video, sound, network, and other capabilities.

However, if you want to boost the performance of your computer or update the
capabilities of an older computer, you can always add one or more cards. Below are some
of the most common types of expansion cards.

 Video Card

The video card is responsible for what you see on the monitor. Most computers have a
GPU (graphics processing unit) built into the motherboard instead of having a separate
video card. If you like playing graphics-intensive games, you can add a faster video card
to one of the expansion slots to get better performance.
  Sound Card

The sound card—also called an audio card—is responsible for what you hear in the
speakers or headphones. Most motherboards have integrated sound, but you can upgrade
to a dedicated sound card for higher-quality sound.

 Network Card

The network card allows your computer to communicate over a network and access the
Internet. It can either connect with an Ethernet cable or through a wireless connection
(often called Wi-Fi). Many motherboards have built-in network connections, and a
network card can also be added to an expansion slot.

 Bluetooth card (or adapter)

Bluetooth is a technology for wireless communication over short distances. It's often used
in computers to communicate with wireless keyboards, mice, and printers. It's commonly
built into the motherboard or included in a wireless network card. For computers that
don't have Bluetooth, you can purchase a USB adapter, often called a dongle.

2.4 THE PROCESSOR

Figure 2.
A processor (CPU) is the logic circuitry that responds to and processes the basic
instructions that drive a computer. The CPU is seen as the main and most crucial
integrated circuitry (IC) chip in a computer, as it is responsible for interpreting most of
computers commands. CPUs will perform most basic arithmetic, logic and I/O
operations, as well as allocate commands for other chips and components running in a
computer.

The term processor is used interchangeably with the term central processing unit (CPU),
although strictly speaking, the CPU is not the only processor in a computer. The GPU
(graphics processing unit) is the most notable example, but the hard drive and other
devices within a computer also perform some processing independently. Nevertheless,
the term processor is generally understood to mean the CPU.
Processors can be found in PCs, smartphones, tablets and other computers. The two main
competitors in the processor market are Intel and AMD

The basic elements of a processor

The basic elements of a processor include:

 The arithmetic logic unit (ALU), which carries out arithmetic and logic operations
on the operands in instructions.
 The floating point unit (FPU), also known as a math coprocessor or numeric
coprocessor, a specialized co-processor that manipulates numbers more quickly
than the basic microprocessor circuitry can.
 Registers, which hold instructions and other data. Registers supply operands to the
ALU and store the results of operations.
 L1 and L2cache memory. Their inclusion in the CPU saves time compared to
having to get data from random access memory (RAM).

CPU Operations

The four primary functions of a processor are fetch, decode, execute and write back.

 Fetch- is the operation which receives instructions from program memory from a
systems RAM.
 Decode- is where the instruction is converted to understand which other parts of
the CPU are needed to continue the operation. This is performed by the instruction
decoder
 Execute- is where the operation is performed. Each part of the CPU that is needed
is activated to carry out the instructions.

2.5 FUNCTIONS OF COMPUTER SYSTEM

Taking data and instructions from a user, processing the data as per instructions, and
displaying or storing the processed data, are the four major functions of a computer.
These functions are also known as the input function, process function, output function,
and storage function, respectively.
To provide these functions, a computer uses its components or devices. Usually,
components of a computer are designed to perform only one of these four functions.
But some specialized components or devices are designed to perform two, three or all
four functions. For example, a hard disk can perform three functions: input (when files
are read), storage (when files are saved), and output (when files are written).
Components or devices of a computer, based on the function in which they are used, can
be classified into four major types: the input devices, output devices, storage devices, and
processing devices. For example, if a component processes the given instructions, the
component is known as the processing device. Or if a device displays the processed data,
the device is known as the output device.

1. DATA INPUT

As we know that computers cannot work on their own. According to this, data is required
in the form of input by the users for the computer to perform certain tasks. Thus data
input is considered to be the initial or first function of a computer system. The computer
does nothing until data is inputted by the user (or a script or a program) to be processed
as per given instructions.

Data can be supplied to the computer system manually, automatically, or both. Manual
data is supplied using input devices whenever the computer requires it or whenever users
want to accomplish certain tasks. In addition, automated data input can be done using
automated scripts, applications, and robotics. It can intelligently feed predefined data into
the computer or execute any task or program at a particular time, on start-up, based on
user's action, click-activity, etc.

