LM JL^LGDH JL KFEAMAF LI MF O\^AWP^\JLIGAF JLM Z^AN\IFM GHIWZAZ\GAHIFM Q MF GH^ZL

W\P^LEF
© Javasa÷i jl Lstujahs Ouråjaghs jl Cfgltf Ouråjagf
© Cfgltf Ouråjagf W.F.
Ghhrjaifjhrls?
Efiulm Eurh ^hoh
Oufi Gfrmhs Lsquavlm Hvaljh
Praelrf ljaga÷i? ouiah >061
>>10 lolepmfrls
Dlgdh lm jlp÷sath mlcfm li mf Nanmahtlgf Ifgahifm jlm Plrÿ
>061-066<1
AWNI? 134-;6>-766-;01-<
^lcastrh jl prhylgth ljathrafm
76<06>>6100040
Prhdanajf su rlprhjugga÷i thtfm h pfrgafm

>
 

J.Mlc. I¿ 4>>
Jafcrfefga÷i jl gfrætumf? Efrtdf Dajfmch ^avlrh
Jafcrfefga÷i jl aitlrahrls? Oliiaklr P. Cutaárrlz Frrhyh
CFGLZF O\^ÅJAGF W.F.
F[. F ICFEHW HLWZL I¿ <>;, \^N. EA^FKMH^LW
EA^FKMH^LW, MAEF - PL^ß GLIZ^FM ZLMLK×IAGF? (06)360-4100
L-efam? vlitfs@cfgltfourajagf.ghe.pl / www.cfgltfourajagf.ghe.pl
www.cfgltfourajagf.ghe.pl
Aeprlsh li? Aeprlitf Ljathrafm Lm Nÿdh L.A.^.M. Wfi Fmnlrth I¿ >06, Wurquammh Maef - Plrÿ
Ouiah >061
Punmagfjh? oumah >061

7
 

P^LWLIZFGA×I
MHW P^HGLWHW O\JAGAFMLW LI LM ÆENAZH JLM
JL^LGDH JL KFEAMAF
A. KFEAMAF Q GH
GHIKMAGZH
Mf kfeamaf ih shmh ls mf nfsl, gámumf h iÿgmlh jl mf vajf li shgaljfj gheh
dfnatufmelitl sl fkaref, h ui aistatuth ifturfm y kuijfelitfm jl mf shgaljfj ‗gheh
rlghihgl mf Ghistatuga÷i Phmåtagf‗ qul, ouith ghi lm eftraehiah, lm Lstfjh prhtlcl
  prheulvl (frtågumh :)2 saih qul, fjleæs, ls uif jl mfs eæs aephrtfitls y
ghepmlofs hrcfiazfgahils
uia÷i eftraehiafm jl plrshifs
h ghigunaifraf ghi gfrægtlr
jl uif lstfnml,
pfrlof, vfr÷i hracaifjf
y euolr, f pfrtar
mf gufm jl mf
shnrl mf
 nfsl jl mfzhs fklgtavhs
fkl gtavhs y jl ghivavligaf
ghi vavligaf clilrf javlrshs lklgths
lklg ths y våigumhs, gheh
lm jl pfrlitlsgh, fså gheh ghislguligafs lghi÷eagfs y suglshrafs, y jlsjl mulch
jlrlgdhs y hnmacfgahils litrl mhs aitlcrfitls jlm cruph kfeamafr.
Gheh fkaref Liraqul [frsa(6), mf kfeamaf ligulitrf su lsligaf li mf prhpaf
ifturfmlzf, y fcrlcf qul jl thjhs mhs cruphs duefihs ls lm eæs ifturfm, lm eæs
fitacuh l aephrtfitl2 nrhtf lsphitæilfelitl jl mhs dænaths duefihs y surcl
gufijh lm dhenrl rlqualrl lm ghigursh jl htrhs pfrf sftaskfglr sus ilglsajfjls
 næsagfs y jheástagfs.
Whnrl mf nfsl jl lstfs prleasfs y thefijh li gulitf mf kaifmajfj qul nusgfi
qualils sl ouitfi li eftraehiah h f trfvás jl uiahils jl dlgdh pfrf clilrfr 
kfeamaf, thjh jlnalrf dfglr suphilr qul mf ghivavligaf slræ frehiahsf, pfgåkagf y
lxlitf jl gufmqualr jaklrligaf h ghikmagth2 sai lenfrch, li mf rlfmajfj lsth ih
saleprl ls fså2 euy phr lm ghitrfrah, mf kfeamaf ls uif jl mfs hrcfiazfgahils jl
 plrshifs li mfs qul li efyhr h elihr eljajf, y ghi ehtavh jl mf plrefilitl
aitlrrlmfga÷i litrl sus ealenrhs, sl prlslitfi javlrshs taphs jl prhnmlefs jlnajh
f eÿmtapmls gfusfs. Q eugdhs jl lsths prhnmlefs ‗mf efyhråf jl lmmhs jl galrtf
crfvljfj y ghepmloajfj‗ ih puljli slr rlsulmths phr mhs easehs aitlcrfitls jlm
cruph kfeamafr, phr mh qul sl vli hnmacfjhs f fgujar f mhs ÷rcfihs ourasjaggahifmls
fgtavfijh lm prhglsh oujagafm jl kfeamaf qul ghrrlsphijf slcÿi mf gmfsl jl ghikmagth
qul sl tlicf qul shmugahifr.

:
 

AA. IH^EF
IH^EFZA[
ZA[F
F Q O\JAGF
O\JAGFZ\^
Z\^F
F LWPLGAFM
LWPLGAFMA_F
A_FJF
JF
Jl fdå mf gfjf vlz eæs krlgulitl, lxtlisf y vfrafjf fgtavajfj ihreftavf shnrl
lm Jlrlgdh jl Kfeamaf, yf slf pfrf ehjakagfr, prlgasfr h ghepmlelitfr mf
rlcumfga÷i sustfitavf qul lm G÷jach Gavam y mfs mlyls lsplgafmls jljagfi f lstf
eftlraf h pfrf fjlgufr y dfglr eæs lsplgafmazfjfs mfs jasphsagahils prhglsfmls2 h
f slf pfrf gheprlijlr ihreftavfelitl mhs iulvhs kli÷elihs jl ghikmagth qul sl
 prlslitfi li mf jaiæeagf fgtufm jl mfs kfeamafs li ui lithrih shgafm gfrfgtlrazfjh
 phr sus plrefilitls gfenahs y ghi fglitufjh áikfsas li mf prhtlgga÷i jl mhs
jlrlgdhs jl mf euolr, jl mhs iaöhs y jl mhs fjhmlsglitls.
F rfåz jl lstf rlfmajfj sl df ajh rlghikhrefijh aigmush, f trfvás jl mhs föhs, mf
lstrugturf y ghephsaga÷i jl mhs ÷rcfihs ourasjaggahifmls, prlgasfelitl pfrf
ftlijlr ghi efyhr crfjh jl lsplgafmazfga÷i mf shmuga÷i jl mhs ghikmagths jl åijhml
kfeamafr. Whmh li Maef lxastli eæs jl vlaitl ouzcfjhs jl kfeamaf ghi ghepltligaf
lsplgåkagf li lsths fsuiths qul fitföh ghihgåfi mhs ouzcfjhs gavamls. Fsaeaseh, li
mf gfpatfm y li fmcuihs jastraths oujagafmls dfy ouzcfjhs jl kfeamaf lxgmusavfelitl
li eftlraf tutlmfr y htrhs ghi sunlsplgafmajfj li vahmligaf kfeamafr, lsths ÿmtaehs
 pmlifelitl oustakagfjhs phr mhs aiiuelrfnmls gfshs jl lstl taph qul valili
 prhmaklrfijh jlsjl dfgl fmcuihs föhs dfstf mf fgtufmajfj. F su turih, f iavlm jl
ghrtl suplrahr tfenaái sl dfi grlfjh sfmfs jl kfeamaf qul rlsulmvli li slcuijf
aistfigaf fmcuihs prhglshs jl lstf ifturfmlzf.
Li suef, mf tlijligaf fgtufm carf li thrih f mf lsplgafmazfga÷i, tfith li mh
rlklrlitl f mf ihreftavf jl gfrægtlr sustfitavh gheh prhglsfm, y tfenaái li mh qul
ghigalril f mf kuiga÷i ourasjaggahifm, jl ehjh qul gfjf vlz sl valil fvfizfijh ui
 phgh eæs li mf jlslfjf aijlplijligaf jlm Jlrlgdh jl Kfeamaf jl mfs gulstahils
gheuils y shnrl thjh pftraehiafmls jlm Jlrlgdh Gavam.

AAA. P^HGLWHW Q O\^AWP^\JLIGAF

O\^AWP^\JLIGAF WHN^L ZLEFW JL KFEAMAF

 puljlGhijlgar
rlmfga÷i
qul flsths
mf ifturfmlzf
”phsllRiUjlgfrfgtlråstagfs
mhs prhglshs oujagafmls
jastaitavfslislcÿi
lm æenath kfeamafr
slf lm jlrlgdhsl
eftlrafm qul ligfusl. Wl gheprlijl, phr lolepmh, qul sa mh tutlmfjh ls lm jlrlgdh
jl ui aikfitl qul df sajh vumilrfjh, sl rlqualrf mf efyhr jamacligaf prhglsfm pfrf
rlstfnmlglr fqulm jlrlgdh. Jl fgulrjh f lmmh, mfs khrefs ratufmls, jl vatfm
aephrtfigaf pfrf lm lstfnmlgaealith jl ui jlnajh prhglsh, sl prlslitfi jl efilrf
elihs råcajf li prhgljaealiths jl kfeamaf qul li ui matacah gavam pftraehiafm, li
 prhglsfm―(>).
kfvhr jl ui fvfigl eæs lkagalitl jlm atlr  prhglsfm―
Lvajlitlelitl, mhs prhglshs oujagafmls jl kfeamaf cufrjfi gfrfgtlråstagfs
 pfrtagumfrls phr mf prhpaf ifturfmlzf jl mhs jlrlgdhs qul
qu l sl jasgutli li lmmhs y phr 
mfs kacurfs l aistatugahils ouråjagfs qul gheprlijli.

<
 

Mhs praigapfmls ghikmagths qul sl ghihgli y rlsulmvli li sljl jl kfeamaf talili

qul vlr ghi mf kamafga÷i eftraehiafm y lxtrfeftraehiafm, mhs fmaeliths, mf tliligaf
 gusthjaf jl daohs elihrls, lm rácaeli jl vasatfs jl lsths ÿmtaehs li lm gfsh jl
 pfjrls slpfrfjhs h javhrgafjhs, mf slpfrfga÷i jl gulrphs y lm javhrgah, y mfs
javlrsfs ehjfmajfjls jl vahmligaf kfeamafr, qul shi mhs qul sl trftfi li lstf hnrf2
 plrh tfenaái sl prlslitfi htrhs gfshs rlmfgahifjhs
rlmf gahifjhs ghi gulstahils jl eftraehiah y

kfeamaf, ghehmhsmf aepljaeliths

eftraehiah, aijleiazfga÷i pfrf
jl jföhs phr aiguepmaealith
ghitrflrmh, jl mf jasplisfs
mfs futhrazfgahils, prhelsf jly
hphsagahils f mf glmlnrfga÷i jlm eftraehiah, mf aivfmajlz jlm easeh li sus jhs
vlrtalitls jl iumajfj y fiumfnamajfj, mhs ghikmagths qul surcli phr lm aihnslrvfigaf
jl mhs jlnlrls qul ifgli jlm eftraehiah, mhs prhnmlefs shnrl fsplgths jlm
rácaeli pftraehiafm jl mf shgaljfj ghiyucfm, fså gheh tlefs jl fjhpga÷i, pftraf
 phtlstfj, tutlmf, gurftlmf, pftraehiah kfeamafr y, li eåiaeh crfjh, ghisloh jl
kfeamaf, qul ls uif kacurf jl euy phgf fpmagfga÷i li iulstrhs jåfs.
Whnrl vfrahs jl lsths tlefs sl df prhiuigafjh mf ourasprujligaf jl mhs
tranuifmls oujagafmls, likhgæijhsl li fsplgths ghigrlths rlmfgahifjhs ghi lsths
t÷paghs y lstfnmlgalijh fmcuihs gratlrahs jl aitlrprltfga÷i jl mfs ihrefs qul mhs
rlcumfi. Plrhkfeamafrls
aistatugahils tfenaái lidf mfdfnajh ui fepmah
ourasprujligaf jlmjlsfrrhmmh l aitlrprltfga÷ijlsjl
Zranuifm Ghistatugahifm, jl mfs
su
ghitliajh, rlghihgaealith y ifturfmlzf dfstf mf ghisajlrfga÷i jl iulvfs tleætagfs
fghrjl ghi mhs iulvhs talephs, tfmls gheh mfs kfeamafs rlghistatuajfs, mf prhtlgga÷i
jl mf sfmuj elitfm li lm lithrih kfeamafr, mf pmfiakagfga÷i kfeamafr, mf kfeamaf y su
ghikhrefga÷i eftraehiafm, lm rlghihgaealith jl mfs uiahils jl dlgdh, mhs
jlrlgdhs jl mhs iaöhs y, pfrtagumfrelitl, lm aitlrás suplrahr y mf prhtlgga÷i lsplgafm
l aitlcrfm jl lsths ÿmtaehs.
Mhs gfpåtumhs sunsacualitls jl lstf hnrf ghitalili ui jlsfrrhmmh
urasprujligafm jl mhs praigapfmls tlefs jl mhs qul sl dfi hgupfjh tfith mf oustagaf
hrjaifraf gheh lm Zranuifm Ghistatugahifm2 li lm praelr gfsh mhs prhglshs li
ghigrlth, ls jlgar, mfs prltlisahils rlmftavfs f fsuiths jl kamafga÷i, fmaeliths,
tliligaf, rácaeli jl vasatfs, litrl htrhs2 y li lm slcuijh gfsh jlsjl uif
 plrsplgtavf eæs efgrh, lsth ls, mf prhtlgga÷i
prhtl gga÷i jl mf kfeamaf
kfeama f y jlm eftraehiah gheh
aistatugahils ifturfmls y ouråjagfs, fså gheh su vaigumfga÷i ghi htrhs jlrlgdhs
kuijfelitfmls.

Efiulm E\^H ^HOH

Jarlgthr Mlcfm jl Cfgltf Ouråjagf
(6) [F^WA ^HWPACMAHWA, Liraqul. Zrftfjh jl Jlrlgdh jl Kfeamaf.
Kfeamaf . Zheh A? Mf iulvf tlhråf aistatugahifm y
 ouråjagf jl mf kfeamaf. Cfgltf Ouråjagf, Maef, >066,
>066, p. 6>.
(>) GF^^LZZF E\ÖH_, Krfiglsgh. ”Mf jlskhrefmazfga÷i jlm prhglsh oujagafm jl kfeamaf l aikfigaf―. Li?
 ^lvastf jl Jlrlgdh.
Jlrlgdh. TMAA, 6lr slelstrl. Phitakagaf \iavlrsajfj Gft÷magf jl [fmpfrfåsh, >06:, p. :46.

;
 

JLWF^^HMMH JLM JL^LGDH JL KFEAMAF LI

Gfpåtumh A
MF O\^AWP^\JLIGAF JLM Z^AN\IFM
GHIWZAZ\GAHIFM
A. MF AIZ
AIZL^
L^P^
P^LZ
LZFG
FGA×
A×I
I GHIW
GHIWZA
ZAZ\
Z\GA
GAHI
HIFM
FM WHN
WHN^L
^L LM
LM
JL^LGDH JL KFEAMAF
Mf ourasprujligaf jlm Zranuifm Ghistatugahifm, eljafitl javlrshs
 prhiuigafealiths rlmfgahifjhs
rlmfgahifjh s ghi lm Jlrlgdh jl Kfeamaf, df lstfnmlgajh uif slral
jl mailfealithsjly oustagaf
fjeaiastrfga÷i gratlrahsfmjlehelith
aitlrprltfga÷i qul sarvli
jl ehtavfr jl jarlgtragls
mfs slitligafs pfrf li
oujagafmls, mf
ghighrjfigaf y frehiåf ghi mf Ghistatuga÷i y mfs ihrefs lsplgåkagfs fpmagfnmls f
mhs gfshs ghigrlths, tutlmfijh fså mhs jlrlgdhs ghistatugahifmls jl mfs pfrtls li
ghikmagth.
Mf Ghistatuga÷i Phmåtagf rlghihgl y prhtlcl f mf kfeamaf (frtågumh :),
likftazfijh lxpmågatfelitl su trfsglijlitfm aephrtfigaf pfrf mf shgaljfj,
ghrrlsphijalijh f mf fjeaiastrfga÷i jl oustagaf ui rhm prlphijlrfitl li frfs jl
jagdf prhtlgga÷i gufijh sl sheltl f su ghihgaealith mf rlshmuga÷i jl mhs
ghikmagths qul sl clilrfi litrl mhs ealenrhs jlm cruph kfeamafr. Pfrf lmmh ih shmh
jlnl dfglr uif fpmagfga÷i rfzhifjf jl mfs ihrefs jlm Manrh AAA jlm G÷jach Gavam y
jl htrfs jasphsagahils lsplgafmls, saih tfenaái jlnl tlilr li ghisajlrfga÷i mhs
gratlrahs jl aitlrprltfga÷i qul slöfmf mf ourasprujligaf ghistatugahifm.
Mf lxplraligaf li sljl ghistatugahifm jleulstrf qul uif jl mfs jasgapmaifs qul
df tliajh ghistfitl aigajligaf y elrlgajh krlgulitl ftliga÷i jlm eæxaeh Zranuifm
ls, prlgasfelitl, lm Jlrlgdh Kfeamafr, y fså mh ghistftf mf iuelrhsf ourasprujligaf
qul df leatajh jagdh ÷rcfih jl ghitrhm jl mf Ghistatuga÷i y qul sl prhylgtf dfgaf
thjh lm sastlef ihreftavh, aikmuylijh li lm gfenah jl ruenh h plrklggahifealith
jl mfs jasphsagahils qul sl hgupfi jl lstf eftlraf, f kai jl fjlgufr mf
aitlrprltfga÷i jl sus aistatugahils f mfs prleasfs ghistatugahifmls.
Phr lmmh sl fkaref qul shnrl ”fmcuifs eftlrafs, lm Zranuifm Wuprleh (y mhs jl

rfich aiklrahr, hnvafelitl)

mfs efiaklstfgahils df jlnajh
fm rlsplgth fmtlrfr lm Ghistatugahifm.
jlm Zranuifm slitajh jl sus jlgmfrfgahils
Lmmh ih shmh trfs
df

3
 

sugljajh li mhs gfshs eæs shifjhs y ghikmagtavhs pfrf mfs rlmfgahils litrl fenhs
÷rcfihs, gheh shi mhs jl tutlmf jlm dhihr, aitaeajfj y prhpaf aefcli, jhijl mf
ghitrhvlrsaf litrl lm Zranuifm Ghistatugahifm y lm Wuprleh df mmlcfjh f fmgfizfr 
taitls jl hrjli pÿnmagh, saih li htrhs qul ih phr ih dfnlr lighitrfjh lgh fmcuih
li mhs eljahs jl gheuiagfga÷i jlofi jl slr trfsglijlitfmls pfrf lm
 plrklggahifealith jl mf tutlmf qul lm Jlrlgdh plrsacul jasplisfr f thjfs mfs
(6)

 plrshifs― . Jl ftrfvlsfijh
Kfeamaf, valil lstf khref, lmphr
Jlrlgdh Gavam, y lsplgåkagfelitl
lm kli÷elih lm Jlrlgdh jl
jl mf ”ghistatugahifmazfga÷i―,
 praigapfmelitl f trfvás jl mf aitlrprltfga÷i jl sus ihrefs, aistatugahils, kacurfs
uråjagfs y praigapahs, tfm gheh vlrlehs f ghitaiufga÷i.

AA. MF KFEAMA
KFEAMAF
F LI MF O\^AWP
O\^AWP^\J
^\JLIG
LIGAF
AF JLM Z^AN
Z^AN\IF
\IFM
M
GHIWZAZ\GAHIFM

6. Ghit
Ghitli
liaj
ajhh ghis
ghista
tatu
tuga
gahi
hifm
fm jl
jl mf kfe
kfeam
amaf
af
”F iavlm jl mf rlca÷i, mhs ghistatuylitls sl dfi rlklrajh f mf kfeamaf gheh
—iÿgmlh kuijfelitfm jl mf shgaljfj‑, —lmlelith ifturfm y kuijfelith jl mf
shgaljfj‑,
y gheh lm—kuijfelith jl mf shgaljfj‑,
—lspfgah kuijfelitfm pfrf—fshgafga÷i ifturfmaitlcrfm
lm jlsfrrhmmh jl mf shgaljfj
jl mfs
 plrshifs‑, —nfsl jl mf shgaljfj‑, —gámumf kuijfelitfm jl mf shgaljfj‑, phr 
gatfr fmcuihs. Phr su pfrtl, lm frtågumh >7 jlm Pfgth Aitlrifgahifm jl
Jlrlgdhs Gavamls y Phmåtaghs (PAJGP) ghiglptÿf f mf kfeamaf gheh
—lmlelith ifturfm y kuijfelitfm jl mf shgaljfj‑, suoltf f mf prhtlgga÷i jlm
Lstfjh y mf shgaljfj. Ghivalil tlilr prlslitl tfenaái, qul lm frtågumh 63
jl mf Ghivliga÷i Felragfif shnrl Jlrlgdhs Duefihs (GFJD) y lm >7
jlm PAJGP lstfnmlgli qul —mf kfeamaf jlnl slr prhtlcajf phr mf shgaljfj y
lm Lstfjh‑―(>).

>. ^lghih
^lghihgae
gaeali
alith
th jlitrh
jlitrh jlm hrjlif
hrjlifeal
ealith
ith ouråja
ouråjagh
gh
”Li lm gfsh plrufih, ls mf Ghistatuga÷i jl 6177 mf qul phr praelrf vlz
jasphil, jl efilrf lxprlsf, mf tutlmf jl mf kfeamaf. Li su frtågumh <7
aijagfnf qul —Lm eftraehiah, mf kfeamaf y mf eftlriajfj lstæi nfoh mf
 prhtlgga÷i jl mf mly‑. Mf Ghistatuga÷i jl 6131, phr su mfjh, prlglptufnf mf
 prhtlgga÷i qul lm Lstfjh ml jlnåf f mf kfeamaf qul lrf rlklrajf gheh uif
—shgaljfj ifturfm y uif aistatuga÷i kuijfelitfm jl mf Ifga÷i‑. Ealitrfs
qul mf Ghistatuga÷i vaclitl jlsjl 6117, jasphil mf prhtlgga÷i jl mf
kfeamaf, rlghihgaáijhmf gheh ui aistatuth ifturfm y kuijfelitfm jl mf
shgaljfj. Li vartuj jl lmmh, mf gfrtf kuijfelitfm ghisfcrf uif slral jl
efijfths qul nusgfi jhtfr fm aistatuth jl prhtlgga÷i ghistatugahifm
fjlgufjf. Fså sl kfeamafr
sfmuj jlm eljah tutlmf mf(frtågumh
aitaeajfj3).kfeamafr
Lmmh sl (frtågumh
vaigumf f>, su
aigash
vlz, 3)ghiy mh
mf

4
 

lstfnmlgajh li lm frtågumh >:, qul lstfnmlgl lm jlrlgdh qul talil lm

trfnfofjhr jl ghitfr ghi aicrlshs qul ml plreatfi cfrfitazfr lm nalilstfr 
suyh y jl su kfeamaf. Jl acufm efilrf tlijræ qul slr fprlgafjh lm frtågumh
67 qul aephil lm jlnlr jl mhs pfjrls jl kfeamaf jl ljugfr f sus daohs y
lmlcar lm glitrh jl ljugfga÷i.
F plsfr jl lstf cfef jl praigapahs tlijlitls f mf tutlmf aitlcrfm jl mf
kfeamaf, lm tlxth ghistatugahifm ih fnhif li jlkaiar lm ghiglpth. Ls gmfrh
lithigls, qul lm tlxth ghistatugahifm ih prltlija÷ rlghihglr ui ehjlmh
lsplgåkagh jl kfeamaf. Phr ghisacualitl, lm aistatuth jl mf kfeamaf ih jlnl
rlmfgahifrsl ilglsfrafelitl ghi lm eftraehiah, gheh hgurråf ghi lm
G÷jach Gavam jl 617;, qul efiaklstfnf tfm tlijligaf ghi mf
aighistatugahifm jaklrligafga÷i jl daohs —mlcåtaehs‑ y —ih mlcåtaehs‑.
Mf Gheasa÷i jl Jlrlgdhs Duefihs jl mfs Ifgahils \iajfs df rlghihgajh
mf fepmatuj jlm ghiglpth jl kfeamaf, fjleæs jl sus javlrshs taphs. Lmmh ls
jl suef rlmlvfigaf phr gufith mf rlfmajfj df vliajh aephialijh jastaitfs
 plrsplgtavfs shnrl lm ghiglpth jl kfeamaf. Mhs gfenahs shgafmls clilrfjhs
f mh mfrch jlm sacmh TT dfi pulsth lm ghiglpth trfjagahifm jl kfeamaf li
uif satufga÷i jl tlisa÷i. Q ls qul fm slr lstl ui aistatuth átagh-shgafm, sl
ligulitrf ailvatfnmlelitl f elrglj jl mhs iulvhs ghitlxths shgafmls. Phr 
mh tfith, dlgdhs gheh mf aigmusa÷i shgafm y mfnhrfm jl mf euolr, mf
rlcumfga÷i jlm javhrgah y su fmth crfjh jl aigajligaf, mfs eacrfgahils
dfgaf mfs gaujfjls, litrl htrhs fsplgths, dfi saciakagfjh ui gfenah li mf
lstrugturf jl mf kfeamaf trfjagahifm iugmlfr, ghikhrefjf fmrljljhr jl mf
kacurf jlm pftlr
jlm  pftlr kfeamafs.
kfeamafs . Ghislguligaf jl lmmh ls qul sl dfyfi clilrfjh
kfeamafs ghi lstrugturfs jastaitfs f mf trfjagahifm gheh shi mfs surcajfs jl
mfs uiahils jl dlgdh, mfs ehihpftlrifmls h mfs qul li jhgtraif sl dfi
jliheaifjh kfeamafs rlghistatuajfs―(7).

7. Mf kfeam
kfeamaf
af gheh
gheh lspfg
lspfgah
ah kuijf
kuijfeli
elitfm
tfm pfrf
pfrf mf
mf trfsea
trfseasa÷
sa÷i
i jl vfmhr
vfmhrls
ls
”Mf kfeamaf ih puljl ghiglnarsl ÿiagfelitl gheh uif aistatuga÷i li guyh
slih sl eftlrafmagl mf jaelisa÷i clilrftavf h jl prhgrlfga÷i ÿiagfelitl.
Phr galrth, mf kfeamaf tfenaái ls mf ligfrcfjf jl trfiseatar vfmhrls átaghs,
gåvaghs y gumturfmls. Li tfm slitajh, —su uiajfj dfgl jl lmmf ui lspfgah
kuijfelitfm pfrf lm jlsfrrhmmh aitlcrfm jl gfjf uih jl sus ealenrhs, mf
trfiseasa÷i jl vfmhrls, ghihgaealiths, trfjagahils gumturfmls y mucfr jl
ligulitrh aitrf l aitlrclilrfgahifm‑, ls puls, —fclitl praehrjafm jlm
jlsfrrhmmh shgafm‑―(:).

:. Mf aist
aistat
atug
ugah
ahif
ifma
majf
jfj
j kfeam
kfeamaf
afrr

1
 

”Mf aistatugahifmajfj kfeamafr sl ghistatuyl li ui praigapah nfsamfr qul

tfenaái aikmuyl jl efilrf jltlreaifitl li lm manrl jlsfrrhmmh jl mf
 plrshifmajfj jl mhs slrls duefihs qul fjleæs sl ligulitrf fshgafjh fm
jlrlgdh jl aitlcrajfj plrshifm―(<).

<. Jlrlgd
Jlrlgdhh f kuijfr
kuijfr uif kfeama
kfeamaff y f su
su prht
prhtlgg
lgga÷i
a÷i
”F mf muz jl mh lxpulsth shnrl mf tutlmf lsplgafm qul elrlgl mf kfeamaf ‗ 
eæs fÿi gufijh sl trftf jl kfeamafs rlghistatuajfs li jhijl mf ajlitajfj
kfeamafr ls eugdh eæs kræcam jlnajh f mfs prhpafs garguistfigafs li mf qul
lstfs fpfrlgli‗, mf jaklrligafga÷i jl trfth litrl mhs daofstrhs y mhs daohs
jlvalil li frnatrfraf. Fså, jl mhs fgtufjhs sl aikalrl qul lxastl uif
rlmfga÷i lstfnml, pÿnmagf y jl rlghihgaealith, qul jltlreaif lm
rlghihgaealith jl lstl iÿgmlh kfeamafr, fm qul lvajlitlelitl plrtlilgl mf
daofstrf. Li tfm slitajh, sa nali mf Fshgafga÷i frcuelitf qul mf eljajf
jaklrligafjhrf sl sustlit÷ li mf ihreftavf aitlrif jl mf Fshgafga÷i,
leatajf li vartuj jl mf kfgumtfj jl futhhrcfiazfrsl, lstf rlcmf ghmasahif
ghi lm jlrlgdh f kuijfr uif kfeamaf y f su prhtlgga÷i― (;).
”Mfs rlstraggahils fm lstfnmlgaealith fre÷iagh, ghitaiuh y shmajfrah jl mfs
rlmfgahils kfeamafrls, qul aepajli lm våigumh fklgtavh qul thjh lstrlgdh
ilxh ghisficuåilh rlgmfef, ih shmh aigajli shnrl lm ghitliajh
ghistatugahifmelitl prhtlcajh jl mf aitlcrajfj kåsagf, psåquagf y ehrfm jl
mf plrshif, prhtlcajf phr lm frtågumh >.6 jl mf Ghistatuga÷i y lm frtågumh
><.6 jlm G÷jach Prhglsfm Ghistatugahifm, saih qul sl hphili tfenaái f mf
 prhtlgga÷i jl mf kfeamaf gheh cfrfitåf aistatugahifm jl mf shgaljfj, f tlihr 
jlm frtågumh : jl mf Ghistatuga÷i―(3).

;. Mfs
Mfs kfe
kfeam
amaf
afss rlgh
rlghis
ista
tatu
tuaj
ajfs
fs
”Whi kfeamafs qul sl ghikhrefi f pfrtar jl mf vaujlz h lm javhrgah. Lstf
iulvf lstrugturf kfeamafr surcl f ghislguligaf jl ui iulvh eftraehiah h
gheprheash. Fså, mf  kfeamaf RrlghistatuajfU(...) puljl jlkaiarsl gheh —mf
lstrugturf kfeamafr hracaifjf li lm eftraehiah h mf uia÷i ghigunaifraf jl
uif pfrlof li mf gufm uih h fenhs jl sus aitlcrfitls talili daohs
 prhvlialitls jl uif rlmfga÷i prlvaf(4)‑―.
”Phr su prhpaf ghikacurfga÷i (...) RmfsU kfeamafs RrlghistatuajfsU talili uif
jaiæeagf jaklrlitl, prlslitæijhsl uif prhnmleætagf qul talil javlrsfs
frastfs, gheh shi mhs våigumhs, jlnlrls y jlrlgdhs litrl mhs aitlcrfitls jl
mf kfeamaf rlghistatuajf―(1).
”Li mf WZG 0177>->00;-PF/ZG, lstl Zranuifm Ghistatugahifm jlsfrrhmm÷
fsplgths
lstrugturf rlmftavhs
kfeamafr f hracaifjf
mf kfeamaflirlghistatuajf, jlsgranaáijhmf
mf uia÷i eftraehiafm h mfgheh mf
uia÷i

60
 

ghigunaifraf li jhijl uih h fenhs jl sus aitlcrfitls talili daohs

 prhvlialitls jl uif rlmfga÷i prlvaf Rkuij. 4U. Jl acufm khref jlstfg÷ qul
 pfrf qul sl puljf dfglr rlklrligaf f daohs fkails h pfjrls fkails, jlnl jl
guepmarsl ghi fmcuihs supulsths jl dlgdh gheh ls lm dfnatfr y ghepfrtar 
vajf jl kfeamaf ghi lstfnamajfj, punmagajfj y rlghihgaealith. Ls jlgar,
talil qul rlghihglrsl uif ajlitajfj kfeamafr fut÷ihef Rkuij. 6>U.
 Ih hnstfitl, li iulstrh pfås ih lxastl rlcumfga÷i fmcuif shnrl lstl taph jl
lstrugturf kfeamafr. Fså, phr lolepmh, ih sl df jltlreaifjh sa jlnli lxastar 
h ih hnmacfgahils y jlrlgdhs litrl mhs pfjrls fkails (prhcliathrls shgafmls,
 pfjrls ih nahm÷caghs) y mhs daohs fkails. Ls phr lmmh qul lm gfsh rlklrajh
 suprf   kul rlsulmth shnrl mf nfsl jl mf aitlrprltfga÷i jl praigapahs
 suprf
ghistatugahifmls. Q ls qul f kfmtf jl rlcmfs lxprlsfs, f pfrtar jl mhs
 praigapahs ghistatugahifmls puljli aiklrarsl rlcmfs f kai jl jamugajfr lm
ghikmagth aitlrsunoltavh jl rlmlvfigaf ouråjagh-ghistatugahifm.
Li vartuj jl lmmhs lm Zranuifm Ghistatugahifm jltlreai÷ qul mf
jaklrligafga÷i rlfmazfjf phr ui gmun pravfjh litrl mf daof nahm÷cagf y mf
daof fkåi jlm jlefijfitl (quali lrf shgah jlm gmun) ih lrf rfzhifnml,
ghikacuræijhsl ui fgth frnatrfrah qul mlsahifnf lm jlrlgdh jl mhs pfjrls f
kuijfr uif kfeamaf. Ls jl prlgasfr qul lm Zranuifm ih lxprls÷ li iaicuif
 pfrtl jl tfm slitligaf qul mhs daohs fkails y nahm÷caghs chzfnfi jl mhs
easehs jlrlgdhs y hnmacfgahils, tfi shmh sl rlshmva÷ qul mf jaklrligafga÷i
ih rlsumtfnf ghistatugahifmelitl fglptfnml, jfjf mf kaifmajfj qul gmun
tliåf, li tfith qul fklgtfnf mf ajlitajfj kfeamafr jlm jlefijfitl.
Gheh yf sl fiht÷ lxastl ui vfgåh mlcfm qul fui ih df sajh mmlifjh phr mf
mlcasmfga÷i, rlgfylijh jagdf rlsphisfnamajfj shnrl mf ourasprujligaf, ih
shmh mf ghistatugahifm saih tfenaái, mf hrjaifraf lsplgafmazfjf li eftlraf
jl kfeamaf. Q ls qul, tfm gheh mh lxpmagatf lm frtågumh 671, iuelrfm 4 jl mf
Ghistatuga÷i, lm oulz ih puljl jlofr jl fjeaiastrfr oustagaf phr vfgåh h
jlkagaligaf jl mf mly. Li tfmls gfshs, lm oulz jlnl rlgurrar f mhs praigapahs
ghistatugahifmls f kai jl lmfnhrfr uif phsaga÷i ourasprujligafm qul guepmf
ghi rlshmvlr lm ghikmagth aitlrsunoltavh jl efilrf oustf y ftlijalijh f mf
rlfmajfj shgafm. Fså, quljf phr jltlreaifrsl sa ls qul mhs fmaeliths jl mhs
daohs fkails puljli slrml lxacanmls f mhs pfjrls shgafmls. H jagdh jl htrf
efilrf ¸talili mhs pfjrls shgafmls hnmacfgahils fmaelitfrafs pfrf ghi mhs
daohs fkails8
Pulsth qul li iulstrh hrjlifealith mf mlcasmfga÷i heatl thjf rlklrligaf f
mfs kfeamafs rlghistatuajfs ls kfgtanml rlgurrar f mf jhgtraif h fm Jlrlgdh
ghepfrfjh f kai jl hralitfr mf jlgasa÷i jl mf litajfj ourasjaggahifm. Fså,

 puljl
gufith tlilrsl, phr lolepmh,
aijagf qul mh lxpulsth
f pfrtar jl phr ygalrtf
mhs jlnlrls jhgtraif
jlrlgdhs ih ghepfrfjf li
pftraehiafmls

66
 

lxastlitls li lm eftraehiah (fsastligaf rlgaprhgf), mhs pfjrls fkails

 puljfi ghepfrtar mf rlsphisfnamajfj krlitl f mhs daohs jl su pfrlof ifgajhs
li ui eftraehiah fitlrahr RKL^^FIJH,
RKL^^FIJH, Camjf. ”Kfeamafs rlghepulstfs y
 pfjrls iulvhs―, li? ^lvastf
li?  ^lvastf Jlrlgdh y Whgaljfj . I.° >4, Maef, >003, Föh
T[AAA, p. 764U. Fsaeaseh, f efilrf jl lolepmh, puljl fprlgafrsl mh
lstfnmlgajh li lm frtågumh >34, iuelrfm >), jlm G÷jach Gavam suazh, qul
aijagf qul jlm
fmaelitfrah gfjf g÷iyucl
iaöh jlnl jlm
ifgajh fitls guepmar rlgåprhgfelitl
eftraehiah, jl efilrfghi lm jlnlr 
rfzhifnml. Wa
 nali li lstl lolepmh sl garguisgranl mf kacurf fm g÷iyucl y ih fm
ghivavalitl, ls jl rlghrjfrsl qul lstfs rlklrligafs shi hralitfgahils f
 pfrtar jl mfs gufmls lm oulz puljl, li ghighrjfigaf ghi mhs praigapahs
ghistatugahifmls ifgahifmls, jlkaiar fmcÿi taph jl rlcmf―(60).

