Itapp (midterms reviewer)

DATABASE
is a well-designed, organized, and carefully managed collection of data.

DATABASE
it can contribute to organizational success by providing managers and decision makers with timely,
accurate, and relevant information built on data.

DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

consists of a group of programs used to access and manage a database as well as provide an
interface between the database and its users and other application programs

DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

provides a single point of management and control over data resources, which can be critical to
maintaining the integrity and security of the data

DATABASE ENVIRONMENT
consists of database, DBMS, and application

HIERARCHY OF DATA
data is generally organized in a hierarchy that begins with the smallest piece of data used by
computers (a bit), progressing up through the hierarchy to a database.

BITS
a binary digit that represents a circuit that is either on or off. ___ can be organized into units called
bytes

CHARACTER
each byte represents a ____, which is the basic
building block of most information

FIELD
typically a name, a number, or a combination of characters that describes an aspect of a business
object

FIELD
in addition to being entered into a database, ____ can be computed from other fields.

RECORD
collection of data fields all related to one object, activity, or individual. By combining descriptions
of the characteristics of an object, activity, or individual, a record can provide a complete
description of it
FILE
collection of related records

DATABASE
the highest level of the data hierarchy, a collection of integrated and related files

BITS, CHARACTERS, FIELDS, RECORDS, FILES AND DATABASES

Together, __, __, __, __, __, and __ form the hierarchy of data.

ENTITY
person, place, or thing (object) for which data is collected, stored, and maintained.

ATTRIBUTE
a characteristic of an entity. It usually selected to reflect the relevant characteristics of entities such
as employees or customers.

DATA KEY, PRIMARY KEY

_____ is a field within a record that is used to identify the record. A ____ is a field or set of fields
that uniquely identifies the record.

DATABASE APPROACH
most organizations use the _____ to data management, where multiple information systems share a
pool of related data

DATA MODEL
a diagram of entities and their relationships. It usually involves developing an understanding of a
specific business problem and then analyzing the data and information needed to deliver a solution

ENTERPRISE DATA MODELING

developing an understanding of a specific business problem and then analyzing the data and
information needed to deliver a solution at the level of the entire organization

ENTERPRISE DATA MODELING

an approach that starts by investigating the general data and information needs of the organization
at the strategic level and then moves on to examine more specific data and information needs for
the functional areas and departments within the organization

ENTERPRISE DATA MODEL

involves analyzing the data and information needs of an entire organization

ENTERPRISE DATA MODEL

provides a roadmap for building database and information systems by creating a single definition
and format for data that can ensure compatibility and the ability to exchange and integrate data
among systems.
ENTITY-RELATIONSHIP DIAGRAM
one of a data model which uses basic graphical symbols to show the organization of and
relationships between data

ENTITY-RELATIONSHIP DIAGRAM
help ensure that the relationships among the data entities in a database are correctly structured so
that any application programs developed are consistent with business operations and user needs

ENTITY-RELATIONSHIP DIAGRAM
can serve as reference documents after a database is in use. If changes are made to the database,
____ help design them

ENTITY-RELATIONSHIP DIAGRAM
shows that each customer can place one-to-many orders, that each order includes one-to-many line
items, and that many line items can specify the same product

RELATIONAL DATABASE MODEL, ENTITY, ATTRIBUTE

____ is a simple but highly useful way to organize data into collections of two-dimensional tables
called relations. each row in the table represents an ____, and each column represents an ____ of
that entity.

DOMAIN
each attribute can be constrained to a range of allowable values called its _____.

DOMAIN
indicates what values can be placed in each column of the relational table.

SELECTING, PROJECTING, JOINING, LINKING

basic data manipulations

SELECTING
involves eliminating rows according to certain criteria

PROJECTING
involves eliminating columns in a table

JOINING
involves combining two or more tables

LINKING
the ability to combine two or more tables through common data attributes to form a new table with
only the unique data attributes, is one of the keys to the flexibility and power of relational
databases.
DATA CLEANSING
goal is to improve the quality of the data used in decision making. The "bad data" may have been
caused by user data-entry errors or by data corruption during data transmission or storage

DATA VALIDATION
involves the identification of "bad data" and its rejection at the time of data entry

DBMS
group of programs used as an interface between a database and application programs or between a
database and the user. ____ come in a wide variety of types and capabilities, ranging from small
inexpensive software packages to sophisticated systems costing hundreds of thousands of dollars

SQL
a special-purpose programming language for accessing and manipulating data stored in a relational
database

DONALD D. CHAMBERLIN AND RAYMOND BOYCE

SQL was originally defined by ___ and ___ of the IBM Research Center and described in their
paper "SEQUEL: A Structured English Query Language," published in 1974. Their work was based
on the relational database model described by Edgar F. Codd in his groundbreaking paper from
1970, "A Relational Model of Data for Large Shared Data Banks."

