CANDIDATE’S DECLARATION

I hereby declare that the work, which is being presented in the Industrial training report, in
partial fulfillment of “Bachelor of Technology” in the Department of Electrical
Engineering and submitted to the Department of Electrical Engineering,
Arya College of Engineering and IT, Jaipur,(Raj.), Rajasthan Technical University, Kota is
a record of my own training & investigations carried under the Guidance of
Ankit Electricals, Kanakpura.

I have not submitted the matter presented in this report anywhere for the award of any other
Degree.

Gajendra Teli
Electrical Engineering
Roll No: 20EAREE021
Arya College of Engineering and IT, Jaipur

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

It is my great privilege to express sincere gratitude & thanks to my supervisor

Er. Avtar Singh, Assistant Professor of Electrical Engineering, ACEIT, Jaipur for his
valuable guidance during each and every phase of this work. The stimulating and thought-
provoking discussion with him has been of immense use and I thank him for his interest and
energy that was committed to the training work progress report and for allowing me a wide
academic freedom.

I am pleased to acknowledge Prof. (Dr.) Arun Arya, Principal Arya College of Engineering
and IT, Jaipur, who gave me this opportunity with important guidelines regarding various
points to be taken during the whole of my work.

I extend my thanks to all members of the Department of electrical engineering especially

Prof. Prabhat Kumar, Head of Department, with his diverse nature of the faculties that has
constituted the strength of the department. Many thanks to my colleagues for sharing and
supporting me during my work progress.

I express my gratitude to Ankit Electricals, Kanakpura Jaipur for being joyful during all
sorts of inconvenience hardship during my involvement in this work. I thank them for
patience and close co-operation during my work.

I am indebted to my parents for their eternal support and everlasting blessings. I gratefully
acknowledge the inspiration and unflagging support of my parents.

Last but not the least; I am thankful to the almighty for bringing this bright day in my life.

Gajendra Teli
Roll. No.: 20EAREE021
B.Tech ( EE )
ACEIT,Jaipur

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Candidate’s Declaration i
Acknowledgement ii
Table of Content iii
List of Figure v
List of Tables vii
Nomenclature viii
Glossary of Abbreviation x
Abstract 01
Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION 02
1.1 Overview 02
1.2 Technology Overview 03
1.3 Methodology 05
1.4 Research Motivation 07
1.5 Thesis Objectives 07
1.6 Thesis Layout 07
Chapter 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 09
Chapter 3 FUNDAMENTAL OF PV SYSTEM & THEIR COMPONENTS 18
3.1 Overview 18
3.1.1 Photovoltaic Module 18
3.1.2 Photovoltaic Array 18
3.2 History 19
3.3 Working Principle of Photovoltaic Cell 21
3.4 Solid Oxide Fuel Cell ( SOFC ) System 22
3.5 Main Part of Solid Oxide Fuel Cell ( SOFC ) 26
3.5.1 Cathode ( Air Electrode) 26
3.5.2 Electrolyte 27
3.5.3 Anode ( Fuel Electrode ) 28
3.6 Battery 28
Chapter 4 POWER CONDITIONING UNIT 30

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 4.1 Need of Maximum Power Point 30
4.2 Perturb & Observe 33
4.2.1 Advantages and Disadvantages 34
4.3 DC-DC Converter Topologies 35
4.3.1 Introduction 35
4.3.2 Boost Converter 35
4.3.2.1 Continuous Mode 36
4.3.2.2 Discontinuous Mode 37
4.3.3 Buck Converter 38
4.4 Single Phase Five level PWM Inverter 40
4.4.1 Introduction 40
4.4.2 Merits of Multi Level Inverter 42
4.4.3 Operation Principle & Configuration of Proposed Inverter 43
4.4.4 Output Voltage according to the Switch ON-OFF Condition 52
Chapter 5 MODELLING OF PHOTOVOLTAIC (PV)-BATTERY-SOFC 54
SYSTEM
5.1 Photovoltaic ( PV ) Cell Model 54
5.2 Mathematical Modeling of Solid Oxide Fuel Cell 58
5.2.1 Electrode Models 59
5.2.2 Anode Model 59
5.2.3 Cathode Model 61
5.3 Electrical Model 62
Chapter 6 SIMULATION RESULT 67
Chapter 7 CONCLUSION & FUTURE SCOPE 73
7.1 Conclusion 73
7.2 Future Research Directions 73
PUBLICATION FROM THE THESIS 74
REFERENCES 75

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 LIST OF FIGURE

Fig. No TITLE Page No.

1.1 Block diagram of Proposed PV System 04
1.2 Methodology Flowchart 05
1.3 Flowchart for Simulation 06
1.4 Flowchart for Literature survey 06
3.1 String of Solar Cells with Blocking and Bypass Diodes 19
3.2 PV Cell, Module & Array 20
3.3 Photovoltaic Cell 22
3.4 Schematic outline for planner SOFC design 24
3.5 Operating Concept of an SOFC based oxygen ion conducting 25
electrolyte
4.1 Operating point of PVA 30
4.2 Perturb & Observe Flowchart 34
4.3 Typical Topology of Boost Converter 36
4.4 Equivalent Circuit for Continuous Mode 36
4.5 Equivalent Circuit for Discontinuous Mode 37
4.6 Circuit of Buck Converter 38
4.7 Circuit when switch is close 39
4.8 Circuit when switch is opened 40
4.9 41
Reference Signals and
4.10 Configuration of the Proposed Single Phase Five Level PWM 43
Inverter
4.11 Switching Patterns of the Proposed Single Phase Five Level PWM 53
Inverter
5.1 SOFC Model developed in MATLAB 64

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 LIST OF TABLES

Tab. No TITLE Page No.

3.1 Design Parameter of Battery Bank 29
4.1 49
Operational Mode Output Voltage ( ) & Output Current ( )
4.2 52
Output Voltage at Switches ON Condition
5.1 Design Parameter of PV Array 58
5.2 Design Parameter of SOFC 65

NOMENCLATURE

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 Voltage at Maximum Power Point

Current at Maximum Power Point

Output Voltage of PV array

Output Current of PV array

Output Power of PV array

Short Circuit Current at Maximum Point

Open Circuit Voltage at Maximum Point

Converter Output Voltage

Converter Input Voltage

Output Current

D Duty Cycle of Control signal

T Control Signal Period
Modulation Index

Control Signals come from the Comparator

&
Node- A Voltage

Node- B Voltage

Output Voltage of Single phase Five Level Inverter

Switching Elements used in Single Phase Five Level Inverter

A Curve Fitting Factor or Ideality Factor of Diode

K Irradiation on the Device Surface
Series Resistance

Operating Temperature (K)

GLOSSARY OF ABBREVIATIONS

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PV Photovoltaic
SOFC Solid Oxide Fuel Cell
THD Total Harmonic Distortion
PI Proportional Integral
PID Proportional Integral Derivative
PSC Partial Shading Condition
USC Uniform Shading Condition
MATLAB Matrix Laboratory
GUI Graphical User Interface
SPV Solar Photovoltaic
PWM Pulse Width Modulation
FST Finite State Machine
MPPT Maximum Power Point Tracking
MPP Maximum Power Point
PCU Power Conditioning Unit
FC Fuel Cell
DMFC Direct Methanol Fuel Cell
PEMFC Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell
AFC Alkaline Fuel Cell
PAFC Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cell
MCFC Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell
YSZ Yttria Stabilized Zirconia
EVD Electrochemical Vapors Deposition
AH Ampere Hour
APU Auxiliary Power Unit

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