3. Mf pfrta
pfrtagap
gapfga
fga÷i
÷i jl mf
mf kfeama
kfeamaff li mf prht
prhtlgg
lgga÷i
a÷i jl
jl mf sfmuj
sfmuj elit
elitfm
fm
”Lm jlrlgdh f mf sfmuj elitfm sl ligulitrf rlghihgajh li mfs kulitls
ihreftavfs jlm Jlrlgdh Aitlrifgahifm jl mhs Jlrlgdhs Duefihs. Fså,
slcÿi lm frtågumh 6> jlm Pfgth Aitlrifgahifm jl Jlrlgdhs Lghi÷eaghs,
Whgafmls y Gumturfmls,
iavlm phsanml jl sfmuj thjf
kåsagfplrshif talilPhr
y elitfm‑. jlrlgdh fm —jaskrutl
su pfrtl, jlm eæs
lm Prhthghmh fmth
jl Wfi
Wfmvfjhr prlvá, li su frtågumh 60, qul thjf —plrshif talil jlrlgdh f mf
sfmuj, litlijajf gheh lm jaskrutl jlm eæs fmth iavlm jl nalilstfr kåsagh,
elitfm y shgafm‑.
Zlialijh prlslitl lm ghitliajh jl mhs frtågumhs rlklrajhs, puljl ghigmuarsl
qul li lm æenath jlm Jlrlgdh Aitlrifgahifm jl mhs Jlrlgdhs Duefihs? f)
lm jlrlgdh f mf sfmuj elitfm ls pfrtl aitlcrfitl jlm jlrlgdh f mf sfmuj2 n) lm
jlrlgdh f mf sfmuj talil gheh ÿiagh tatumfr f mf plrshif duefif2 g) lm
jlrlgdh f mf sfmuj elitfm talil gheh ghitliajh lm jlrlgdh f jaskrutfr jlm
efyhr iavlm phsanml jl sfmuj elitfm qul ml plreatf f mf plrshif duefif
vavar jacifelitl2
qul gheprlijl, y,tfenaái,
j) mf sfmuj prhtlcajf
thjhs ih lsghephilitls
fqulmmhs ÿiagfelitl mfprhpahs
kåsagf, saih
jlm
 nalilstfr psaghm÷cagh y elitfm jl mf plrshif duefif.
duefif.
Phr lmmh, li frehiåf ghi mhs trftfjhs shnrl jlrlgdhs duefihs fitls
rlklrajhs, li lm frtågumh 3 jl mf Ghistatuga÷i sl lstfnmlga÷ qul mf —plrshif
aigfpfgatfjf pfrf vlmfr phr så easef f gfusf jl uif jlkagaligaf (...) elitfm
talil jlrlgdh fm rlsplth jl su jaciajfj y f ui rácaeli mlcfm jl prhtlgga÷i,
ftliga÷i, rlfjfptfga÷i y slcurajfj‑. Ghighrjfitlelitl, lm aigash 6) jlm
frtågumh > jl mf Ghistatuga÷i rlghihgl qul thjf plrshif talil jlrlgdh f su
aitlcrajfj psåquagf.
Jl fgulrjh ghi mhs frtågumhs ghistatugahifmls rlklrajhs, ls lvajlitl qul mf
Ghistatuga÷i rlghihgl f mfs plrshifs ghi jasgfpfgajfj elitfm gheh

6>
 

suolths jl lsplgafm prhtlgga÷i jlnajh f mfs ghijagahils jl vumilrfnamajfj

efiakalstf phr su ghijaga÷i psåquagf y lehgahifm, rfz÷i phr mf gufm mls
ghigljl uif prhtlgga÷i rlkhrzfjf pfrf qul puljfi lolrglr mhs jlrlgdhs
qul htrfs plrshifs, li ghijagahils ihrefmls, lolrgli ghi
futhjltlreaifga÷i.
Phr ghisacualitl, mf hnmacfga÷i qul fsuel lm Lstfjh gheh cfrfitl jlm
jlrlgdh f mf sfmuj elitfm ghisastl li fjhptfr mfs eljajfs phsatavfs
fjlgufjfs pfrf rljugar mfs jlsvlitfofs lstrugturfmls y jfr lm trfth
 prlklrlitl y fprhpafjh f mfs plrshifs ghi jasgfpfgajfj elitfm, f kai jl
ghislcuar mhs hnoltavhs jl su pmlif pfrtagapfga÷i y rlfjfptfga÷i l acufmjfj
jlitrh jl mf shgaljfj pfrf thjfs lmmfs.
Li lstl hrjli jl ajlfs, lstl Zranuifm ghisajlrf qul lm jlrlgdh f mf sfmuj
elitfm ls ui jlrlgdh kuijfelitfm guyh sustlith sl ligulitrf ghitliajh
li lm praigapah-jlrlgdh jl jaciajfj duefif y li mhs jlrlgdhs f mf sfmuj y
f mf aitlcrajfj psåquagf. Lmmh jlnajh f qul mf prlslrvfga÷i jl mf vajf
duefif ih sl maeatf shmfelitl f prhtlclr mf suplrvavligaf nahm÷cagf jl mf
 plrshif duefif, saih qul tfenaái sl lxtalijl f mf phsanamajfj ghigrltf jl
rlguplrfga÷i y elohrfealith jl mfs ghijagahils jl sfmuj. Ghisajlrfr fm
slr duefih aitlcrfmelitl, gheh uif uiajfj kåsagf y psåquagf ls
aeplrftavh li vastf jl gfutlmfr su jlslivhmvaealith vatfm jlitrh jl uifs
ghijagahils eåiaefs jl jaciajfj.
Puls nali, tlialijh prlslitl qul lm jlrlgdh f mf sfmuj elitfm talil phr 
kaifmajfj mf prhtlgga÷i jl mhs jlrlgdhs f mf sfmuj, f mf aitlcrajfj plrshifm
y f uif vajf li ghijagahils jacifs, ghrrlsphijl slöfmfr jl efilrf
liuigaftavf mfs efiaklstfgahils qul aitlcrfi su ghitliajh y qul puljli
slr lolrgajfs y lxacajfs. Fså, puls, qul lm jlrlgdh f mf sfmuj elitfm
gheprlijl?

f. hrjli
Lm jlrlgdh
jlrlgdh f fggljlr
prlvlitavh, f trftfeali
trftfealiths
gurftavh ths fjlgufjhs
fjlgugufijh
h pfmaftavh, fjhs l aj÷ilhs,
aj÷ilhs, slfi lmmhs
mfs plrshifs lmmhs jl
tlicfi
 prhnmlefs pfrf jaskrutfr jlm eæs fmth iavlm phsanml jl sfmuj elitfm,
trftfealiths qul jlnli khrefr pfrtl jlm sastlef jl sfmuj y slcurajfj
shgafm. Mf fusligaf jl ui trftfealith ghi mhs lstæijfrls eæs fmths jl
gfmajfj puljl philr li ralsch mf vajf jl mfs plrshifs l aigmush
hgfsahifrmls ui plrouagah arrleljafnml.
 n. Lm jlrlgdh f qul mf ftliga÷i eájagf slf aitlcrfm, ls jlgar, qul
gheprlijf thjh guajfjh, sueaiastrh jl eljagfeliths, aitlrvligahils
quarÿrcagfs, prægtagfs jl rldfnamatfga÷i, lxæelils jl jafci÷stagh y
slcuaealith jl mhs trftfealiths aiagafjhs, fså gheh thjh htrh
ghephilitl qul mhs eájaghs vfmhrli gheh ilglsfrah pfrf lm
rlstfnmlgaealith jl mf sfmuj elitfm jlm pfgalitl.

67
 

Fdhrf nali, mf sfmuj elitfm, gheh thjh jlrlgdh kuijfelitfm, ghimmlvf mf

rlfmazfga÷i jl hnmacfgahils jl fnstliga÷i y/h jl prlstfga÷i phr pfrtl jlm
Lstfjh h jl pfrtagumfrls qul nraijfi prlstfgahils li sfmuj elitfm. Phr 
lmmh, ghrrlsphijl slöfmfr tfenaái jl efilrf liuigaftavf, guæmls shi lstfs
hnmacfgahils. Fså sl talil qul?
f. Lm Lstfjh jlnl
jlnl grlfr mfs ghijagahil
ghijagahilss qul fslcurli
fslcurli f thjhs fsastligaf
fsastligaf
eájagf y slrvagahs eájaghs li gfsh jl liklreljfj elitfm, qul aigmuyl
lm fgglsh acufm y hphrtuih f mhs slrvagahs jl sfmuj elitfm prlvlitavhs,
gurftavhs y jl rldfnamatfga÷i.
Li lstl puith, rlsumtf aephrtfitl jlstfgfr qul lm Eaiastlrah jl Wfmuj ih
df aigmuajh mhs trfsthrihs elitfmls jlitrh jl mf ghnlrturf jlm Wlcurh
Aitlcrfm jl Wfmuj, slcÿi sl jlsprlijl jlm filxh > jlm Jlgrlth Wuprleh
 I¿ 007->00>-WF. Phr lstf rfz÷i, lstl Zranuifm ghisajlrf qul lm
Eaiastlrah jl Wfmuj, li guepmaealith y tutlmf jl mhs efijfths jl
hptaeazfga÷i ghitliajhs li mhs frtågumhs 6 y 3 jl mf Ghistatuga÷i, talil
qul fepmafr l aigmuar jlitrh jl mf ghnlrturf Wlcurh Aitlcrfm jl Wfmuj f
mhs trfsthrihs elitfmls. Ls eæs, jlnl tlilrsl prlslitl qul lm frtågumh
6.7 jl mf Mly I¿ >4<44 jlgmfrf prahratfraf mf aepmlelitfga÷i jlm
ghephilitl jl sfmuj elitfm li lm Wlcurh Aitlcrfm jl Wfmuj.
 n. Lm Lstfjh jlnl ghitfr ghi ui iÿelrh sukagalitl jl lstfnmlgaealiths,
 nalils y slrvagahs pÿnmaghs jl sfmuj elitfm, fså gheh prhcrfefs
 prlvlitavhs, gurftavhs y jl rldfnamatfga÷i. Lmmh rlqualrl, litrl htrfs
ghsfs, plrshifm eájagh gfpfgatfjh, eljagfeliths y lquaph dhspatfmfrah
galitåkagfelitl fprhnfjhs y li nuli lstfjh, fså gheh ghijagahils
sfiatfrafs fjlgufjfs.
Pfrf qul lm Lstfjh guepmf jagdf hnmacfga÷i, mf efyhråf jl dhspatfmls
jlm Eaiastlrah jl Wfmuj y jlm Wlcurh Whgafm jl Wfmuj jlnli nraijfr 
ftliga÷i psaquaætragf.
ifgahifm, Jl flstl
puls mf ftliga÷i ehjhelitfm
mf sfmuj sl gunraræ mf jlefijf
ih puljl f iavlm
slr glitrfmazfjf.
Fsaeaseh, pfrf qul jagdf hnmacfga÷i sl lolgutl tfenaái ls ilglsfrah
qul lm Eaiastlrah jl Lghiheåf y Kaifizfs y lm Eaiastlrah jl Wfmuj li mf
jastranuga÷i jlm cfsth pÿnmagh li sfmuj lstfnmlzgfi uif pfrtajf
 prlsupulstfm lxgmusavf pfrf lm khelith, prlvliga÷i, gurfga÷i y
rldfnamatfga÷i jl mhs trfsthrihs elitfmls.
g. Lm Lstfjh jlnl sueaiastrfr
sueaiastrfr mhs trftfealiths
trftfealiths,, eljagfe
eljagfeliths
liths,,
aitlrvligahils, prhgljaealiths, lxæelils, slcuaealith jl mhs
trftfealiths aiagafjhs y jleæs rlqulraealiths qul mhs eájaghs
ghisajlrli ilglsfrahs pfrf ftlijlr lm lstfjh jl sfmuj elitfm jl uif
 plrshif2 ls jlgar, talil lm jlnlr jl fslcurfr y prhvllr uif prlstfga÷i jl
ftliga÷i eájagf lkagfz f mfs plrshifs ghi jasgfpfgajfj elitfm.

6:
 

j. Lm Lstfjh jlnl fnstlilrsl jl rlfmazfr

rlfmazfr fgtufgahils y jl heatar mfs
hnmacfgahils qul suphicfi mf suprlsa÷i jlm slrvagah jl sfmuj elitfm, mf
susplisa÷i aioustakagfjf jl mhs trftfealiths uif vlz aiagafjhs h lm
sueaiastrh jl eljagfeliths, slf phr rfzhils prlsupulstfmls h
fjeaiastrftavfs.
Lmmh li vartuj jlm praigapah jl prhcrlsavajfj jl mhs jlrlgdhs
lghi÷eaghs, shgafmls y gumturfmls qul sl ligulitrf ghitlepmfjh li lm
frtågumh >; jl mf Ghivliga÷i Felragfif shnrl Jlrlgdhs Duefihs y li
lm frtågumh jlm >.6 jlm Pfgth Aitlrifgahifm jl Jlrlgdhs Lghi÷eaghs
Whgafmls y Gumturfmls, qul hnmacf fm Lstfjh f fuelitfr prhcrlsavfelitl
mf sftaskfgga÷i jlm jlrlgdh f sfmuj elitfm y prhsgranl su rltrhglsh li mhs
fvfigls hntliajhs. Li eárath jl lmmh, lstl Zranuifm ghisajlrf qul
rlsumtfråf aighistatugahifm qul lm Lstfjh rlghrtl h maeatl lm æenath jl
 prhtlgga÷i jlm jlrlgdh f mf sfmuj elitfm, h qul fuelitl
sustfigafmelitl mhs rlquasaths lxacajhs pfrf fggljlr fm slrvagah jl sfmuj
elitfm, h qul jaseaiuyf mhs rlgurshs pÿnmaghs jlstaifjhs f mf
sftaskfgga÷i jl lstl jlrlgdh.
l. Lm Lstfjh li mhs trftfealiths prlvlitavhs, gurftavhs y jl rldfnamatfga÷i,
y li mfs phmåtagfs, prhcrfefs y pmfils jl sfmuj elitfm, jlnl fpmagfr y
slcuar mhs praigapahs pfrf mf prhtlgga÷i jl mhs liklrehs elitfmls y lm
elohrfealith jl mf ftliga÷i jl mf sfmuj elitfm, fprhnfjhs phr mf
Fsfenmlf Clilrfm jl Ifgahils \iajfs, eljafitl ^lshmuga÷i I¿
:;/661, jl 63 jl jagalenrl jl 6116.
Whnrl lm pfrtagumfr, ghivalil jlstfgfr qul mf Ghrtl Aitlrfelragfif jl
Jlrlgdhs Duefihs df prlgasfjh qul mhs praigapahs hkrlgli uif cuåf ÿtam
 pfrf jltlreaifr sa mf ftliga÷i eájagf df hnslrvfjh mhs guajfjhs
eåiaehs pfrf prlslrvfr mf jaciajfj jlm pfgalitl.

k. Lm Lstfjh jlnl
f ehjakagfrjlnl
mhskhelitfr
kheli tfr mf sfmuj
praigapfmls sfmuj elitfm
elitfmlstrugturfmls
hnstægumhs f trfvás jl fggahils
fgg
y ahils likhgfjf
likhgfjfs
jl fgtatuj pfrfs
rljugar mf jasgraeaifga÷i y prhehvlr mhs jlrlgdhs kuijfelitfmls jl mfs
 plrshifs ghi jasgfpfgajfj elitfm. Lm khelith f mf sfmuj gheprlijl lm
fgglsh f mf ljugfga÷i l aikhrefga÷i shnrl gulstahils rlmfgahifjfs ghi
mf sfmuj elitfm, fså gheh lm khelith jl mf pfrtagapfga÷i jl mf phnmfga÷i
li mf prlstfga÷i jl slrvagahs eájaghs prlvlitavhs y gurftavhs jl sfmuj
elitfm.
c. Lm Lstfjh jlnl jaslöfr phmåtagfs, pmfils y prhcrfefs
prhcrfefs jl sfmuj elitfm
jaracajhs f elohrfr mf sfmuj elitfm jl mfs plrshifs ghi jasgfpfgajfj
elitfm y rljugar lm aepfgth jl mfs liklreljfjls elitfmls li mf
shgaljfj.

6<
 

Li lstl puith, ls hphrtuih jlstfgfr qul lstf hnmacfga÷i df sajh

guepmajf ghi mf fprhnfga÷i jl mhs Mailfealiths pfrf mf Fgga÷i li
Wfmuj Elitfm eljafitl mf ^lshmuga÷i Eaiastlrafm I¿ 03<->00:-EAIWF,
lm Pmfi Clilrfm jl mf Lstrftlcaf Wfiatfraf Ifgahifm jl Wfmuj Elitfm y
Gumturf jl Pfz >00<->060 eljafitl mf ^lshmuga÷i Eaiastlrafm I¿ 06>-
>00;-EAIWF y lm Pmfi Ifgahifm jl Wfmuj Elitfm eljafitl mf
^lshmuga÷i Eaiastlrafm I¿ 1:7->00;-EAIWF
d. Lm Lstfjh talil lm jlnlr jl rlcumfr y kasgfmazfr f mfs aistatugahils qul
 prlstfi slrvagah jl sfmuj elitfm, gheh eljajf ilglsfraf pfrf mf jlnajf
 prhtlgga÷i jl mf vajf l aitlcrajfj jl mfs plrshifs ghi jasgfpfgajfj
elitfm, qul fnfrgf f mfs litajfjls pÿnmagfs y pravfjfs qul prlstfi
slrvagahs jl sfmuj elitfm.
Whnrl lsth, rlsumtf aephrtfitl jlstfgfr qul mf Ghrtl Aitlrfelragfif jl
Jlrlgdhs Duefihs df likftazfjh qul —lm Lstfjh ih shmh jlnl rlcumfrmfs
y kasgfmazfrmfs, saih qul fjleæs talil lm lsplgafm jlnlr jl guajfjh li
rlmfga÷i ghi mfs plrshifs fdå aitlrifjfs‑.

Lmmh qualrl
lklgtavf jlgar qul
prhtlgga÷i jlm lm Lstfjhf mf
jlrlgdh sl sfmuj
ghivalrtl li gheh
elitfm cfrfitl
jl tfith jl mf
mf lkagalitl
 prlstfga÷i jlm slrvagah jl sfmuj elitfm, aigmush gufijh tfith mf
 prhtlgga÷i gheh mf prlstfga÷i jlm slrvagah dfi sajh fsueajfs phr 
 pfrtagumfrls.
Jl mh fitlrahr sl jlsprlijl qul mf rlsphisfnamajfj jl prhtlclr y cfrfitazfr 
mf sfmuj elitfm jl mhs liklrehs psåquaghs, fså gheh mf jl cfrfitazfr li
khref aieljaftf mf prhtlgga÷i jl su vajf y jl su aitlcrajfj plrshifm, rlgfl
 praigapfmelitl li mfs litajfjls prlstfjhrfs jlm slrvagah jl sfmuj jlm
Lstfjh, mh qul ih qualrl jlgar qul jagdh jlnlr lstftfm sl rljuzgf
shmfelitl f mfs dap÷tlsas li qul lm Lstfjh easeh, f trfvás jl sus prhpafs
litajfjls fprlstfjhrfs,
lxtalijl prhvlf
mfs litajfjls slrvagahsquljl nraijfi
pfrtagumfrls sfmuj, saih qul tfenaái
lm slrvagah sl
jl sfmuj
elitfm phr gulitf prhpaf, h phr ligfrch y gulitf jlm Lstfjh.
Fså mfs ghsfs, lstl Zranuifm ghisajlrf qul tfenaái mf rlsphisfnamajfj jl
 prhtlclr y cfrfitazfr mf sfmuj elitfm jl mhs liklrehs
liklrehs psåquaghs rlgfl shnrl
mf kfeamaf, phr slr mf eæs fprhpafjf pfrf nraijfr fphyh, prhtlgga÷i y
gfraöh. Mf kfeamaf guepml ui pfplm kuijfelitfm li lm trftfealith jlm
 pfgalitl, puls su fphyh, prhtlgga÷i y gfraöh puljl plreatar qul lm
 pfgalitl sl rlaighrphrl f mf shgaljfj y rlguplrl su lstfjh pmlih jl sfmuj
elitfm. Li lstl ghitlxth, mf kfeamaf tfenaái fsuel uif phsaga÷i jl
cfrfitl, puls ls mf eæs aijagfjf pfrf fgtavfr mhs slrvagahs jl sfmuj f kfvhr 
jl sus kfeamafrls fklgtfjhs ghi trfsthrihs elitfmls.

6;
 

Wai lenfrch, mf hnmacfga÷i jl mf kfeamaf jl ftlijlr y pfrtagapfr jlm

trftfealith ih ls fnshmutf y lstæ suoltf f mf gfpfgajfj lghi÷eagf, kåsagf y
lehgahifm. Lm ih lvfmufr lsfs ghijagahils aepmagfråf jlofr f mf jlravf lm
guajfjh y mf rlsphisfnamajfj, qul rlgfl li lm Lstfjh, jl prhtlclr f mfs
 plrshifs ghi jasgfpfgajfj elitfm gheh suolths jl lsplgafm prhtlgga÷i.
Phr lmmh, li fusligaf jl mf kfeamaf y li vartuj jlm praigapah jl shmajfrajfj,
slræ
sfmujlmelitfm
Lstfjhjlymfsmfplrshifs
shgaljfjghi
mhsjasgfpfgajfj
ligfrcfjhs jl prhtlclr lm jlrlgdh f mf
elitfm.
Phr lstfs rfzhils, li gfjf gfsh ghigrlth, lm oulz lvfmufræ y jltlreaifræ sa
lm trftfealith prlsgrath puljl prfgtagfrsl ghi mf pfrtagapfga÷i jl mf
kfeamaf, saleprl y gufijh lmmf gulitl ghi mfs gfrfgtlråstagfs fitlrahrelitl
eligahifjfs. Q li gfsh qul ih sl jlnlræ fgujar fm praigapah jl
shmajfrajfj pfrf qul lm Lstfjh slf quali cfrfitagl mf lklgtavf prhtlgga÷i
jlm jlrlgdh f mf sfmuj elitfm jlm fklgtfjh. Lmmh phrqul lm praigapah jl
shmajfrajfj ls ui jlnlr shgafm qul lxacl, f thjfs mfs plrshifs qul aitlcrfi
uif shgaljfj, qul ghmfnhrli pfrf nlilkagafr y fphyfr f htrhs aijavajuhs
qul sl ligulitrli li uif ghijaga÷i jl jlnamajfj efiakalstf―(66).

4. Mf vasa
vasatf
tf åita
åitaef
ef gheh
gheh khref
khref jl
jl prhtl
prhtlgga
gga÷i
÷i f mf kfea
kfeamaf
maf
”Mf vasatf åitaef f mhs aitlrihs ghfjyuvf jlgasavfelitl li mf
ghishmajfga÷i jl mf kfeamaf li lm prhglsh jl rlshgafmazfga÷i jlm rlh, puls
mfs ghijagahils jl dfgaifealith l dacalil jl mhs lstfnmlgaealiths
 pliatligafrahs clilrfi li lstl ui jltlrahrh jl su aitlcrajfj
aitlcrajfj kåsagf, psåquagf
y ehrfm qul krlgulitlelitl shmh puljli slr gheplisfjhs ghi lm fehr qul
 nraijf mf kfeamaf.
Fsaeaseh, lm Lstfjh fm plreatar mf vasatf åitaef lstæ guepmalijh ghi su
jlnlr jl lsplgafm prhtlgga÷i f mf kfeamaf gheh aistatuga÷i kuijfelitfm jl
mf shgaljfj rlghihgajh li lm frtågumh : jl mf Ghistatuga÷i. Wa nali ih ls lm
ÿiagh elgfiaseh pfrf gfutlmfr f mf kfeamaf, lm lspfgah ghepfrtajh li mf
vasatf åitaef så ls prhpagah y ilglsfrah pfrf khrtfmlglr mhs våigumhs jl mf
 pfrlof, puls uif vlz khrtfmlgajf mf rlmfga÷i jl pfrlof, sl kfgamatf mf rlmfga÷i
fre÷iagf ghi mhs daohs.
Ls eæs, mf vasatf åitaef gheh khref jl prhtlgga÷i f mf kfeamaf sl
ligulitrf rlghihgajh li lm G÷jach jl Lolguga÷i Plifm. Fså, jl fgulrjh f
su frtågumh <4 mf vasatf åitaef talil phr hnolth lm efitliaealith jl mf
rlmfga÷i jlm aitlrih ghi su g÷iyucl h ghigunaih, nfoh mfs
rlghelijfgahils jl dacalil, pmfiakagfga÷i kfeamafr y prhkamfxas
eájagf―(6>).

1. Pmfi
Pmfiak
akag
agfg
fga÷
a÷i
i kfeam
feamaf
afrr

63
 

1.6. Ghiglpth
Ghiglpth jl pmfiakagfga
pmfiakagfga÷i
÷i kfeamafr
”Lm ghiglpth jl pmfiakagfga÷i kfeamafr (...) dfnræ qul litlijlrmh gheh ui
 prhcrfef kfeamafr2 manrlelitl fghrjfjh
fghrjfjh phr mf pfrlof, qul talil phr hnolth,
(...) mf manrl jltlreaifga÷i jlm iÿelrh jl sus daohs (...) y —(...) fslcurfr mf
jlgasa÷i manrl, aikhrefjf y rlsphisfnml jl mfs plrshifs y mfs pfrlofs shnrl
lm iÿelrh y lspfgafealith jl mhs ifgaealiths (...)‑―(67).

1.>. Eáthjhs lxgmuajhs jl mf pmfiakagfga÷i kfeamafr

”Mhs eáthjhs qul, gheh lm jl mf lstlramazfga÷i quarÿrcagf, aepajli mf
 prhcrfefga÷i y lm lspfgafealith jl mhs ifgaealiths, pulsth qul mhs dfgli
aephsanmls, ih puljli ghisajlrfrsl gheh gheprlijajhs li lm lmligh jl
mhs jl —pmfiakagfga÷i kfeamafr‑, jfjh qul sl trftf jl prhgljaealiths qul
 pravfi ‗li eugdhs gfshs jl ehjh arrlvlrsanml‗ jl mf gfpfgajfj jl
 prhgrlfr, y, phr tfith, jl mf jl prhcrfefr y/h lspfgafr
lspfgafr mhs ifgaealiths (...)
RJUfjh lm lstfjh fgtufm jl mhs ghihgaealiths y jl mf tlgihmhcåf eájagf‗ mf
lstlramazfga÷i quarÿrcagf ‗phr mh clilrfm arrlvlrsanml- ih pfrlgl slr ui
eáthjh, dfnajf gulitf jlm slitajh y tlihr jl mf mlcasmfga÷i ifgahifm (...) jl
 pmfiakagfga÷i kfeamafr .
Mf lstlramazfga÷i quarÿrcagf, Rls lmU prhgljaealith qul (…) puljl rlsumtfr 
fglptfnml li htrfs garguistfigafs, gheh, phr lolepmh, mfs jl hrjli eájagh
h tlrfpáutagh, li guyh gfsh mfs rlsphisfnamajfjls ghrrlsphijalitls ‗fså
gheh mfs ftliufitls y mf lxaelitls jl fitaourajagajfj‗ quljfråfi suoltfs f
mhs prlglpths clilrfmls y lsplgafmls, jl iulstrh hrjlifealith ouråjagh―(6:).
1.7. Lmlgga÷i jlm eáthjh jl pmfiakagfga÷i kfeamafr
”Mf prhdanaga÷i jlm eáthjh jl mf lstlramazfga÷i ls likftazfr mf prhdanaga÷i
rfjagfm jlm fnhrth, jlofijh f gratlrah jl mf pfrlof lm jlrlgdh jl jlgajar, ghi
litlrf manlrtfj, qul,
fitaghiglptavhs rlsplgth
li gfjfjlgarguistfigaf,
mf utamazfga÷i jl slr
puljfi mhsghisajlrfjhs
jleæs eáthjhs
li lm
gftæmhch jl mhs jl pmfiakagfga÷i kfeamafr, ls jlgar, gheh eljahs jlstaifjhs
f prhcrfefr lm iÿelrh jl ifgaealiths y mf khref jl lspfgafrmhs―(6<).

AAA. KFEAMAF Q EFZ^AEHIAH LI MF O\^AWP^\JLIGAF

O\^AWP^\JLIGAF JLM
Z^AN\IFM GHIWZAZ\GAHIFM

6. Mf kfe
kfeam
amaf
af y su
su ghik
ghikhr
href
efga
ga÷i
÷i eft
eftra
raeh
ehiaiafm
fm
”Wai aephrtfr lm taph jl kfeamaf fitl mf qul sl lstá, lstf slræ elrlgljhrf jl
 prhtlgga÷i krlitl f mfs aiolrligafs qul puljfi surcar jlm Lstfjh y jl mf
shgaljfj.
tutlmf f mf Ih phjræeftraehiafm,
kfeamaf frcuelitfrsl, li ghislguligaf,
thefijh qullxastli
li gulitf qul lm Lstfjh shmh
uif crfi

64
 

gfitajfj jl kfeamafs lxtrfeftraehiafmls. Ls jlgar, sl gheprlijl qul lm

aistatuth kfeamaf trfsgalijl fm jlm eftraehiah, pujalijh jfrsl mf satufga÷i
jl qul lxtaicuajh lstl plrsastf fqulmmf. Lsth ih saciakagf qul lm Lstfjh ih
guepmf ghi mf hnmacfga÷i jl mf Ghistatuga÷i li gufith prhehvlr mf kfeamaf
eftraehiafm, qul suphili efyhr lstfnamajfj y slcurajfj jl mhs daohs―(6;).

>. Jlrlgd
Jlrlgdhh f tlil
tlilrr uif
uif kfeam
kfeamaf
af y ih slr
slr slpf
slpfrfj
rfjhh jl lmmf
lmmf
”Lm Zranuifm Ghistatugahifm, li fitlrahrls hphrtuiajfjls df slöfmfjh qul
lm jlrlgdh f tlilr uif kfeamaf y f ih slr slpfrfjh jl lmmf sl ligulitrf
aepmågatfelitl rlghihgajh tfith li lm prlæenumh jl mf Ghivliga÷i shnrl
mhs Jlrlgdhs jlm Iaöh, qul rlghihgl qul —lm iaöh pfrf lm pmlih y
frehiahsh jlsfrrhmmh jl su plrshifmajfj, jlnl grlglr li lm slih jl mf
kfeamaf, li ui fenalitl jl klmagajfj, fehr y gheprlisa÷i‑, gheh li su
frtågumh 1.6 qul lstfnmlgl qul —mhs Lstfjhs Pfrtls vlmfræi phr qul lm iaöh
ih slf slpfrfjh jl sus pfjrls ghitrf mf vhmuitfj jl lsths‑.
F iavlm jl mf mlcasmfga÷i aitlrif, ligulitrf sustlith aepmågath li lm
 praigapah-jlrlgdh jaciajfj jl mf plrshif duefif y li mhs jlrlgdhs f mf
vajf, f mf ajlitajfj, f mf aitlcrajfj plrshifm, fm manrl jlsfrrhmmh jl mf
 plrshifmajfj y fm nalilstfr rlghihgajhs li mhs frtågumhs 6 y >, aigash
aigash 6 ), jl
mf Ghistatuga÷i Phmåtagf2 li tfith qul, lxpmågatfelitl, sl ligulitrf
rlghihgajh li lm frtågumh 4 jlm G÷jach jl mhs Iaöhs y Fjhmlsglitls qul
lstfnmlgl qul —lm iaöh y lm fjhmlsglitl talili jlrlgdh f vavar, grlglr y
jlsfrrhmmfrsl li lm slih jl su kfeamaf‑.
Fså, tfm gheh mh df slöfmfjh lstl Zranuifm li lm tlrglr pærrfkh jlm
kuijfelith 6< jl mf WZG 6463->001-PDG/ZG (...) mf kfeamaf jlnl slr mf
 praelrf li prhphrgahifr mf elohr prhtlgga÷i f mhs iaöhs ghitrf lm fnush, lm
jlsguajh y mf lxpmhtfga÷i, fså gheh li fjhptfr y lolgutfr jarlgtfelitl
eljajfs jaracajfs f kfvhrlglr jl mf efilrf eæs fepmaf, lm jlsfrrhmmh y
 nalilstfr jlm iaöh. Phr lmmh, gufmqualr jlgasa÷i kfeamafr qul aivhmugrl
fmcuif maeatfga÷i fm lolrgagah jl gufmqualr jlrlgdh, jlnl thefr li gulitf
lm aitlrás suplrahr jlm iaöh (...).
Phr tfith, gufmqualr jlgasa÷i rlmftavf f mf slpfrfga÷i jlm iaöh jl sus pfjrls
h jl su kfeamaf jlnl slr lxglpgahifm y lstfr oustakagfjf phr lm aitlrás
suplrahr jlm iaöh, y prlklrlitlelitl slræ tlephrfm, f kai jl qul slf
jlvulmth f sus pfjrls tfi prhith mhs plreatfi mfs garguistfigafs.
Gheh ghrrlmfth jlm rlghihgaealith ghistatugahifm jl jagdh jlrlgdh, mf
easef slitligaf, li lm kuijfelith 63, df lstfnmlgajh qul (...) lstl
jlrlgdh sl vumilrf gufijh phr rfzhils folifs f mf vhmuitfj y fm aitlrás
suplrahr jlm iaöh, ástl ls slpfrfjh jl su kfeamaf h sl aepajl lm ghitfgth
ghi fmcuihs jl sus ealenrhs, gheh phr lolepmh ghi su efjrl. Lmmh

61
 

 phrqul, gheh ls hnvah, lm iaöh ilglsatf pfrf su grlgaealith

grlgaealith y nalilstfr jlm
fklgth jl sus kfeamafrls, lsplgafmelitl jl sus pfjrls, phr mh qul
aepljårslmh h ilcærslmh sai qul lxastfi rfzhils jltlreaifitls li kuiga÷i
jlm aitlrás suplrahr jl fqulm, lithrplgl su grlgaealith y puljl supraearml
mhs mfzhs fklgtavhs ilglsfrahs pfrf su trfiquamajfj y jlsfrrhmmh aitlcrfm, fså
gheh clilrfr mf vahmfga÷i jl su jlrlgdh f tlilr uif kfeamaf―(63).

7. Jlrlgd
Jlrlgdhh jlm iaöh
iaöh f grlgl
grlglrr li ui
ui fenal
fenalitl
itl jl
jl fklgth
fklgth y jl slcur
slcurajf
ajfj
j
ehrfm y eftlrafm
”Efitlialijh lstf hralitfga÷i prhtlggahiastf jl mhs jlrlgdhs jl mhs iaöhs,
lstl Zranuifm rlghihga÷ qul lm iaöh talil jlrlgdh f grlglr li ui fenalitl
jl fklgth y jl slcurajfj ehrfm y eftlrafm, ghikhrel sl ligulitrf
lstfnmlgajh li lm praigapah ; jl mf Jlgmfrfga÷i jl mhs Jlrlgdhs jlm Iaöh,
lm gufm jasphil qul lm —iaöh, pfrf lm pmlih y frehiahsh jlsfrrhmmh jl su
 plrshifmajfj ilglsatf jl fehr y gheprlisa÷i. Waleprl qul slf phsanml
jlnlræ grlglr fm fepfrh y nfoh mf rlsphisfnamajfj jl sus pfjrls y, li thjh
gfsh, li ui fenalitl jl fklgth y slcurajfj ehrfm y eftlrafm‑ (WZG 6463-
>001-PDG/ZG).
Whnrl mf nfsl jl lstl jlrlgdh, sl —df litlijajh qul lm Lstfjh, mf shgaljfj
y mf gheuiajfj fsueli mf hnmacfga÷i jl guajfr, fsastar y prhtlclr fm iaöh
 pfrf prhgurfr qul tlicf ui iavlm jl vajf fjlgufjh y jacih pfrf su
jlsfrrhmmh kåsagh, psåquagh, fklgtavh, aitlmlgtufm, átagh, lsparatufm y shgafm‑
(WZG 0>41>->060-PDG/ZG)―(64).