ATOMICITY, CONSISTENCY, ISOLATION, DURABILITY

ACID properties stands for

JIM GRAY
SQL databases conform to ACID properties (atomicity, consistency, isolation, durability), defined
by _____ soon after Codd's work was published. These properties guarantee database transactions
are processed reliably and ensure the integrity of data in the database.

SCHEMA
defines the tables, the fields in each table, and the relationships between fields and tables.

DATA DEFINITION LANGUAGE

is a collection of instructions and commands used to define and describe data and relationships in a
specific database. A ___ allows the database's creator to describe the data and relationships that are
to be contained in the schema.

DATA DICTIONARY
a detailed description of all data used in the database. Among other things, the ___ contains the
following information for each data item:

CONCURRENCY CONTROL
A method of dealing with a situation in which two or more users or applications need to access the
same record at the same time

QUERY BY EXAMPLE (QBE)

a visual approach to developing database queries or requests.

DATA MANIPULATION LANGUAGE

This specific language, provided with the DBMS, allows managers and other database users to
access and modify the data, to make queries, and to generate reports

DATABASE ADMINISTRATORS
are skilled and trained IS professionals who hold discussions with business users to define their
data needs; apply database programming languages to craft a set of databases to meet those needs;
test and evaluate databases; implement changes to improve their performance; and assure that data
is secure from unauthorized access

DATABASE ADMINISTRATOR
an individual responsible for defining and implementing consistent principles for a variety of data
issues, including setting data standards and data definitions that apply across all the databases in an
organization.

DATABASE AS A SERVICE
an arrangement where the database is stored on a service provider's servers and accessed by the
service subscriber over the Internet, with the database administration handled by the service
provider.

VOLUME, VELOCITY, VARIETY

characteristics of big data according to Doug Laney

4.4 ZETTABYTES
VOLUME: In 2014, it was estimated that the volume of data that exists in the digital universe was
____

5 TRILLION BITS PER SECOND

The velocity at which data is currently coming at us exceeds 5 trillion bits per second

VARIETY
Data today comes in a ____ of formats. Some of the data is what computer scientists call structured
data—its format is known in advance, and it fits nicely into traditional databases.

STRUCTURED DATA
its format is known in advance, and it fits nicely into traditional database; the data generated by the
well-defined business transactions that are used to update many corporate databases containing
customer, product, inventory, financial, and employee data
UNSTRUCTURED DATA
comes from sources such as word-processing documents, social media, email, photos, surveillance
video, and phone messages.

BUSINESS APPLICATIONS, SOCIAL MEDIA, SENSORS, AND CONTROLLERS

Organizations collect and use data from a variety of sources, including __, ___, ___, and ___ that
are part of the manufacturing process, systems that manage the physical environment in factories
and offices, media sources (including audio and video broadcasts), machine logs that record events
and customer call data, public sources (such as government Web sites), and archives of historical
records of transactions and communications

DATA MANAGEMENT
an integrated set of functions that defines the processes by which data is obtained, certified fit for
use, stored, secured, and processed in such a way as to ensure that the accessibility, reliability, and
timeliness of the data meet the needs of the data users within an organization.

DATA GOVERNANCE
the core component of data management; it defines the roles, responsibilities, and processes for
ensuring that data can be trusted and used by the entire organization, with people identified and in
place who are responsible for fixing and preventing issues with data.

DATA STEWARD
an individual responsible for the management of critical data elements, including identifying and
acquiring new data sources; creating and maintaining consistent reference data and master data
definitions; and analyzing data for quality and reconciling data issues

DATA LIFECYCLE MANAGEMENT

a policy-based approach to managing the flow of an enterprise's data, from its initial acquisition or
creation and storage to the time when it becomes outdated and is deleted

DATA WAREHOUSE
a database that holds business information from many sources in the enterprise, covering all aspects
of the company's processes, products, and customers; primary purpose is to relate information in
innovative ways and help managers and executives make better decisions

DATA WAREHOUSE
stores historical data that has been extracted from operational systems and external data sources;
continuously refreshed with huge amounts of data from a variety of sources so the probability that
some of the sources contain "dirty data" is high.