Even with the data being automated, the instructions are configured indirectly by the
users to some extent. Data can be supplied in computer word processing programs,
spreadsheets, online forms, databases, etc. The data is given in raw form only.

The mouse and keyboard are one of the primary input devices of a computer system,
which enables users to input data into the computer. However, there are many more input
devices that help users to input data in various forms, such as text, numbers, images,
audio, video, etc. For example, webcams can be used to input data in image or video
form, a microphone can help input voice data, etc.

• Mouse: A mouse is an input device that acts as a point-and-click device and helps to
move the cursor and select specific objects on a computer's screen (also called a monitor).
It can be connected to the computer both by wire and wirelessly.

• Keyboard: The keyboard consists of several keys that help to input alphabet letters,
numbers, signs, and other information. Like a mouse, it can also be wired and wireless.
 2. DATA PROCESSING

Data processing is the main function of the computer system. CPU (Central Processing
Unit) plays a major role in the data processing. Once the raw data is given to the
computer, the processing part comes into play, according to which the supplied (or raw)
data is manipulated according to instructions to turn it into meaningful information.

There is always a constant development in technology to make modern computing

devices better than their predecessors. There has also been a big improvement in the
processing chip or CPU of the computer. Many modern computers nowadays use the
CPU in conjunction with a graphics processing unit (GPU), making it an accelerated
processing unit (APU). This combination of CPU and GPU integrates powerful graphics
processing capabilities with the CPU's traditional arithmetic and local calculations,
making computers faster, smoother, and more powerful.

The CPU of a computer is called the ‘brain’ of the computer because it controls all the
functions. It processes user instructions, executes system scripts and commands to boot
the OS (Operating System), runs programs, etc. It is also responsible for performing
arithmetic and logical operations in computer systems. It can also store temporary data,
instructions, and results with the help of a memory unit. Each instruction is sequentially
processed by the CPU and goes through the following units:

• Control Unit: The Control Unit (CU) of the CPU controls all the activities and
operations of the computer. It is also responsible for controlling input/output, memory,
and other devices connected to the computer. In short, the control unit determines the
sequence of operations and decodes the instructions into commands.

• Arithmetic Logic Unit: The Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) of the CPU performs
arithmetic and logical operations. The arithmetic unit performs mathematical operations
such as addition, subtraction, division, and multiplication. The logical unit performs
logical and decision operations such as AND, OR, equal, greater, and less than, etc. In
addition, the logic unit is also responsible for performing many other operations such as
comparison, selection, matching, data merging, and so on.

• Memory Unit: The memory unit allows the CPU to temporarily store the data, program,
intermediate and final results of the processed data. This is a temporary storage area but
is vital to the functioning of the computer. All the inputs/outputs are first stored in the
memory unit and then transferred to other units of the computer wherever necessary as

3. INFORMATION OUTPUT
After the raw data supplied by the users is processed by the computer's processor, the
processed data is sent from the primary memory to the output device by the CPU. This
result is used for a meaningful purpose. The processed data or output is referred to as
information. Information output or information retrieval is another basic function of a
computer.

Output devices are typically used to present the final result of the processed data. Monitor
and printer are the primary output devices of a computer system. By default, the monitor
is the default output device for computers these days. However, there are a variety of
other output devices and users can connect one or more output devices together. For
example, speakers and headphones can be used for the retrieval of sound output.

The output received from the computer can also be stored in the form of soft copy or hard
copy. Soft copy output refers to the information stored in the computer's storage
mediums, while hard copy output is the information printed on paper, cloth, etc.

• Monitor: A monitor, also called a visual display unit, is one of the primary output
devices of a computer. It is made of glass, circuitry, adjustment buttons, power supply,
etc., all enclosed within a casing. It is connected to a computer to digitally view the
output contents (such as text, image, video, etc.) on the screen.

• Printer: A printer is another output device that can be connected to a computer system to
make a hard copy of the desired document, image, or information on paper. The printer
takes electronic data from the computer and creates an exact copy of it in monochrome
(in this context, black and white) or colors, depending on the type of printer. There are
mainly two types of printers, impact, and non-impact printers.

Note: The process of transferring data between the computer system and its internal and
external components is termed I/O (Input/Output) process and is done using I/O
(Input/Output) devices.