:. Jlrl
Jlrlgd
gdhh jl
jlmm iaöh
iaöh f mf
mf aitl
aitlcr
craj
ajfj
fj pså
psåqu
quag
agff
”Lstl Ghmlcafjh sl df prhiuigafjh shnrl lm jlrlgdh jl thjf plrshif f mf
aitlcrajfj psåquagf ‗lm gufm sl lxprlsf li mf prlslrvfga÷i jl mfs
dfnamajfjls ehtragls, lehgahifmls l aitlmlgtufmls‗, rlghrjfijh qul lm
fpfrtfjh d) jlm aigash >:) jlm frtågumh > jl mf Ghistatuga÷i prhdånl thjf
khref jl vahmligaf psåquagf ghitrf uif plrshif. Df fjvlrtajh, fsaeaseh,
qul li mf ourasprujligaf mhs fgths jl fklgtfga÷i psåquagf shi rlgurrlitls li
lm æenath kfeamafr (WZG >777->00:-DG/ZG).
Fm rlsplgth, ls aephrtfitl jlstfgfr qul li su WZG 0>031->001-PDG/ZG,
sl df lstfnmlgajh qul —tlialijh li gulitf lm fsplgth lehgahifm jl mf
aitlcrajfj psåquagf jl mf plrshif (…) fqulm prlslitf uif lsplgafm
efiaklstfga÷i pfrf ghi lm iaöh, puls (…) gheprlijl mf ilglsajfj jl qul
a) lm slitaealith jl slcurajfj slf prhcrlsavh h phr mh elihs lstfnml2 y aa)
mf lstfnamajfj lehgahifm jl mf gufm chzf ih sl vlf plrturnfjf ia rljugajf
ia rljugajf

 phr fclitlsmfh fglptfga÷i

lepftåf, lmleliths lxtlrahrls. Ls phr lmmh
y mhs lståeumhs qulqul lm fklgth,
rlganl lm gfraöh,
ui iaöh jl susmf

>0
 

pfjrls rlkulrzfi su lxprlsa÷i lehgahifm y lm jlsfrrhmmh jl su

plrshifmajfj2 rfzhifealith qul cufrjf ghighrjfigaf ghi mhs lstfnmlgajh
li lm frtågumh : jlm G÷jach jl mhs Iaöhs y Fjhmlsglitls, li mh qul
ghigalril f mf aitlcrajfj psåquagf, manrl jlsfrrhmmh y nalilstfr‑ (rlsfmtfjh
fcrlcfjh).
Jl mh slöfmfjh, sl puljl ghigmuar qul mf slpfrfga÷i frnatrfraf litrl ui
iaöh y su pfjrl ghikacurf, jl phr så, mf vumilrfga÷i jlm jlrlgdh f mf
aitlcrajfj psåquagf jlm iaöh, vumilrfga÷i qul, gheh df jlstfgfjh mf Ghrtl
Aitlrfelragfif, puljl slr prhjugth jl mf aitlrklrligaf jl uih jl mhs
 pfjrls, puls —dfgalijh fmusa÷i f mhs frtågumhs 61 y 73 Rqul prhtlcl lm
jlrlgdh jl mhs iaöhs f ih slr hnolth jl thrturf h trfths grulmls, aiduefihs
h jlcrfjfitlsU jl mf Ghivliga÷i shnrl mhs Jlrlgdhs jlm Iaöh, df
rlghihgajh lm jlrlgdh jlm iaöh f slr prhtlcajh ghitrf aitlrklrligafs jl
fgthrls ih-lstftfmls tfmls gheh lm efmtrfth jl uih jl mhs pfjrls‑ (Hpaia÷i
Ghisumtavf HG-63/0>)―(61).

<. Lm jlrlg
jlrlgdh
dh jl ghitrf
ghitrflr
lr manr
manrlel
lelitl
itl eftr
eftraeh
aehiah
iah gheh
gheh æena
æenath
th jl
prhtlgga÷i jlm jlrlgdh fm jlsfrrhmmh jl mf plrshif
”Lm Zranuifm ghisajlrf qul lm jlrlgdh jl ghitrflr manrlelitl eftraehiah,
sa nali ih talil mf futhiheåf prhpaf jl ui jlrlgdh ghistatugahifm
lsplgåkagh, gheh mh talili mf manlrtfj ghitrfgtufm, jl leprlsf, træisath,
rlmaca÷i h gufmqualr htrf qul sl rlghihzgf li mf Ihref Kuijfelitfm, så sl
ligulitrf li lm æenath jl prhtlgga÷i jlm jlrlgdh fm manrl jlsfrrhmmh jl mf
 plrshif, rlghihgajh li lm frtågumh >, aigash 6), jl mf Ghistatuga÷i.
Ghistatuga÷i.
Lm jlrlgdh fm manrl jlsfrrhmmh cfrfitazf uif manlrtfj clilrfm jl fgtufga÷i
jlm slr duefih li rlmfga÷i ghi gfjf lsklrf jl jlsfrrhmmh jl mf
 plrshifmajfj. Ls jlgar, jl pfrglmfs jl manlrtfj ifturfm li jltlreaifjhs
æenaths jl mf vajf, guyh lolrgagah y rlghihgaealith sl vaigumfi ghi lm
ghiglpth ghistatugahifm jl plrshif gheh slr lsparatufm, jhtfjf jl
futhiheåf y jaciajfj, y li su ghijaga÷i jl ealenrh jl uif gheuiajfj
jl slrls manrls.
Lvajlitlelitl, ih sl trftf jl fepfrfr ghistatugahifmelitl f gufmqualr 
gmfsl jl kfgumtfjls h phtlstfjls qul lm hrjlifealith pujalrf dfnlr 
rlghihgajh h lstfnmlgajh f kfvhr jlm slr duefih. Phr lm ghitrfrah, lstfs sl
rljugli f thjfs fqulmmfs qul slfi ghisustfigafmls f mf lstrugturfga÷i y
rlfmazfga÷i jl mf vajf pravfjf y shgafm jl uif plrshif, y qul ih dfyfi
rlganajh ui rlghihgaealith lsplgafm eljafitl ghigrltfs jasphsagahils jl
jlrlgdhs kuijfelitfmls.
Zfmls lspfgahs jl manlrtfj pfrf mf lstrugturfga÷i jl mf vajf plrshifm y
shgafm ghistatuyli æenaths jl manlrtfj sustrfåjhs f gufmqualr aitlrvliga÷i

>6
 

lstftfm qul ih slfi rfzhifnmls ia prhphrgahifmls pfrf mf sfmvfcufrjf y

lklgtavajfj jlm sastlef jl vfmhrls qul mf easef Ghistatuga÷i ghisfcrf.
\ih jl lshs æenaths jl manlrtfj li mhs qul ih gfnl mf aiolrligaf lstftfm,
 phrqul gulitfi ghi mf prhtlgga÷i ghistatugahifm qul mls jasplisf lm khrefr 
 pfrtl jlm ghitliajh jlm jlrlgdh fm manrl jlsfrrhmmh jl mf plrshifmajfj,
galrtfelitl ls lm aus ghiiunaa. Ghi
ghiiunaa. Ghi su lolrgagah, sl rlfmazf lm eftraehiah
gheh aistatuga÷i ghistatugahifmelitl cfrfitazfjf y, ghi ám Rfuiqul ih
ÿiagfelitlU, f su vlz, tfenaái uih jl mhs aistatuths ifturfmls y
kuijfelitfmls jl mf shgaljfj, gheh mh ls mf kfeamaf. Phr ghisacualitl,
thjf plrshif, li khref fut÷ihef l aijlplijalitl, puljl jltlreaifr 
guæijh y ghi quaái ghitrflr eftraehiah. Pfrtagumfrelitl, li mf jlgasa÷i
jl ghitrflr eftraehiah ih sl puljl fglptfr mf vhmuitfj ‗pfrf futhrazfr h
ilcfr‗ jl ifjal qul ih slf mf pfrlof jl aitlrlsfjhs li su glmlnrfga÷i.
Ls nali galrth qul, gheh sugljl ghi gufmqualr htrh jlrlgdh kuijfelitfm,
lm jlm manrl jlsfrrhmmh jl mf plrshifmajfj tfephgh ls ui jlrlgdh fnshmuth.
Li mf eljajf li qul su rlghihgaealith sl satÿf fm aitlrahr jl ui hrjli
ghistatugahifm , mfs phtlstfjls h kfgumtfjls qul li su slih sl pujalrfi
ghnaofr, puljli slr hnolth jl mf aephsaga÷i jl galrths måeatls h
rlstraggahils f su lolrgagah.
Li fmcuihs gfshs, y phr mh qul dfgl f jltlreaifjhs jlrlgdhs
kuijfelitfmls, mf Ghistatuga÷i suoltf mf fgtavajfj maeatfjhrf jl mhs
jlrlgdhs kuijfelitfmls f mf ilglsajfj jl qul sl hnslrvl lm praigapah jl
rlslrvf jl mly. Fså sugljl, phr lolepmh, ghi mhs jlrlgdhs f mf
aivahmfnamajfj jlm jheagamah, f ghitrftfr ghi kails mågaths, f trfnfofr 
manrlelitl, ltg.―(>0).

;. Lm jlrlg
jlrlgdh
dh fm dhih
dhihrr y mhs måea
måeatls
tls jl
jl prlslr
prlslrvfg
vfga÷i
a÷i jlm
jlm eftra
eftraehi
ehiah
ah
”Lm Zranuifm
gufijh ih ghisajlrf
pfrf mhcrfrmf, uih jlmlcåtaef mf prlslrvfga÷i
mhs g÷iyucls jl vahmfga÷i
jlnf sukrar mf ui eftraehiah
jl sus
jlrlgdhs kuijfelitfmls, jlrlgdhs qul shi aidlrlitls f su gfmajfj jl slr 
duefih.
Vul, lm táreaih —slvagaf‑ utamazfjh li lm frtågumh 773 jlm G÷jach Gavam y
tfenaái phr mhs jlefijfjhs li mf ghitlstfga÷i f mf jlefijf, jlnl
litlijlrsl sustatuajh phr lm jl —vahmligaf kåsagf y psaghm÷cagf‑ y ih shmh
rlklrajh, gheh pfrlgl litlijlr mf pfrtl jlefijfjf, f mhs fgths jl grulmjfj
kåsagf2 qul mf vahmligaf kåsagf y psaghm÷cagf f mf qul sl rlkalrl lm frtågumh
aepucifjh jlm G÷jach Gavam, ls uif vahmligaf fmlcfjf gheh kuijfelith
 phr mf prlsuitf vågtaef pfrf shmagatfr mf slpfrfga÷i jl gulrphs h lm
javhrgah, phr mh qul ih gfnl prlsuear qul df ghislitajh ghi lmmf, h qul mf
df plrjhifjh, saih eæs nali, qul ih lstæ jaspulsth f thmlrfrmf ia phr 

>>
 

ghstuenrl, ia phr ealjh f mf slpfrfga÷i h fm javhrgah, ia phr su crfjh jl

ljugfga÷i h gumturf2 qul mf lxastligaf jl vahmligaf jlnl slr gheprhnfjf
 phr lm oulz rlsplgth f su jlnajf lxastligaf jl ehjh hnoltavh2 qul,
 pmfitlfjf mf jlefijf jl slpfrfga÷i jl gulrphs h jl javhrgah phr lm
g÷iyucl fcrljajh, y gheprhnfjf mf lxastligaf jl vahmligaf phr fgth h phr 
ghijugtf jlm htrh g÷iyucl quljf ghikacurfjf y tapakagfjf mf garguistfigaf
fslpfrfga÷i
qul sl rlkalrli mhs frtågumhs
jl gulrphs 777 y 7:1
y jl javhrgah jlm G÷jach
vaigumfr, puls mfGavam ghehihgfusfm
vahmligaf jl
jlof jl
slr tfm phr lm dlgdh jl qul quali mf rlfmazf h lm qul mf sukrl, h fenhs,
tlicfi jltlreaifjh iavlm jl ljugfga÷i h gumturf, h vavfi li ui fenalitl
jhijl sl fghstuenrl fglptfrmf, puls li thjhs mhs gfshs vumilrf mf
aitlcrajfj kåsagf y psåquagf jl mf vågtaef, fså gheh su jaciajfj y jlrlgdh
f vavar li pfz2 qul, li ghislguligaf, saleprl qul dfyfi aijagahs jl
vahmligaf kåsagf h psaghm÷cagf phr uih jl mhs g÷iyucls jlnl nfstfr mf
lxacligaf jl mf prlsuitf vågtaef f mf slpfrfga÷i jl gulrphs h fm javhrgah
 pfrf qul slf fjeatajf gheh prlsuitf gfusfm y puljf aiagafrsl lm prhglsh2
qul, jlitrh jlm prhglsh, uif vlz gheprhnfjf kægtagfelitl mf vahmligaf,
quljf prhnfjf tfenaái mf vumilrfga÷i f mhs praigapahs ghistatugahifmls
 prlgatfjhs, y ih gfnl, phr lijl, supljatfr su gfrægtlr jl gfusfm, f mf
ljugfga÷i h ghijugtfs jl mhs g÷iyucls.
Vul, li gufith f mf ghstuenrl, sa nali ls galrth qul li fmcuihs mucfrls jlm
tlrrathrah plrufih, h litrl fmcuifs pfrlofs, shgafmelitl sl fglptf mf
vahmligaf jlm efrajh shnrl mf euolr, lmmh ih oustakagf qul lm Lstfjh rlghof
lsf ghstuenrl phr lm saepml dlgdh jl slr tfm, y mf pmfsel mlcasmftavfelitl,
 phrqul ls jlnlr jlm Lstfjh y jl lstl Zranuifm hralitfr f mf shgaljfj
 plrufif dfgaf ui lstftus gfjf vlz eæs gavamazfjh y ousth. Ghstuenrls qul
vumilrfi jlrlgdhs kuijfelitfmls gheh lm jl mf aitlcrajfj kåsagf y
 psaghm÷cagf, lm jl mf acufmjfj jl mhs slrls duefihs, lm jl mf jaciajfj
 plrshifm y lmphr
mf shgaljfj jlrlgdh f chzfr
lm Lstfjh. jl uif vajf
Mf vahmligaf li pfz,
litrl jlnli
efrajh slr lrrfjagfjfs
y euolr, jl
sai aephrtfr 
j÷ijl hgurrf, h quá frrfacfjf lstá, ls saleprl vahmfthraf jl tfmls jlrlgdhs
ghistatugahifmls qul prhtlcli f mhs slrls duefihs, thjhs lmmhs ghi
jaciajfj, tlicfi h ih gumturf, tlicfi h ih ljugfga÷i, tlicfi h ih lm plsh
jl uif ghstuenrl praeatavf y jlcrfjfitl.
Vul, rlsplgth f mf aiouraf crfvl, gheh gfusfm jl slpfrfga÷i jl gulrphs y
jl javhrgah, mf ”crfvljfj― ls ghijaga÷i pfrf qul mf aiouraf ghistatuyf
gfusfm2 qul mf crfvljfj jl mf aiouraf jlplijl jlm slitaealith sunoltavh,
 pfrtagumfr l aitlrih qul hgfsahif li mf vågtaef, y qul mf aitlisajfj jl lsl
slitaealith jlplijl f su vlz, jlm slitajh jl dhihr qul lmmf tlicf jl så
easef.

>7
 

Vul lm dhihr aitlrih jl gfjf plrshif, ls jlgar mf fprlgafga÷i qul jl sus

 prhpahs vfmhrls y vartujls talil, jlnl jaklrligafrsl jlm dhihr lxtlrih, qul
ls mf plrglpga÷i qul talili mhs jleæs rlsplgth f mhs vfmhrls y vartujls jl
lsf plrshif. Mf aiouraf, f jaklrligaf jl mf gfmueiaf y mf jakfefga÷i, aigajl
shmh shnrl lm dhihr aitlrih, qul ls euy sunoltavh, puls jlplijl jl mf
lsgfmf jl vfmhrls pfrtagumfr jlm aijavajuh y jl mf ghepfrfga÷i qul shnrl su
 prhpaf ghijugtf
aitlrlsl, y su lsgfmf
f lsths lklgths, jl vfmhrls, lxtlrif
mf fprlgafga÷i lm easehjlaijavajuh
tlrglrhs. rlfmazf, sai qul
Vul, ghi lstfs prleasfs lm Zranuifm hpaif qul mf crfvljfj jl mf aiouraf
 pfrf ghivlrtar f ástf li gfusfm jl slpfrfga÷i jl gulrphs h jl javhrgah, så
jlnl slr fprlgafjf phr lm oulz li gfjf gfsh ghigrlth puls, f jaklrligaf jl
mf vahmligaf h slvagaf, thjh dlgdh supulstfelitl aiourahsh puljl ih slrmh,
h slrmh ghi jastaiths crfjhs jl aitlisajfj, slcÿi mf ljugfga÷i, ghstuenrls
h ghijugtfs jl mf plrshif y jl mf pfrlof. Lm oulz jlnlræ aivlstacfr sa lm
dlgdh prlsuitfelitl aiourahsh dara÷ crfvlelitl lm dhihr aitlrih jlm
jlefijfitl y qul, li ghislguligaf, ih lstfnf fghstuenrfjh f tfm dlgdh h
sa, fm ghitrfrah, lstfnf fghstuenrfjh f plrjhifrmh, h f ghislitarmh, jl
efilrf qul ihjlghistatuyl,
crfvl, gfpfz hgfsahifr mfpfrfslpfrfga÷i
lsl aijavajuh li pfrtagumfr,
jl gulrphs uif aiouraf
h lm javhrgah. Ih
qualrl lsth jlgar qul lm ouzcfjhr jlnf gmfsakagfr f mf shgaljfj phr lstrfths
jl efyhr h elihr gumturf, ghstuenrls h ljugfga÷i, puls li ui easeh
lstrfth lghi÷eagh, shgafm y gumturfm ls phsanml lighitrfr pfrlofs y jlitrh
jl lstfs, plrshifs, ghi jastaitf fprlgafga÷i y slitaealith jl mh qul
ghistatuyl uif aiouraf crfvl? mf aijfcfga÷i jlm oulz jlnl rlklrarsl fm dhihr 
aitlrih jl mf vågtaef y f mf rlmfga÷i ghi su pfrlof, sai qul slf crfvatfitl lm
lstrfth shgafm h gumturfm fm qul plrtlilzgf.
Vul mf ghijugtf jlsdhirhsf gheh gfusfm jl slpfrfga÷i jl gulrphs y jl
javhrgah lxacajf phr lm frtågumh 773, jlnl ilglsfrafelitl ghighrjfrsl ghi
lm aigash ; jlm frtågumh 777 y ghi lm frtågumh 7:1 jlm G÷jach Gavam, ls jlgar 
qul ih ghistatuyl gfusfm gufmqualr ghijugtf jlsdhirhsf, saih ÿiagfelitl
mf qul —dfcf aishphrtfnml mf vajf li gheÿi‑. Li lstf gfusfm jlnl
fprlgafrsl phr lm ouzcfjhr ih shmh lm dhihr aitlrih saih lm dhihr lxtlrih
jl mf vågtaef, ls jlgar, mf hpaia÷i qul tlicfi mhs tlrglrhs shnrl su fitlrahr,
h prlslitl, h kuturf fglptfga÷i jl mf ghijugtf jlsdhirhsf jl su g÷iyucl2
qul lm rlquasath fjagahifm jl qul —dfcf aishphrtfnml mf vajf li gheÿi‑
 pfrf ghistatuar gfusfm, mf dfgl aigajar shnrl vfmhrls y jlrlgdhs
kuijfelitfmls jl mf plrshif, rlghihgajhs li mf Ghistatuga÷i, guyf jlklisf
ih jlnl quljfr fm frnatrah jlm oulz. \if vlz prhnfjhs mhs jhs lxtrlehs jlm
aigash ; jlm frtågumh 777 jlm G÷jach Gavam, ls jlgar qul lxastl ghijugtf
jlsdhirhsf phr pfrtl
rfzhifnmlelitl jl uih jl
aishphrtfnml mf mhs g÷iyucls
vajf y qulquljf
li gheÿi, jagdf ghikacurfjf
ghijugtf dfgl
mf

>:
 

vahmfga÷i hnoltavf fm jlrlgdh ghistatugahifm qul thjf plrshif talil fm

dhihr, f mf nulif rlputfga÷i y f mf vajf li pfz, jlrlgdhs qul jlnli slr 
rlghihgajhs, aijlplijalitlelitl jlm crfjh jl aistrugga÷i jl mf plrshif h
jlm lstrfth shgafm h gumturfm fm qul plrtlilzgf.
Vul, li mh qul ghigalril f mf ghstuenrl, sa nali lm táreaih —ghijugtf‑
sucalrl uif —slral‑ jl dlgdhs qul puljli suphilr uif ghstuenrl litrl mhs
g÷iyucls, y phr lijl, uif satufga÷i fglptfjf tægatfelitl phr lm fcrfvafjh,
tfm prlsuitf fglptfga÷i ih —ghistatugahifmazf‑ mf vahmfga÷i f mf jaciajfj y
fm dhihr jl mf vågtaef. Lm rlquasath fjagahifm f mf ghijugtf jlsdhirhsf, jl
—dfglr aishphrtfnml mf vajf li gheÿi‑ suphil jl ehjh rfzhifnmlelitl
hnoltavh qul, mmlcfjh jltlreaifjh ehelith, mf vågtaef li mf rlmfga÷i
ghiyucfm yf ih lstæ jaspulstf ia puljl shphrtfr eæs mf ghijugtf
jlsdhirhsf jl su g÷iyucl, f ghstf jl så easeh y jl sus jlrlgdhs
 plrshifmls næsaghs? mf aitlrphsaga÷i jl mf jlefijf jlnl ghisajlrfrsl,
lithigls, gheh prlsuiga÷i jl jlrlgdh, jl qul lsl ehelith df mmlcfjh y
mf ghijugtf jlsdhirhsf uif vlz gheprhnfjf kægtagfelitl li lm prhglsh,
 pfsf f ghistatuar gfusfm jl slpfrfga÷i jl gulrphs h jl javhrgah.
javhrgah.
Vul, li nfsl fm frtågumh > aigash > jl mf Ghistatuga÷i Phmåtagf, qul prhdånl
jastaicuar litrl mfs plrshifs phr ehtavhs jl hracli, ghijaga÷i lghi÷eagf h
jl gufmqualrf htrf åijhml2 f mf Ghivliga÷i Aitlrfelragfif pfrf Prlvliar,
Wfigahifr y Lrrfjagfr mf [ahmligaf Ghitrf mf Euolr, rftakagfjf phr lm Plrÿ
lm >> jl Efrzh jl 611;, li lsplgafm f su frtågumh ; qul prhgmfef —lm
jlrlgdh jl mf euolr f slr vfmhrfjf y ljugfjf manrl jl pftrhils
lstlrlhtapfjhs jl ghephrtfealith y prægtagfs shgafmls y gumturfmls nfsfjfs
li ghiglpths jl aiklrahrajfj h sunhrjaifga÷i‑, jlrlgdh qul lstl Zranuifm
tfenaái rlghihgl f thjh vfr÷i2 fm frtågumh > aigash 3) jl mf Ghistatuga÷i
Phmåtagf qul rlghihgl lm jlrlgdh kuijfelitfm fm dhihr y f mf nulif
rlputfga÷i, qul ghigulrjf ghi lm frtågumh 66 jl mf Ghivliga÷i Felragfif
jl Jlrlgdhs Duefihs y fm frtågumh >0 aigash >> jl mf easef Ghistatuga÷i
Phmåtagf, qul ghisfcrf lm jlrlgdh f mf pfz, f mf trfiquamajfj y f chzfr jl ui
fenalitl lquamanrfjh y fjlgufjh fm jlsfrrhmmh jl mf vajf y, vastfs mfs
suclrligafs jlm Gheatá jl Jlrlgdhs Duefihs jl mfs Ifgahils \iajfs
jlitrh jlm efrgh jlm Pfgth Aitlrifgahifm jl Jlrlgdhs Gavamls y Phmåtaghs,
lstl Zranuifm ghisajlrf qul mhs eljahs lsghcajhs phr lm mlcasmfjhr, ls
jlgar, mf fprlgafga÷i phr lm oulz li nfsl f mf ljugfga÷i, ghstuenrl y
ghijugtf jl mhs g÷iyucls, rlsplgth f mf vahmligaf kåsagf y psaghm÷cagf y f
mf ghijugtf jlsdhirhsf qul dfcf aishphrtfnml mf vajf li gheÿi, ih shi
fjlgufjhs, ia ilglsfrahs, ia prhphrgahifmls, pfrf mf ghislguga÷i jl mf
kaifmajfj jl prlslrvfr lm våigumh eftraehiafm, puls vumilrfi praigapahs y
kaifmajfjls ghistatugahifmls
jlrlgdh plrshifm eæs aephrtfitls.
f mf aitlcrajfj kåsagf, såquagfJagdh jl htrh
y ehrfm, ehjh, lm
lm jlrlgdh fm

><
 

dhihr, f mf jaciajfj plrshifm y f mf nulif rlputfga÷i, lm jlrlgdh f uif

vajf trfiquamf y li pfz y lm jlrlgdh f mf acufmjfj litrl mhs slrls duefihs,
shi vfmhrls eæs fmths, ghistatugahifmelitl, qul mf kaifmajfj mlcåtaef jl
 prlslrvfr lm våigumh eftraehiafm―(>6).

A[. MF \IA×I JL DLGDH

DLGDH LI MF O\^A
O\^AWP^\JL
WP^\JLIGAF
IGAF JLM
Z^AN\IFM GHIWZAZ\GAHIFM
6. Ghig
Ghiglplpth
th jl mf uia÷
uia÷i
i jl
jl dlg
dlgdh
dh
”Wl trftf jl uif uia÷i ehihcæeagf dltlrhslxufm, ghi vhgfga÷i jl
dfnatufmajfj y plrefiligaf, qul ghikhref ui dhcfr jl dlgdh. Lklgth jl
lstf satufga÷i ouråjagf ls qul, gheh yf sl lxpush, sl rlghihzgf uif
gheuiajfj jl nalils ghigunaifrahs, qul jlnlræ suoltfrsl f mf rlcumfga÷i
jl mf shgaljfj jl cfifigafmls―(>>).

>. ^lghih
^lghihgaegaeali
alith
th ghis
ghistat
tatuga
ugahif
hifmm jl mf uia÷
uia÷i
i jl dlgdh
dlgdh
”Gheh ls ghihgajh, trfjagahifmelitl, mf uia÷i jl dlgdh ‗tfenaái
jliheaifjf ghigunaifth h uia÷i lxtrfeftraehiafm‗ ghigatfnf uif
 plrglpga÷i ilcftavf y jl rlgdfzh phr pfrtl jl galrth slgthr jl mf shgaljfj,
ghiganaáijhmf gheh uif khref jl vajf aiehrfm, satufga÷i qul ih sl
ghijlgåf ghi mf rlfmajfj, trfjagahils y gumturf jl htrh crfi slgthr jl mf
shgaljfj plrufif. ^lkmloh jl lmmh lrf mf fusligaf jlm rlghihgaealith jl
lklgths mlcfmls f lstl taph jl uiahils. Ih hnstfitl, lm aigrlelith jl mfs
 prægtagfs ghivavligafmls y mf efyhr slgumfrazfga÷i jl mf shgaljfj y jlm
Lstfjh (y su mlcasmfga÷i) kul aephialijh ui ghitlxth f pfrtar jlm gufm sl
ghelizfrhi f pmfitlfr rlspulstfs ‗praelrh ourasprujligafmelitl y mulch f
iavlm Ghistatugahifm‗ f lstf rlfmajfj shgafm. Fså, mf Ghistatuga÷i jl 6131
rlghihgl phr praelrf vlz f iavlm ghistatugahifm mf uia÷i jl dlgdh. Li mf
ghistatuylitl, sl frcuelit÷ qul tfm aighrphrfga÷i sl jlna÷ fm
rlghihgaealith jl uif rlfmajfj shgafm qul aivhmugrfnf f ui crfi iÿelrh
jl plrufifs y plrufihs. Jl htrh mfjh, sl fiht÷ qul fm ehelith jl mf
slpfrfga÷i jl mfs uiahils manrls sl prlslitfnfi satufgahils aiagufs. Q ls
qul li eugdfs hgfsahils uif jl mfs pfrtls ‗li su efyhråf lm vfr÷i‗ 
tlreaifnf phr fphjlrfrsl jl mhs nalils fjquarajhs phr mf pfrlof jurfitl mf
ghivavligaf. Wa nali tfm prhnmleætagf yf dfnåf elrlgajh mf ftliga÷i jlm
÷rcfih ourasjaggahifm, litlijalijh qul sl lstfnf krlitl f ui
liraqulgaealith amågath, lm ghistatuylitl jl 6131 hpt÷ phr rlghihglr lstf
kacurf f kai jl nraijfr uif shmuga÷i f tfm prhnmleætagf. ^fzhils saeamfrls
 oustakagfrhi qul lm ghistatuylitl jl 6117 efituvalrf mf uia÷i jl dlgdh,
 phr mh qul slGhi
ehjakagfgahils. rlghca÷ li mf Ghistatuga÷i
lstl rlghihgaealith vaclitl
ghistatugahifm sai efyhrls
sl mlcataefi y sl

>;
 

sfmvfcufrjf mf jaciajfj jl fqulmmfs plrshifs qul dfnåfi hptfjh phr mf

ghivavligaf. Fsaeaseh, pfsfi f slr ghisajlrfjhs kfeamaf, phr ghisacualitl
elrlgljhrf jl mf prhtlgga÷i jlm Lstfjh―(>7).

7. Aepmag
Aepmagfig
figafaf jlm
jlm jlnlr
jlnlr kfea
kfeamaf
mafrr li mf uia÷
uia÷i
i jl dlgdh
dlgdh
\ih jl mhs kuijfeliths shnrl mhs qul jlsgfisf mf slitligaf gulstahifjf
ls qul mf ghivavligaf li uif uia÷i jl dlgdh aepmagf uif —gfrcf kfeamafr‑.
Wa nali ls ui fsplgth ghmftlrfm jl mf ghitrhvlrsaf ghistatugahifm, aitlrlsf
rlsfmtfr prlvafelitl qul mf jliheaifga÷i —gfrcf kfeamafr‑ utamazfjf li mf
slitligaf aepucifjf rlsumtf slr gulstahifnml phr gufith aepmagf uif
hnoltavazfga÷i jl mhs aijavajuhs f mhs gufmls sl jlstaif lm ghitliajh jl mf
hnmacfga÷i fmaelitfraf. Mfs plrshifs nlilkagafjfs ghi jagdf tutlmf y
fmaeliths ih shi, ia puljli slr ghisajlrfjfs —gfrcfs‑. Ls phr lmmh qul uif
jliheaifga÷i fghrjl ghi mf Ghistatuga÷i jl jagdf aistatuga÷i ls lm —jlnlr 
kfeamafr‑, lm easeh qul cufrjf y ghiganl uif jaelisa÷i átagf y ouråjagf.
Li mf slitligaf gulstahifjf sl lstaef, sai efyhr frcuelitfga÷i, qul litrl
mhs ghivavalitls lxastl ui jlnlr kfeamafr. Fm rlsplgth, rlsumtf plrtailitl
 prlcuitfrsl sa ls qul lklgtavfelitl lxastl tfm jlnlr litrl mhs ghivavalitls.
Jlm frtågumh 7>; jlm G÷jach Gavam, qul rlcumf mf kacurf jl mf ghivavligaf,
ih sl jlsprlijl lmmh, fm elihs ih lxprlsfelitl. Wai lenfrch, lstl
Zranuifm Ghistatugahifm df lstfnmlgajh qul mf uia÷i jl dlgdh ls uif
gheuiajfj qul plrsacul —kails, hnoltavhs, ehjhs jl fprlgafr lm euijh y
lxplgtftavfs shnrl kuturh, sunstrfth shnrl lm gufm sl lracl lm fprlgah y
fklgth qul sl prhvlli mfs pfrlofs, prlgasfelitl phr mh gufm, ghepfrtli su
vajf li ui —fpfrlitl eftraehiah‑. Jl mh qul sl aikalrl qul lxastl tfenaái
galrtfs hnmacfgahils ih pftraehiafmls. Phr lolepmh, gheh yf sl hnslrv÷, mf
ghikacurfga÷i ghistatugahifm jl lstf uia÷i manrl clilrf ui jlnlr jl
kajlmajfj litrl qualils mf ghikhrefi (...)‑ RWZG 0;<3>->00;-PF,
kuijfelith >6 y >7U. Li suef, jlnl likftazfrsl qul mf uia÷i jl dlgdh
clilrf uif jaiæeagf f pfrtar jl mf gufm sl hracaif mf aitlrjlplijligaf litrl
mhs ghivavalitls.
Li thjh gfsh, slf mf jlgasa÷i phr mf qul hptli mhs oulgls, lsths talili mf
hnmacfga÷i jl jlsfrrhmmfr gmfrfelitl mhs kuijfeliths qul mf sustlitli. Ls
jlgar, jlnli ehtavfr jl khref tfm qul mhs matacfitls puljfi hnslrvfr mf
måilf frcuelitftavf utamazfjf. Ih ls ghistatugahifmelitl mlcåtaeh qul mhs
 oulgls theli jlgasahils ‗jl mfs qul sl jlsprlijfi ghislguligafs ouråjagfs
jl rlmlvfigaf‗ sai qul sl jleulstrli mfs rfzhils kægtagfs y ouråjagfs qul
sustlitli mfs prleasfs shnrl mfs qul sl df nfsfjh lm kfmmh― (>:).

:. Mf uia÷
uia÷i
i jl dlgdh
dlgdh y lm ráca
rácaeli
eli jl shga
shgaljf
ljfj
j jl cfifig
cfifigafm
afmls
ls

>3
 

”Vul, lm frtågumh < jl mf Ghistatuga÷i lstfnmlgl qul? —Mf uia÷i lstfnml jl

ui vfr÷i y uif euolr, manrls jl aepljaelith eftraehiafm, qul khrefi ui
dhcfr jl dlgdh, jf mucfr f uif gheuiajfj jl nalils suoltf fm rácaeli jl
mf shgaljfj jl cfifigafmls li gufith slf fpmagfnml‑. Phr su pfrtl, lm
frtågumh 7>; jlm G÷jach Gavam? —Mf uia÷i jl dlgdh, vhmuitfrafelitl
rlfmazfjf y efitliajf phr ui vfr÷i y uif euolr, manrls jl aepljaelith
eftraehiafm,
jlm eftraehiah,pfrfhracaif
fmgfizfr
uifkaifmajfjls
shgaljfj jly nalils
guepmar jlnlrls
qul slelofitls
sl suoltf f mhs
fm rácaeli jl
shgaljfj jl cfifigafmls, li gufith ml kulrl fpmagfnml, saleprl qul jagdf
uia÷i dfyf jurfjh phr mh elihs jhs föhs ghitaiuhs (...)‑. Phr tfith, jlnl
quljfr gmfrfelitl lstfnmlgajh qul ih ls aijasplisfnml qul lxastf ui
eftraehiah gavam pfrf qul mf uia÷i jl dlgdh puljf dfmmfrsl nfoh lm
rácaeli jl shgaljfj jl cfifigafmls, saih qul mfs uiahils jl dlgdh, gheh
tfmls, sl dfmmfi nfoh jagdh rácaeli, y ih saepmlelitl phr vhmuitfj jl mf
mly, saih phr vartuj jlm prhpah efijfth ghistatugahifm2 —li ghislguligaf‑,
jl fgulrjh ghi mhs jasphsatavhs gatfjhs, li lsplgafm, slcÿi mf Ghistatuga÷i,
mf uia÷i jl dlgdh jl ui vfr÷i y uif euolr hracaif uif gheuiajfj jl
 nalils suoltf fm rácaeli jl shgaljfj jl cfifigafmls―
cfifigafmls―(><).

[. P^AIGA
P^AIGAPAH
PAHW
W JL P^HZLG
P^HZLGGA×
GA×I
I JL MHW JL^L
JL^LGDH
GDHW
W JLM IAÖH
IAÖH
JLWF^^HMMFJHW PH^ MF O\^AWP^\JLIGAF JLM Z^AN\IFM
GHIWZAZ\GAHIFM

6. Prai
Praiga
gapa
pahh jl prh
prhtl
tlgg
gga÷
a÷i
i lspl
lsplga
gafm
fm jlm
jlm iaö
iaöhh
”Lm praigapah jl prhtlgga÷i lsplgafm jlm iaöh sl lracl li lm Jlrlgdh
Aitlrifgahifm jl mhs Jlrlgdhs Duefihs gheh ui praigapah kuijfelitfm.
Kul aiagafmelitl liuigafjh li mf Jlgmfrfga÷i jl Cailnrf shnrl mhs
Jlrlgdhs jlm Iaöh, qul pfrtl jl mf prleasf jl qul mhs iaöhs shi mh elohr 
qul talil mf duefiajfj, rfz÷i phr mf gufm jlnli slr lsplgafmelitl
 prhtlcajhs.
Jl uif efilrf eæs fepmaf y prlgasf lstl praigapah kul rlghihgajh li mf
Jlgmfrfga÷i jl mhs Jlrlgdhs jlm Iaöh, qul li su praigapah > slöfmf qul lm
—iaöh chzfræ jl uif prhtlgga÷i lsplgafm y jasphijræ jl hphrtuiajfjls y
slrvagahs (...) pfrf qul puljf jlsfrrhmmfrsl kåsagf, elitfm, ehrfm, lsparatufm
y shgafmelitl li khref sfmujfnml y ihrefm, fså gheh li ghijagahils jl
manlrtfj y jaciajfj‑.
Phr su pfrtl, lm frtågumh ><.> jl mf Jlgmfrfga÷i \iavlrsfm jl Jlrlgdhs
Duefihs tfenaái rlghihgl lstl praigapah fm slöfmfr qul mf aikfigaf talil
—jlrlgdh f guajfjhs y fsastligaf lsplgafmls‑. Li slitajh saeamfr, lm frtågumh
7.6 jl mf Ghivliga÷i shnrl mhs Jlrlgdhs jlm Iaöh rlghihgl qul mhs

>4
 

—Lstfjhs Pfrtls sl gheprheltli f fslcurfr fm iaöh mf prhtlgga÷i y lm

guajfjh qul slfi ilglsfrahs pfrf su nalilstfr‑.
Kaifmelitl, lm frtågumh 61 jl mf Ghivliga÷i Felragfif shnrl Jlrlgdhs
Duefihs jasphil qul thjh —iaöh talil jlrlgdh f mfs eljajfs jl
 prhtlgga÷i qul su ghijaga÷i jl elihr rlqualrli phr pfrtl jl su kfeamaf, jl
mf shgaljfj y jlm Lstfjh‑. Li måilf saeamfr, lm praigapah jl prhtlgga÷i
lsplgafm jlm iaöh ls rlghihgajh phr mhs frtågumhs >7.: y >:.6 jlm Pfgth
Aitlrifgahifm jl Jlrlgdhs Gavamls y Phmåtaghs y lm frtågumh 60.7 jlm Pfgth
Aitlrifgahifm jl Jlrlgdhs Lghi÷eaghs, Whgafmls y Gumturfmls.
Zlialijh prlslitl lm slitajh ihreftavh jl mhs aistrueliths
aitlrifgahifmls shnrl jlrlgdhs duefihs trfisgraths, lstl Zranuifm lstaef
qul pfrf lm Jlrlgdh Aitlrifgahifm jl mhs Jlrlgdhs Duefihs lm iaöh,
litlijajh gheh thjh slr duefih elihr jl jalgahgdh föhs jl ljfj, ls ui
suolth jl jlrlgdh jl prhtlgga÷i lsplgafm qul rlqualrl jl fsastligaf y
guajfjhs fjlgufjhs, ilglsfrahs y lsplgafmls pfrf su jlsfrrhmmh y nalilstfr,
tfith fitls gheh jlspuás jlm ifgaealith.