ETL PROCESS (EXTRACT, TRANSFORM, LOAD)

takes data from a variety of sources, edits and transforms it into the format used in the data
warehouse, and then loads this data into the warehouse; essential in ensuring the quality of the data
in the data warehouse.

EXTRACT
The goal of this process is to extract the source data from all the various sources and convert it into
a single format suitable for processing

TRANSFORM
a series of rules or algorithms are applied to the extracted data to derive the data that will be stored
in the data warehouse. A common type of transformation is to convert a customer's street address,
city, state, and zip code to an organization-assigned sales district or government census tract.

LOAD
the extracted and transformed data is loaded into the data warehouse. As the data is being loaded
into the data warehouse, new indices are created and the data is checked against the constraints
defined in the database schema to ensure its quality

DATA MARTS
a subset of a data warehouse. Data marts bring the data warehouse concept —online analysis of
sales, inventory, and other vital business data that have been gathered from transaction processing
systems—to small and medium-sized businesses and to departments within larger companies.

DATA LAKE
takes a "store everything" approach to big data, saving all the data in its raw and unaltered form.
The raw data residing in a ____ is available when users decide just how they want to use the data to
glean new insights

DATA LAKE
serves as the definitive source of data in its original, unaltered form. Its contents can include
business transactions, clickstream data, sensor data, server logs, social media, videos, and more

NOSQL DATABASES
provides a means to store and retrieve data that is modeled using some means other than the simple
two-dimensional tabular relations used in relational databases. Such databases are being used to
deal with the variety of data found in big data and Web applications.

HORIZONTAL SCALING
capability enables hundreds or even thousands of servers to operate on the data, providing faster
response times for queries and updates

HADOOP
an open-source software framework that includes several software modules that provide a means
for storing and processing extremely large data sets

1. DATA PROCESSING COMPONENT; 2. DISTRIBUTED FILE SYSTEM FOR DATA

STORAGE
two primary components of Hadoop

HADOOP
divides data into subsets and distributes the subsets onto different servers for processing.
MapReduce PROGRAM
A composite program that consists of a Map procedure that performs filtering and sorting and a
Reduce method that performs a summary operation.

IN-MEMORY DATABASES
a database management system that stores the entire database in random access memory (RAM).
This approach provides access to data at rates much faster than storing data on some form of
secondary storage (e.g., a hard drive or flash drive) as is done with traditional database
management systems.

COMPUTER NETWORK
consists of communications media, devices, and software connecting two or more computer
systems or devices.

COMMUNICATIONS MEDIA
are any material substance that carries an electronic signal to support communications between a
sending and a receiving device

NETWORKS
enable geographically separated workgroups to share documents and opinions, which fosters
teamwork, innovative ideas, and new business strategies.

NETWORK TOPOLOGY
the shape or structure of a network, including the arrangement of the communication links and
hardware devices on the network.

STAR, BUS, MESH NETWORK

three most common network topologies in use today

STAR NETWORK
A network in which all network devices connect to one another through a single central device
called the hub node

BUS NETWORK
A network in which all network devices are connected to a common backbone that serves as a
shared communications medium.

MESH NETWORK
A network that uses multiple access points to link a series of devices that speak to each other to
form a network connection across a large area. Two types: full __ and partially __

PAN, LAN, WAN, MAN

4 network types

PERSONAL AREA NETWORK (PAN)

A personal area network (PAN) is a wireless network that connects information technology devices
close to one person.

LOCAL AREA NETWORK (LAN)

A network that connects computer systems and devices within a small area, such as an office, home,
or several floors in a building

METROPOLITAN AREA NETWORK (MAN)

a network that connects users and their computers in a geographical area that spans a campus or
city

WIDE AREA NETWORK

A wide area network (WAN) is a network that connects large geographic regions. A WAN might be
privately owned or rented and includes public (shared-users) networks.