4. DATA AND INFORMATION STORAGE

The fourth basic function of the computer system is data and information storage. A
computer can store data temporarily, while information can be stored permanently, both
internally and externally. Data is kept in memory until it is processed into a meaningful
piece of information that can be permanently saved for future use or additional
manipulation.

After the input (raw data) is given, it is first stored in the primary memory for temporary
use. It is then sent for processing and the current or ongoing data is still saved on the
primary memory. After the data is processed, the results of the processed data are again
placed on the primary memory, which is then sent as a meaningful piece of information
to the output units from the primary memory. The information is then stored in
permanent storage.

Multiple storage devices are used on the computer; however, RAM, ROM, and
SSD/HDD play an important role in the functioning of the computer system. RAM is the
primary memory and stores data temporarily, while ROM and HDD/SSD stores data
permanently. Unlike HDD/SSD, data stored on ROM cannot be modified by users.
Besides, users can take advantage of cloud storage to store their processed data
permanently, which can be accessed from anywhere on various computing devices.

• RAM: RAM or Random Access Memory is the main memory (or primary memory) of
the computer and temporarily stores the current data (or ongoing data). It has fast
read/write speeds and can be accessed quickly by the computer's processor (CPU). It is a
volatile memory and the data stored in it is lost when the power supply is turned off.

• ROM: ROM or Read-Only Memory is a non-volatile storage medium that permanently

stores essential computer data such as firmware. As the name suggests, the data stored in
ROM is read-only data and is not accessible to the user for modification. It is primarily
read by the computer's processor to write/load boot-up data and system files into the
primary memory.

• SSD/HDD: SSD stands for Solid State Drive, while HDD stands for Hard Disk Drive.
These are two different permanent storage devices used on a computer. Both can be
connected internally and externally. Normally, a computer uses at least one of these
storage devices internally to store the operating system. Unlike ROM, data in these
storage devices can be erased and written by the users as per their wishes.

2.6 FACTOR AFFECTING THE CHOICE COMPONENT PARTS

1. Form factor

Form factor refers to the shape and size of a device. For instance, Apple have a reputation
for designing and creating extremely slim laptops. The choice of an extremely slim form
factor places restrictions on what sort of hardware can be used. For instance, you won’t
find a mechanical hard drive in any Apple laptop, as they are physically too thick to fit.
Likewise, the size of the enclosure places limitations on the capacity of the cooling
system, and therefore components are selected with a performance level ensuring that the
cooling is not overwhelmed.

2. Power efficiency requirements

Mobile devices clearly require lower-power components than PCs and servers: a typical
PC may require:

 CPU – 65W
 RAM/Motherboard – 30W
 GPU – 200W
 Storage/peripherals – 50W+

That’s around 350W for a “basic” PC. The biggest laptop batteries are found in Apple
Macbook Pros, and are 100Wh – the FAA limit on battery size for carrying on to a plane.
That means it can provide 100W for one hour before it is exhausted. But laptops can last
up to ten hours on a single charge, meaning that power consumption must be closer to
10W. This obviously therefore impacts the choice of component.

3. Price

Hardware is available at many price points; whilst generally it’d be nice to have the best
of everything, even if there were no other constraints, it is entirely possible that budget
could be a factor in choice.

4. Performance

The required performance of a system will directly dictate the choice of components used
– for instance, a server that must service thousands of clients will be configured
differently to a server that supports twenty clients.

5. Compatibility

Not all hardware is compatible with all software – whilst Windows is extremely good in
terms of compatibility, other OSes are more particular about the hardware. For example,
MacOS no longer supports nVidia GPUs.
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 SYSTEM ANALYSIS AND DESIGN
The various part/components and the required tools which will be used to assemble the
system and their related specification. These will be needed to assemble the components
in other to make it a complete computer system.

3.1 TOOLS REQUIRED TO CLONE A COMPLETE COMPUTER

 Plier
 Anti-static equipment
 A clean workspace
 Zip ties
 Rubbing alcohol
 A CPU installation tool
 Human effort and composure

3.2 SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE

System architecture is a specification detailing how a set of software and hardware
technology standards interact to form a computer system or platform. In short, computer
architecture refers to how a computer system is designed and what technologies it is
compatible with.
As with other contexts and meanings of the word architecture, computer architecture is
likened to the art of determining the needs of the user/system/technology, and creating a
logical design and standards based on those requirements.
The processor alone is incapable of successfully performing any tasks. It requires
memory (for program and data storage), support logic, and at least one I/O device
(“input/output device”) used to transfer data between the computer and the outside world.