Lstl
mmlvfráikfsas tuatavh
uif vajf sl jlnl
thtfmelitl f su ghijaga÷i
aijlplijalitl, jl jlnamajfj
jl ehjh, qul phrefiakalstf pfrf
mf satufga÷i jl
krfcamajfj, aiefjurlz h ailxplraligaf li qul lstæi mhs elihrls krlitl f mhs
fjumths, sl ml aephil f mf kfeamaf, f mf gheuiajfj, f mf shgaljfj y fm
Lstfjh, mf hnmacfga÷i jl fsastar y prhtlclr fm iaöh pfrf cfrfitazfr tfith su
jlsfrrhmmh ihrefm y sfih li mhs fsplgths nahm÷cagh, kåsagh, psåquagh,
aitlmlgtufm, kfeamafr y shgafm, gheh mf prhehga÷i y prlslrvfga÷i jl sus
jlrlgdhs y lm lolrgagah pmlih y lklgtavh jl lmmhs.
Jl fdå qul, mf Ghrtl Aitlrfelragfif jl Jlrlgdhs Duefihs (li fjlmfitl, mf
Ghrtl AJD), pfrtalijh jl mf prleasf jl qul lm iaöh ls ui suolth jl jlrlgdh
jl prhtlgga÷i lsplgafm pfrf lm Jlrlgdh Aitlrifgahifm jl mhs Jlrlgdhs
Duefihs, dfyf jlstfgfjh qul mf —prhtlgga÷i jl mhs iaöhs li mhs
aistrueliths aitlrifgahifmls talil gheh hnoltavh ÿmtaeh lm jlsfrrhmmh
frehiahsh jl mf plrshifmajfj jl fquámmhs y lm jaskrutl jl mhs jlrlgdhs qul
mls dfi sajh rlghihgajhs‑.
Whnrl lstf nfsl ihreftavf suprfifgahifm, lm frtågumh : jl mf Ghistatuga÷i
rlghihgl qul mf —gheuiajfj y lm Lstfjh prhtlcli lsplgafmelitl fm iaöh‑.
Fså puls, tlialijh prlslitl lm liuigafjh ihreftavh jl lstl frtågumh, lstl
Zranuifm lstaef qul lm ghistatuylitl df rlghihgajh lm praigapah jl lsplgafm
 prhtlgga÷i jlm iaöh, qul sl kuijfelitf li mf jlnamajfj, aiefjurlz (kåsagf
y elitfm) h ailxplraligaf li qul sl ligulitrfi mhs iaöhs, y qul aephil
tfith fm Lstfjh gheh f mf kfeamaf, f mf gheuiajfj y f mf shgaljfj, litrl
htrfs fggahils y jlnlrls, mf hnmacfga÷i jl nraijfrmls ftligahils y guajfjhs

>1
 

lsplgafmls y lm jlnlr jl fjhptfr mfs eljajfs fjlgufjfs jl prhtlgga÷i pfrf

cfrfitazfr su jlsfrrhmmh manrl, fre÷iagh l aitlcrfm.
Li nulif gulitf, li vartuj jl lstl praigapah lm iaöh talil jlrlgdh f
jaskrutfr jl uif ftliga÷i y prhtlgga÷i lsplgafm y f chzfr jl mfs
hphrtuiajfjls pfrf jlsfrrhmmfrsl jl uif efilrf sfmujfnml, aitlcrfm y
ihrefm, li ghijagahils jl manlrtfj y jl jaciajfj. Phr lmmh, iaicÿi fgth
mlcasmftavh puljl jlsghihglr mhs jlrlgdhs jl mhs iaöhs ia prlvlr eljajfs
aifjlgufjfs pfrf cfrfitazfr su jlsfrrhmmh aitlcrfm y fre÷iagh, puls li
vartuj jlm frtågumh : jl mf Ghistatuga÷i, lm nalilstfr (kåsagh, psåquagh,
ehrfm, aitlmlgtufm, lsparatufm y shgafm) jlm iaöh sl lracl gheh ui hnoltavh
ghistatugahifm qul talil qul slr rlfmazfjh phr mf shgaljfj, mf gheuiajfj, mf
kfeamaf y lm Lstfjh―(>;).

>. Prai
Praiga
gapa
pahh jl ai
aitl
tlrá
ráss su
supl
plra
rahr
hr jlm
jlm iaö
iaöhh
”Li lstf lsplgafm hralitfga÷i prhtlggahiastf sl ligulitrf tfenaái lm
 praigapah jlm aitlrás suplrahr jlm iaöh, qul f jlgar jl mf Ghrtl AJD, sl
—kuijf li mf jaciajfj easef jlm slr duefih, li mfs gfrfgtlråstagfs prhpafs
jl mhs iaöhs, y li mf ilglsajfj jl prhpagafr lm jlsfrrhmmh jl lsths, ghi
 pmlih fprhvlgdfealith jl sus phtligafmajfjls fså gheh li mf ifturfmlzf y
fmgfigls jl mf Ghivliga÷i shnrl mhs Jlrlgdhs jlm Iaöh‑.
Li lm æenath jlm Jlrlgdh Aitlrifgahifm jl mhs Jlrlgdhs Duefihs lstl
 praigapah kul aiagafmelitl rlghihgajh li mf Jlgmfrfga÷i jl mhs Jlrlgdhs
jlm Iaöh, qul li su Praigapah > lstfnmlgl?
—Lm iaöh chzfræ jl uif prhtlgga÷i lsplgafm  y jasphijræ jl
hphrtuiajfjls y slrvagahs, jasplisfjh thjh lmmh phr mf mly y phr htrhs
eljahs, pfrf qul puljf jlsfrrhmmfrsl kåsagf, elitfm, ehrfm, lsparatufm y
shgafmelitl li khref sfmujfnml y ihrefm, fså gheh li ghijagahils jl
manlrtfj y jaciajfj. Fm prheumcfr mlyls ghi lstl kai, mf ghisajlrfga÷i
kuijfelitfm f qul sl ftlijlræ slræ lm aitlrás suplrahr jlm iaöh‑
(rlsfmtfjh iulstrh).
Li slitajh saeamfr, lstl praigapah sl rlatlrf y jlsfrrhmmf li lm frtågumh 7.6
jl mf Ghivliga÷i shnrl mhs Jlrlgdhs jlm Iaöh, qul jasphil?
—Li thjfs mfs eljajfs ghiglrialitls f mhs iaöhs qul theli mfs
aistatugahils pÿnmagfs h pravfjfs jl nalilstfr shgafm, mhs tranuifmls, mfs
futhrajfjls fjeaiastrftavfs h mhs ÷rcfihs mlcasmftavhs, uif
ghisajlrfga÷i praehrjafm f qul sl ftlijlræ slræ lm aitlrás suplrahr jlm
iaöhs‑ (rlsfmtfjh iulstrh).
Zlialijh prlslitl qul lm aitlrás suplrahr jlm iaöh ls lm praigapah rlcumfjhr 
jl mf ihreftavf aitlrifgahifm jl mhs jlrlgdhs jlm iaöh y qul aitlrfgtÿf y

70
 

rlspfmjf fm praigapah jl lsplgafm prhtlgga÷i jlm iaöh, lstl Zranuifm lstaef

qul lstl praigapah sl ligulitrf aepmågatfelitl rlghihgajh li lm frtågumh :
jl mf Ghistatuga÷i.
Jl fdå qul, li vartuj lstl praigapah, mfs fggahils jlm Lstfjh, mf shgaljfj, mf
gheuiajfj y mf kfeamaf, li mh qul rlsplgtf f mf prhtlgga÷i jl mhs iaöhs y f
mf prhehga÷i, prlslrvfga÷i, lolrgagah y jaskrutl jl sus jlrlgdhs, tlicfi
qul lstfr hralitfjfs f mhcrfr su pmlih nalilstfr kåsagh, psåquagh, ehrfm,
aitlmlgtufm, lsparatufm y shgafm.
Lmmh sl oustakagf ih shmh li mhs aistrueliths aitlrifgahifmls rlslöfjhs,
saih tfenaái li lm frtågumh 6; jlm Prhthghmh jl Wfi Wfmvfjhr, lm gufm
lstfnmlgl qul thjh —iaöh slf gufm kulrl su kamafga÷i talil jlrlgdh f mfs
eljajfs jl prhtlgga÷i qul su ghijaga÷i jl elihr rlqualrl phr pfrtl jl su
kfeamaf, jl mf shgaljfj, jl mf gheuiajfj y jlm Lstfjh‑.
Phr jagdf rfz÷i, lstl praigapah tfenaái aephil qul mf lmfnhrfga÷i,
aitlrprltfga÷i y fpmagfga÷i jl mfs ihrefs rlmfgahifjfs ghi mhs iaöhs, fså
gheh mfs phmåtagfs pÿnmagfs y prhcrfefs shgafmls, jlnfi lstfr jaracajfs fm
 pmlih, frehiahsh
jl manlrtfj, l aitlcrfm
nalilstfr jlsfrrhmmh jl su plrshifmajfj li ghijagahils
y jaciajfj.
Li lstl ghitlxth, rlsumtf væmajh fslvlrfr qul mhs praigapahs jl prhtlgga÷i
lsplgafm jlm iaöh y jlm aitlrás suplrahr jlm iaöh, ml aephili fm Lstfjh mf
hnmacfga÷i jl fjhptfr thjfs mfs eljajfs phsatavfs qul fslcurli jl efilrf
ræpajf y lkagfz mf prhtlgga÷i jl mhs iaöhs ghitrf efmhs trfths, slf li sus
rlmfgahils ghi mfs futhrajfjls pÿnmagfs, slf li mfs rlmfgahils
aitlraijavajufmls h ghi sus kfeamafrls.
Lm Lstfjh lithigls, f trfvás jl sus jaklrlitls ÷rcfihs, fsuel lm jlnlr 
 phsatavh jl fjhptfr thjfs mfs fggahils y eljajfs mlcasmftavfs,
fjeaiastrftavfs, shgafmls y ljugftavfs ilglsfrafs y lkagfgls hralitfjfs f
 prhtlclr f mhs iaöhs ghitrf gufmqualr gmfsl jl vahmligaf (fnush kåsagh h
elitfm, jlsguajh, trfth ilcmaclitl, efmhs trfths h lxpmhtfga÷i) jl qul slfi
vågtaefs, yf slf lstl prhvlialitl jl futhrajfjls pÿnmagfs, jl sus kfeamafrls
h jl tlrglrhs, tfmls gheh lm efmtrfth jl uih jl mhs pfjrls h lm jlsguajh jl
mhs pfjrls pfrf sftaskfglr sus ilglsajfjls shgafmls næsagfs. Li lsths gfshs,
lm Lstfjh talil lm jlnlr jl aitlrvliar pfrf prhtlclrmhs.
Jl htrf pfrtl, ghivalil prlgasfr qul pfrf jltlreaifr mf prlvfmligaf jlm
aitlrás suplrahr jlm iaöh y eftlrafmazfr mf fjhpga÷i jl ftligahils,
guajfjhs y eljajfs lsplgafmls jl prhtlgga÷i, f jlgar jl mf Ghrtl AJD, ls
 prlgash —phijlrfr ih shmh lm rlqulraealith jl eljajfs lsplgafmls, saih
tfenaái mfs. gfrfgtlråstagfs pfrtagumfrls jl mf satufga÷i li mf qul sl dfmmfi
lm iaöh‑―(>3)

76
 

7. Jhgt
Jhgtra
raif
if jl prht
prhtlg
lgga
ga÷i
÷i ai
aitl
tlcr
crfm
fm
”Vul mf prhtlgga÷i jl mhs jlrlgdhs jlm iaöh ls uif prlhgupfga÷i ghistfitl
li lm Jlrlgdh Aitlrifgahifm jl mhs Jlrlgdhs Duefihs. Gheh tfm, df sajh
 pmfsefjf li jaklrlitls aistrueliths aitlrifgahifmls, mhs gufmls rlghihgli
qul thjhs mhs iaöhs, li su gfmajfj jl slrls duefihs, talili thjhs mhs
jlrlgdhs, manlrtfjls y cfrfitåfs qul sl ligulitrfi ghisfcrfjhs li mhs
gmfsl. Fsaeaseh, lstfnmlgli mf
easehs, sai jasgraeaifga÷i jl iaicuif gmfsl.
hnmacfga÷i jl nraijfr uif prhtlgga÷i lsplgåkagf f kfvhr jl mf aikfigaf fm
slöfmfr qul thjhs mhs iaöhs talili jlrlgdh f mfs eljajfs jl prhtlgga÷i qul
su ghijaga÷i rlqualrl, tfith phr pfrtl jl su kfeamaf gheh jl mf shgaljfj y
jlm Lstfjh.
Vul lm ghiglpth jl prhtlgga÷i gheprlijl ih shmh mfs fggahils pfrf lvatfr 
gufmqualr plrouagah shnrl lm jlsfrrhmmh jlm iaöh y jlm fjhmlsglitl, saih
tfenaái mf fjhpga÷i jl eljajfs qul plreatfi su grlgaealith gheh
 plrshifs y gaujfjfihs. Jl lstf khref, li eftlraf jl aikfigaf sl jlnl
litlijlr phr prhtlgga÷i —lm ghiouith jl eljajfs jl fepmah lsplgtrh qul
rlgfli shnrl mf plrshif duefif, jhtfjf jl plrshifmajfj prhpaf y
 phtligafm, qul phr rfz÷i jl su ljfj h garguistfigafs pfrtagumfrls, rlqualrl
jl mf fpmagfga÷i jl eljajfs clilrfmls h lsplgafmls, qul cfrfitagli lm mhcrh
jl su phtligafmajfj vatfm y mf ghishmajfga÷i jl mfs garguistfigafs eåiaefs
 pfrf mf ghistrugga÷i jl su plrshifmajfj, f pfrtar jlm ghihgaealith jlm htrh
y jl mf ilglsajfj jl fmgfizfr mf rlfmazfga÷i prhpaf‑.
Vul mf ghiglpga÷i jlm iaöh y jlm fjhmlsglitl gheh plrshif suolth jl
jlrlgdhs ls ui phstumfjh qul kul liuigafjh phr praelrf vlz li mf
Jlgmfrfga÷i jl mfs Ifgahils \iajfs (HI\) shnrl mhs Jlrlgdhs jlm Iaöh
jl 61<1, salijh phstlrahrelitl ghishmajfjh li mf Ghivliga÷i shnrl mhs
Jlrlgdhs jlm Iaöh. Lstl trftfjh df mmlvfjh f ui prhglsh jl gfenah
lstrugturfm li lm sastlef jl prhtlgga÷i jl mf aikfigaf y jl mf fjhmlsgligaf,
guyfs jasphsagahils dfi sajh aepmlelitfjfs jl khref prhcrlsavf li mhs
hrjlifealiths ouråjaghs jl mhs Lstfjhs, aigmuylijh lm Plrÿ.
Lm praigapfm fphrtl jl mf Ghivliga÷i ls qul suplrf mfs ghiglpgahils
 pftlrih-futhratfrafs lxastlitls dfstf lsl lithigls, mh qul df supulsth ui
gfenah jl pfrfjacef qul aepmagf lm kai jl mf jhgtraif jl mf satufga÷i
arrlcumfr y mf fjhpga÷i jl mf jhgtraif jl prhtlgga÷i aitlcrfm.
Vul mf jhgtraif jl mf satufga÷i arrlcumfr tliåf gheh praigapfmls lols?
f) \i ghislrvfjur
ghislrvfjuraseh
aseh ouråjagh-ghrphrf tavh?? lstf prægtagf pfrtåf jl mf
ouråjagh-ghrphrftavh
 prleasf jl qul mfs mlyls li eftlraf jl aikfigaf lrfi aisukagalitls h
tliåfi mfcuifs, mh qul jltlreaifnf qul mf futhrajfj ghepltlitl fgtufsl,

7>
 

ih shnrl mf nfsl jl mf mly h mhs praigapahs clilrfmls jlm jlrlgdh, saih

gheh ui nuli pfjrl jl kfeamaf.
n) \i jlgasahiaseh
jlgasahiaseh fjeaiastrftav astf?? nfoh mf satufga÷i arrlcumfr, lm
fjeaiastrftavastf
kuigahifrah pÿnmagh chzfnf jl ui fepmah efrcli jl jasgrlgahifmajfj,
tfith li lm æenath ourasjaggahifm gheh fjeaiastrftavh, qul li mf prægtagf
sl rlkmlofnf li ui lolrgagah frnatrfrah jlm phjlr.
g) Lm nfsaseh
nfsaseh jl mf ftliga÷ jarlgtf? lsth ghisaståf li uif prægtagf qul
ftliga÷ii jarlgtf
trfspfsfnf mf lsklrf pÿnmagf li mf gufm sl ghisajlrfnf qul mhs prhcrfefs
jl fsastligaf y phmåtagfs pÿnmagfs li eftlraf jl aikfigaf ih rlqulråfi
mlyls saih elgfiasehs fsastligafmastfs, ghisajlrfijh fm iaöh gheh
hnolth jl prhtlgga÷i y ih gheh suolth jl jlrlgdhs y cfrfitåfs.
Vul krlitl f lstf satufga÷i mf jhgtraif jl prhtlgga÷i aitlcrfm sl fsalitf
li lm aitlrás suplrahr jlm iaöh (frtågumh 7 jl mf Ghivliga÷i jl mhs
Jlrlgdhs jlm Iaöh), guyh kai y khref jl aitlrprltfga÷i ls —(…) mf pmlif
sftaskfgga÷i jl sus jlrlgdhs. Lm ghitliajh jlm praigapah shi mhs prhpahs
jlrlgdhs2 aitlrás y jlrlgdhs, li lstl gfsh, sl ajlitakagfi. Zhjh —aitlrás
suplrahr‑
—jlgmfrfjh pfsf f lstfr
jlrlgdh‑2 eljafjh
phr su phr mhrlklrarsl
pfrtl, shmh lstragtfelitljlrlgdh
qul ls ghisajlrfjh f mh
 puljl slr ‑aitlrás suplrahr‑. \if vlz rlghihgajh ui fepmah gftæmhch jl
jlrlgdhs ih ls phsanml slcuar shstlialijh uif ihga÷i vfcf jlm aitlrás
suplrahr jlm iaöh‑.
Vul lstl Zranuifm yf df tliajh hphrtuiajfj jl prhiuigafrsl shnrl mf
 prhtlgga÷i aitlcrfm jlm iaöh, eljafitl uif mlgturf prhsplgtavf jlm
frtågumh : jl mf Ghistatuga÷i. Fså df rlklrajh qul —mf tutlmf plrefilitl
qul ghi lstf jasphsaga÷i sl rlghihgl talil uif nfsl oustf li mh qul sl df
slöfmfjh gheh aitlrás suplrahr jlm iaöh y jlm fjhmlsglitl, jhgtraif qul
sl df fjeatajh li lm æenath ouråjagh gheh pfrtl jlm nmhqul jl
ghistatugahifmajfj jlm eligahifjh frtågumh :, f trfvás jlm frtågumh AT
jlm Zåtumh Prlmaeaifr jlm G÷jach jl mhs Iaöhs y Fjhmlsglitls y, li lm
lsplgtrh aitlrifgahifm, crfgafs fm praigapah > jl mf Jlgmfrfga÷i jl mhs
Jlrlgdhs jlm Iaöh y fm frtågumh 7, aigash 6 jl mf Ghivliga÷i shnrl mhs
Jlrlgdhs jlm Iaöh‑.
Vul, jl lstf khref, mhs lmleliths praigapfmls jl uif jhgtraif jl
 prhtlgga÷i aitlcrfm valil f slr, lithigls?
f) Mf ghisajlrfga÷i jlm iaöh y lm fjhmlsglitl gheh suolths jl jlrlgdhs y
ih gheh elrhs hnolths jl prhtlgga÷i. Lsths jlrlgdhs aigmuyli thjhs mhs
ghisfcrfjhs li mf Ghistatuga÷i y mhs trftfjhs aitlrifgahifmls rftakagfjhs
 phr lm Plrÿ.

77
 

 n) Mf hnmacfga÷i jl mf shgaljfj y jlm Lstfjh li mf fjhpga÷i l

aepmlelitfga÷i jl phmåtagfs pÿnmagfs, jl gfrægtlr prahratfrah, li eftlraf
jl ljugfga÷i, sfmuj, jlphrtl, gumturf, lspfrgaealith, slcurajfj pÿnmagf,
 oustagaf, trfnfoh, prhjugga÷i y ghisueh dfgaf lm iaöh y fjhmlsglitl. Jl
khref ghepmlelitfraf, sl lstfnmlgl mf ilglsajfj jl qul sl fjhptli
 pmfils lsplgafmls shnrl tlefs lsplgafmls likhgfjhs dfgaf mf aikfigaf y
fjhmlsgligaf,
trfnfoh aikfitam,tfmls
litrlgheh
htrhs.mf trftf jl plrshifs, prhcrfefs jl fjhpga÷i,
g) \i sastlef jl prhtlgga÷i nfsfjh li mf Ghistatuga÷i
Ghistatuga÷i y mf mly, y f trfvás
jlm gufm ih ls lm iaöh h lm fjhmlsglitl mhs qul sl ligulitrfi li uif
satufga÷i arrlcumfr, saih qul shi mfs aistatugahils, pÿnmagfs h pravfjfs,
mfs qul sl ligulitrfi li tfm ghijaga÷i phr ih phjlr sftaskfglr mfs
ilglsajfjls jl fqulmmhs.
j) Lm jaslöh jl ui sastlef jl rlsphisfnamajfj
rlsphisfnamajfj plifm lsplgafm pfrf fqulmmfs
 plrshifs elihrls jl jalgahgdh föhs (jl fgulrjh ghi lm frtågumh 6 jl mf
Ghivliga÷i) qul litrli li ghmasa÷i ghi mf mly plifm.

l) \i sastlefjljlplshs
elgfiaseh rlsphisfnamajfj
y ghitrfplshs,plifm ouvliam
li mf gufm qul mfjlsfrrhmml
lm oulz, jlklisf y ui
lm
Eaiastlrah Pÿnmagh talili ftranugahils y kuigahils jltlreaifjfs phr mf
mly. Li lm æenath plifm, sl fslcurf lm rlsplth fm praigapah jl acufmjfj,
sustatuylijh —lm naiheah aepuiajfj-frnatrfraljfj phr lm naiheah
slvlrajfj-oustagaf‑.
k) Li gfshs lxglpgahif
lxglpgahifmls,
mls, sl plreatl
plreatl uif pravfga÷i
pravfga÷i jl mf manlrtfj
manlrtfj plrh
 nfoh ui rácaeli lsplgafm jl fgulrjh ghi mf Ghistatuga÷i, mf Ghivliga÷i
jl mhs Jlrlgdhs jlm Iaöh y jleæs aistrueliths aitlrifgahifmls―(>4).
(6) NF^NL^ GÆ^GFEH, ^higlsvfmmls. ”Mf Ghitatuga÷i y lm Jlrlgdh Gavam―. Li?  I¿ >, föh >00:. \iavlrsajfj jl mf ^ahof, p. :0.
 ^LJ\^

(>) WZG Lxp. I¿ 0;<3>->00;-PF/ZG, KO ;.

(7) WZG Lxp. I¿ 0;<3>->00;-PF/ZG, KKOO 3, 4 y 1.
(:) Anåjle, KO 60.
(<) WZG Lxp. I¿ 0674:->004-PDG/ZG, KO :.
(;) WZG Lxp. I¿ 0177>->00;-PF/ZG, KO >7.
(3) WZG Lxp. I¿ 0674:->004-PDG/ZG, KO 7.
(4) WZG Lxp. I¿ 0177>->00;-PF/ZG, KO 4.
(1) Anåjle, KO 1.
(60) WZG Lxp. I¿ 0::17->004-PF/ZG, KKOO 63->6
(66) WZG Lxp. I¿ 0>:40->004-PF/ZG, KKOO 60->0
(6>) WZG Lxp. I¿ 06<3<->003-PDG/ZG, KKOO 64->0.
(67) WZG Lxp. I¿ 0006:-611;-FA/ZG, KO s/i, pærr. ÿiagh.
(6:) Åjle.
(6<) Åjle.
(6;) WZG Lxp. I¿ 0;<3>->00;-PF/ZG, KO 66.
(63) WZG Lxp. I¿ 064>6->067-PDG/ZG, KKOO 60-67.
(64) WZG Lxp. I¿ 007><->06>-PDG/ZG, KO 4.
(61) WZG Lxp. I¿ 007><->06>-PDG/ZG, KO 1.
(>0) WZG Lxp. I¿ 0>4;4->00:-FF/ZG, KKOO 6:-6<.

7:
 

(>6) WZG Lxp. I¿ 0064-611;-FA/ZG, KO >.

(>>) WZG Lxp. I¿ 0;<3>->00;-PF/ZG, KO 6;.
(>7) WZG Lxp. I¿ 0;<3>->00;-PF/ZG, KO 6>.
(>:) WZG Lxp. I¿ 0::17->004-PF/ZG, KKOO 6:-6;.
(><) WZG Lxp. I¿ 00:14-6111-FF/ZG, KO >.
(>;) WZG Lxp. I¿ 06463->001-PDG/ZG, KKOO :-3.
(>3) WZG Lxp. I¿ 06463->001-PDG/ZG, KKOO 4-67.
(>4) ^ZG Lxp. I¿ 07>:3->004-PDG/ZG, KKOO :-60.

7<
 

Gfpåtumh AA
JLWF^^HMMH JLM JL^LGDH JL KFEAMAF LI
MF O\^AWP^\JLIGAF JL MF GH^ZL W\P^LEF

A. KAMA
KAMAFG
FGA×
A×I
I LTZ
LTZ^F
^FEF
EFZ^
Z^AE
AEHI
HIAF
AFM
M
6. ^lghih
^lghihgae
gaeali
alith
th jl daohs
daohs lxtrfe
lxtrfeftr
ftraeh
aehiaf
iafmls
mls phr
phr mhs fnulm
fnulmhs
hs ghe
ghehh
garguistfigaf lxglpgahifm. Gfsfga÷i I¿ ;41<->06:-Dufurf
^LW\ELI
Mf Wfmf jl Jlrlgdh Ghistatugahifm y Whgafm Plrefilitl jl mf Ghrtl Wuprlef jl
Oustagaf df slöfmfjh qul lm ”frtågumh 741 jlm G÷jach Gavam fgtufm plreatl qul lm fgth
jl rlghihgaealith jl daoh lxtrfeftraehiafm puljl slr prfgtagfjh phr mhs fnulmhs h
fnulmfs jl mf rlsplgtavf måilf gufijh lm pfjrl h efjrl dfyfi kfmmlgajh, sl
ligulitrli jlsfpfrlgajhs, slfi elihrls jl gfthrgl föhs h sl ligulitrli li mfs
gfusfmls jl aigfpfgajfj fnshmutf―. Puls nali, lm gratlrah fjhptfjh phr mf Wfmf
Wuprlef jlnl slr litlijajh gheh uif ”garguistfigaf lxglpgahifm―, lsth ls, qul lm
fgth jl rlghihgaealith lxtrfeftraehiafm ih shmh puljl slr lklgtufjh phr mhs
 pfjrls h prhcliathrls, saih tfenaái phr uif plrshif qul f plsfr jl ih tlilr tfm
ghijaga÷i, sl ligulitrf mlcataefjf phr mf mly pfrf tfm kai. Jagdh jl htrh ehjh, lm
rlghihgaealith lxtrfeftraehiafm lstæ jfjh phr mf ghikacurfga÷i jl uif
”mlcataefga÷i lxtrfhrjaifraf― qul kfgumtf f mhs fnulmhs mmlvfr f gfnh lm
rlghihgaealith kamafm.

K\IJFELIZH ^LML[FIZL

Hgtfvh.- Lstf easef rlcmf jl mlcataefga÷i lxglpgahifm pfrf mmlvfr f gfnh lm 

fgth jl rlghihgaealith vhmuitfrah jl kamafga÷i lxtrfeftraehiafm kul rlghcajf
 phr lm frtågumh 7<7 jlm G÷jach Gavam jl 617;, li mhs sacualitls táreaihs?
”Li gfsh jl eulrtl h jl aigfpfgajfj plrefilitl jlm pfjrl h jl mf efjrl, lm 
daoh amlcåtaeh puljl slr rlghihgajh phr lm fnulmh pftlrih h phr lm fnulmh
eftlrih, rlsplgtavfelitl, gufijh lsths shi pfjrls mlcåtaehs jlm prleulrth h
jlm aigfpfz―.
 Lstf jasphsaga÷i ftranuåf mlcataefga÷i lxtrfhrjaifraf pfrf prfgtagfr lm fgth
jl rlghihgaealith jl daoh lxtrfeftraehiafm fm fnulmh eftlrih h pftlrih,
rlsplgtavfelitl, li mhs gfshs li mhs qul lm pfjrl h efjrl fjhmlgalrfi jl
aigfpfgajfj plrefilitl2 saleprl qul fqulmmhs kulrfi pfjrls mlcåtaehs jlm 
 prleulrth h aigfpfz. Q ls oustfelitl lm ghitliajh ihreftavh jl lstl frtågumh
lm
jl qul jlnl slr fpmagfjh
rlghihgaealith f mf shmuga÷i
ghitliajh jlm prlslitl
li mf pfrtajf gfsh, thjf
jl ifgaealith vlz qul lmphr
prlslitfjf fgth
lm 

7;
 

jlefijfitl gheh sustlith jl su pltathrah kul prfgtagfjh jurfitl lm plrahjh

jl vacligaf jl lstl gulrph ihreftavh (61:6).

WFMF JL JL^LGDH GHIWZAZ\GAHIFM Q WHGAFM PL^EFILIZL JL MF

GH^ZL W\P^LEF JL O\WZAGAF JL MF ^LPßNMAGF
GFWFGA×I I¿ ;41<->06:-D\F\^F
Maef, saltl jl oumah jl jhs eam quaigl
[AWZF?
Mf gfusf iÿelrh slas eam hgdhgaliths ihvlitf y gaigh, jhs eam gfthrgl2 li fujaligaf
 pÿnmagf mmlvfjf f gfnh li lm jåf jl mf klgdf, aitlcrfjf phr mhs slöhrls oulgls suprlehs?
Zlmmh Camfrja (prlsajlitf), [aiftlf Eljaif, Ehrfmls Pfrrfculz, ^hjråculz Gdævlz y
^uljf Klriæijlz2 mulch jl prhjugajf mf vhtfga÷i ghi frrlcmh f mly, sl leatl mf sacualitl
slitligaf?

A. ^LG\^WH JL GFWFGA×I
[alil f ghihgaealith jl lstf Wfmf Wuprlef lm rlgursh jl gfsfga÷i aitlrpulsth f khofs
galith ihvlitf y trls, phr lm slöhr Muas Fmnlrth ^avlrf Vuaspl, ghitrf mf slitligaf jl
vastf jl klgdf jalz jl efrzh jl jhs eam gfthrgl, hnrfitl f khofs galith sltlitf y hgdh,
qul ghikare÷ mf slitligaf fplmfjf jl klgdf gaigh jl oumah jl jhs eam trlgl, qul jlgmfr÷
aeprhgljlitl mf jlefijf.

AA.
AA. GF
GF\W
\WFM
FM JLM
JLM ^LG
^LG\^
\^WH
WH
Phr eljah jl mf rlshmuga÷i jl klgdf vlaitatrás jl efrzh jl jhs eam quaigl, hnrfitl f
khofs gufrlitf y uih jlm gufjlrih jl gfsfga÷i, sl df jlgmfrfjh prhgljlitl lm rlgursh jl
gfsfga÷i phr mf gfusfm jl aikrfgga÷i ihreftavf jlm frtågumh 7<7 jlm G÷jach Gavam jl
617;.

AAA.. GHI
AAA GHIWAJ
WAJL^F
L^FIJH
IJH

6. Fitlgljlitls?
Praelrh.- F pfrtar jlm fiæmasas jl mhs fuths, puljl fjvlrtarsl qul lm prlslitl prhglsh df
sajh aiagafjh ghi ehtavh jl mf jlefijf jl pltaga÷i jl dlrligaf aitlrpulstf f khofs
jalgasáas phr lm slöhr Muas Fmnlrth ^avlrf Vuaspl, f trfvás jl mf gufm prltlijl qul lm
ourasjaggahifm?  a)  mh jlgmfrl dlrljlrh jl quali li vajf kulrf Luslnaf Vuaspl
÷rcfih ourasjaggahifm? 
[avafih y, li ghislguligaf. aa) rlghihzgf su jlrlgdh f ghigurrar ghi mhs jleæs
dlrljlrhs jl lstf ÿmtaef ‗fdhrf lepmfzfjhs‗ shnrl mfs fggahils y jlrlgdhs
ghrrlsphijalitls fm prljah rÿstagh jliheaifjh Pfrglmf I° :7 jlm Kuijh Pfsfefyh,
ajlitakagfjh ghi \iajfj Gftfstrfm I° 60>31, l aisgrath li mf Pfrtajf ^lcastrfm I°
>0007:4; jlm rlcastrh jl mf prhpaljfj aieulnml jl Dufrfm, f rfz÷i jl ui vlaitagaigh
 phr galith (>< %) jl mfs fggahils y jlrlgdhs jlm nali2 hrjlifijh mf aisgrapga÷i
rlsplgtavf li lm rlcastrh jl suglsahils aitlstfjfs y lm rlcastrh jl mf prhpaljfj aieulnml
jl Dufrfm.

73
 

Wlcuijh.- Lstf jlefijf df sajh jlgmfrfjf aeprhgljlitl phr mf Wfmf Gavam jl mf Ghrtl

Wuplrahr jl Oustagaf jl Dufurf, f trfvás jl mf slitligaf jl vastf hnolth jl aepucifga÷i
(ghikarefijh mf slitligaf jl praelrf aistfigaf jagtfjf phr lm Ouzcfjh Eaxth jl
Gdfigfy), fm ghisajlrfr qul lm fgthr ih df prhnfjh li lstl prhglsh slr daoh jl quali
kulrf Luslnaf Vuaspl [avafih, pulsth qul lm fgth jl rlghihgaealith  ghitliajh li mf
 pfrtajf jl ifgaealith qul fghepföfjf f su jlefijf ih df sajh rlfmazfjh phr mf prhpaf
gfusfitl, saih phr uif tlrglrf plrshif y, fjleæs, tfephgh df prlslitfjh ‗pfrf supmar 
lstf jlkagaligaf‗ uif rlshmuga÷i oujagafm qul jlgmfrl mf lxastligaf jl kamafga÷i ghi
fqulmmf2 y fui gufijh mf plrshif qul rlfmazf lm fgth jl rlghihgaealith li jagdf pfrtajf
 pujalrf slr ui pfralitl qul sl ligulitrf mlcataefjh pfrf rlfmazfr tfm jlgmfrfga÷i, lmmh
shmh ls phsanml li fusligaf h aepljaelith jl mhs pfjrls, mh gufm ih df sajh fgrljatfjh
li mhs fuths.

>. Mf prul
prulnfnf jl mmff kamaf
kamafga
ga÷i
÷i lxtr
lxtrfe
feft
ftra
raeh
ehia
iafm
fm
Zlrglrh.-  Zlialijh li gulitf qul li lm prlslitl gfsh mf gfmajfj jl dlrljlrh jl mf
slöhrf Luslnaf Vuaspl [avafih ls aivhgfjf phr lm fgthr fmlcfijh slr daoh
lxtrfeftraehiafm jl mf easef, lstl Ghmlcafjh ghisajlrf hphrtuih rlklrarsl fm ehjh li
qul iulstrh mlcasmfjhr df ihrefjh mf prulnf jl lstl taph jl kamafga÷i.