CLIENT/SERVER ARCHITECTURE
An approach to computing wherein multiple computer platforms are dedicated to special functions,
such as database management, printing, communications, and program execution

CLIENT
It is any computer (often a user's personal computer) that sends messages requesting services from
the servers on the network

CHANNEL BANDWIDTH
the rate at which data is exchanged, usually measured in bits per second (bps) —the broader the
bandwidth, the more information can be exchanged at one time

BROADBAND COMMUNICATIONS
High-speed Internet access that is always on and that is faster than traditional dial-up access

TRANSMISSION MEDIA
can be divided into two broad categories guided (also called wired) transmission media, in which
communications signals are guided along a solid medium, and wireless, in which the
communications signal is broadcast over airwaves as a form of electromagnetic radiation.

10-GIGABIT ETHERNET
a standard for transmitting data at the speed of 10 billion bps for limited distances over high quality
twisted-pair wire. The ____ can be used for the high-speed links that connect groups of computers
or to move data stored in large databases on large computers to stand-alone storage devices

TWISTED-PAIR WIRE, COAXIAL CABLE, FIBER-OPTIC CABLE

Common guided transmission media include

WIRELESS COMMUNICATION
transfer of information between two or more points that are not connected by an electrical
conductor. All ____ signals are sent within a range of frequencies of the electromagnetic spectrum
that represents the entire range of light that exists from long waves to gamma rays.

NEAR FIELD COMMUNICATION

a very short-range wireless connectivity technology that enables two devices placed within a few
inches of each other to exchange data

ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM
range of all possible frequencies of electromagnetic radiation

BLUETOOTH
wireless communications specification that describes how cell phones, computers, faxes, printers,
and other electronic devices can be interconnected over distances of 10 to 30 feet at a rate of about 2
Mbps

Wi-Fi
A medium-range wireless communications technology brand owned by the Wi-Fi Alliance. In a
Wi-Fi wireless network, the user's computer, smartphone, or other mobile device has a wireless
adapter that translates data into a radio signal and transmits it using an antenna. A wireless access
point, which consists of a transmitter with an antenna, receives the signal and decodes it. The
access point then sends the information to the Internet over a wired connection.

MICROWAVES
is a high-frequency (300 MHz to 300 GHz) signal sent through the air. Terrestrial (Earth-bound) ___
are transmitted by line-of-sight devices, so the line of sight between the transmitter and receiver
must be unobstructed

GEOSTATIONARY SATELLITE
orbits the Earth directly over the equator, approximately 22,300 miles above the Earth, so that it
appears stationary

LOW EARTH ORBIT (LEO) SATELLITE SYSTEM

employs many satellites, each in an orbit at an altitude of less than 1,000 miles. The satellites are
spaced so that, from any point on the Earth at any time, at least one satellite is in a line of sight.
Iridium Communications provides a global communications network that spans the entire Earth,
using 66 satellites in a near-polar orbit at an altitude of 485 miles.
FIRST GENERTION (1G)
The ______ of wireless communications standards originated in the 1980s and was based on analog
communications.

SECOND GENERATION (2G)

fully digital, superseding 1G networks in the early 1990s. With ___ networks, phone conversations
were encrypted, mobile phone usage was expanded, and short message services (SMS)—or texting
—was introduced.

3G WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS
supports wireless voice and broadband speed data communications in a mobile environment at
speeds of 2 to 4 Mbps. Additional capabilities include mobile video, mobile e-commerce,
location-based services, mobile gaming, and the downloading and playing of music.

4G BROADBAND MOBILE WIRELESS

delivers more advanced versions of enhanced multimedia, smooth streaming video, universal
access, and portability across all types of devices; eventually __ will also make possible worldwide
roaming. __ can deliver 3 to 20 times the speed of 3G networks for mobile devices such as
smartphones, tablets, and laptops

LONG TERM EVOLUTION (LTE)

a standard for wireless communications for mobile phones based on packet switching, which is an
entirely different approach from the circuit-switching approach employed in 3G communications
networks. To convert to the LTE standard, carriers must reengineer their voice call networks

COMPUTER HARDWARE NETWORKS

require various communications hardware devices to operate, including modems, fax modems,
multiplexers, private branch exchanges, front-end processors, switches, bridges, routers, and
gateway

MODEM
Translates data from a digital form (as it is stored in the computer) into an analog signal that can be
transmitted over ordinary telephone lines