There are three categories of computer architecture:

  Instruction Set Architecture: The architecture holds a collection of instructions
that the processor renders and surmises. It consists of two instruction sets: RISC
(Reduced Instruction Set Computer) and CISC (Complex Instruction Set
Computer). It enables versatile implementations of an ISA; commonly differ in
features such as performance, physical size, and monetary price. It empowers the
evolution of the micro-architectures, implementing ISA as an exclusive, higher-
performance system that can run software on preceding generations of execution.

 Micro Architecture: Micro-architecture is the structural design of a

microprocessor. This computer organization leverages a method where the
instruction set architecture holds a built-in processor. Engineers and hardware
scientists implement instruction set architecture (ISA) with various micro-
architectures that vary because of changing technology. It includes the
technologies used, resources, and methods. Using this, the processors physically
devised to administer a particular instruction set. Simply, it is a logical form of all
electronic elements and data pathways present in the microprocessor, designed in a
specific way. It allows for the optimal completion of instructions. In academe, it is
called computer organization.

 System Design: System design itself defines a design that can serve user
requirements like system architecture, computer modules having various
interfaces, and data management within a system. The term product development
is connective to the system design. It is the process by which we can take
marketing information to create a product design.

.
3.3 HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE PC
The following are the component for building a pc:
1. Central processing unit (CPU)
2. Graphics processing unit (GPU)
3. Motherboard
4. Memory(RAM)
5. Storage Device(SSD, NVME, HDD)
6. Power supply unit(PSU)
7. System cooling(chassis)

3.4 SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE PC

Software requirements deal with defining software resource requirements and
prerequisites that need to be installed on a computer to provide optimal functioning of an
application. These requirements or prerequisites are generally not included in the
software installation package and need to be installed separately before the software is
installed.
 Windows 10, 64 bits.
 Hard disk: SSD.
 Small projects (under 100 images at 14 MP): 8 GB RAM, 15 GB SSD Free Space.
 OS: Windows 10
 CPU: Intel or AMD processor with 64-bit support; Recommended: 2.8 GHz or
faster processor
 GPU: Recommended: nVidia GeForce GTX 1660 or Quadro T1000
 Disk Storage: 4 GB of free disk space
 Monitor Resolution: 1280x800; Recommended: 1920x1080
 Internet: Internet connection required for software activation

3.5 PROCEDURAL STEPS TO CLONE A SYSTEM

Availability of workshop or a big table which you will put everything accordingly must
be considered first. Then next step is to un-wrap all the components/devices from their
sachets staring from the motherboard, processor, memory etc. make sure the manuals of
all the components are intact and you follow as stipulated in other not to damage some
components.
The tool/kits needed for the completion of the processes should be made available. After
this must have been done then the procedure begins;

Step 1: Mount the Processor

The first step for assembling the computer system starts with mounting the processor on
the processor socket of the motherboard. To mount the process, you don't need to apply
any force. The special ZIF (zero insertion force) sockets are usually used to prevent any
damage to the processor pins. Once the processor is mounted, the heat sink will be
attached on top of the processor. The CPU fan is also attached on top of the heat sink.

Step 2: Fix the Motherboard in the Tower Case

After fixing all the necessary components/devices on the motherboard and making sure
that they all intact then installing of the motherboard to the system case follows, it should
be noted that the power pack comes with casing bought that’s why the step is sipped here.
Slide the motherboard gently towards the back of the Case. The system board standoffs
side it the keyhole slots.
Now the motherboard is to be fixed vertically in the tower case and the screws are fixed
from behind of the motherboard.

Step 3: Connect the Power Supply

Now line up the power supply at the top back end of the cabinet and screw it. The power
connectors for motherboard power supply and CPU fan power supply are to be
connected. If the cabinet cooling FAN is required then it is to be screwed at the back end
grill of the cabinet and its power connector is to be connected from SMPS.