Gufrth.-  Limf rlmfga÷i

ihreftavh, kamafga÷i flxtrfeftraehiafm
lstl fsuith, ghivalil rlghrjfrpuljl
 ÿiagfelitl qul, slr
jlitrh jl iulstrh
prhnfjf li jhs sastlef
ehjhs?
a. phr fgth jl rlghihgaealith vhmuitfrah h aa. phr slitligaf oujagafm qul fså mh jlgmfrl.
Li lklgth, jl fgulrjh ghi mh prlvasth phr lm frtågumh 464 jlm G÷jach Gavam fgtufm ‗ 
vaclitl fm ehelith li qul sl prhjuoh mf suglsa÷i‗?
acufmls  jlrlgdhs suglshrahs rlsplgth jl sus pfjrls. Lstf
Zhjhs mhs daohs talili acufmls 
jasphsaga÷i gheprlijl f mhs daohs eftraehiafmls, f mhs lxtrfeftraehiafmls
rlghihgajhs vhmuitfrafelitl  h jlgmfrfjhs phr slitligaf, rlsplgth f mf dlrligaf
jlm pfjrl h jl mf efjrl y mhs pfralitls jl lsths, y f mhs daohs fjhptavhs.
F pfrtar jlm tlxth jl lstf jasphsaga÷i puljl jlsprlijlrsl qul, pfrf mhs gfshs ‗gheh lm
 prlslitl‗ li mhs qul lm fgthr fmlcul mf ghijaga÷i jl  daoh lxtrfeftraehiafm  gheh
sustlith pfrf lxacar jlrlgdhs jl gfrægtlr suglshrah, lm fghcaealith jl lsths jlrlgdhs sl
lighitrfræ ghijagahifjh f qul tfm ghijaga÷i dfyf sajh hnolth jl rlghihgaealith
vhmuitfrah, jl fgulrjh f mly, h dfyf sajh jlgmfrfjf phr slitligaf oujagafm. Q, li lstl
easeh slitajh, lm praelr pærrfkh jlm frtågumh 743 jlm G÷jach Gavam lstfnmlgl qul lm
rlghihgaealith  y mf slitligaf jlgmfrfthraf jl mf pftlriajfj h mf eftlriajfj shi mhs
ÿiaghs eljahs jl prulnf jl mf kamafga÷i lxtrfeftraehiafm.
Vuaith.-  Li lstf hgfsa÷i, lm slöhr Muas Fmnlrth ^avlrf Vuaspl fkaref slr daoh
lxtrfeftraehiafm jl mf gfusfitl Luslnaf Vuaspl [avafih, y prlslitf pfrf fgrljatfr tfm
ghijaga÷i mf pfrtajf jl ifgaealith hnrfitl f khofs guftrh, qul ghitalil lm fgth jl
rlghihgaealith  rlsplgtavh (rlghihgaealith vhmuitfrah). Ih hnstfitl, slcÿi mh
jlsgrath li mf pfrtl aitrhjugthraf jl lstf rlshmuga÷i, mfs aistfigafs jl eárath dfi
jlslstaefjh mf ajhilajfj jl lstf pfrtajf pfrf fgrljatfr lm litrhigfealith, jlnajh f jl

qul lm fgth jl rlghihgaealith  ghitliajh li lstl jhguelith ih kul rlfmazfjh phr mf

74
 

 prhpaf gfusfitl, saih phr ui kfeamafr jl mf easef, sai qul sl dfyf fgrljatfjh mf
 prlsligaf jl uif ghijaga÷i lxglpgahifm qul oustakagfrf qul lstl rlfmazfrf tfm fgth.

7. Lm rlghihg
rlghihgaeali
aealith
th vhmuitfra
vhmuitfrahh y mf mlcata
mlcataefga÷i
efga÷i lxglpgahifm
lxglpgahifm pfrf lklgtufrmf
lklgtufrmf
Wlxth.-  Lm fgth jl rlghihgaealith vhmuitfrah  jl daoh lxtrfeftraehiafm  df sajh
ghiglptufjh li iulstrf jhgtraif gheh lm fgth ouråjagh uiamftlrfm, khrefm, kfgumtftavh,
 plrshifm, aijavajufm, purh l arrlvhgfnml f trfvás jlm gufm uif plrshif efiakalstf su
 pftlriajfj h eftlriajfj lxtrfeftraehiafm rlsplgth jl htrf.
Wátaeh.-  Ih hnstfitl, fui gufijh phr rlcmf clilrfm sl df rlghihgajh qul lm fgth jl
rlghihgaealith jl daoh lxtrfeftraehiafm jlnl slr mmlvfjh f gfnh phr lm prhpah pfjrl
h mf prhpaf efjrl jlm elihr y shmh phr lmmhs ‗gheh suolths fgtavhs ifturfmls jl tfm
fgth‗ y, phr tfm gfusf, lm frtågumh 744 jlm G÷jach Gavam fgtufm df lstfnmlgajh
qul?  ”lm daoh lxtrfeftraehiafm  puljl slr rlghihgajh  phr lm pfjrl y mf
tlxtufmelitl qul? 
efjrl ghiouitfelitl h phr uih shmh jl lmmhs―, sl df fjeatajh tfenaái qul, li
garguistfigafs lxglpgahifmls, lstl fgth puljl slr lklgtufjh phr uif plrshif qul, f plsfr 
jl ih tlilr tfm ghijaga÷i, sl ligulitrf mlcataefjh phr mf mly pfrf tfm kai. Q, li tfm
ghitlxth, lxastli javlrshs sastlefs ouråjaghs li mhs qul sl df plreatajh qul lm
rlghihgaealith puljf slr prfgtagfjh phr mhs fnulmhs , gufijh fqulmmhs gfrlzgfi jl

gfpfgajfj mlcfm pfrf dfglrmh h dfyfi kfmmlgajh.

Li lstl slitajh, lm frtågumh 741 jlm G÷jach Gavam fgtufm plreatl qul lm fgth jl
rlghihgaealith jl  daoh lxtrfeftraehiafm  puljl slr prfgtagfjh phr mhs fnulmhs h
fnulmfs jl mf rlsplgtavf måilf gufijh lm pfjrl h efjrl dfyfi kfmmlgajh, sl ligulitrli
jlsfpfrlgajhs, slfi elihrls jl gfthrgl föhs h sl ligulitrli li mfs gfusfmls jl
aigfpfgajfj fnshmutf prlvastfs li mhs aigashs > y 7 jl su frtågumh :7 h jl aigfpfgajfj
rlmftavf prlvastfs li mhs aigashs > y 7 jl su frtågumh ::.
Hgtfvh.-  Lstf easef rlcmf jl mlcataefga÷i lxglpgahifm pfrf mmlvfr f gfnh lm fgth jl
rlghihgaealith vhmuitfrah jl kamafga÷i lxtrfeftraehiafm  kul rlghcajf phr lm frtågumh
7<7 jlm G÷jach Gavam jl 617;, li mhs sacualitls táreaihs?
Li gfsh jl eulrtl h jl aigfpfgajfj plrefilitl jlm pfjrl h jl mf efjrl, lm daoh
amlcåtaeh puljl slr
rlsplgtavfelitl, rlghihgajh
gufijh lsths shi lm fnulmh
phrpfjrls pftlrih
mlcåtaehs phrleulrth
phr lm fnulmh
jlm prleulrth eftlrih,
h jlm aigfpfz.
Lstf jasphsaga÷i ftranuåf mlcataefga÷i lxtrfhrjaifraf pfrf prfgtagfr lm fgth jl
rlghihgaealith  jl  daoh lxtrfeftraehiafm  fm fnulmh eftlrih h pftlrih,
rlsplgtavfelitl, li mhs gfshs li mhs qul lm pfjrl h efjrl fjhmlgalrfi jl aigfpfgajfj
 plrefilitl, saleprl qul fqulmmhs kulrfi pfjrls mlcåtaehs jlm prleulrth h aigfpfz. Q ls
ustfelitl lm ghitliajh ihreftavh jl lstl frtågumh lm qul jlnl slr fpmagfjh f mf shmuga÷i
jlm prlslitl gfsh, thjf vlz qul lm fgth jl rlghihgaealith ghitliajh li mf pfrtajf jl
ifgaealith prlslitfjf phr lm jlefijfitl gheh sustlith jl su pltathrah kul prfgtagfjh
jurfitl lm plrahjh jl vacligaf jl lstl gulrph ihreftavh (61:6).
Ihvlih.-  Li lstl gfsh, mfs aistfigafs jl eárath dfi jltlreaifjh qul lm fgth jl
rlghihgaealith  ghitliajh li mf pfrtajf jl ifgaealith prlslitfjf phr lm fgthr pfrf
sustlitfr su pltathrah (khofs guftrh) ih df sajh rlfmazfjh phr mf prhpaf gfusfitl, saih phr 

71
 

ui kfeamafr qul sl phjråf lighitrfr mlcataefjh phr mf mly pfrf prfgtagfrmh. Q, li lklgth,
mf hnslrvfga÷i jl mf rlklrajf pfrtajf plreatl lvajligafr lsth easeh?
• Mf pfrt
pfrtaj
ajff jl
jl iifg
fgae
aeal
alit
ithh gghi
hita
tali
lill lm
lm fgt jl rlghihgaealith  jl kamafga÷i
fgthh jl
lxtrfeftraehiafm  jl mf gfusfitl Luslnaf Vuaspl [avafih, rlsplgth fm fdhrf
jlefijfitl, prfgtagfjh lm vlaitatrás jl fchsth jl eam ihvlgaliths gufrlitf y uih.

• Ih hnst
hnstfit
fitl,
su pfjrl, lml,slöhr
lstl
lstl Zlhjhrh
rlghihg
rlghihgaea
aealit
lithh ih
Vuaspl ls
ls prfgta
prfgtagfj
Fpuefytf, gfjhh phr
quali mf pprhpa
kare÷ rhpaff jlgmfrfitl.
gheh gfusf
gfusfitl
itl,, saih
saih ph
phr 
r 
Jágaeh.- Fdhrf nali, ih jlnl plrjlrsl jl vastf qul li lm ehelith li qul sl rlfmaz÷ lm
fgth jl rlghihgaealith, mf gfusfitl Luslnaf Vuaspl [avafih ghitfnf ghi trlgl föhs jl
ljfj (puls, jl fgulrjh f mf pfrtajf jl ifgaealith jl khofs galith trlaitf y gaigh, lstf
ifga÷ lm vlaitauih jl lilrh jl eam ihvlgaliths vlaitahgdh) y, phr tfith, li ftliga÷i f mh
 prlsgrath phr lm frtågumh 1 jlm G÷jach Gavam jl 617; ‗vaclitl li lsf klgdf‗tliåf mf
ghijaga÷i jl aigfpfz fnshmutf, lighitræijhsl aepljajf jl rlfmazfr lm rlghihgaealith
 phr så easef. Li lstl slitajh, jfjh qul li mf klgdf jlm ifgaealith jlm jlefijfitl mf
gfusfitl sl lighitrfnf aephsanamatfjf jl rlfmazfr lm fgth jl rlghihgaealith jlm fdhrf
jlefijfitl, phr tlilr mf ghijaga÷i jl aigfpfz fnshmutf jl fgulrjh f mf mly vaclitl,
 puljl jlsprlijlrsl væmajfelitl qul lm pfjrl jl mf easef ghitfnf ghi mf mlcataefga÷i
lxtrfhrjaifraf
Whnrl thjh, saprlvastf li lm lrf,
lstl ÿmtaef frtågumh 7<7 jlm
fjleæs, G÷jach
pfjrl Gavam jl
mlcåtaeh jl 617; pfrf Luslnaf
mf slöhrf rlfmazfr tfm fgth.
Vuaspl
[avafih, ghikhrel sl jlsprlijl jl mf pfrtajf jl ifgaealith hnrfitl f khofs galith
trlaitf y gaigh.
\ijágaeh? Li lstl puith ghivalil dfglr uif prlgasa÷i eæs. Gufijh lm frtågumh 7<7 jlm
G÷jach Gavam jl 617; dfgåf rlklrligaf f ”aigfpfgajfj plrefilitl― jlm pfjrl h jl mf
efjrl, jlnl litlijlrsl qul lm mlcasmfjhr nusgfnf rlstraicar mf fpmagfga÷i jlm supulsths
jl mlcataeajfj lxtrfhrjaifraf ghitliajh li lstf jasphsaga÷i f mhs gfshs li mhs qul mf
aigfpfgajfj sukrajf phr lm pfjrl h efjrl tuvalrfi gfrægtlr jurfjlrh, aepajalijh qul
 puljf slr lepmlfjf li fqulmmhs supulsths li mhs qul mf aigfpfgajfj jlm pfjrl h mf
efjrl kulrf ehelitæilf h kucfz y, phr tfith, kulrf kægamelitl suplrfnml.
Wlråf aighrrlgth ghisajlrfr qul mf rlklrligaf f ”aigfpfgajfj plrefilitl― tuvalrf gheh
 prhp÷sath jlsgfrtfr gufmqualr supulsth li lm qul mf aigfpfgajfj jlm pfjrl h mf efjrl
kulrf jlkaiatavf h ih tuvalrf maeatfga÷i jl taleph, puls jl slr fså, mf ihref plrjlråf
lkagfgaf prægtagf, fm rlsumtfr aiÿtam pfrf gfshs ‗gheh lm prlslitl‗ li mhs qul mf
aigfpfgajfj jl mhs pfjrls sl prhjuolrf f gfusf jl su prlghgajfj. Phr mh qul jlnl
aitlrprltfrsl ‗kuigahifm y tlmlhm÷cagfelitl‗ qul jagdf rlklrligaf aigmuyl ih shmh f mhs
supulsths li mhs qul mf aigfpfgajfj ih tuvalrf måeatl jl taleph, saih tfenaái f fqulmmhs
li mhs qul, f plsfr jl tlilrmh, mf aigfpfgajfj tuvalrf gfrægtlr jurfnml h jl mfrcf
jurfga÷i (v.c., gufijh mf efjrl h lm pfjrl ih tuvalrfi fui mf ljfj ilglsfraf pfrf phjlr 
rlghihglr fm daoh lxtrfeftraehiafm).
Juhjágaeh? Walijh lmmh fså, sl jlsprlijl qul, fm dfnlr ghisajlrfjh aifprhpafjf f mf
 pfrtajf jl ifgaealith hnrfitl f khofs guftrh pfrf fgrljatfr qul lm jlefijfitl ls daoh
lxtrfeftraehiafm  jl mf gfusfitl, lm fj-qule
fj-qule   df vumilrfjh mh prlvasth li lm frtågumh
7<7 jlm G÷jach Gavam jl 617;, aigurralijh li mf aikrfgga÷i ihreftavf jl gfrægtlr 
eftlrafm jliuigafjf phr lm rlgurrlitl.

:0
 

Lm eárath jl lstf ghigmusa÷i sl fglitÿf, fjleæs, sa sl talil li gulitf qul mfs aistfigafs
jl eárath dfi jltlreaifjh, fjleæs, qul mf pfrtajf jl ifgaealith qul df sajh hnolth jl
ghelitfrah ghitalil tfenaái uif rlgtakagfga÷i jaspulstf phr hrjli oujagafm, li vartuj f
mf gufm sl df rlgtakagfjh lm ihenrl jl mf efjrl ghitliajh li lmmf, f kai jl dfglrmf
ghrrlsphijlr ghi prlgasa÷i ghi lm ihenrl jl mf gfusfitl ”Luslnaf Vuaspl [avafih―2 f
 pfrtar jl mh gufm puljl jlsprlijlrsl qul li ui prhglsh oujagafm aiagafjh ghi fitlrahrajfj
 phr lm fgthr, lstl df mhcrfjh fgrljatfr su litrhigfealith qul efitalil ghi fqulmmf, y ls
 nfoh lstf prleasf qul lm ÷rcfih ourasjaggahifm jaspush mf ghrrlgga÷i jlm ihenrl jl su
efjrl li lm rlklrajh jhguelith.
Jágaeh tlrglrh?  Kaifmelitl, fm dfnlrsl lvajligafjh mf lxastligaf jl aikrfgga÷i
ihreftavf eftlrafm li mf slitligaf jl vastf hnolth jl aepucifga÷i, ghrrlsphijl qul lstl
Ghmlcafjh fgtÿl li sljl jl aistfigaf, slcÿi mh ihrefjh phr lm praelr pærrfkh jlm
frtågumh 71; jlm G÷jach Prhglsfm Gavam. Li ghislguligaf, dfnaáijhsl jltlreaifjh li mhs
 pærrfkhs prlgljlitls qul lm jlefijfitl talil mf ghijaga÷i jl daoh lxtrfeftraehiafm
jl mf gfusfitl Luslnaf Vuaspl [avafih, ghrrlsphijl rlghihglr tfenaái su gfmajfj jl
dlrljlrh jl mf easef, li vartuj f mh jaspulsth phr lm frtågumh 3>: jlm G÷jach Gavam
(vaclitl fm ehelith jl mf suglsa÷i), qul  rlghihgl f mhs daohs mf gfmajfj jl dlrljlrhs
khrzhshs, y lm frtågumh 46; jlm easeh gulrph mlcfm, qul mls ftranuyl lm praelr hrjli
suglshrah.
Fsaeaseh, fm fjvlrtarsl qul lm prljah jliheaifjh Pfrglmf I° :7 jlm Kuijh Pfsfefyh.
aisgrath li mf pfrtajf rlcastrfm I° >0007:4; jlm rlcastrh jl mf prhpaljfj aieulnml jl
Dufrfm, khref pfrtl jl mf efsf dlrljatfraf jlofjf phr mf gfusfitl Luslnaf Vuaspl
[avafih, y qul df sajh trfisklrajh f sus trls dlrljlrhs rlghihgajhs fitlrahrelitl?
Cmhraf Kajlmf Cfrgåf Vuaspl. Ljufrjh Fmkhish Cfrgåf Vuaspl y Ljufrjh Pfsgufm Cfrgåf
Vuaspl, slcÿi sl fjvalrtl jlm Fsalith G7 jl mf pfrtajf rlcastrfm jlm nali (khofs saltl),
ghrrlsphijl tfenaái rlghihglr lm jlrlgdh jlm jlefijfitl pfrf ghigurrar ouith ghi
jagdhs dlrljlrhs shnrl lm lstl prljah, li acufm prhphrga÷i qul lsths, ls jlgar, li lm
vlaitagaigh phr galith (>< %) jl sus jlrlgdhs y fggahils, pulsth qul, slcÿi mh ihrefjh
 phr lm yf rlklrajh frtågumh 464 jlm G÷jach Gavam, thjhs mhs daohs talili acufmls jlrlgdhs
suglshrahs rlsplgth jl sus pfjrls.

^LWHM\GA×I?
Phr guyfs rfzhils? Jlgmfrfrhi K\IJFJH  lm rlgursh jl gfsfga÷i aitlrpulsth f khofs
galith ihvlitf y trls, phr jhi Muas Fmnlrth ^avlrf Vuaspl2 li ghislguligaf,
GFWF^HI mf slitligaf jl vastf jl klgdf jalz jl efrzh jl jhs eam gfthrgl, hnrfitl f
khofs galith sltlitf y hgdh2 y, fgtufijh li sljl jl aistfigaf,  ^L[HGF^HI  mf
slitligaf fplmfjf jl klgdf gaigh jl oumah jl jhs eam trlgl, hnrfitl f khofs galith
vlaitasaltl, qul jlgmfr÷ aeprhgljlitl mf jlefijf, y, ^LKH^EÆIJHMF, mf
jlgmfrfrhi K\IJFJF2 li ghislguligaf, jlgmfrfrhi qul jhi Muas Fmnlrth ^avlrf
Vuaspl? f) Zalil mf ghijaga÷i jl dlrljlrh jl quali li vajf kulrf jhöf Luslnaf Vuaspl
[avafih2 y, n) Zalil jlrlgdh f ghigurrar ghi mhs jleæs dlrljlrhs jl lstf ÿmtaef shnrl
mfs fggahils y jlrlgdhs ghrrlsphijalitls fm prljah rÿstagh jliheaifjh Pfrglmf I° :7
jlm Kuijh Pfsfefyh, ajlitakagfjh ghi uiajfj gftfstrfm I° 60>31, l aisgrath li mf pfrtajf
rlcastrfm I° >0007:4; jlm rlcastrh jl mf prhpaljfj aieulnml jl Dufrfm, f rfz÷i jl ui
vlaitagaigh phr galith (>< %) jl mfs fggahils y jlrlgdhs jlm nali, hrjlifijh mf

:6
 

aisgrapga÷i jl lstf jlgasa÷i li lm rlcastrh jl suglsahils aitlstfjfs y lm rlcastrh jl mf

 prhpaljfj aieulnml rlsplgtavhs2 EFIJF^HI mf punmagfga÷i jl mf prlslitl rlshmuga÷i
hkagafm  Lm Plrufih
li lm jafrah hkagafm Lm Plrufih,, ghikhrel f mly2 li mhs slcuajhs phr mf pfrtl rlgurrlitl
ghitrf jhi Wfitafch Fmkhish Cfrgåf Vuaspl y htrhs, Whnrl jlgmfrfthraf jl dlrljlrhs2 y
mhs jlvhmvalrhi. Oulz suprleh philitl? ^hjråculz Gdævlz.
WW.
ZLMMH CAMF^JA
[AIFZLF ELJAIF
EH^FMLW PF^^FC\L_
^HJ^ÅC\L_ GDÆ[L_
^\LJF KL^IÆIJL_

>. Aepuci
Aepucifga
fga÷i
÷i jl pftl
pftlria
riajfj
jfj y hphsa
hphsaga÷
ga÷i
i jl efjrl
efjrl pfrf
pfrf pr
pruln
ulnff jl FJI
FJI jl
elihr. Gfsfga÷i I¿ ::70->06<-Dufurf
^LW\ELI
F gratlrah jlm Zranuifm Wuprleh ”gufijh sl hnoltf mf ajlitajfj jl uif plrshif sl
talil qul vfmhrfr tfith lm gfraz lstætagh gheh lm jaiæeagh jlm rlklrajh jlrlgdh
kuijfelitfm2 ls jlgar, gufijh sl aepucif mf pftlriajfj jl uif plrshif, ih puljl
 oustakagfrsl shmh li lm jfth cliátagh (...) saih tfenaái li mf prhpaf dasthraf jlm
aijavajuh mh qul mh dfgl ajáitagh f så easeh, li lsths gfshs rlsumtf fpmagfnml mhs
frtågumhs 711 y :00 jlm G÷jach Gavam―. Fm rlsplgth, ls jl rlsfmtfr, qul mfs ihrefs
cmhsfjfs slöfmfi qul mf aepucifga÷i jlm rlghihgaealith puljl slr ilcfjf phr lm
 pfjrl h mf efjrl qul ih aitlrvaih li ám jlitrh jlm pmfzh jl 10 jåfs f pfrtar jl mf
klgdf li qul sl tuvh ghihgaealith jl tfm rlghihgaealith2 ih hnstfitl, jl fjvlrtarsl
mf lxastligaf jl ui rlghihgaealith vhmuitfrah jlm daoh, jl fgulrjh fm frtågumh 71<
jlm G÷jach Gavam, jagdh rlghihgaealith ls arrlvhgfnml. Li lsf måilf, mf Wfmf
Wuprlef df slöfmfjh qul ls arrlmlvfitl leatar hpaia÷i jl khijh shnrl mf hphsaga÷i
jl prfgtagfrsl lm lxfeli jl FJI jl mf elihr, pulsth qul dunh ui rlghihgaealith
vhmuitfrah kamafm.
K\IJFELIZH ^LML[FIZL

Gufrth.- Vul, salijh lmmh fså, f gratlrah jl lstl Zranuifm Wuprleh gufijh sl

hnoltf mf ajlitajfj jl uif plrshif sl talil qul vfmhrfr tfith lm gfraz lstætagh
gheh lm jaiæeagh jlm rlklrajh jlrlgdh kuijfelitfm2 ls jlgar, gufijh sl
aepucif mf pftlriajfj jl uif plrshif, lmmh ih puljl oustakagfrsl shmh li lm 
jfth cliátagh, puls lmmh aepmagfråf hmvajfr qul lm slr duefih sl dfgl f så 
easeh li lm prhylgth ghitaiuh qul ls su vajf. Eæs fmmæ jl mhs jfths kaohs, ls
mf prhpaf dasthraf jlm aijavajuh mh qul mh dfgl ajáitagh f så easeh. Vul, ls li
lsl ghitlxth, qul lm pljajh jlm rlgurrlitl ih puljl fjeatarsl phrqul sl
fepfrf shmh li prhnfnmls supulsths cliátaghs, tlialijh gheh nfsl
fkarefgahils jl mf jlefijfjf (efjrl jl mf elihr) qul ml df efiaklstfjh ih

:>
 

 slr lm pfjrl2 rlfmazfijh su aepucifga÷i li lm föh jhs eam jalz, ih hnstfitl

dfnlrmf rlghihgajh li lm föh jhs eam guftrh. Pfrf gfshs gheh lsths rlsumtfi
jl fpmagfga÷i mhs frtågumhs 711 y :00 jlm G÷jach Gavam, jfjh qul aitlrlsf
tfith fm Lstfjh (qul ilglsatf sfnlr ghi glrtlzf mf ajlitajfj jl ui plrshif)
gheh fm pfrtagumfr (qul df mfnrfjh su ajlitajfj jaiæeagf ghi mf glrtlzf jl
ghihglr f su pfjrl) qul dfyf ui puith jl galrrl pfrf mf aepucifga÷i jl mf
 pftlriajfj. Fepfrfr mf jlefijf saciakagfråf qul mhs tranuifmls jl oustagaf
 khelitli mf aepucifga÷i jl pftlriajfj phr ehtavhs arrlmlvfitls, clilrfijh
ui lstfjh jl aiglrtajuenrl fnshmutf shnrl mf ajlitajfj jl mfs plrshifs.

GH^ZL W\P^LEF JL O\WZAGAF JL MF ^LPßNMAGFWFMF GA[AM

Z^FIWAZH^AF
GFWFGA×I I° ::70->06<-D\F\^F
AEP\CIFGA×I JL PFZL^IAJFJ
Maef, guftrh jl sltalenrl jl jhs eam jalgasaltl.-
WFMF GA[AM Z^FIWAZH^AF JL MF GH^ZL W\P^LEF JL O\WZAGAF JL MF
^LPßNMAGF? [astf mf gfusf iÿelrh guftrh eam guftrhgaliths trlaitf ‗ jhs eam quaigl2
jl ghikhreajfj li pfrtl ghi mh hpaifjh phr mf Wlöhrf Kasgfm Wuprlef li mh Gavam2 y
 prhjugajf mf vhtfga÷i ghi frrlcmh f mly, leatl mf sacualitl slitligaf?

6. EFZL
EFZL^A ^AFF JLM
JLM ^LG\
^LG\^W ^WHH JL
JL GFW
GFWFG
FGA×A×I?
I?
Wl trftf jlm rlgursh jl gfsfga÷i aitlrpulsth phr Qlmatzf Mugåf [lrjl Fcfef f khofs
slasgaliths hgdlitf y jhs, ghitrf mf slitligaf jl vastf jl khofs slasgaliths slslitf y
gaigh jl klgdf gfthrgl jl sltalenrl jl jhs eam quaigl, lxpljajf phr mf Wfmf Eaxtf jl mf
Ghrtl Wuplrahr jl Oustagaf jl Dufurf, qul ghikaref mf slitligaf fplmfjf jl khofs
quaialiths hgdlitf y trls, jl klgdf trls jl efrzh jl jhs eam quaigl, qul jlgmfrf kuijfjf
mf jlefijf shnrl aepucifga÷i jl pftlriajfj.

>. GF\W
GF\WFM
FMLW
LW JL
JLM
M ^LG
^LG\^
\^WH
WH J
JL
L GFW
GFWFG
FGA×
A×I?
I?
Phr rlshmuga÷i jl klgdf hgdh jl fchsth jl jhs eam jalgasáas, ghrralitl f khofs hgdlitf
jlm gufjlrih jl gfsfga÷i, lstl Wuprleh Zranuifm df jlgmfrfjh prhgljlitl lm rlgursh jl
su prhp÷sath, phr mfs gfusfmls jliuigafjfs jl aikrfgga÷i ihreftavf prhglsfm jl mhs
frtågumhs A y [AA jlm Zåtumh Prlmaeaifr, fså gheh lm frtågumh :>3 aigash < jlm G÷jach
Prhglsfm Gavam2 l aikrfgga÷i ihreftavf jl gfrægtlr eftlrafm jl mhs frtågumhs 711 jlm
G÷jach Gavam y AT jlm Zåtumh Prlmaeaifr jlm G÷jach jl mhs Iaöhs y Fjhmlsglitls.

7. FIZLGLJLIZLW?
Prlvafelitl f mf fnshmuga÷i jl mf jliuigaf khreumfjf phr mf rlgurrlitl, ghivalil dfglr 
mfs sacualitls prlgasahils rlsplgth jl mh fghitlgajh li lm prhglsh?

7.6. Ghi lsgrath jl khofs hgdlitf y iulvl f ihvlitf

ihvlitf y gaigh, lm jlefijfitl
jlefijfitl
Ohrcl Fithiah Efifyfy ^fehs, aitlrphil jlefijf jl aepucifga÷i jl
 pftlriajfj jl mf elihr jl aiagafmls C. G. E. [., fmlcfijh ih slr lm pfjrl

:7
 

jl mf rlklrajf elihr y fgueumftavfelitl shmagatf qul sl jlgmfrl mf Iumajfj

jlm Fgth Ouråjagh y sl lxgmuyf su ihenrl jl mf fmujajf Pfrtajf jl
 Ifgaealith I¿ ;73<646;, aisgratf li mf Euiagapfmajfj Jastratfm jl
Pftavamgf, fgga÷i qul mf jaracl ghitrf Qlmatzf Mugåf [lrjl Fcfef2
kuijfelitfijh su prltlisa÷i li qul lm föh jhs eam trls shstuvh rlmfgahils
lxtrfeftraehiafmls ghi Qlmatzf Mugåf [lrjl Fcfef, quali ml efiaklst÷
qul sl jl
trlaitf lighitrfnf lenfrfzfjf2
oumah jl jhs eam guftrh,salijh lm elihr
ifga÷ mf gfsh eligahifr
jl aiagafmlsqul
C. ghi klgdf
G. E. [.,
quali jlnajh f mf aisastligaf jl mf efjrl y li mf grlligaf qul lm rlgurrlitl
lrf lm pfjrl, mf rlghihga÷ lm vlaitasaltl jl fchsth jl jhs eam guftrh2 plrh ls
lm gfsh qul mf efjrl jl mf elihr ml df efiaklstfjh li vfrafs
hphrtuiajfjls qul ih ls lm pfjrl, y qul sl df vfmajh jlm licföh
jhmhsfelitl pfrf qul rlghihgalrf f mf elihr, dlgdh qul df clilrfjh
 nurmfs li su vlgaijfrah jlm jastrath jl Pftavamgf, y fitl lstl jagdh sl df
vasth hnmacfjh f shmagatfr fm Dhspatfm jl Nfrrfigf mf dhof jl ajlitakagfga÷i
jl mf elihr, jæijhsl ghi mf shrprlsf qul li mhs jfths jlm pfjrl, fpfrlgl lm
ihenrl jl htrf plrshif (Ohrcl Efifyfy Pkmugblr) y ih jlm rlquarlitl2
qul, sa nali
saleprl lxastl ghi
ghigulrjf lm fgth jlgmfrftavh
mf rlfmajfj phr pfrtl
nahm÷cagf, phr mhjlm
qulrlgurrlitl, lstl ih
rlgurrl fm Ouzcfjh
 pfrf qul sl fgtÿl mf prulnf cliátagf nahm÷cagf jlm FJI (Ægajh
Jlshxarranhiugmlagh), jlnalijh tlilrsl li gulitf qul li lm prhglsh jl
 prulnf fitagapfjf mf jlefijfjf dazh gfsh heash f mh hrjlifjh phr lm
Ouzcfjh, ih ghigurralijh f mf Fujaligaf jl Fgtufga÷i y Jlgmfrfga÷i
Oujagafm rlfmazfjf lm trlaitf jl ihvalenrl jl jhs eam iulvl, fså gheh
tfephgh f mf Fujaligaf Ghepmlelitfraf mmlvfjf f gfnh lm jåf saltl jl
lilrh jl jhs eam jalz, jhijl sl anf f lklgtufr mf thef jl eulstrfs,
dfnalijh fsastajh mf plrath jlm Mfnhrfthrah Nahmaibs2 phr mh qul mf ghijugtf
jl mf jlefijfjf fm ih ghigurrar f mfs Fujaligafs prhcrfefjfs phr lm
Ouzcfjh jl Kfeamaf li lm Lxpljalitl I¿ 036->001, sl jlnl tlilr li gulitf
fm ehelith jl slitligafr, yf qul su ghijugtf jlof eugdh qul jlslfr,
 prltlijalijh jlehstrfr ghi mf prulnf fitagapfjf qul jagdf elihr ih ls su
daof, prhglsh qul ml df hgfsahifjh cfsths plguiafrahs gheh rlfmazfr lm
ghitrfth ghi lm Mfnhrfthrah Nahmaibs, lm trfsmfjh jlm plrath2 mh qul sl nusgf
ghi mf prlslitl jlefijf ls mf ajlitajfj jl mf elihr jl aiagafmls C. G. E.
[., jlrlgdh kuijfelitfm jl thjf plrshif duefif, ajlitajfj qul su slöhrf
efjrl ih qualrl rlghihglr, quali li lm prhglsh jl prulnf fitagapfjf, ih
 plreata÷ qul sl rlfmagl mf prulnf jlm FJI (Ægajh Jlshxarranhiugmlagh)2
salijh mfelitfnml lm prhgljlr jl mf jlefijfjf ghi su elihr daof jl ih
 plreatårslml ghihglr f su vlrjfjlrh prhcliathr, fså gheh ghi su plrshif
jl phjlr sfnlr mf vlrjfj sa ls su daof h ih2 pfrf prhjacfrml thjh lm gfraöh y
fehr, phrqul fm lxastar jujf kuijfjf ih ls phsanml rlfmazfrmh, mf qul kul
 prhvhgfjf phr su prhcliathrf fm efiaklstfrml qul ih lrf lm pfjrl.

::
 

7.>. Ghitlstf mf jlefijf mf lepmfzfjf Qlmatzf Mugåf [lrjl Fcfef,

shmagatfijh qul mf jlefijf slf jlgmfrfjf aikuijfjf2 fmlcfijh li su
jlklisf qul li lklgth, li lm föh jhs eam trls, ghi lm jlefijfitl
efituvalrhi rlmfgahils lxtrfeftraehiafmls, kruth jl mf gufm ifga÷ su
daof jl aiagafmls C. G. E. [., elihr qul kulrf rlghihgajf phr lstl2 salijh
kfmsh qul ml dfyf efiaklstfjh qul mf elihr ih slf su daof y qul sl dfyf
vfmajh jl licföhsjlpfrf
jl ajlitakagfga÷i qul ám daof
su elihr rlghihzgf f su daof2
fm ehelith qul, safpfrlgl
jl ifglr nali ligheh
mf dhof
su
 prhcliathr Ohrcl Efifyfy Pkmugblr y ih jl Ohrcl Fithiah Efifyfy
^fehs, ls lvajlitl qul sl trftf jl ui lrrhr li gufith fm slcuijh fplmmajh
jlm pfjrl, yf qul mf plrshif jl Ohrcl Efifyfy Pkmugblr ls daoh jlm
jlefijfitl2 li gufith f mf aepucifga÷i jl pftlriajfj, lm jlefijfitl
valil f slr lm pfjrl nahm÷cagh jl su elihr daof, ls phr lmmh qul li lm
Prhglsh I¿ 0>11->001, trfeatfjh fitl lm Ouzcfjh jl Pfz Mltrfjh jl
Nfrrfigf, shnrl fmaeliths, sl kao÷ mf gfitajfj jlm jalgahgdh phr galith (64
%) jlm thtfm jl sus aicrlshs qul plrganl gheh ealenrh jl mf Phmagåf
 Ifgahifm jlm Plrÿ2 fjumtlrfijh aigmush mf ajlitajfj jlm elihr Ljcfr 
Ljufrjh Gfrrfsgh
fmaelitfraf2 Zfkur
y sa nali pfrf fprltlijlr
sl ilc÷ rlfmazfrslsustrflrsl
mf prulnf jl
jlm suFJI
hnmacfga÷i
(Ægajh
Jlshxarranhiugmlagh) ls phrqul ih quash lxphilr f su elihr daof f uif
satufga÷i  trfueætagf2 jlnalijh jlgmfrfrsl aeprhgljlitl mf jlefijf li
lstl lxtrleh, yf qul jl ghikhreajfj ghi mh jaspulsth phr lm frtågumh 71<
jlm G÷jach Gavam, lm rlghihgaealith ih fjeatl ehjfmajfj y ls arrlvhgfnml2
li gufith f mf iumajfj jlm fgth ouråjagh, fm ih lstfr kuijfelitfjh sl jlna÷
jlgmfrfr aeprhgljlitl, ih lxastalijh ghilxa÷i m÷cagf litrl mhs dlgdhs y lm
 pltathrah2 salijh qul li lm rlghihgaealith jl su daof, qul talil mf gfmajfj
jl fgth ouråjagh, jagdh fgth df guepmajh ghi thjhs mhs rlquasaths pfrf su
vfmajlz qul ih puljl slr gulstahifjh phr lm jlefijfitl, ih
ghikacuræijhsl iaicuih jl mhs supulsths lstfnmlgajhs li lm frtågumh >61
jlm G÷jach Gavam, elihs dfi sajh aivhgfjhs phr lm fgthr2 y li gufith f mf
lxgmusa÷i jl ihenrl, fm slr mf fgga÷i jl rlghihgaealith arrlvhgfnml, ih
gfnl mf aepucifga÷i jlm fgth ouråjagh jl su Pfrtajf jl Ifgaealith, elihs
lxgmuar mhs ihenrls jl su prhcliathr, jlnalijh jlgmfrfrsl aikuijfjf mf
jlefijf.