FAX MODEM
Combines a fax with a modem; facsimile devices, commonly called fax devices, allow businesses
to transmit text, graphs, photographs, and other digital files via standard telephone lines

MULTIPLEXER
Allows several communications signals to be transmitted over a single communications medium at
the same time, thus saving expensive long-distance communications cost

PBX (PRIVATE BRANCH EXCHANGE)

Manages both voice and data transfer within a building and to outside lines; ___ can be used to
connect hundreds of internal phone lines to a few outside phone company lines

FRONT-END PROCESSOR
Manages communications to and from a computer system serving many people

SWITCH
Uses the physical device address in each incoming message on the network to determine which
output port it should forward the message to reach another device on the same network

BRIDGE
Connects one LAN to another LAN where both LANs use the same communications protocol

ROUTER
Forwards data packets across two or more distinct networks toward their destinations through a
process known as routing; often, an Internet service provider (ISP) installs a router in a subscriber's
home that connects the ISP's network to the network within the home

GATEWAY
Serves as an entrance to another network, such as the Internet

NETWORK OPERTING SYSTEM (NOS)

Systems software that controls the computer systems and devices on a network and allows them to
communicate with each other.

NETWORK-MANAGEMENT SOFTWARE
Software that enables a manager on a networked desktop to monitor the use of individual
computers and shared hardware (such as printers), scan for viruses, and ensure compliance with
software licenses.

MOBILE DEVICE MANAGEMENT (MDM) SOFTWARE

Software that manages and troubleshoots mobile devices remotely, pushing out applications, data,
patches, and settings while enforcing group policies for security

SOFTWARE-DEFINED NETWORKING (SDN)

An emerging approach to networking that allows network administrators to have programmable
central control of the network via a controller without requiring physical access to all the network
devices

ARPANET
ancestor of the Internet; a project started by the U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) in 1969

MILNET, ARPANET
ARPANET was broken into two networks: ___, which included all military sites, and a new,
smaller ___, which included all the nonmilitary sites. The two networks remained connected,
however, through use of the Internet protocol (IP)

INTERNET PROTOCOL (IP)

A communication standard that enables computers to route communications traffic from one
network to another as needed

INTERNET BACKBONE
One of the Internet's high-speed, long-distance communications links

IP ADDRESS
A 64-bit number that identifies a computer on the Internet

DOMAIN NAME SYSTEM (DNS)

Because people prefer to work with words rather than numbers, a system called the ___ was
created.

UNIFORM RESOURCE LOCATOR (URL)

A Web address that specifies the exact location of a Web page using letters and words that map to
an IP address and a location on the host.

WORLD WIDE WEB

Was developed by Tim Berners Lee at CERN, the European Organization for Nuclear Research in
Geneva. He originally conceived of it as an internal document-management system.

WEB
primary source of news and information an indispensable conduit for commerce, and a popular hub
for social interaction, entertainment, and communication.

HYPERLINK
Highlighted text or graphics in a Web document that, when clicked, opens a new Web page
containing related content

WEB BROWSER
Web client software— such as Chrome, Edge, Firefox, Internet Explorer, and Safari—used to view
Web pages

HYPERTEXT MARKUP LANGUAGE (HTML)

the standard page description language for Web pages. ___ is defined by the World Wide Web
Consortium (referred to as "W3C") and has developed through numerous revisions. It is currently
in its fifth revision—HTML5

TAG
A code that tells the Web browser how to format text—as a heading, as a list, or as body text—and
whether images, sound, and other elements should be inserted
EXTENSIBLE MARKUP LANGUAGE (XML)
is a markup language for Web documents containing structured information, including words and
pictures

CASCADING STYLE SHEET (CSS)

file or portion of an HTML file that defines the visual appearance of content in a Web page.

SERVER-SIDE AND CLIENT-SIDE SOFTWARE

Web applications may run on a Web server, delivering the results of the processing to the user, or
they may run directly on a client, such as a user's PC. These two categories are commonly referred
to as

JAVASCRIPT
popular programming language for client-side applications. Programmers use __ to make Web
pages come alive, adding splashy graphics, animation, and real-time updates.
ASP.NET, C, C++ , Perl, PHP, and Python
other widely used client-side programming languages

WEB SERVICES
consist of standards and tools that streamline and simplify communication among Web sites and
make it simpler to develop and use the Web for business and personal purposes.