Step 4: Install the Drives

Install the CD/DVD drives at the top front end of the cabinet and screw it. Install the
Hard disk drive and floppy disk drive below CD/DVD drive and screw it. Make sure once
screwed there is no vibration in either of the CD/DVD, hard disk or floppy disk drives.
Readily the space for the Hard disk and the
CR-ROM drives in the computer case are easy to know. The HARD DISK and the
CD-ROM drive should be placed in to the casing in the form that will allow cables to be
connected.
Connect power cables to your physical hard and CD-ROM drives.

Step 5: Connect Cables

Now select the appropriate data cable and connect one end of the cable to its drive socket
and another end at its appropriate connector on the motherboard. For SATA hard disk
drive or CD/DVD drives use SATA cable and its power cable, else use IDE data cable.
Do the proper jumper settings as per the usage requirement.

Step 6: Mount the Memory Modules

It is time now to mount the memory modules on the motherboard by aligning the RAM to
its socket on the motherboard and press it downward. Make sure the side tab are fixed
into the RAM notch. If not, you may still have to press a bit. Find the memory module
bank on your system board. They should look similar to what you see below. There may
only be two slots instead of four as you see.
Align the notches on the memory module with the notches on the memory module bank,
and then press the module firmly into the bank. The tabs on the sides of the module bank
should secure the memory module automatically.
When the module is secure, you hear a click.

Step 7: Install the Internal Cards

Install the internal cards to its socket and attach the cables or power cable to it. The
selection of right socket or slot is required as per the type of socket

Step 8: Cover the Tower

Cover the tower by placing it and pressing towards front side and screw it.

Step 9: Connect the External Devices and Power

Connect the external devices with CPU at its appropriate socket. It includes mouse and
keyboard at PS2 or USB connectors. Monitor at the video output socket. Connect the
power cable to the back of tower in SMPS. Plug in the power cable to the electric board.

3.6 INSTALLING THE OPERATING SYSTEM

Now that everything is put together, we have passed all the difficult stages the rest is a
cakewalk.
Here’s how to install your operating system and get everything up and running.
Installing Windows on a custom machine can take a few extra steps than installing it on a
pre-built machine. For this project we are going to use Windows 10, but we can of course
install Window XP, Linux, or even Mac OS X, if we are building a Hackintosh.
Step One: SETTING THE BIOS
When we first start up our computer, it tells us to press a key to enter setup, because it is
HP. This takes us to the setup of your Basic Inputs/Outputs
System, or BIOS, here; we can configure some of the lowest-level aspects of your new
machine. We may not actually need to edit any of these settings, but it’s a good idea to go
through, get acquainted with them, and make sure everything’s in good order before
moving on.
BIOS will be a little bit different on different brands of motherboard, so your screen may
not look exactly like the images here, but it should be close.
Step Two: INSTALLING THE WINDOWS OPERATING SYSTEM
Next, we grab your Windows installation DVD (or flash drive, if that be the case) and
pop it in and we start up your computer which automatically boot into the Windows
installer. Once the installer loads, we hit the “Install Now” button, accept the terms of
use, and choose “Custom (advanced)” when asked what type of installation you want we
Found our primary hard drive (if you have more than one), and click on the “Unallocated
Space” partition, and Hit Next. Windows should start installing
Step Three: ACTIVATING THE WINDOWS OPERATING SYSTEM
The last thing we did before we actually use your computer is to install our drivers. If the
Ethernet or Wi-Fi works out-of-the-box, Windows may find most or all of our drivers for
us. If not, we’ll need to pop in the CD that came with your motherboard to install the
Ethernet or Wi-Fi drivers we need to access the internet.
Once we have gotten the internet up and running, Windows install drivers for us. It might
not catch everything though, so we had to install some manually. The CDs that came with
our motherboard, video card, and other hardware are probably already out of date, so we
don’t recommend using these to install those drivers.
Step Four: INSTALL WINDOWS UPDATES
This is the last thing we did is to make the Windows up to date. Chances are, we have
already gotten a notification from Windows Update at this point, so we, head into your
Start Menu, to Programs, and hit Windows
Update. Install all the available updates it gives us, and reboot our computer. Check for
updates again and it’ll have a whole new slew of them.
We had to do this quite a few times, but eventually it stops serving you notifications and
we were able to make all up to date.

3.7 SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE SHOWING LINK OF COMPUTER