7.7. Eljafitl slitligaf jl praelrf

praelrf aistfigaf, sl jlgmfr÷ kuijfjf mf jlefijf
jl khofs hgdlitf y iulvl f ihvlitf y gaigh, aitlrpulstf phr Ohrcl Fithiah
Efifyfy ^fehs ghitrf Qlmatzf Mugåf [lrjl Fcfef, shnrl Aepucifga÷i
jl Pftlriajfj  jl mf elihr jl aiagafmls C. G. E. [.2 li ghislguligaf,
jlgmfr÷? iumh lm rlghihgaealith jl pftlriajfj lklgtufjh phr lm
jlefijfitl Ohrcl Fithiah Efifyfy ^fehs rlsplgth jl mf iaöf jl

:<
 

aiagafmls C. G. E. [., y fplmfjf qul kul lstf kul ghikarefjf phr mf Wfmf
Wuplrahr.
:. K\IJ
K\IJFE FELI
LIZHZHW
W JL LWZF
LWZF WFM
WFMF F W\P^
W\P^LE LEF?F?
Praelrh.-  Vul, fm ehelith jl gfmakagfr lm rlgursh jl gfsfga÷i sl df jlgmfrfjh mf
vagahs   ai aujagfijh 
 prhgljligaf phr mf gfusfm jl aikrfgga÷i ihreftavf phr vagahs aujagfijh  l  ai
rhgljlijh
elilstlr gheh prlvafelitl,
rlfmazfr, kuijfelitfga÷i jl mfs jliuigafs
lm lstujah y, fdhrf,
y fiæmasas jl fm ftlijlr
mf gfusfm rlklrajf sus lklgths, ls
f aikrfggahils
 prhglsfmls.
Wlcuijh.- Vul, tlialijh li gulitf mh lxpulsth, li rlmfga÷i f mfs gfusfmls jliuigafjfs
 phr aikrfgga÷i f mhs frtågumhs A y [AA jlm
j lm Zåtumh Prlmaeaifr fså gheh lm ::>3
>3 aigash < jlm
G÷jach Prhglsfm Gavam, jlnl slöfmfrsl, li praigapah, qul, lklgtavfelitl mf slitligaf
rlgurrajf sl ligulitrf jlklgtuhsfelitl ehtavfjf fm ghisajlrfr f mf prltlisa÷i jl
 Iumajfj jl Fgth Ouråjagh gheh fgglshraf jl mf prltlisa÷i jl aepucifga÷i jl
pftlriajfj, pulsth qul gfjf uif jl lmmfs ghistatuyl uif prltlisa÷i aijlplijalitl jl mf
htrf2 sai lenfrch, ih hnstfitl ghisajlrfr lm Ghmlcafjh jl [astf f mf Aepucifga÷i jl
Pftlriajfj gheh prltlisa÷i praigapfm, jlna÷ prhgljlr f fifmazfr mhs fmgfigls jlm frtågumh
711 jlm G÷jach Gavam, eæxael sa jagdf ihref rlcumf qul lm rlghihgaealith puljl slr 
ilcfjh phr lm pfjrl
ih sl liefrgf h phr mf efjrl
lm jlefijfitl fm qul ih aitlrvalil
dfnlr li ám (…),
vhmuitfrafelitl supulsthfjlitrh
rlghihgajh jlm gufm
mf elihr jl
aiagafmls C.G.E.[.2 salijh lmmh fså mf prlslitl jlefijf sl ligulitrf jlitrh jl mf gfusfm
jl aeprhgljligaf pmfsefjf li lm aigash < jlm frtågumh :>3 jlm G÷jach Prhglsfm Gavam,
 phr ghistatuar ui pltathrah ouråjagf y kåsagfelitl aephsanml.
Zlrglrh.- Vul, ftlijalijh f lmmh jlnl tlilrsl prlslitl lm efrgh kægtagh lstfnmlgajh li
mhs fuths jl eárath. Fså sl talil? 6) Mf elihr kul rlghihgajf manrlelitl phr lm
jlefijfitl2 qul, sai jujf, mf prhgrlfga÷i ghistatuyl lm prlsupulsth nahm÷cagh
kuijfelitfm li mf ghistatuga÷i jl mf rlmfga÷i ouråjagf pftlrih kamafm2 sai lenfrch, jagdf
kamafga÷i hthrcf uif ajlitajfj qul, li praelrf aistfigaf, phjlehs mmfefr lstætagf, plrh
qul mulch sl aræ rlfmazfijh li lm fghitlglr jafrah jl uif efilrf jaiæeagf y prhylgtavf.
Lm jlrlgdh f mf ajlitajfj, li lklgth, ghikhrel mh df aijagfjh Gfrmhs Klriæijlz
Wlssfrlch ghistatuyl?
aijavajufmazfr ”Lmli ghiouith
f mf plrshif shgaljfj―,jl ftranuths ynfoh
p rlslitæijhsl
prlslitæijhsl gfrfgtlråstagfs
jhs fsplgths?qul
”uihplreatli
lstætagh,
eljafitl lm gufm sl jf uif praelrf l aieljaftf vasa÷i jlm suolth (ihenrl, sluj÷iaeh,
gfrfgtlråstagfs kåsagfs y jhguelitfrafs) y ui fsplgth jaiæeagh ghistatuajh phr mf suef
jl plisfealiths, hpaiahils, grlligafs, fptatujls, ghephrtfealiths jl gfjf plrshif qul
sl lxpmfyf li lm euijh jl mf aitlrsunoltavajfj―.
Gufrth.- Vul, salijh lmmh fså, f gratlrah jl lstl Zranuifm Wuprleh gufijh sl hnoltf mf
ajlitajfj jl uif plrshif sl talil qul vfmhrfr tfith lm gfraz lstætagh gheh lm jaiæeagh
jlm rlklrajh jlrlgdh kuijfelitfm2 ls jlgar, gufijh sl aepucif mf pftlriajfj jl uif
 plrshif, lmmh ih puljl oustakagfrsl shmh li lm jfth cliátagh, puls lmmh aepmagfråf hmvajfr 
qul lm slr duefih sl dfgl f så easeh li lm prhylgth ghitaiuh qul ls su vajf. Eæs fmmæ
jl mhs jfths kaohs, ls mf prhpaf dasthraf jlm aijavajuh mh qul mh dfgl ajáitagh f så easeh.
Vul, ls li lsl ghitlxth, qul lm pljajh jlm rlgurrlitl ih puljl fjeatarsl phrqul sl
fepfrf shmh li prhnfnmls supulsths cliátaghs, tlialijh gheh nfsl fkarefgahils jl mf

:;
 

jlefijfjf (efjrl jl mf elihr) qul ml df efiaklstfjh ih slr lm pfjrl2 rlfmazfijh su

aepucifga÷i li lm föh jhs eam jalz, ih hnstfitl dfnlrmf rlghihgajh li lm föh jhs eam
guftrh. Pfrf gfshs gheh lsths rlsumtfi jl fpmagfga÷i mhs frtågumhs 711 y :00 jlm G÷jach
Gavam, jfjh qul aitlrlsf tfith fm Lstfjh (qul ilglsatf sfnlr ghi glrtlzf mf ajlitajfj jl
ui plrshif) gheh fm pfrtagumfr (qul df mfnrfjh su ajlitajfj jaiæeagf ghi mf glrtlzf jl
ghihglr f su pfjrl) qul dfyf ui puith jl galrrl pfrf mf aepucifga÷i jl mf pftlriajfj.
Fepfrfr mf jlefijf saciakagfråf qul mhs tranuifmls jl oustagaf khelitli mf aepucifga÷i
jl pftlriajfj phr ehtavhs arrlmlvfitls, clilrfijh ui lstfjh jl aiglrtajuenrl fnshmutf
shnrl mf ajlitajfj jl mfs plrshifs.
Vuaith.- Vul, rlsplgth f mf gfusfm ghisastlitl li qul ih sl df fpmagfjh jlnajfelitl lm
frtågumh AT jlm Zåtumh Prlmaeaifr jlm G÷jach jl mhs Iaöhs y Fjhmlsglitls, frcuelitfjf
li lm slitajh qul ih ls kfgtanml hnmacfr f mf elihr f mf prægtagf jl uif prulnf jl FJI
(Ægajh Jlshxarranhiugmlagh)2 sai lenfrch, fm hptfr lstl Ghmlcafjh Wuprleh phr mf
aeprhgljligaf jl mf jlefijf jagdhs frcueliths jlvalili li satufgahils qul aepmagfi
ui prhiuigafealith shnrl lm khijh jl mf ghitrhvlrsaf ih salijh kfgtanml leatar 
 prhiuigafealith li jagdh lxtrleh2 salijh lmmh fså, sl fjvalrtl qul ih sl dfi fpmagfjh
jlnajfelitl mfs ihrefs prhglsfmls y eftlrafmls jliuigafjfs, eæxael sa lm frtågumh 71<
jlm G÷jach Gavam, rlcumf mf arrlvhgfnamajfj jlm rlghihgaealith, lmmh ghighrjfjh ghi lm
frtågumh 711 jlm easeh gulrph mlcfm, lm gufm rlcumf qul mf ilcfga÷i jlm rlghihgaealith
 puljl slr rlfmazfjh phr lm pfjrl h mf efjrl qul ih aitlrvaih li ám, supulsth qul gheh
 prlgasærfehs måilfs frranf ih ls fpmagfnml fm jlefijfitl quali vhmuitfrafelitl
rlghihga÷ f mf elihr2 rfzhils phr mfs gufmls fgtufijh li sljl jl aistfigaf mf jlefijf
jlvalil li aeprhgljlitl ghikhrel fm frtågumh :>3 aigash < jlm G÷jach Prhglsfm Gavam.

<. JLGAWA×I?
Phr tfmls ghisajlrfgahils, lstf Wfmf Wuprlef, li fpmagfga÷i jl mh jaspulsth li lm
frtågumh 71; jlm G÷jach Prhglsfm Gavam, ehjakagfjh phr mf Mly I¿ >17;:, jlgmfrf?
K\IJFJH lm rlgursh jl gfsfga÷i aitlrpulsth phr Qlmatzf Mugåf [lrjl Fcfef f khofs
slasgaliths hgdlitf y jhs2 phr ghisacualitl, GFWF^HI  mf rlshmuga÷i aepucifjf2 li
ghislguligaf, I\MF mf slitligaf jl vastf jl khofs slasgaliths slslitf y gaigh, jl klgdf
gfthrgl jl sltalenrl jl jhs eam quaigl, lxpljajf phr mf Wfmf Eaxtf jl mf Ghrtl Wuplrahr 
jl Oustagaf jl Dufurf2 y, fgtufijh li sljl jl aistfigaf, ^L[HGF^HI  mf rlshmuga÷i
jl khofs quaialiths hgdlitf y trls, jl klgdf trls jl efrzh jl jhs eam quaigl, qul jlgmfrf
kuijfjf mf jlefijf shnrl aepucifga÷i jl pftlriajfj, ghi mh jleæs qul jagdf
rlshmuga÷i ghitalil2 y ^LKH^EÆIJHMF  jlgmfrfrhi aeprhgljlitl mf easef2
JAWP\WAL^HI  mf punmagfga÷i jl mf prlslitl rlshmuga÷i li lm jafrah hkagafm  Lm 
 Plrufih,, nfoh rlsphisfnamajfj2 li mhs slcuajhs phr Ohrcl Fithiah Efifyfy ^fehs
 Plrufih
ghitrf Qlmatzf Mugåf [lrjl Fcfef y htrh, shnrl Aepucifga÷i jl Pftlriajfj2 y mhs
jlvhmvalrhi. Philitl Wlöhrf Gáspljls Gfnfmf, Oulzf suprlef.
WW.
^HEL^H JÅF_
EA^FIJF EHMAIF

JL MF NF^^F
GÁWPLJLW NF^^L^F
GFNFMF

:3
 

ZH^^LW [LIZHGAMMF

7. ^lghihgaeal
^lghihgaealith
ith jl
jl daohs
daohs eljafitl
eljafitl lsgraturf
lsgraturf pÿnmagf
pÿnmagf jl fitagaph
fitagaph jl mlcåta
mlcåtaef.
ef.
Gfsfga÷i I¿ 6104->06<-Ouiåi
^LW\ELI
Li mf prlslitl gfsfga÷i, mf Oujagfturf Gavam Wuprlef nraijf fmgfigls aitlrprltftavhs
f mf muz jl mf jhgtraif y ourasprujligaf shnrl lm rlghihgaealith kamafm
lxtrfeftraehiafm prlvasth li lm frtågumh 710 jlm G÷jach Gavam, slöfmfijh qul ”mf
lsgraturf pÿnmagf jl fitagaph jl mlcåtaef f trfvás jlm gufm mf gfusfitl h fitagapfitl
rlghihgl mf eftlriajfj jlm daoh lxtrfeftraehiafm ls prulnf sukagalitl pfrf
jlehstrfr mf kamafga÷i―. Ih hnstfitl, mf Wfmf thef ftliga÷i li lm gfsh, fm ghisajlrfr 
qul lm rlghihgaealith phr lsgraturf pÿnmagf jlnl slr litlijajf ghikhrel f mf
 ourasprujligaf, fså ”mf ourasprujligaf fjeatl lm rlghihgaealith lxprlsh l aijarlgth,
gufijh lm easeh kmuyl ailquåvhgfelitl jl ui jhguelith qul mh ghitalil, plrh
qul lstæ rlklrajh f htrh fgth ouråjagh. Fså, phr lolepmh, gufijh sl hthrcf ui phjlr 
 phr lsgraturf pÿnmagf f uif plrshif f mf qul sl ml gatf gheh daoh (…)―. Phr htrh
mfjh, dfgl suyf mf hpaia÷i jlm ourastf Liraqul [frsa ^hspacmahsa shnrl lm
rlghihgaealith jl kamafga÷i phr lsgraturf pÿnmagf h rlghihgaealith lsgraturfm qul
shstalil? ”(…) Mf lsgraturf pÿnmagf ih jlnl slr lxprlsf jl rlghihgaealith. Lm
rlghihgaealith puljl lstfr aitlcrfjh h slr pfrtl, ghiouitfelitl, ghi htrh(s) fgth(s)
 ouråjagh(s) qul ghistl(i) li uif lsgraturf pÿnmagf. Fsa puljl jfrsl lm gfsh jl uif
lsgraturf pÿnmagf qul ghitlicf htrhs fgths, gheh uif jl pfgth fitliupgafm jl
rácaeli jl nalils, fitagaph jl mlcåtaef, jhifga÷i, ghisajlræijhsl, fjleæs, lm
rlghihgaealith (...)―.

K\IJFELIZH ^LML[FIZL

 Jágaeh slcuijh.-  Lm rlghihgaealith jl kamafga÷i lxtrfeftraehiafm, pfrf slr 

væmajh y lkagfz, ih shmh puljl lstfr ghitliajh li uif lsgraturf pÿnmagf qul jl
efilrf lsplgåkagf y ghigrltf sl rlkalrf ÿiagf y lxgmusavfelitl fm 
rlghihgaealith jl mf kamafga÷i, lsth ls, ih ilglsfrafelitl jlnl trftfrsl jl
uif lsgraturf pÿnmagf jl kamafga÷i lxtrfeftraehiafm, puls lm frtågumh 710 jlm 
G÷jach Gavam shmh lxacl qul lm rlghihgaealith ghistl li lsgraturf pÿnmagf. Li
lstl hrjli jl ajlfs, lm rlghihgaealith kamafm tfenaái puljl lighitrfrsl
ghitliajh li mf lsgraturf pÿnmagf ghrrlsphijalitl f htrhs fgths ouråjaghs,
 saleprl qul mf efiaklstfga÷i jl vhmuitfj jl rlghihgaealith jl mf eftlriajfj 
h pftlriajfj slf gmfrf l aijunatfnml, gheh hgurrl li lm gfsh jl fuths, li
jhijl fm glmlnrfrsl lm fgth ouråjagh jl fitagaph jl dlrligaf ghitliajh li mf
lsgraturf pÿnmagf jlm vlaitauih jl fchsth jl jhs eam saltl, mf fitagapfitl
 Asfnlm Lspaihzf jl Pfmfgahs, lxprlsfelitl sl rlkalrl f mhs rlgurrlitls gheh
 sus daohs, yy fggahils
jlrlgdhs li eárathshnrl
f tfm jhs
lstftus, mls hthrcf lm gali phr galith (600 %) jl sus
aieulnmls.

:4
 

GH^ZL W\P^LEF JL O\WZAGAF JL MF ^LPßNMAGFWFMF GA[AM

Z^FIWAZH^AF
GFWFGA×I 6104->06<-O\IÅI
Maef, jhs jl ihvalenrl jl jhs eam jalgasaltl.
WFMF GA[AM Z^FIWAZH^AF JL MF GH^ZL W\P^LEF JL O\WZAGAF JL MF
^LPßNMAGF?
 prhjugajf   li jasghrjaf2
mf vhtfga÷i vastff mly,
ghikhrel mf gfusf li fFujaligaf
prhgljl leatar mf Pÿnmagf
sacualitljl slitligaf2
mf klgdf yy
fsaeaseh, dfnaáijhsl jlofjh hphrtuifelitl li ^lmfthråf jl lstf Wfmf Wuprlef mhs
vhths leatajhs phr mhs Wlöhrls Oulgls Wuprlehs Elijhzf ^feårlz, ^helrh Jåfz,
Gfnlmmh Eftfefmf, Earfijf Ehmaif, Qfyf _uefltf y Zhrrls [lithgammf, hnrfitls jl
khmahs 36 f 600 y 67> jlm gufjlriammh jl gfsfga÷i2 mhs easehs qul ih susgranli mf
 prlslitl, jl ghikhreajfj ghi mhs frtågumhs 6:6, 6:>, 6:4 y 6:1 jlm Zlxth ßiagh
Hrjlifjh jl mf Mly Hrcæiagf jlm Phjlr Oujagafm, jloæijhsl ghistfigaf jl mhs easehs
 pfrf mhs kails plrtailitls jl fgulrjh f mly.

A. EFZL^AF J
JL
LM ^L
^LG\^WH?
Wl trftf jlm rlgursh jl gfsfga÷i aitlrpulsth phr mhs jlefijfjhs Ofvalr Sammafe
Lspaihzf Lspaihzf
vastf ghitliajf li mfy ^lshmuga÷i
Ohsá Muas Lspaihzf Lspaihzf
iÿelrh trlaitf (khmahs
y hgdh, jl 737),
klgdf ghitrf
jalz jlmfefrzh
slitligaf jl
jl jhs
eam quaigl (khmahs 7;>), lxpljajf phr mf Praelrf Wfmf Eaxtf jl Dufigfyh jl mf Ghrtl
Wuplrahr jl Oustagaf jl Ouiåi, mf gufm rlvhg÷ mf slitligaf ghitliajf li mf ^lshmuga÷i
iÿelrh trlaitf y trls, jl klgdf quaigl jl fchsth jl jhs eam gfthrgl (khmahs 731), qul
jlgmfr÷ aikuijfjf mf jlefijf, y rlkhreæijhmf jlgmfrfrhi kuijfjf mf jlefijf, li
ghislguligaf, iumh lm fgth ouråjagh y lm jhguelith qul ghitalil mf lsgraturf pÿnmagf jl
klgdf vlaitauih jl fchsth jl jhs eam saltl.

AA. K\I
K\IJFE
JFELIZ
LIZHW
HW PH^PH^ MHW G\FMLW
G\FMLW WL DF JLGM
JLGMF^F
F^FJH
JH
P^HGLJLIZL LM ^LG\^WH?
Lstf Wfmf Wuprlef eljafitl rlshmuga÷i jl klgdf vlaitl jl hgtunrl jl jhs eam quaigl
(khmahs
 phr mfs <3 jlm gufjlriammh
sacualitls gfusfmls?jl gfsfga÷i), df jlgmfrfjh prhgljlitl lm rlgursh jl gfsfga÷i

6. Aikr
Aikrfgg
fgga÷i
a÷i ihref
ihreftav
tavff prhgls
prhglsfm
fm jl mmhs
hs ai
aigas
gashs
hs 7 y 6: jjlm
lm fr
frtåg
tågumh
umh 67
6711 jl mf
Ghistatuga÷i Phmåtagf jlm Plrÿ2 fmlcf qul lm prlslitl prhglsh sl jaracl ghitrf mf
suglsa÷i jl Asfnlm Lspaihzf Jl Mf Gruz, mf gufm lstæ aitlcrfjf, slcÿi rlkalrl mf
 pfrtl rlgurrlitl, phr Ilmmyjf Pfmfgahs Lspaihzf (jlefijfitl), Asfnlm ^almf Efths
vaujf jl Pfmfgahs (lsphsf jlm kfmmlgajh Fquaih Pfmfgahs Lspaihzf), Efratzf
Pfmfgahs Efths (daof jl Fquamaih Pfmfgahs Lspaihzf) y Ljcfrjh Pfmfgahs Efths
(daoh jl Fquamaih Pfmfgahs Lspaihzf)2 sai lenfrch, sl df hnvafjh gheprlijlr f mhs
htrhs trls daohs jl Fquamaih Pfmfgahs Lspaihzf? Clhvfiia ^utd Pfmfgahs Lspaihzf,
Efrtåi ^hmfijh Pfmfgahs Lspaihzf y Dlvlr Duch Pfmfgahs Lspaihzf, rfz÷i phr mf
gufm sl trfiscrljl lm Jlrlgdh jl Jlklisf y lm Jlnajh Prhglsh2 y, n) Aikrfgga÷i
ihreftavf eftlrafm jlm frtågumh 710 jlm G÷jach Gavam2 fmlcf qul lm rlghihgaealith
sl dfgl ghistfr li lm ^lcastrh jl Ifgaealith, lsgraturf pÿnmagf h Zlstfelith, mhs

:1
 

gufmls shi mhs taphs y khrefs gheh sl puljl lklgtufr lm rlghihgaealith, plrh
fjleæs lxastl ui rlghihgaealith eljafitl lsgraturf pÿnmagf ghi rlghihgaealith
aigajlitfm khrefm h aepmågath, lm gufm sl gfrfgtlrazf phr mf fusligaf jl aitliga÷i
jarlgtf pfrf lstfnmlglr mf kamafga÷i, lsth ls, mf prhcliathrf qul hthrcf lm jhguelith
jlgmfrf qul uif plrshif ls su daof2 li lm gfsh jl fuths mf gfusfitl Asfnlm Lspaihzf
jl Pfmfgahs li mf tlrglrf gmæusumf jl mf lsgraturf pÿnmagf jl Fitagaph jl Mlcåtaef
rlghihgl aepmågatfelitl qul mhs rlgurrlitls shi daohs suyhs.

AAA.. GHI
AAA GHIWAJ
WAJL^F
L^FIJH
IJH??
Praelrh.-  Prlvafelitl f mf fnshmuga÷i jlm rlgursh jl gfsfga÷i  sun lxfeail lxfeail,, ls
ilglsfrah dfglr ui rlgulith jl mh fghitlgajh li lm prlslitl prhglsh, f kai jl phjlr 
lvfmufr sa lklgtavfelitl sl aigurralrhi li mfs aikrfggahils ihreftavfs
i hreftavfs jliuigafjfs.

6.
6.6.
6. Jlef
Jlefijijff.- Ilmmyjf Pfmfgahs jl Efyhr, f trfvás jl su fphjlrfjh Nrljhmkh Klmapl
Vuammftupf Ehræi aitlrphil jlefijf shmagatfijh (khmahs 7:) gheh ‗prltlisa÷i
 praigapfm‗ qul sl jlgmfrl mf iumajfj jlm Fgth Ouråjagh jl Fitagaph jl Mlcåtaef
ghitliajh li mf lsgraturf pÿnmagf jl klgdf vlaitauih jl fchsth jl jhs eam saltl,
glmlnrfjh phr Asfnlm Lspaihzf jl Pfmfgahs gheh hthrcfitl prhpaltfraf, ghi Ofvalr 
Sammafe Lspaihzf Lspaihzf y Ohsá Muas Lspaihzf Lspaihzf gheh nlilkagafrahs2 y,
fsaeaseh, pajl qul sl jlgmfrl ‗prltlisa÷i fgglshraf‗ mf iumajfj jlm jhguelith qul
ghitalil jagdh fgth, lsth ls, mf lsgraturf pÿnmagf jl fitagaph jl mlcåtaef jl klgdf
vlaitauih jl fchsth jl jhs eam saltl, iÿelrh quaialiths trlgl jlm ^lcastrh jl
Lsgraturfs Pÿnmagfs jlm föh jhs eam saltl jl mf Ihtfråf Pÿnmagf jlm fnhcfjh
Chjhkrljh H. Wfmfs Nutr÷i. Mf jlefijf df sajh jaracajf ghitrf?
a) Mf suglsa÷
suglsa÷ii jl Asfnlm Lspaihzf
Lspaihzf Jl
Jl mf Gruz, rlprlslitfj
rlprlslitfjff phr Ilmmyjf
Ilmmyjf
Pfmfgahs Lspaihzf (mf jlefijfitl guyh ihenrl jl gfsfjf ls Ilmmyjf
Pfmfgahs jl Efyhr) y Fquamaih Pfmfgahs Lspaihzf (rlprlslitfjh phr 
Asfnlm ^almf Efths Culrrf vaujf jl Pfmfgahs2 Efratzf Asfnlm Pfmfgahs
Efths y Ljcfr Samkrljh Pfmfgahs Efths)2
aa) Ohsá
Ohsá Muas
Muas Lspai
Lspaihzf
hzf Lspaih
Lspaihzf2
zf2 y,
aaa) Ofvalr Sammafe Lspaihzf Lspaihzf. Mf jlefijfitl sustlitf su
 prltlisa÷i slöfmfijh qul sl trftf jl fgths ghitrfrahs f mfs mlyls qul
aitlrlsfi fm hrjli pÿnmagh, ghikhrel fm frtågumh [ jlm Zåtumh
Prlmaeaifr ghighrjfitl ghi lm aigash 4 jlm frtågumh >61 jlm G÷jach
Gavam, phr mh sacualitl?
6. Mf fggah
fggahifi
ifitl
tl Ilmmy
Ilmmyjf
jf Pfmfg
Pfmfgahs
ahs Lspa
Lspaihz
ihzff y Fquama
Fquamaih
ih Pfmfg
Pfmfgahs
ahs
Lspaihzf shi daohs jl Furlmah Pfmfgahs Ehyf l Asfnlm Lspaihzf Jl
mf Gruz, ghikhrel fgrljatfi ghi sus pfrtajfs jl ifgaealith.
>. Mhs jlef
jlefijf
ijfjhs
jhs Ofva
Ofvalr
lr Samma
Sammafe
fe Lspai
Lspaihzf
hzf Lspa
Lspaihz
ihzff y Ohsá
Ohsá Muas
Muas
Lspaihzf Lspaihzf
Lspaihzf Jl ihefjrl
mf Gruz, shi daohs
jl mfnahm÷caghs ia fjhptavhs
jlefijfitl, jl li
salijh qul Asfnlm
sus

<0
 

 pfrtajfs jl ifgaealith ih kulrhi rlghihgajhs ia jlgmfrfjhs phr 

lstf ÿmtaef gheh sus daohs2
7. Eljaf
Eljafitl
itl lsgr
lsgratu
aturf
rf pÿnmag
pÿnmagff jl klgdf
klgdf vlaita
vlaitauih
uih jl fchs
fchsth
th jl jhs
jhs eam
eam
saltl, jliheaifjf fitagaph jl mlcåtaef, mf jlefijfjf Asfnlm
Lspaihzf Jl mf Gruz (kfmmlgajf) df jfjh li gfmajfj jl fitagaph jl
mlcåtaef fy kfvhr
Lspaihzf jl mhs
Ohsá Muas jlefijfjhs
Lspaihzf Lspaihzf,Ofvalr Sammafe
lm gali Lspaihzf
phr galith (600
%) jl mfs fggahils y jlrlgdhs qul talil li mhs sacualitls nalils?
7.6)Aieulnml urnfih unagfjh li lm oar÷i Wfi Ohsá sai iÿelrh, Wfi
Gfrmhs, jastrath y prhvaigaf jl Dufigfyh, Jlpfrtfelith jl
Ouiåi, ghi ui ærlf jl jhsgaliths trlaitf y guftrh eltrhs
gufjrfjhs (>7: e>)2 y,
7.>)Aieulnml urnfih ghistatuajh phr lm mhtl iÿelrh guftrh jl mf
efizfif ”C―, \rnfiazfga÷i Wfi Ohsá jl Pagdgus, unagfjh li
lm oar÷i Wfi Ohsá iÿelrh slasgaliths hgdlitf y iulvl -
slasgaliths
Dufigfyh, ihvlitf y uih, Wfi
Jlpfrtfelith jl Gfrmhs,
Ouiåi, Jastrath
ghi uif y Prhvaigaf jl
lxtlisa÷i
suplrkagafm jl trlsgaliths gaigulitf y guftrh puith sltlitf y
trls eltrhs gufjrfjhs (7<:.37 e>)2 y,
:. Fm ih
ih slr mhs
mhs jlef
jlefijf
ijfjhs
jhs Ofva
Ofvalr
lr Sa
Samma
mmafe
fe Lspai
Lspaihzf
hzf Lspa
Lspaihz
ihzff y
Ohsá Muas Lspaihzf Lspaihzf daohs jl Asfnlm Lspaihzf Jl mf Gruz,
ih talili vhgfga÷i suglshraf y phr tfith ih phjåfi rlganar fitagaph
jl mlcåtaef, pulsth qul lmmh ghitrfvalil mh jaspulsth li mhs
frtågumhs 476 y 3>: jlm G÷jach Gavam.
6.
6.>.
>. Fjea
Fjeash
shra
rah?
h?  Phr ^lshmuga÷i iÿelrh uih (khmahs :;) sl fjeata÷ f træeatl mf
jlefijf aitlrpulstf
Nrljhmkh Klmapl phr Ilmmyjf
Vuammftupf Ehræi,Pfmfgahs
ghitrf mfjlsuglsa÷i
Efyhr fjltrfvás
AsfnlmjlLspaihzf
su fphjlrfjh
Jl mf
Gruz, rlprlslitfjf phr Ilmmyjf Pfmfgahs Lspaihzf y Fquamaih Pfmfgahs Lspaihzf
(lstl ÿmtaeh rlprlslitfjh f su vlz phr Asfnlm ^almf Efths Culrrf vaujf jl Pfmfgahs2
Efratzf Asfnlm Pfmfgahs Efths y Ljcfr Samkrljh Pfmfgahs Efths)2 y ghitrf Ohsá
Muas Lspaihzf Lspaihzf y Ofvalr Sammafe Lspaihzf Lspaihzf.

6.7. Ghitls
Ghitlstfg
tfga÷i
a÷i??  Mhs jlefijfjhs Ohsá Muas Lspaihzf Lspaihzf y Ofvalr Sammafe
Lspaihzf Lspaihzf ghitlstfrhi mf jlefijf (khmahs <1) shmagatfijh qul slf
jlgmfrfjf aikuijfjf, slöfmfijh qul lm fgth jl fitagaph jl mlcåtaef ghitliajh li mf
lsgraturf pÿnmagf jl klgdf vlaitauih jl fchsth jl jhs eam saltl li lm khijh ls uif
jhifga÷i y qul sus pfrtajfs jl ifgaealith shi aistrueliths pÿnmaghs qul
efitalili su vfmhr mlcfm ealitrfs ih sl jlgmfrl su iumajfj phr slitligaf oujagafm
karel, ih gheprlijalijh phr quá mf jlefijfitl ialcf su ghijaga÷i jl daohs
gufijh jlsjl lm föh eam ihvlgaliths sltlitf y trls sfnåf jl su lxastligaf y df

<6
 

ghivfmajfjh gufmqualr fgth ouråjagh rlsplgth f su pftlriajfj y eftlriajfj2 fcrlcf

qul su slöhrf efjrl Asfnlm Lspaihzf Jl mf Gruz, li vajf y phr prhpaf vhmuitfj,
 prægtagfelitl mls df litrlcfjh li jhifga÷i sus jlrlgdhs y fggahils, guepmalijh
lstragtfelitl mh ihrefjh phr lm frtågumh 476 jlm G÷jach Gavam, ghighrjfitl ghi mhs
frtågumhs 6;>6 y 6;>< jlm G÷jach Gavam, jlgmfræijhmhs aigmush gheh ”daohs―, salijh
qul lstf efiaklstfga÷i jl vhmuitfj ih puljl slr fklgtfjf phr tlrglrhs.

6.:. Ihenrfeali
Ihenrfealith th jl gurfjhr
gurfjhr prhglsfm
prhglsfm??  Phr ^lshmuga÷i iÿelrh trls (khmah 3<)
kulrhi jlgmfrfjhs rlnlmjls mhs suglshrls jl Asfnlm Lspaihzf Jl mf Gruz, Ilmmyjf
Pfmfgahs Lspaihzf l Asfnlm ^almf Efths Culrrf vaujf jl Pfmfgahs, Efratzf Asfnlm
Pfmfgahs Efths y Ljcfr Samkrljh Pfmfgahs Efths (aitlcrfitls jl mf suglsa÷i jl
Fquamaih Pfmfgahs Lspaihzf)2 salijh qul phstlrahrelitl, phr ^lshmuga÷i iÿelrh
jhgl (khmah >>4) sl jlgmfr÷ iumh mh fgtufjh f pfrtar jlm aijagfjh khmah 3< ‗jhijl
hnrf mf rlshmuga÷i jl rlnlmjåf‗, jasphialijh qul sl jlsacil gurfjhr prhglsfm jl mf
suglsa÷i jl Asfnlm Lspaihzf Jl mf Gruz, rlprlslitfjh phr Ilmmyjf Pfmfgahs
Lspaihzf y Fquamaih Pfmfgahs Lspaihzf Lspaihzf, lstl ÿmtaeh rlprlslitfjh phr 
Efratzf Asfnlm Pfmfgahs Efths y Ljcfr Samkrljh Pfmfgahs Efths, f lxglpga÷i jl
Asfnlm ^almf Efths Culrrf vaujf jl Pfmfgahs, quali eljafitl lsgrath f khmahs 16 sl
dfnåf fplrshifjh fm prhglsh.

6.<. Ghitlstfga÷
Ghitlstfga÷i i jlm gurfjhr
gurfjhr prhglsfm?
prhglsfm?  Lm gurfjhr prhglsfm ghitlstf mf jlefijf
(khmah 70<) slöfmfijh qul jl mfs fgtfs jl ifgaealith sl hnslrvf qul litrl lm
jlgmfrfitl qul aisgranl mhs ifgaealiths y mf jlefijfitl lxastl ui våigumh kfeamafr2
qul, jl mf lsgraturf pÿnmagf jl fitagaph jl mlcåtaef susgratf lm vlaitauih jl fchsth
jl jhs eam saltl, sl talil qul Asfnlm Lspaihzf jl Pfmfgahs trfiskalrl f kfvhr jl mhs
dlrefihs Ofvalr Sammafe Lspaihzf Lspaihzf y Ohsá Muas Lspaihzf Lspaihzf, lm
gali phr galith (600 %) jl sus fggahils y jlrlgdhs shnrl mhs aieulnmls unagfjhs
li lm Oar÷i Wfi Ohsá sai iÿelrh y li lm Oar÷i Wfi Ohsá iÿelrhs slasgaliths hgdlitf
y iulvl - slasgaliths ihvlitf y uih, pfrtagapfijh mf slöhrf Asfnlm Lspaihzf jl
Pfmfgahs gufijh tliåf hgdlitf y hgdh föhs jl ljfj, sai tlstachs, aitlrvaialijh
shmfelitl lmmf y mfs jhs plrshifs qul rlganli lm fitagaph jl mlcåtaef, y fsaeaseh,
jl mf Kagdf jlm ^lcastrh Ifgahifm jl Ajlitajfj y Lstfjh Gavam - ^LIALG sl hnslrvf
qul mf hthrcfitl talil mf gfmajfj jl amltrfjf, plrh sl jf lm gfsh qul fm ehelith jl
susgranar mf lsgraturf pÿnmagf ih pfrtagapf iaicÿi tlstach f rulch jl lmmf2 fcrlcf qul
lm fitagaph jl mlcåtaef ih ls eæs qul ui ghitrfth jl jhifga÷i li lm gufm lm tatumfr 
 prhpaltfrah jl jheaiah shnrl ui aieulnml, h shnrl fggahils y jlrlgdhs jl lstl,
trfiskalrl mf aitlcrajfj jl su jlrlgdh h pfrtl jlm qul phsll f kfvhr jl su dlrljlrh
khrzhsh dfstf qul lstl kfmmlzgf, nfoh mf ghijaga÷i jl qul gufijh lm gfusfitl jlol jl
lxastar sl ghmfgahili thjhs mhs nalils f mf efsf dlrljatfraf, y qul, pfrf qul ui
ghitrfth jl fitagaph jl dlrligaf slf væmajh talil qul guepmar galrths rlquasaths,
jlitrh jl lmmhs qul sl rlfmagl litrl lm gfusfitl y mhs dlrljlrhs khrzhshs y rlfmazfrsl
ghi mf khref fj shmleiatftle prlvastf
shmleiatftle prlvastf li lm frtågumh 6;>< jlm G÷jach Gavam, y phr 
htrh mfjh, su frtågumh 476 lstfnmlgl qul mf ghijaga÷i jl qul thjhs mhs fgths jl
manlrfmajfj jl mhs gfusfitls shi ghisajlrfjhs fitagaph jl dlrligaf pfrf lklgths jl
ghmfgahifrsl, li tfm rfz÷i ih puljl ghisajlrfrsl lm fitagaph jl mlcåtaef gheh ui
jhguelith jlkaiatavh, y fjleæs li lstl gfsh ih lxastl gmæusumf jl jasplisf jl

<>
 

ghmfga÷i. Phr ^lshmuga÷i iÿelrh vlaitaj÷s (khmah 766) sl tuvh phr fnsulmtf mf
jlefijf phr pfrtl jlm gurfjhr prhglsfm ihenrfjh li fuths pfrf mf suglsa÷i jl
Asfnlm Lspaihzf Jl mf Gruz.