AMAZON WEB SERVICES (AWS)

It is the basic infrastructure that Amazon employs to make the contents of its huge online catalog
available to other Web sites or software applications.
Adobe Dreamweaver, RapidWeaver (for Mac developers), Nvu (pronounced n-view)
Popular tools for creating Web pages and managing Web sites include

.NET
allows developers to use various programming languages to create and run programs, including
those for the Web

.NET platform
also includes a rich library of programming code to help build XML Web applications.

WEB
also includes a rich library of programming code to help build XML Web applications.

Web 2.0
The Web as a computing platform that supports software applications and the sharing of
information among users

INSTANT MESSAGING
online, real-time communication between two or more people who are connected via the Internet

MICROBLOGGING SERVICE
Twitter is a Web application that allows users to send short text updates (up to 140 characters) from
a smartphone or a Web browser to their Twitter followers.

TELEPRESENCE
takes videoconferencing to the ultimate level. ____ systems, such as those from Cisco and Polycom,
use high-resolution video and audio with high-definition displays to make it appear that conference
participants are actually sitting around a table

WEB LOG
typically called a blog; it is a web site that people and businesses use to share their observations,
experiences, and opinions on a wide range of topics.

BLOGOSPHERE
community of blogs and bloggers

BLOGGER
person who creates a blog

BLOGGING
process of placing entries on a blog site

VIDEO LOG/ VLOG

Video content can also be placed on the Internet using the same approach as a blog

PODCAST
an audio broadcast you can listen to over the Internet

CONTENT STREAMING
A method for transferring large media files over the Internet so that the data stream of voice and
pictures plays more or less continuously as the file is being downloaded.

MUSIC
Spotify, Pandora, Napster, and Google Play Music are just a few examples of Internet music sites

POPCORN TIME
free program that uses peer-to-peer networking to download movies and TV programs

ZYNGA
a fast-growing Internet company, sells virtual animals and other virtual items for games, such as
FarmVille.
CRAIGSLIST
a network of online communities that provides free online classified advertisements

GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM (GISs)

provide geographic information layered over a map

GEO-TAGGING
technology that allows for tagging information with an associated location.

EXTRANET
a network built using Web technologies that links selected resources of the intranet of a company
with its customers, suppliers, or other business partners.

INTRANET
an internal corporate network built using Internet and World Wide Web standards and products. An
____ is an inexpensive yet powerful alternative to other forms of internal communication,
including conventional computer setups. An ____ provides employees with an easy and intuitive
approach to accessing information that was previously difficult to obtain

INTERNET OF THINGS (IOT)

a network of physical objects or "things" embedded with sensors, processors, software, and
network connectivity capability to enable them to exchange data with the manufacturer of the
device, device operators, and other connected devices

IoT ECOSYSTEM
consists of web-enabled smart devices that use embedded systems, such as processors, sensors and
communication hardware, to collect, send and act on data they acquire from their environments

SENSOR
consists of web-enabled smart devices that use embedded systems, such as processors, sensors and
communication hardware, to collect, send and act on data they acquire from their environments;
detects an event or changes in quantity and produces a corresponding output, usually an electrical
or optical signal

1. CONNECT AND MONITOR

2. CONTROL AND REACT
3. PREDICT AND ADOPT
4. TRANSFORM ANG EXPLORE
types of IoT applications

CLOUD COMPUTING
practice of using a network of remote servers hosted on the internet to store, manage, and process
data, rather than a local server or a personal computer.
INFRASTRUCTURE AS A SERVICE (IaaS)
an information systems strategy in which an organization outsources the equipment used to support
its data processing operations, including servers, storage devices, and networking components.

SOFTWARE AS A SERVICE (SaaS)

a software delivery approach that provides users with access to software remotely as a Web-based
service

PLATFORM AS A SERVICE (PaaP)

provides users with a computing platform, typically including operating system, programming
language execution environment, database services, and a Web server

PRIVATE CLOUD COMPUTING

a single tenant cloud. ____ clouds can be divided into two distinct types (on-premise and virtual)

HYBRID CLOUD COMPUTING

Composed of both private and public clouds integrated through networking.

AUTONOMIC COMPUTING
ability of IT systems to manage themselves and adapt to changes in the computing environment,
business policies, and operating objectives