6.
6.;.
;. ^lnl
^lnlmj
mjåf
åf?? Eljafitl ^lshmuga÷i iÿelrh vlaitatrás, jl klgdf jhgl jl fchsth jl jhs
eam trlgl (khmah 764) sl tuvh phr fnsulmtf mf jlefijf li rlnlmjåf jl mhs
jlefijfjhs Asfnlm ^almf Efths Culrrf vaujf jl Pfmfgahs, Efratzf Asfnlm Pfmfgahs
Efths y Ljcfr Samkrljh Pfmfgahs Efths, aitlcrfitls jl mf suglsa÷i jl Fquamaih
Pfmfgah Lspaihzf.

6.3. Wfilfealit
Wfilfealithh Prhglsfm y Fujaligaf
Fujaligaf jl Ghi
Ghigamafg
gamafga÷i?
a÷i?  Phr ^lshmuga÷i iÿelrh
vlaitaguftrh (khmah 7>>) sl jlgmfr÷ sfilfjh lm prhglsh y mf lxastligaf jl uif
rlmfga÷i ouråjagf prhglsfm væmajf. Fsaeaseh, slcÿi ghistf li Fgtf (khmah 7:6) ghi
klgdf jalgaiulvl jl ihvalenrl jl jhs eam trlgl sl rlfmaz÷ mf Fujaligaf jl
Ghigamafga÷i, hphrtuiajfj li mf gufm sl kaofrhi mhs puiths ghitrhvlrtajhs,
gfmakagfrhi mhs eljahs prhnfthrahs y sl prlsgaija÷ jl mf fujaligaf jl prulnfs,
jasphiaáijhsl lm ouzcfealith fitagapfjh jlm prhglsh.

6.4. Wlitligaf
Wlitligaf j
jll Prae
Praelrf
lrf Aistfig
Aistfigaf?
af? Eljafitl slitligaf ghitliajf li mf ^lshmuga÷i
iÿelrh trlaitf y mf
jlgmfr÷ aikuijfjf trlsjlefijf.
jlm quaigl jl fchsth
Fm rlsplgth, sl jl jhs eam gfthrgl (khmahs 731), sl
ghisajlr÷?
6. Vul, sa nali mfs pfrtajfs jl ifgaealith jl mhs jlefijfjhs Ofvalr 
Sammafe Lspaihzf Lspaihzf y Ohsá Muas Lspaihzf Lspaihzf ih puljli
 prhnfr su kamafga÷i ghi Asfnlm Lspaihzf jl Pfmfgahs (guyh ihenrl jl
gfsfjf ls Asfnlm Lspaihzf Jl mf Gruz), jlnajh f qul li tfmls pfrtajfs ih
ghistf lm rlghihgaealith jl eftlriajfj jl lstf ÿmtaef, ih ls elihs
galrth qul mf eligahifjf Asfnlm Lspaihzf jl Pfmfgahs, li mf lsgraturf
 pÿnmagf jl fitagaph jl mlcåtaef guyf iumajfj sl pajl, jlgmfrf qul lmmhs
shi sus daohs, mh qul ghistatuyl ui rlghihgaealith lxprlsh jl su
kamafga÷i, lm easeh qul talil fepfrh li mhs frtågumhs 743, 744 y 710 jlm
G÷jach
 phr Gavam2 pÿnmagf
lsgraturf ls jlgar,qul
ghistatuyl
fuiqul uif
taliljlgmfrfga÷i
gheh lol jl rlghihgaealith
glitrfm htrh fgth,
guepml ghi mf khrefmajfj ”shmleil― jlm rlghihgaealith2
>. Vul, phr tfith, rlsumtf aisunsastlitl
aisunsastlitl mf fkar
fkarefga÷i
efga÷i jl mf jlefijfitl li
lm slitajh jl qul Ofvalr Sammafe Lspaihzf Lspaihzf y Ohsá Muas
Lspaihzf Lspaihzf ih shi daohs rlghihgajhs phr Asfnlm Lspaihzf jl
Pfmfgahs, qualils li tfm ghijaga÷i så tlijråfi mf gfmajfj jl suglshrls y
dlrljlrhs khrzhshs, fgrljatæijhsl su vhgfga÷i suglshraf2
7. Vul, mf jlefijfitl
jlefijfitl aivhg÷ gheh
gheh gfusfm jl iumajfj jlm fgth ouråjagh lm
ghitliajh li lm aigash 4 jlm frtågumh >61 jlm G÷jach Gavam, li
ghighrjfigaf ghi lm frtågumh [ jl su Zåtumh Prlmaeaifr, ghrrlsphijalitl
f mf ghitrfvliga÷i f mlyls qul aitlrlsfi fm hrjli pÿnmagh, mf gufm sl
glitrf li qul fm ih slr mhs jlefijfjhs Ofvalr Sammafe Lspaihzf

<7
 

Lspaihzf y Ohsá Muas Lspaihzf Lspaihzf daohs nahm÷caghs h fjhptavhs jl

Asfnlm Lspaihzf jl Pfmfgahs, ih phjråf dfnlrsl glmlnrfjh lm fitagaph jl
mlcåtaef f su kfvhr, ghitrfvaialijh mh jaspulsth li lm frtågumh 476 jlm
G÷jach Gavam, pulsth qul lm fitagaph jl mlcåtaef shmh ls fpmagfnml f mhs
dlrljlrhs khrzhshs2 frcuelith qul jlnl slr jlslstaefjh thjf vlz qul
df quljfjh prhnfjh qul så kulrhi rlghihgajhs gheh daohs y, phr mh
tfith, shi dlrljlrhs khrzhshs jl Asfnlm Lspaihzf jl Pfmfgahs2 y
:. Vul, jlnl prlgasfrsl qul, sa nali lm fitagaph jl mlcåtaef sl racl phr mh
lstfnmlgajh pfrf mf jhifga÷i, lstæ li purajfj ih valil f slr uif
jhifga÷i prhpafelitl jagdf puls talil sus prhpahs lmleliths, tfmls
gheh mf rlmfga÷i hnmacfthraf jl kuturh gfusfitl y dlrljlrhs khrzhshs
litrl mhs glmlnrfitls, fså gheh lm dlgdh jl qul lm fitagaph jl mlcåtaef
cufrjf jlitrh jl så lm lklgth ghmfgahifnml sfmvh gmæusumf qul mh lxaef
jl jagdh lklgth, mh qul mf jhifga÷i ih talil.
6.1. Wlitligaf
Wlitligaf jl vastf? Phr slitligaf
slitligaf jl vastf ghitliajf
ghitliajf li mf ^lshmuga÷i
^lshmuga÷i iÿelrh
trlaitf y hgdh, jl klgdf jalz jl efrzh jl jhs eam quaigl (khmahs 7;>), lxpljajf phr 
mf Praelrf
rlvhg÷ Wfmf Eaxtf
mf fplmfjf, jl jlgmfr÷
mf gufm Dufigfyh jl mf Ghrtl
aikuijfjf Wuplrahry rlkhreæijhmf
mf jlefijf, jl Oustagaf jlmfOuiåi, sl
jlgmfr÷
kuijfjf, li ghislguligaf, iumh lm fgth ouråjagh y lm jhguelith qul ghitalil mf
lsgraturf pÿnmagf jl klgdf vlaitauih jl fchsth jl jhs eam saltl. Fm rlsplgth, mf Wfmf
Wuplrahr ghisajlr÷?
6. Vul lm Fgth
Fgth Ouråjagh jl Fitagaph jl Mlcåtaef ls lm Ghitrfth eljafitl
lm gufm lm fitagapfitl hthrcf uif prhphrga÷i jl su pftraehiah f ui
dlrljlrh khrzhsh (ghi vhgfga÷i dlrljatfraf)2
>. Vul, ih lstæ prhnfjf mf rlmfga÷i kamafm litrl Asfnlm Lspaihzf jl Pfmfgahs
ghi Ofvalr Sammafe Lspaihzf Lspaihzf y Ohsá Muas Lspaihzf Lspaihzf,
 pulsth qul mf aisgrapga÷i kul shmagatfjf phr Fquamaih Pfmfgahs Lspaihzf,
quali ls
efjrl sai daoh jl Asfnlm
qul ghistl Lspaihzf
su karef jl Pfmfgahs,
y ghisaciæijhsl ghisaciæijhmf
gheh gheh
pfjrl f Krfigasgh
Lspaihzf Cfmfrzf quali slcÿi su pfrtajf jl jlkuiga÷i kfmmlga÷ lm
jalgaiulvl jl hgtunrl jl eam ihvlgaliths vlaitatrás, ealitrfs qul mhs
rlklrajhs Ofvalr Sammafe Lspaihzf Lspaihzf y Ohsá Muas Lspaihzf
Lspaihzf ifgalrhi rlsplgtavfelitl lm uih jl efrzh jl eam ihvlgaliths
slslitf y gaigh y lm jalgahgdh jl lilrh jl eam ihvlgaliths sltlitf y
guftrh, fjvartaáijhsl mf aephsanamajfj kåsagf2
7. Vul, sa nali li mf lsgraturf pÿnmagf
pÿnmagf jl Fitagaph jl Mlcåtaef jlm
vlaitaj÷s jl fchsth jl jhs eam saltl, Asfnlm Lspaihzf jl Pfmfgahs slöfmf
qul lm fitagaph mh hthrcf ”f sus daohs― Ofvalr Sammafe Lspaihzf
Lspaihzf y Ohsá Muas Lspaihzf Lspaihzf, ls jlgar, lstfråf rlghihgalijh
jl efilrf lxprlsf f mhs fitagapfjhs gheh sus daohs (rlghihgaealith jl

<:
 

daoh lxtrfeftraehiafm eljafitl lsgraturf pÿnmagf ghikhrel fm frtågumh

710 jlm G÷jach Gavam), jagdh rlghihgaealith ih cufrjf ghdlrligaf ghi
mhs dlgdhs hgurrajhs li mf rlfmajfj, phr gufith li mfs pfrtajfs sl lstæ
ghisacifijh gheh pfjrl f Krfigasgh Lspaihzf Cfmfrzf, quali kfmmlga÷
eugdhs föhs fitls jl mhs ifgaealiths, tfith eæs sa ghikhrel sl gat÷ li
mf Wlitligaf fplmfjf, mf kamafga÷i ih puljl fgrljatfrsl jl phr så ghi uif
 pfrtajf jl ifgaealith aisgratf li khref lxtrfhrjaifraf2 y,
:. Vul, ls fepfrfnml
fepfrfnml mf gfusfm jl Iumajfj jl Fgth
Fgth Ouråjagh jlm aigash 4
jlm frtågumh >61 jlm G÷jach Gavam, phr ghitrfvliga÷i f mlyls qul
aitlrlsfi fm hrjli pÿnmagh, phr dfnlrsl hthrcfjh ui Fitagaph jl
Mlcåtaef f qualils ih talili mf gfmajfj jl dlrljlrh khrzhsh, jlvaialijh
li iumf mf lsgraturf pÿnmagf jl klgdf vlaitauih jl fchsth jl jhs eam
saltl.
Wlcuijh.-  Mhs jlefijfjhs Ofvalr Sammafe Lspaihzf Lspaihzf y Ohsá Muas Lspaihzf
Lspaihzf dfi aitlrpulsth rlgursh jl gfsfga÷i ghitrf mf slitligaf jliuigafijh, li
 praelr táreaih, mf aikrfgga÷i ihreftavf prhglsfm jl mhs aigashs 7 y 6: jlm frtågumh 671
jl mf Ghistatuga÷i Phmåtagf jlm Plrÿ, rlklrlitls fm Jlrlgdh fm Jlnajh Prhglsh y mf Zutlmf
Ourasjaggahifm, fså gheh fm Praigapah jl ih slr pravfjh jlm Jlrlgdh jl Jlklisf li
iaicÿi lstfjh jlm prhglsh. Jagdf gfusfm jl aikrfgga÷i ihreftavf df sajh jlgmfrfjf
 prhgljlitl tliaáijhsl li gulitf qul
qu l mf pfrtl rlgurrlitl fmlcf qu
qull lm prlslitl prhglsh sl
jaracl ghitrf mf suglsa÷i jl Asfnlm Lspaihzf Jl mf Gruz, mf gufm lstæ aitlcrfjf phr 
 Ilmmyjf Pfmfgahs Lspaihzf (jlefij
(jlefijfitl),
fitl), Asfnlm ^almf Efths vaujf jl Pfmfgahs (lsphsf
jlm kfmmlgajh Fquaih Pfmfgahs Lspaihzf), Efratzf Pfmfgahs Efths (daof jl Fquamaih
Pfmfgahs Lspaihzf) y Ljcfrjh Pfmfgahs Efths (daoh jl Fquamaih Pfmfgahs Lspaihzf), y
qul sai lenfrch, sl df hnvafjh gheprlijlr f mhs htrhs trls daohs jl Fquamaih Pfmfgahs
Lspaihzf, qul slråfi Clhvfiia ^utd Pfmfgahs Lspaihzf, Efrtåi ^hmfijh Pfmfgahs
Lspaihzf y Dlvlr Duch Pfmfgahs Lspaihzf, rfz÷i phr mf gufm sl trfiscrljl lm Jlrlgdh
jl Jlklisf y Jlnajh Prhglsh.
Zlrglrh.-  Li lm prlslitl prhglsh, mf pfrtl jlefijfjf lstæ ghikhrefjf phr Ofvalr 
Sammafe Lspaihzf Lspaihzf, Ohsá Muas Lspaihzf Lspaihzf y mf suglsa÷i jl Asfnlm
Lspaihzf Jl mf Gruz (Asfnlm Lspaihzf jl Pfmfgahs slcÿi su ihenrl jl gfsfjf), li lstl
ÿmtaeh gfsh, aitlcrfjh phr Ilmmyjf Pfmfgahs Lspaihzf jl Efyhr y mf suglsa÷i jl
Fquamaih Pfmfgahs Lspaihzf.
Gufrth.-  Li gufith f mhs jlefijfjhs Ofvalr Sammafe Lspaihzf Lspaihzf y Ohsá Muas
Lspaihzf Lspaihzf, mhs easehs kulrhi jlnajfelitl lepmfzfjhs, nraijæijhslmls mf
hphrtuiajfj jl pmfitlfr su jlklisf y hkrlglr mhs eljahs jl prulnf qul ghisajlrli
 plrtailitls, dfnalijh aigmush ghitlstfjh mf jlefijf aighfjf li su ghitrf y lolrgatfjh
su jlrlgdh f jlklisf fm aitlrahr jlm prlslitl prhglsh, ih hnslrvæijhsl qul li lm rlgursh
jl gfsfga÷i sl jliuigal fcrfvah rlklrlitl f fmcuif aijlklisa÷i h vumilrfga÷i jl
jlrlgdh rlmfgahifjh fm jlnajh prhglsh
prh glsh qul mls dfyf fklgtfjh f lmmhs lsplgåkagfelitl.

Vuaith.-  ^lsplgth
Lspaihzf f mf ghikhrefjf
jl Pfmfgahs), jlefijfjf suglsa÷i jl Asfnlm
phr Ilmmyjf Lspaihzf
Pfmfgahs Jl jl
Lspaihzf mf Gruz
Efyhr(Asfnlm
y mf

<<
 

suglsa÷i jl Fquamaih Pfmfgahs Lspaihzf tlilehs qul?

6. Wl lelepmf
pmfz÷
z÷ ghi mf jlef
jlefijf
ijf f Ilmmy
Ilmmyjf
jf Pfmfga
Pfmfgahs
hs Lspaih
Lspaihzf
zf (gfrch
(gfrch jl ihtak
ihtakagf
agfga÷
ga÷ii f
khmah :1) y f mhs suglshrls ajlitakagfjhs jlm kfmmlgajh Fquamaih Pfmfgahs Lspaihzf,
lsth ls, f Ljcfr Samkrljh Pfmfgahs Efths, Efratzf Asfnlm Pfmfgahs Efths l Asfnlm
^almf Efths Culrrf vaujf jl Pfmfgahs (gfrch f khmahs :1, <6 y <7), qualils
 prlgasfelitl aitlcrfi mf suglsa÷i jl Asfnlm Lspaihzf Jl mf Gruz2 li lm gfsh jl
 Ilmmyjf Pfmfgahs Lspaihzf lm lepmfzfealith sl lklgtu÷ phr jlrlgdh prhpah, y li
mhs jleæs gfshs, li rlprlslitfga÷i jlm gfusfitl Fquamaih Pfmfgahs Lspaihzf2

>. ai pl
plrouaga
rouagahh jl mfs ihtakagfgahi
ihtakagfgahils
ls lklgtuf
lklgtufjfs
jfs ssll ihenr÷
ihenr÷ f ui gurfjhr
gurfjhr prhglsfm
prhglsfm pfrf
pfrf
mf suglsa÷i jl Asfnlm Lspaihzf jl mf Gruz, quali fnshmva÷ hphrtuifelitl lm trfsmfjh
jl mf jlefijf (khmah 70<), jl khref tfm, qul mf jlklisf jl jagdf suglsa÷i kul
lklgtavfelitl rlfmazfjf fm aitlrahr jlm prhglsh eljafitl lm elgfiaseh prhglsfm
lstfnmlgajh pfrf tfm kai phr lm frtågumh ;6 aigash : jlm G÷jach Prhglsfm Gavam2

7. Mhs jl
jlefi
efijfj
jfjhs
hs rlgurrl
rlgurrlitl
itlss Ofvalr
Ofvalr Sam
Sammaf
mafe
e Lspa
Lspaihz
ihzff Lspaihzf
Lspaihzf y Ohsá
Ohsá Muas
Muas
Lspaihzf Lspaihzf dfi jliuigafjh li su rlgursh jl gfsfga÷i qul tfenaái sl jlna÷
gheprlijlr li lm prhglsh f mhs htrhs trls daohs jlm kfmmlgajh Fquamaih Pfmfgahs
Lspaihzf, qul slcÿi
^hmfijh Pfmfgahs fkarefi
Lspaihzf slråfi
y Dlvlr Clhvfiia
Duch Pfmfgahs^utd Pfmfgahs
Lspaihzf, Lspaihzf,
y qul Efrtåi
fm ih dfglrmh sl
df vumilrfjh su jlrlgdh fm jlnajh prhglsh y f mf jlklisf2 sai lenfrch, lstl ÷rcfih
 ourasjaggahifm ih ghepfrtl tfm frcuelith thjf vlz qul, li thjh gfsh, mf
 pfrtagapfga÷i li lstl prhglsh jl mhs gatfjhs daohs jl Fquamaih Pfmfgahs Lspaihzf sl
rlfmazfråf li rlprlslitfga÷i jl lstl ÿmtaeh, quali ls aitlcrfitl jl mf suglsa÷i jl
Asfnlm Lspaihzf Jl mf Gruz, suglsa÷i guyf jlklisf, gheh sl df aijagfjh, df sajh
lolrgajf phr lm gurfjhr prhglsfm jlsacifjh2 y,

:. Lst
Lstfijh
fijh f qul
qul mf jlkl
jlklisf
isf jl
jl mf sugls
suglsa÷i
a÷i jl
jlefi
efijfj
jfjff df sajh
sajh lo
lolrg
lrgatf
atfjf
jf ph
phrr ui
gurfjhr prhglsfm jlnajfelitl jlsacifjh, ih puljl ghisajlrfrsl qul sl dfyf
gfusfjh aijlklisa÷i f mhs aitlcrfitls jl jagdf suglsa÷i h vumilrfjh su jlrlgdh fm
jlnajh prhglsh.
Wlxth.-  Ghikhrel f mh fifmazfjh li mhs ghisajlrfijhs tlrglrh, gufrth y quaith qul
fitlgljli, ih puljl ghisajlrfrsl qul li lm gfsh jl fuths sl dfyf aigurrajh li mf
aikrfgga÷i ihreftavf prhglsfm jl mhs aigashs 7 y 6: jlm frtågumh 671 jl mf Ghistatuga÷i
Phmåtagf jlm Plrÿ, ih fprlgaæijhsl mf vumilrfga÷i jl mhs jlrlgdhs fm jlnajh prhglsh y
jlklisf qul sl jliuigafi li lm rlgursh jl gfsfga÷i.
Wátaeh.-  Jl htrh mfjh, tfenaái sl df jlgmfrfjh prhgljlitl lm rlgursh jl gfsfga÷i
 pmfitlfjh li gufith f mf aikrfgga÷i ihreftavf eftlrafm jlm frtågumh 710 jlm G÷jach
Gavam2 fm rlsplgth sl fmlcf qul lm rlghihgaealith sl dfgl ghistfr li lm ^lcastrh jl
 Ifgaealith, lsgraturf pÿnmagf h Zlstfelith, mhs gufmls shi mhs taphs y khrefs gheh sl
 puljl lklgtufr, plrh qul fjleæs lxastl ui rlghihgaealith eljafitl lsgraturf pÿnmagf
ghi rlghihgaealith aigajlitfm khrefm h aepmågath, lm gufm sl gfrfgtlrazf phr mf fusligaf
jl aitliga÷ijlgmfrf
jhguelith jarlgtf qul
pfrfuif
lstfnmlglr
plrshifmflskamafga÷i,
su daof2lsth ls, mf
salijh qulprhcliathrf
li lm gfshqul
jl hthrcf lm
fuths mf

<;
 

gfusfitl Asfnlm Lspaihzf jl Pfmfgahs li mf tlrglrf gmæusumf jl mf lsgraturf pÿnmagf jl

Fitagaph jl Mlcåtaef rlghihgl aepmågatfelitl qul mhs rlgurrlitls
r lgurrlitls shi daohs suyhs.
Hgtfvh.- Ghikhrel sl df lxpulsth prlgljlitlelitl, li lm prlslitl gfsh, mf jlefijf jl
 Iumajfj jl Fgth Ouråjagh pmfitlfjf phr Ilmmyjf Pfmfgahs Lspaihzf jl Efyhr sl
sustlitf, ghigrltfelitl, li qul su gfusfitl Asfnlm Lspaihzf jl
j l Pfmfgahs df hthrcfjh phr 
lsgraturf pÿnmagf ui fitagaph jl mlcåtaef f kfvhr jl Ofvalr Sammafe Lspaihzf Lspaihzf y
Ohsá
qul slMuas Lspaihzf
ghisajlrf qulLspaihzf,
jagdh fgthqualils ihlsshi
ouråjagh sus daohs
ghitrfrah nahm÷caghs
f mfs mlyls quliaaitlrlsfi
fjhptavhs,
fm phr mh
hrjli
 pÿnmagh, aigurralijh li mf gfusfm jl iumajfj prlvastf li lm aigash 4 jlm frtågumh >61 jlm
G÷jach Gavam, qul ihs rleatl f su vlz fm frtågumh [ jl su Zåtumh Prlmaeaifr, pulsth qul
lm fitagaph jl mlcåtaef shmh puljl lklgtufrsl f kfvhr jl dlrljlrhs khrzhshs ghikhrel sl
jlsprlijl jlm frtågumh 476 jlm G÷jach Gavam.
Ihvlih.- Mfs aistfigafs jl eárath dfi jfjh phr fgrljatfjh lm dlgdh jl qul eljafitl
lsgraturf pÿnmagf jl Fitagaph jl Mlcåtaef hthrcfjf fitl lm Ihtfrah Pÿnmagh Chjhkrljh
H. Wfmfs Nutr÷i ghi klgdf vlaitauih jl fchsth jl jhs eam saltl, Asfnlm Lspaihzf jl
Pfmfgahs jah li fitagaph jl mlcåtaef lm gali phr galith (600 %) jl mfs fggahils y
jlrlgdhs qul tliåf shnrl jhs aieulnmls, f kfvhr jl ‗slcÿi aijagf lxprlsfelitl‗ sus
daohs Ofvalr Sammafe Lspaihzf Lspaihzf y Ohsá Muas Lspaihzf Lspaihzf2 fså tlilehs qul
li mf Gmæusumf
 prlslitl ZlrglrfMF
aistruelith, jl mf aijagfjf lsgraturf
HZH^CFIZL pÿnmagf
phr su prhpahslöfm÷?
jlrlgdh”(…) ZL^GL^F.-
y dfgalijh ush jlPhr lm
lmmh,
 fepfrfjhs li mh jaspulsth phr mhs Frtågumhs 707 y 1>7 jlm G÷jach Gavam, li mf klgdf,
JF LI GFMAJFJ JL FIZAGAPH JL MLCÅZAEF f kfvhr jl sus daohs? Ofvalr Sammafe
Lspaihzf Lspaihzf y Ohsá Muas Lspaihzf Lspaihzf, LM 600 % (galith phr galith) jl sus
fggahils y jlrlgdhs qul talil li mhs jhs aieulnmls eligahifjhs li mf gmæusumf fitlrahr 
 praelrf (...)― (ilcratfs y sunrfyfjh fcrlcfjh).
Jágaeh.- Li eárath f tfm dlgdh, mhs rlgurrlitls dfi ghisajlrfjh qul pfrf mf rlshmuga÷i
jl mf ghitrhvlrsaf sl jlna÷ fpmagfr lm frtågumh 710 jlm G÷jach Gavam, lm gufm rlcumf mhs
taphs jl rlghihgaealith jl ui daoh lxtrfeftraehiafm slöfmfijh?
(…) Frtågumh 710.- Lm rlghihgaealith sl dfgl ghistfr li lm rlcastrh jl ifgaealiths,

li lsgraturf pÿnmagf
rlghihgaealith h li tlstfelith
jl mf kamafga÷i fm hthrcfrsl (…). Li lsplgafm,
uif Lsgraturf Pÿnmagf.li mh rlklrlitl fm
Jágaeh praelrh.- Lm rlghihgaealith jl kamafga÷i ghistatuyl ui fgth ouråjagh uiamftlrfm
eljafitl lm gufm uif plrshif efiakalstf mf pftlriajfj h eftlriajfj lxtrfeftraehiafm
rlsplgth f htrf plrshif2 prlgasfelitl, lm gatfjh frtågumh 710 jlm G÷jach Gavam, plreatl
lklgtufr jagdh rlghihgaealith kamafm, litrl htrhs, eljafitl lsgraturf pÿnmagf.
Jágaeh slcuijh.-  Lm rlghihgaealith jl kamafga÷i lxtrfeftraehiafm, pfrf slr væmajh y
lkagfz, ih shmh puljl lstfr ghitliajh li uif lsgraturf pÿnmagf qul jl efilrf lsplgåkagf
 ghigrltf sl rlkalrf ÿiagf y lxgmusavfelitl fm rlghihgaealith jl mf kamafga÷i, lsth ls,
ih ilglsfrafelitl jlnl trftfrsl jl uif lsgraturf pÿnmagf jl kamafga÷i lxtrfeftraehiafm,
 puls lm frtågumh 710 jlm G÷jach Gavam shmh lxacl qul lm rlghihgaealith ghistl li
Lsgraturf Pÿnmagf. Li lstl hrjli jl ajlfs, lm rlghihgaealith kamafm tfenaái puljl
lighitrfrsl ghitliajh li mf lsgraturf pÿnmagf ghrrlsphijalitl f htrhs fgths ouråjaghs,
saleprl qul mf efiaklstfga÷i jl vhmuitfj jl rlghihgaealith jl mf eftlriajfj h

<3
 

 pftlriajfj slf gmfrf l aijunatfnml, gheh hgurrl li lm gfsh jl fuths, li jhijl fm

glmlnrfrsl lm fgth ouråjagh jl fitagaph jl dlrligaf ghitliajh li mf lsgraturf pÿnmagf jlm
vlaitauih jl fchsth jl jhs eam saltl, mf fitagapfitl Asfnlm Lspaihzf jl Pfmfgahs,
lxprlsfelitl sl rlkalrl f mhs rlgurrlitls gheh sus daohs, y li eárath f tfm lstftus, mls
hthrcf lm gali phr galith (600 %) jl sus jlrlgdhs y fggahils shnrl jhs aieulnmls.
Jágaeh tlrglrh.- Li saeamfr slitajh sl dfi prhiuigafjh javlrshs futhrls lsplgafmastfs
li eftlraf jl
jl kamafga÷i jlrlgdh
ghistf jl lsgraturf
li uif kfeamaf fmpÿnmagf
fifmazfrqul
supulsths li mhsf htrh
lstæ rlklrajh gufmls lm ouråjagh.
fgth rlghihgaealith
Fså, lm
futhr Fmlx Klrifijh Pmægajh [amgfgdfcuf, df slöfmfjh?
”(…) mf ourasprujligaf fjeatl lm rlghihgaealith lxprlsh l aijarlgth, gufijh lm
easeh kmuyl ailquåvhgfelitl jl ui jhguelith qul mh ghitalil, plrh qul lstæ
rlklrajh f htrh fgth ouråjagh. Fså, phr lolepmh, gufijh sl hthrcf ui phjlr phr 
Lsgraturf Pÿnmagf f uif plrshif f mf qul sl ml gatf gheh daoh (…)―.
Li lm easeh slitajh, y rlkaraáijhsl f mf ourasprujligaf ifgahifm, lm rlghihgajh ourastf y
jhgthr li Jlrlgdh, Dágthr Ghriloh Gdævlz shstalil?
”(…) Mf satufga÷i ih ls acufmelitl jaækfif gufijh lm rlghihgaealith sl prfgtagf
li Lsgraturf Pÿnmagf h li tlstfelith, puls mf mltrf jlm frtågumh 710 ih df grlåjh
ilglsfrah fgmfrfr sa df jl trftfrsl jl ui rlghihgaealith lxprlsh y jarlgth h sa nfstf
lm aepmågath h shnrlitlijajh. Mf ourasprujligaf jl mhs tranuifmls sl df aigmaifjh,
dfstf mf klgdf, phr lstf ÿmtaef aitlrprltfga÷i. Fså, mf lolguthraf suprlef jlm
vlaitaiulvl jl fnram jl eam ihvlgaliths trlaitf y saltl lstfnmlga÷ qul lm fgth jl
hthrcfr phjlr lm pfjrl fm daoh li lsgraturf pÿnmagf y lm jl fpfrlglr gheh pfjrl l
daoh li uif lsgraturf pÿnmagf jl Eutuh Daphtlgfrah, ls prulnf nfstfitl jlm
rlghihgaealith jl mf kamafga÷i2 mf jl vlaitasaltl jl ouiah jl eam ihvlgaliths
gufrlitf y uih jltlreai÷ qul mf jlgmfrfga÷i jl daoh qul ghitalil uif lsgraturf
 pÿnmagf jl efijfth aephrtf lm rlghihgaealith jl mf gfmajfj jl tfm, sai qul lsf
jlgmfrfga÷i slf susglptanml jl rlvhgfrsl, ih hnstfitl qul mf lsgraturf ih ls jl
rlghihgaealith2 y, li fiæmhch slitajh, mf jlm vlaitaj÷s jl sltalenrl jl eam

ihvlgaliths
tlicf phr kaigaigulitf
lsplgåkaghylmuih rlshmva÷ qul,jlihdaoh
rlghihgaealith hnstfitl
saih uiqul mf lsgraturf
ghitrfth pÿnmagf
jl plreutf ih
sa li
mf easef quali fpfrlgl hthrcæijhmf jlsacif f plrshif jltlreaifjf gheh su daoh,
lmmh aephrtf lm rlghihgaealith jl jagdf plrshif, sai qul qulpf aepucifga÷i jl
 plrshif lxtrföf. Walijh lstl lm gratlrah fpmagfjh fm gfsh jl mf lsgraturf pÿnmagf,
 pfrlgl lvajlitl qul tfenaái jlnl fpmagfrsl fm jlm tlstfelith2 jl jhijl sl
jlsprlijlråf qul mf jlsacifga÷i dlgdf li lstl jl uif plrshif jltlreaifjf gheh
daoh jlm tlstfjhr, slf ihenræijhmf gheh tfm, h aistatuyáijhsl dlrljlrf h mlcftfraf, h
jl gufmqualr htrh ehjh jlnlråf lstaefrsl gheh lm rlghihgaealith f qul sl rlkalrl
lm frtågumh 710 (…)―.
Phr su pfrtl, lm jhgthr li Jlrlgdh Liraqul [frsa ^hspacmahsa, fm rlklrarsl fm
rlghihgaealith jl kamafga÷i phr lsgraturf pÿnmagf h ”rlghihgaealith lsgraturfm― shstalil?

<4
 

”(…) Mf Lsgraturf Pÿnmagf ih jlnl slr lxprlsf jl rlghihgaealith. Lm

rlghihgaealith puljl lstfr aitlcrfjh h slr pfrtl, ghiouitfelitl, ghi htrh(s) fgth(s)
 ouråjagh(s) qul ghistl(i) li uif Lsgraturf Pÿnmagf. Fsa puljl jfrsl lm gfsh jl uif
Lsgraturf Pÿnmagf qul ghitlicf htrhs fgths, gheh uif jl pfgth fitliupgafm jl
rácaeli jl nalils, fitagaph jl mlcåtaef, jhifga÷i, ghisajlræijhsl, fjleæs, lm
rlghihgaealith (...)―.
Jágaeh gufrth.-  Li lstl hrjli jl ajlfs, ghikhrel fm fiæmasas rlfmazfjh y mf jhgtraif
ifgahifm futhrazfjf qul sl aivhgf, ghisajlrfehs qul sl df aigurrajh li aikrfgga÷i
eftlrafm fm aifpmagfr lm frtågumh 710 jlm G÷jach Gavam f lklgths jl rlshmvlr mf
ghitrhvlrsaf, lsplgåkagfelitl, li gufith plreatl ghigmuar qul lm rlghihgaealith jl
kamafga÷i ghitliajh li lsgraturf pÿnmagf ls sukagalitl pfrf fgrljatfr mf kamafga÷i
lxtrfeftraehiafm, y ghi lmmh jlsvartufr lm frcuelith lscraeajh phr mf fggahifitl
gheh sustlith jl mf jlefijf jl Iumajfj jl Fgth Ouråjagh, slcÿi lm gufm, lm fitagaph jl
dlrligaf hthrcfjh phr Asfnlm Lspaihzf Jl mf Gruz f kfvhr jl mhs rlgurrlitls Ohsá Muas
Lspaihzf Lspaihzf y Ofvalr Sammafe Lspaihzf Lspaihzf slråf iumh phr ghitrfvliar mlyls
qul aitlrlsfi fm hrjli pÿnmagh (aigash 4 jlm frtågumh >61 ghighrjfitl ghi lm frtågumh [
jlm Zåtumh Prlmaeaifr jlm G÷jach Gavam), lsplgåkagfelitl, phr dfnlrsl lklgtufjh jagdh
fitagaph jl dlrligaf f kfvhr jl qualils ih shi dlrljlrhs khrzhshs phr ih slr daohs
ghikhrel fm frtågumh 3>: jlm G÷jach Gavam l aikraicar lm frtågumh 476 jlm tlxth mlcfm li
eliga÷i, qul shmh plreatl lklgtufr lm fgth ouråjagh aepucifjh f kfvhr jl dlrljlrhs
khrzhshs2 frcuelith qul ih puljl slr fepfrfjh pulsth qul, gheh sl df aijagfjh, fm
fepfrh jlm frtågumh 710 jlm G÷jach Gavam, lm rlghihgaealith jl eftlriajfj ghitliajh
li lsgraturf pÿnmagf så ls sukagalitl pfrf jlehstrfr mf gfmajfj jl daohs jl mhs rlgurrlitls,
mh qul dfgl jlvliar li aikuijfjf mf jlefijf pmfitlfjf, phr fså jasphilrmh lm frtågumh
>00 jlm G÷jach Prhglsfm Gavam.
Jágaeh quaith.- Li ghislguligaf, fgrljatfjf mf aikrfgga÷i ihreftavf eftlrafm, jl
ghikhreajfj ghi lm praelr pærrfkh jlm frtågumh 71; jlm G÷jach Prhglsfm Gavam,
ehjakagfjh phr lm frtågumh 6 jl mf Mly I¿ >17;:, jlnlræ rlvhgfrsl åitlcrfelitl mf
slitligaf jl vastf qul fepfr÷ mf jlefijf, y ghikarefrsl mf slitligaf jl praelrf
aistfigaf qul jlgmfr÷ aikuijfjf mf jlefijf.

A[.. JL
A[ JLGA
GAWA
WA×I
×I??
Phr lsths kuijfeliths, jlgmfrfrhi? K\IJFJH lm rlgursh jl gfsfga÷i aitlrpulsth phr 
mhs jlefijfjhs Ofvalr Sammafe Lspaihzf Lspaihzf y Ohsá Muas Lspaihzf Lspaihzf
(khmahs 737)2 GFWF^HI  mf slitligaf jl vastf ghitliajf li mf ^lshmuga÷i iÿelrh
trlaitf y hgdh, jl klgdf jalz jl efrzh jl jhs eam quaigl (khmahs 7;>), lxpljajf phr mf
Praelrf Wfmf Eaxtf jl Dufigfyh jl mf Ghrtl Wuplrahr jl Oustagaf jl Ouiåi, y fgtufijh
li sljl jl aistfigaf? ^L[HGF^HI  mf slitligaf jl vastf qul f su vlz rlvhg÷ mf
slitligaf fplmfjf, y ^LKH^EÆIJHMF li su aitlcrajfj, ghikarefrhi mf slitligaf jl
 praelrf ghitliajf li mf ^lshmuga÷i iÿelrh trlaitf y trls, jl klgdf quaigl jl fchsth jl
jhs eam gfthrgl (khmahs 731), qul jlgmfr÷ aikuijfjf mf jlefijf jl iumajfj jl fgth
uråjagh2 JAWP\WAL^HI mf punmagfga÷i jl mf prlslitl rlshmuga÷i li lm jafrah hkagafm Lm 
hkagafm  Lm 
 Plrufih,, nfoh rlsphisfnamajfj2 li mhs slcuajhs phr Ilmmyjf Pfmfgahs jl Efyhr ghitrf
 Plrufih

<1
 

Ofvalr Sammafe Lspaihzf Lspaihzf y htrhs, shnrl Iumajfj jl Fgth Ouråjagh2 y mhs
jlvhmvalrhi. Philitl Wlöhr ^helrh Jåfz, Oulz suprleh.
W.W.
^HEL^H JÅF_
GFNLMMH EFZFEFMF
GÁWPLJLW GFNFMF
ZH^^LW [LIZHGAMMF

:. Prhglj
Prhgljlig
ligaf
af jl mf aepuc
aepucifg
ifga÷i
a÷i jl mf
mf pftlria
pftlriajfj
jfj.. Gfsf
Gfsfga÷
ga÷i
i I¿ 6;>>->06
6;>>->06<-
<-
Frlquapf
^LW\ELI
Mf Wfmf Gavam Plrefilitl slöfmf qul mf aepucifga÷i jl pftlriajfj lstæ rlcumfjf
lxprlsfelitl phr mhs frtågumhs 711 y :00 jlm G÷jach Gavam li ghighrjfigaf ghi mh
 prlvasth li lm frtågumh 71< jl mf easef ihref. Jl lstl ehjh, mhs ououlgls
lgls suprlehs
rlfkarefi mf phsturf lstfnmlgajf li mf Gfsfga÷i I° 7313->06>-Frlquapf, li lm
slitajh jl qul, fitl mf aepucifga÷i jl pftlriajfj jlnl thefrsl li gulitf sa lxastl
 phr pfrtl jlm fggahifitl lm rlghihgaealith vhmuitfrah jl kamafga÷i (lm gufm ls
arrlvhgfnml), puls, li guyh gfsh, jl slr fkareftavh, mf aepucifga÷i jlvalil li
aeprhgljlitl. Pfrf tfm lklgth, jl fgulrjh f mh shstliajh phr mf Wfmf, mf rlcmf jl
arrlvhgfnamajfj jlm rlghihgaealith sl sustlitf li uif phijlrfga÷i qul lm mlcasmfjhr 
rlfmazf shnrl lm rlghihgaealith ghi rlmfga÷i fm aitlrás suplrahr jl iaöh,
ghisajlrfijh mf aijujfnml trfsglijligaf qul lstf talil jlitrh jlm jlsfrrhmmh jlm slr 
duefih, tfi ls fså qul mf ilcftavf jl pftlriajfj tlijråf ui aepfgth li mf kfeamaf y
mf shgaljfj, puls mfs ghislguligafs slråfi ihgavfs qul li lm iaöh fitl mf lxtaiga÷i
jlm våigumh pftlrih-kamafm, ih shmh phr mf ghitaiufga÷i jl mf rlmfga÷i qul puljf
lxastar ghi su prhcliathr, saih tfenaái phr lm lstfjh jl jlsfepfrh li lm qul
quljfråf fm philrsl táreaih f mhs jlnlrls jl tutlmf qul ghrrlsphijåfi fm pfjrl.

K\IJFELIZH ^LML[FIZL

 Juhjágaeh.- Lm dlgdh jl qul sl jlgmfrl mf ih pftlriajfj hrjlifijh qul sl

jlsgfrtl thjf rlklrligaf f mf pftlriajfj jlm fgtf jl ifgaealith ih tlijråf
lklgths phsatavhs, phr lm ghitrfrah, mf fprlgafga÷i jl mfs ghislguligafs
ghigrltfs qul lstl taph jl jlgasahils prhjugl li mf rlfmajfj lvajligaf qul li
mhs dlgdhs lm iaöh h iaöf aivhmugrfjh li mf ghitrhvlrsaf, li rlfmajfj ih
 puljl fggljlr f mf vlrjfj shnrl su hracli nahm÷cagh, puls mf jlgasa÷i
 ourasjaggahifm qul jlgmfrf mf urcligaf jl tutlmfr su jlrlgdh f ghihglr su
hracli, ÿiagfelitl sl maeatf f jlsgfrtfr mf kamafga÷i qul dfstf lsl ehelith
talil, plrh ih prhphrgahif ifjf li rllepmfzh jl lstf fklgtfga÷i.

 Ih
qulslkhrefmelitl
sftaskfgl, lithigls,
lstl talillmyf
jlrlgdh
ih ls ftfmmf(sl
ajlitajfj
lmaeaifjlm
jlmelihr,
fgtf jlyfifgaealith
qul lm pfjrl
pf jrl
mf

;0
 

 pftlriajfj qul dfstf

d fstf lm ehelith lxaståf), plrh li su mucfr lm oulz ih mmlcf f
rlsphijlr guæm ls, lithigls, mf kamafga÷i qul ml ghrrlsphijl. Li ghislguligaf,
 sa mf satufga÷i jl lstl elihr fitls jlm prhiuigafealith jlm ÷rcfih
 ourasjaggahifm phjråf slr gulstahifnml, su satufga÷i mulch jl ástl ls
lvajlitlelitl eæs prlgfraf.

GH^ZL W\P^LEF JL O\WZAGAF JL MF ^LPßNMAGFWFMF GA[AM

PL^EFILIZL
GFWFGA×I I° 6;>>->06<-F^LV\APF
AEP\CIFGA×I JL ^LGHIHGAEALIZH JL PFZL^IAJFJ
Maef, trls jl efyh jl jhs eam jalgasáas.-
WFMF GA[AM PL^EFILIZL JL MF GH^ZL W\P^LEF JL O\WZAGAF JL MF
^LPßNMAGF2 vastf mf gfusf iÿelrh eam slasgaliths vlaitaj÷s - jhs eam quaigl, li
fujaligaf pÿnmagf rlfmazfjf li mf klgdf y prhjugajf mf vhtfga÷i ghrrlsphijalitl, leatl
mf sacualitl slitligaf?

A. EFZL^AF JLM ^LG\^WH

Li lm prlslitl prhglsh jl rlghihgaealith jl pftlriajfj, lm jlefijfitl Lstlnfi Gghpf
Holjf, df aitlrpulsth rlgursh jl gfsfga÷i eljafitl lsgrath jl klgdf vlaitasáas jl efrzh
jl jhs eam quaigl, hnrfitl f khofs guftrhgaliths jhgl, ghitrf mf rlshmuga÷i jl vastf jl
klgdf guftrh jl efrzh jl jhs eam quaigl, hnrfitl f khofs trlsgaliths ihvlitf y saltl, qul
rlvhgf mf slitligaf fplmfjf y rlkhreæijhmf jlgmfrf aeprhgljlitl mf jlefijf.

AA.
AA. FI
FIZL
ZLGL
GLJL
JLIZ
IZL
LW

6. Jlefijf
Wlcÿi lsgrath jl khofs quaigl, Lstlnfi Gghpf Holjf aitlrphil jlefijf jl aepucifga÷i
jl rlghihgaealith jl pftlriajfj rlsplgth f mf elihr jl aiagafmls L.M.G.C.2 li
ghislguligaf, shmagatf qul sl supraef su ihenrl gheh pfjrl jl mf elihr.
Wlöfmf qul ghi Kamhelif Fif Efråf Cutaárrlz Dufeæi sl ghihgli li lm els jl efyh
jl eam ihvlgaliths ihvlitf y saltl, li uif jasghtlgf, shstlialijh rlmfgahils slxufmls
shmh uif vlz li lm els jl oumah jlm easeh föh. Fcrlcf qul, mf jlefijfjf sl fplrshi÷ f
su gfsf aikhreæijhml qul lstfnf lenfrfzfjf jl ui els y uif slefif, phr mh qul, phr 
 prlsa÷i jl sus pfjrls, rlghihga÷
rlghih ga÷ f mf elihr jl aiagafmls L.M.G.C. (ljfj fgtufm jalgasaltl
föhs) fitl mf Euiagapfmajfj Jastratfm jl Pfugfrpftf, ehelith li lm gufm sl litlrf qul mf
jlefijfjf sl mmfef Kamhelif. Efiakalstf qul mf jlefijfjf tliåf gheh ghivavalitl f
Gásfr Kljlragh Maifrls ^ukfsth, ghi lm qul efituvh vajf ghiyucfm plrefilitl phr ui
 plrahjh fprhxaefjh jl vlaitaÿi föhs, satufga÷i jl mf qul sl litlrf li klnrlrh jl jhs eam
jhgl, phr mf ghivlrsfga÷i qul tuvh ghi lm htrh daoh jl mf jlefijfjf, Custfvh [ajfm
Maifrls Cutaárrlz, quali tfenaái ml aijagf qul tuvh htrh dlrefih qul yf kfmmlga÷.
Ghisajlrf
ihvlgalithsqul jl slr ygalrth
ihvlitf hgdh qul
y ihmflmelihr ls sujldaof,
vlaitatrás lmmfjldfnråf
lilrh ifgajh li fnram
eam ihvlgaliths jl eam
ihvlitf y

;6
 

hgdh, tlialijh li gulitf iulvl elsls jl clstfga÷i, phr mh qul, jagdf elihr dfnråf sajh
ghiglnajf fitls jlm ligulitrh slxufm qul tuvh ghi lm jlefijfitl2 li lsl slitajh, mf
jlefijfjf mh df licföfjh.

>. Ghit
Ghitls
lstf
tfga
ga÷i
÷i jl mf jlef
jlefij
ijff
Wlcÿi lsgrath jl khofs gaigulitf y uih, Kamhelif Fif Efråf Cutaárrlz Dufeæi ghitlstf
mf jlefijf,
ihvlitf slöfmfijh
y saltl, salijh qul
kfmshghivava÷
qul sus ghi lm jlefijfitl
pfjrls li lm föh
dfyfi aitlrvliajh pfrfeam ihvlgaliths
hnmacfrmh li lm
rlghihgaealith jl su daof. Efiakalstf qul tfephgh rlsumtf galrth qul dfyf tliajh uif
vajf efratfm ghi Gásfr Kljlragh Maifrls ^ukfsth, plrh ls galrth qul talil trls daohs.
Aijagf qul lm jlefijfitl dfgl gfthrgl föhs rlghihga÷ f su daof y lm vlaitatrás jl oumah
jl eam ihvlgaliths ihvlitf y hgdh sl rlfmaz÷ uif ghigamafga÷i, jhijl lm fgthr rlghihgl
iulvfelitl f su daof, y fjleæs sl gheprheltl f guepmar ghi pfsfr fmaeliths, fgth qul
ih rlfmazf dfstf mf klgdf.
Fsaeaseh, lm gurfjhr prhglsfm jl mf elihr eljafitl lsgrath jl khofs slslitf y slas,
slöfmf qul li lm jlrlgdh f mf ajlitajfj, ifjal puljl jlofr jl tlilrmh y ifjal puljl
quatærslmh, lm pmfzh pfrf rlfmazfr mf aepucifga÷i ls jl ihvlitf jåfs, phr mh qul mf
jlefijf jlvalil li aeprhgljlitl.

7. Wlit
Wlitli
liga
gaff jl pr
prae
aelr
lrff ai
aist
stfi
figa
gaff
Mulch jlm træeatl prhglsfm ghrrlsphijalitl, lm slöhr oulz jlm Praelr Ouzcfjh Eaxth jlm
E÷jumh Næsagh jl Pfugfrpftf jl mf Ghrtl Wuplrahr jl Oustagaf jl Frlquapf, eljafitl
rlshmuga÷i jl klgdf vlaitauih jl lilrh jl jhs eam gfthrgl, hnrfitl f khofs jhsgaliths
iulvl, leata÷ slitligaf jlgmfrfijh kuijfjf mf jlefijf. Li ghislguligaf, jlgmfrf
aivæmajh l ailkagfz lm rlghihgaealith ghitliajh li lm fgtf jl ifgaealith I° <41347
lklgtufjh phr lm jlefijfitl Lstlnfi Gghpf Holjf rlsplgth f mf elihr jl aiagafmls
L.M.G.C. ifgajf lm vlaitatrás jl lilrh jl eam ihvlgaliths ihvlitf y hgdh, l aisgratf lm
slas jl klnrlrh jl eam ihvlgaliths ihvlitf y hgdh.
Eligahif lm f quh qul
quh qul sa nali lm jlefijfitl df rlghihgajh f mf elihr, ghikhrel f mf
 pfrtajf jl ifgaealith jl khofs gaigh, rlsumtf pmlifelitl prhgljlitl leatar 
 prhiuigafealith jl khijh rlsplgth jl mf prltlisa÷i jl aepucifga÷i jl rlghihgaealith
jl pftlriajfj ghitliajf li mf jlefijf, pulsth qul sl ligulitrf li jasgusa÷i mf kamafga÷i
 nahm÷cagf jl uif elihr, rlsumtfijh aeplrahsf mf ilglsajfj jl qul tfm kamafga÷i slf
jamugajfjf y qul mf oustagaf rlsulmvf tfm aiglrtajuenrl
aiglrtajuenr l clilrfjf.
Vul li fujaligaf jl prulnfs jl klgdf vlaitahgdh jl jagalenrl jl jhs eam jhgl, sl
thefrhi mfs eulstrfs nahm÷cagfs fm jlefijfitl Lstlnfi Gghpf Holjf, f mf jlefijfjf
Kamhelif Fif Efråf Cutaárrlz Dufeæi y f mf elihr jl aiagafmls L.M.G.C. (rlsumtfjhs f
khofs galith slslitf y slas), qul ih df sajh eftlraf jl hnslrvfga÷i phr iaicuif jl mfs
 pfrtls, jhijl sl ghigmuyl qul lm jlefijfitl Lstlnfi Gghpf Holjf ih ls lm pfjrl
 nahm÷cagh jl mf elihr, phr mh qul lm rlghihgaealith rlfmazfjh rlsumtf aivæmajh l
ailkagfz.

:. Wlit
Wlitli
liga
gaff jl sl
slcu
cuij
ijff ais
aistf
tfig
igaf
af

;>
 

Mf Praelrf Wfmf Gavam jl mf Ghrtl Wuplrahr jl Oustagaf jl Frlquapf eljafitl shmuga÷i jl

klgdf guftrh jl efrzh jl jhs eam quaigl, hnrfitl f khofs trlsgaliths ihvlitf y saltl,
rlvhgf mf slitligaf fplmfjf y rlkhreæijhmf jlgmfrf aeprhgljlitl mf jlefijf,
frcuelitfijh qul shi jl fpmagfga÷i mhs frtågumhs 711 y :00 jlm G÷jach Gavam, li
ghrrlmfth ghi lm praigapah jl aitlrás suplrahr jlm iaöh.
Wl fjvalrtl qul lm jlefijfitl gfrlgl jl mlcataeajfj pfrf aitlrphilr mf jlefijf jl
aepucifga÷i jl rlghihgaealith
rlghihgajh mf pftlriajfj jl pftlriajfj,
jl mf fjhmlsglitl, tfm ghehfmfpfrlgl
dfnlr li
sajh oustfelitl
lm fgtf quali jl
jl ifgaealith df
mf elihr jl aiagafmls L.M.G.C. (khofs gaigh). Vul, fsaeaseh, sl fjvalrtl qul mf ajlitajfj
qul df mmlvfjh jurfitl eæs jl jalgasáas föhs mf fjhmlsglitl, sl phil jl efiakalsth f
trfvás jl mf lxastligaf jl jhguelitfga÷i y uif dasthraf ghepfrtajf, qul jltlreaif qul
mf elihr ghisajlrl fm jlefijfitl gheh su pfjrl, tfm gheh slöfmf li mf Gfsfga÷i I°
7313->06>-Frlquapf (ghisajlrfijh jágaeh slxth)2 phjråf prhjugarsl eæs nali uif
grasas jl ajlitajfj jl mf fjhmlsglitl fm lxastar mf phsanamajfj qul li gufmqualr ehelith
sl aepucil mf pftlriajfj qul df efitliajh f mh mfrch jl mhs föhs, mh qul ih ghaigajl
ghi lm aitlrás suplrahr jlm iaöh. Wai plrouagah jlm FJI, ghrrlsphijl tlilr prlslitl qul
jl fgulrjh f mf ourasprujligaf rlgfåjf li mf Gfsfga÷i I° >01>->067, fm slr ui
rlghihgaealith lxtrfeftraehiafm lklgtufjh phr lm fgthr ui fgth arrlvhgfnml, ih
ghrrlsphijl trfeatfrsl jagdf prltlisa÷i li ui prhglsh jl aepucifga÷i jl pftlriajfj li
ftliga÷i f mh jaspulsth li lm frtågumh 71< jlm G÷jach Gavam, phr mh qul tlijræ qul dfgl
vfmlr li mf våf qul ghrrlsphijf.

AAA.. ^LG
AAA ^LG\^W
\^WH
H JL GFWFGA
GFWFGA×I
×I
Ghitrf mf eligahifjf slitligaf jl vastf leatajf phr mf Wfmf Wuplrahr, mf pfrtl
jlefijfitl aitlrphil rlgursh jl gfsfga÷i, lm gufm df sajh jlgmfrfjh prhgljlitl phr lstl
Wuprleh Zranuifm, eljafitl rlshmuga÷i jl klgdf jhs jl ihvalenrl jl jhs eam quaigl,
 phr mfs gfusfmls jl? A) Aikrfgga÷i ihreftavf jlm frtågumh <; jl mf Mly I° >;:13, Mly
Hrcæiagf jlm ^lcastrh Ifgahifm jl Ajlitakagfga÷i y Lstfjh Gavam2 y, aa) Aikrfgga÷i
ihreftavf jl mhs frtågumhs 711 y :00 jlm G÷jach Gavam.

A[. EFZL
EFZL^AF
^AF O\^ÅJ
O\^ÅJAGF
AGF LI JLNFZL
JLNFZL
Mf eftlraf ouråjagf li jasgusa÷i sl glitrf li jltlreaifr sa lm fgthr gulitf ghi
mlcataeajfj pfrf hnrfr pfrf jlefijfr mf aepucifga÷i jl pftlriajfj y sa lstf sl
ligulitrf jlitrh jlm pmfzh lstfnmlgajh phr mf ihref.

[. K\
K\IJ
IJFE
FELI
LIZH
ZHW
W JL LWZ
LWZF
F WFMF
WFMF W\P^
W\P^LE
LEF
F
Praelrh.- Ghrrlsphijl eligahifr, jl efilrf prlmaeaifr, qul mf kuiga÷i ihehkamægtagf
jlm rlgursh jl gfsfga÷i cfrfitazf qul mhs Zranuifmls Wuprlehs slfi mhs ligfrcfjhs jl
sfmvfcufrjfr lm rlsplth jlm ÷rcfih ourasjaggahifm fm jlrlgdh hnoltavh, lvatfijh fså
gufmqualr taph jl fklgtfga÷i f ihrefs ouråjagfs eftlrafmls y prhglsfmls, prhgurfijh,
ghikhrel eligahif lm frtågumh 74: jlm G÷jach Prhglsfm Gavam, ehjakagfjh phr mf Mly I°
>17;:, mf fjlgufjf fpmagfga÷i jlm jlrlgdh hnoltavh fm gfsh ghigrlth.
Wlcuijh.-  ^lsplgth f mf praelrf gfusfm, lm frtågumh <; jl mf Mly I° >;:13, Mly
Hrcæiagf jlm ^lcastrh Ifgahifm jl Ajlitakagfga÷i y Lstfjh Gavam, lstfnmlgl?

;7
 

Puljli lklgtufrsl rlgtakagfgahils h fjagahils li mfs pfrtajfs jl rlcastrh li vartuj jl

rlshmuga÷i oujagafm, sfmvh jasphsaga÷i jastaitf jl mf mly. Eljafitl jlgrlth suprleh
sl lstfnmlglræi mhs fgths suolths f prhgljaealiths fjeaiastrftavhs y fqulmmhs suolths
f rlshmuga÷i oujagafm.
Li gufmqualrf jl mhs gfshs jl rlghihgaealith vhmuitfrah h efijfth oujagafm jl
jlgmfrfga÷i jl pftlriajfj h eftlriajfj, lm rlcastrfjhr h kuigahifrah ligfrcfjh jlm
^lcastrh Ifgahifm jl Ajlitakagfga÷i y Lstfjh Gavam h jl mfs Hkagaifs ^lcastrfmls
futhrazfjfs phr lstl, jlnlræ fslitfr uif iulvf
i ulvf pfrtajf h fgtf jl ifgaealith.
Zlrglrh.-  Mf pfrtl jlefijfitl, sustlitf lstf gfusfm, fmlcfijh qul ih ls lm pfjrl
 nahm÷cagh jl mf fjhmlsglitl jl aiagafmls L.M.G.C., phr mh qul ghikhrel f mf jasphsaga÷i
jl mf slitligaf jl praelrf aistfigaf, jlnl lxpljarsl iulvf pfrtajf jl ifgaealith ghi mhs
jfths jl mf efjrl jl mf elihr.
Gufrth.- Li gufith f mf slcuijf gfusfm, rlklrajf f mhs frtågumhs 711 y :00 jlm G÷jach
Gavam, jagdfs ihrefs lstfnmlgli?
Frtågumh 711.- Lm rlghihgaealith puljl slr ilcfjh phr lm pfjrl h phr mf efjrl qul
ih aitlrvalil li ám, phr lm prhpah daoh h phr sus jlsglijalitls sa dunalrf eulrth, y
 phr qualils tlicfi aitlrás mlcåtaeh, sai plrouagah jl mh jaspulsth li lm frtågumh 71<.
Frtågumh :00.- Lm pmfzh pfrf ilcfr lm rlghihgaealith ls jl ihvlitf jåfs, f pfrtar jl
fqulm li qul sl tuvh ghihgaealith jlm fgth.
Vuaith.- Li gufith f lstf gfsufm, lm fgthr slöfmf qul lm oulz jl praelrf aistfigaf tuvh
li gulitf qul sa nali lm rlgurrlitl df rlghihgajh f mf elihr jl aiagafmls L.M.G.C. gheh
su daof, tfm gheh ghistf li mf pfrtajf jl ifgaealith, prlkaralijh ihrefs ghistatugahifmls
f mfs mlcfmls hrjaifrafs, rlsumtfnf pmlifelitl prhgljlitl leatar prhiuigafealith jl
khijh2 eæs fÿi gufijh sl dfnåf hrjlifjh prlslrvfr mf ajlitajfj jl mf elihr,
hrjliæijhsl qul sl lxpajf iulvf pfrtajf jl ifgaealith ghi mhs jfths jl mf efjrl. Mhs
ulgls suplrahrls, ih fpmagfrhi li praelr hrjli ihrefs ghistatugahifmls, tfmls gheh lm
frtågumh 6 y > iuelrfm 6 jl mf Ghistatuga÷i Phmåtagf jlm Lstfjh, ihrefs qul ftlijalijh f
su
f suolrfrquåf jlnli
ajlitajfj, praefr
y li shnrl phsanml,
mf eljajf gufmqualrf htrf qul prltlijf
ghihglr ilcfrylmmmlvfr
f sus pfjrls jlrlgdh
sus jlm elihr 
fplmmajhs.
Eæxael sa sl df jlkaiajh li mf ltfpf prhglsfm ghrrlsphijalitl, eljafitl prulnf
cliátagf, qul lm rlgurrlitl ih ls lm vlrjfjlrh pfjrl jl mf elihr. Vul su mlcataeajfj
 pfrf hnrfr ih df sajh gulstahifjf li iaicuif ltfpf prhglsfm.
Wlxth.- Ftlijalijh f qul mf gfusfm jl aikrfgga÷i jlm frtågumh <; jl mf Mly I° >;:13,
Mly Hrcæiagf jlm ^lcastrh Ifgahifm jl Ajlitakagfga÷i y Lstfjh Gavam, sl ligulitrf
rlklrajf f mf rlgtakagfga÷i jl mfs pfrtajfs jl rlcastrh, lstf shmh ghrrlsphijlræ fifmazfrsl
mulch jl jltlreaifrsl mf prhgljligaf jl mf jlefijf, mh qul sl lklgtufræ jlspuás jlm
fiæmasas jl mf slcuijf gfusfm, lsth ls, mf aikrfgga÷i ihreftavf jl mhs frtågumhs 711 y :00
jlm G÷jach Gavam.
Wátaeh.-  Fså, tlilehs qul jagdfs ihrefs, litrl htrfs, dfi sajh leatajfs, tlialijh li
ghisajlrfga÷i mf rlmfga÷i pftlrih-kamafm qul sl clilrf ghi lm rlghihgaealith jl ui daoh

;:
 

lxtrfeftraehiafm, mf gufm ghistatuyl, jlitrh jl mhs javlrshs taphs jl rlmfgahils jl

 pfrlitlsgh, mf eæs aephrtfitl qul df rlcumfjh iulstrh sastlef ouråjagh.
Li lstl slitajh, sl df shstliajh qul ”(…) jl thjfs lstfs rlmfgahils, mf eæs aephrtfitl
ls, sai jujf, mf qul sl mmfef kamafga÷i, lsth ls, mf qul vaigumf f uif plrshif ghi thjhs sus
fitlpfsfjhs y sus jlsglijalitls (kamafga÷i li slitajh cliáragh) y, eæs rlstraicajfelitl,
mf qul vaigumf f mhs pfjrls ghi sus daohs (kamafga÷i li slitajh lstragth) ((…)―.
…)―.
Hgtfvh.-  Jagdf aephrtfigaf jl mf rlmfga÷i pftlrih-kamafm ih shmh sl jlsprlijl jl mf
aijujfnml trfsglijligaf qul lstf talil jlitrh jlm jlsfrrhmmh jlm slr duefih, li clilrfm,
, eæs lsplgåkagfelitl, jlitrh jlm jlsfrrhmmh lehgahifm y ghijugtufm jlm iaöh, saih
tfenaái phrqul f pfrtar jl lmmf iulstrh hrjlifealith ouråjagh lstfnmlgl lm sastlef jl
jlnlrls y hnmacfgahils qul cfrfitazfræi, litrl htrfs ghsfs, mf suplrvavligaf easef jlm
elihr.
Ihvlih.-  Li lklgth, li nfsl f mf rlmfga÷i pftlrih-kamafm ih shmh sl lstfnmlgli
ihrefmelitl mhs våigumhs qul macfræi f mhs pfjrls ghi mhs daohs, y qul ghistatuaræi phr 
mh clilrfm lm praigapfm puith jl pfrtajf jlm jlsfrrhmmh jl mf plrshif, saih qul fjleæs, sl
jlsprlijli uif slral jl jlrlgdhs y hnmacfgahils qul lm Jlrlgdh aephil fm prhcliathr,
sai mhs gufmls mf lxastligaf easef jlm elihr sl vlråf gheprheltajf, gheh shi mhs
jlnlrls fmaelitagahs.
Jágaeh.- Lstf lsplgafm trfsglijligaf qul talil lm fgth jl rlghihgaealith prhvhgf, litrl
htrfs ghsfs, qul iulstrh G÷jach Gavam lstfnmlzgf fjleæs jl mhs måeatls f su ilcfga÷i y
 pmfzh pfrf lklgtufrmh, mf arrlvhgfnamajfj jlm rlghihgaealith. Q ls qul, li lklgth, mfs
ghislguligafs qul lstl fgth prhjugl ih shmh li lm daoh rlghihgajh (yf slf li lm pmfih
eftlrafm, phr mfs rlmfgahils fklgtavfs qul ihrefmelitl fghepföfi f mf kamafga÷i, gheh
li lm ouråjagh, phr lm sastlef jl tutlmf qul lm Jlrlgdh prlvá f kfvhr jlm elihr), saih
shnrl lm prhpah pfjrl, shnrl mf kfeamaf y shnrl mf shgaljfj li clilrfm lxacli qul lm
mlcasmfjhr jhtl f lstl fgth jl gfrfgtlråstagfs pfrtagumfrelitl lstragtfs pfrf quali mh
glmlnrf.
\ijágaeh.-  Wl fprlgaf lithigls qul jltræs jl mf rlcmf jl arrlvhgfnamajfj jlm
rlghihgaealith jl daoh lxtrfeftraehiafm ih lxastl ui elrh gfpragdh jlm mlcasmfjhr phr 
rlstraicar mf manlrtfj jlm rlghihgalitl jl jlsjlgarsl h rltrfgtfrsl phstlrahrelitl jl su
vhmuitfj aiagafm, saih uif eljatfjf phijlrfga÷i jlm mlcasmfjhr jl mhs lklgths qul puljl
 prhjugar lstf jlstrugga÷i jlm våigumh ouråjagh jl kamafga÷i shnrl lm jlsfrrhmmh jlm daoh
rlghihgajh ‗gfsa saleprl elihr‗ y lm aepfgth qul mf rlatlrfga÷i jl lstl taph jl
garguistfigafs tlijråf li mf kfeamaf y mf shgaljfj. Ih ls ilglsfrah fdhijfr li mfs
ghislguligafs ihgavfs qul ihrefmelitl puljl prhjugar li ui iaöh mf lxtaiga÷i jlm
våigumh pftlrih-kamafm, ih shmh phr mf ghitaiufga÷i jl mf rlmfga÷i qul puljf lxastar ghi su
 prhcliathr, saih tfenaái phr lm lstfjh jl jlsfepfrh li lm qul quljfråf fm philrsl
táreaih f mhs jlnlrls jl tutlmf qul ghrrlsphijåfi fm pfjrl.
Juhjágaeh.-  Li lklgth, lm dlgdh qul sl jlgmfrl mf ih pftlriajfj hrjlifijh qul sl
jlsgfrtl thjf rlklrligaf f mf pftlriajfj jlm fgtf jl ifgaealith, ih tlijråf lklgths
 phsatavhs, phr lm ghitrfrah, mf fprlgafga÷i jl mfs ghislguligafs ghigrltfs qul lstl taph jl
jlgasahils prhjugl li mf rlfmajfj lvajligaf qul li mhs dlgdhs lm iaöh h iaöf aivhmugrfjh
li mf ghitrhvlrsaf, li rlfmajfj ih puljl fggljlr f mf vlrjfj shnrl su hracli nahm÷cagh,

;<
 

 puls mf jlgasa÷i ourasjaggahifm qul jlgmfrf mf urcligaf jl tutlmfr su jlrlgdh f ghihglr su

hracli, ÿiagfelitl sl maeatf f jlsgfrtfr mf kamafga÷i qul dfstf lsl ehelith talil, plrh
ih prhphrgahif ifjf li rllepmfzh jl lstf fklgtfga÷i.
 Ih sl sftaskfgl, lithigls, lm jlrlgdh f mf ajlitajfj jlm elihr, yf qul lm pfjrl qul
khrefmelitl lstl talil yf ih ls tfm (sl lmaeaif jlm fgtf jl ifgaealith mf pftlriajfj qul
dfstf lm ehelith lxaståf), plrh li su mucfr lm oulz ih mmlcf f rlsphijlr guæm ls, lithigls
mf kamafga÷i qul mljlm
 prhiuigafealith ghrrlsphijl. Li ghislguligaf,
÷rcfih ourasjaggahifm sa mfgulstahifnml,
phjråf slr satufga÷i jl su
lstl elihr fitls
satufga÷i mulc hjlm
mulch jl
lstl ls lvajlitlelitl eæs prlgfraf.
Jágaeh tlrglrh.- Q mh eæs crfvl qul sl puljl fprlgafr li thjh lsth ls mf satufga÷i jl
jlsfepfrh li mf qul sl ghmhgfråf fm elihr mulch jl ui prhiuigafealith jl lstl taph,
jfjh qul usufmelitl lstf ghitrhvlrsaf vf macfjf fm jl mf efiutliga÷i jlm elihr, qul
jlplijl jl mfs hnmacfgahils fmaelitfrafs aepulstfs phr mf mly f quali df rlghihgajh
manrlelitl mf kamafga÷i, yf qul lstfs prltlisahils sulmli slr lolrgajfs phr mhs pfjrls
khrefmelitl rlghihgajhs mulch jl mf rupturf jl mfs rlmfgahils fehrhsfs ghi mf efjrl
jlm elihr.
Jágaeh gufrth.-  Li lstf eljajf, mfs ihrefs guyf aikrfgga÷i sl jliuigafi (frtågumhs
711 y :00 jlm G÷jach Gavam) y qul lstfnmlgli uif gmfrf maeatfga÷i pfrf lm lolrgagah jl mf
aepucifga÷i jlm rlghihgaealith jl ui daoh lxtrfeftraehiafm, ih rlsumtfråfi hpulsths fm
jlrlgdh f mf ajlitajfj gufijh li lm prhglsh ih sl mhcrl ajlitakagfr fm vlrjfjlrh pfjrl
 nahm÷cagh y saepmlelitl sl hptl phr lxgmuar lm fplmmajh jlm pfjrl qul mh rlghihga÷.  F
ghitrfrah slisu,
slisu, gufijh sl df mhcrfjh ajlitakagfr pmlifelitl lm rlfm hracli nahm÷cagh, mf
fpmagfga÷i jl mfs ihrefs rlklrajfs sa rlsumtfråfi hpulstfs fm jlrlgdh f mf ajlitajfj jl
uif plrshif.
Jágaeh quaith.- Li tfm slitajh, ih sl fprlgaf qul mf Wfmf jl eárath dfyf aigurrajh li
aikrfgga÷i jl mhs rlklrajhs frtågumhs, puls li lm prlslitl gfsh, ih sl df mhcrfjh
ajlitakagfr mf vlrjfjlrf ajlitajfj nahm÷cagf jl mf elihr guyh rlghihgaealith kul
lklgtufjh jl efilrf vhmuitfraf, salijh qul li iaicÿi gfsh sl df aepucifjh mf pfrtajf
jl ifgaealith jl lstf, våf jlefijf jl iumajfj jl fgth ouråjagh. Fsaeaseh, jl

ghikhreajfj
aepucifr ghi lm frtågumh
mf pftlriajfj, 711qul
lm pfjrl jlmihG÷jach Gavam
aitlrvaih shmh
li lm sl lighitrfråfgulsta÷i
rlghihgaealith, kfgumtfjh pfrf
jastaitf
fm gfsh jl fuths, fjhijl lm fgthr lklgtu÷ lm rlghihgaealith f kfvhr jl mf elihr,
 prltlijalijh fdhrf, mulch jl eæs jl jalgasáas föhs ilcfr mf pftlriajfj ofsæijhsl li lm
supulsth licföh jl mf efjrl y lm frcuelith qul ”phr ghivlrsfgahils ghi lm daoh jl mf
jlefijfjf― dfnråf thefjh ghihgaealith rlgaái jl qul ih ls lm pfjrl nahm÷cagh jl mf
elihr2 ls jlgar sl ligulitrf nfsfjf li fkarefgahils vfcfs jl tlrglrhs. Li lsl hrjli jl
ajlfs, lm pmfzh ghigljajh phr mf ihref pfrf ilcfr lm rlghihgaealith, dfnråf vligajh li
lxglsh.
Jágaeh slxth.- Gfnl slöfmfr qul lm gratlrah vlrtajh li mf prlslitl rlshmuga÷i cufrjf
ghdlrligaf ghi mh lstfnmlgajh li mf Gfsfga÷i I° 7313->06>, Frlquapf, jl klgdf
jalgahgdh jl ouiah jl jhs eam trlgl, jhijl lstf Wfmf Wuprlef, lstfnmlga÷ qul?
(…) gufijh sl hnoltf mf ajlitajfj jl uif plrshif sl talil qul vfmhrfr tfith lm gfraz
lstætagh gheh lm jaiæeagh jlm rlklrajh jlrlgdh kuijfelitfm2 ls jlgar, gufijh sl

;;
 

aepucif mf pftlriajfj jl uif plrshif, lmmf ih puljl oustakagfrsl shmh li lm jfth

cliátagh, puls lmmh aepmagfråf hmvajfr qul lm slr duefih sl dfgl fså easeh li lm
 prhylgth ghitaiuh qul ls su vajf. Eæs fmmæ jl mhs jfths kaohs, ls mf prhpaf dasthraf
jlm aijavajuh mh qul mh dfgl ajáitagh f så easeh fså fifmazfijh lm gfsh li ghigrlth,
ghigmuy÷ qul? ”(…) lm pljajh jlm rlgurrlitl ih puljl fjeatarsl phrqul sl fepfrf
shmh li prhnfnmls supulsths cliátaghs, tlialijh gheh nfsl fkarefgahils vfcfs jl
tlrglrhs qul ih aijavajufmazf y rlfmazfijh su aepucifga÷i gfthrgl föhs jlspuás jl
qul manrlelitl fglpt÷ mf pftlriajfj jlm elihr. Pfrf gfshs gheh ásths rlsumtf jl
fpmagfga÷i mhs frtågumhs 711 y :00 jlm G÷jach Gavam, jfjh qul aitlrlsf tfith fm
Lstfjh (qul ilglsatf sfnlr ghi glrtlzf mf ajlitajfj jl uif plrshif) gheh fm
 pfrtagumfr (qul df mfnrfjh su ajlitajfj jaiæeagf ghi mf glrtlzf jl ghihglr f su
 pfjrl) qul dfyf ui ppuith
uith jl
j l galrrl pfrf mf aepucifga÷i jl pftlriajfj. Fepfrfr mf
jlefijf saciakagfråf qul mhs tranuifmls jl oustagaf khelitli mf aepucifga÷i jl
 pftlriajfj phr ehtavhs arrlmlvfitls, clilrfijh ui lstfjah jl aiglrtajuenrl
fnshmutf shnrl mf ajlitajfj jl mfs plrshifs.
Jágaeh sátaeh.- Li ghislguligaf, ih sl fprlgaf qul mf Wfmf Wuplrahr dfyf aigurrajh li
aikrfgga÷i jl mhs frtågumhs 711 y :00 jlm G÷jach Gavam2 puls lm prhiuigafealith
leatajh, qul jlgmfrf mf aeprhgljligaf jl mf jlefijf, rlsumtf fghrjl f mhs jasphsatavhs
mlcfmls fifmazfjhs2 y phr tfith, tfephgh sl lvajligaf aikrfgga÷i jlm frtågumh <; jl mf
Mly I° >;:13, phr gufith fm dfnlrsl jlgmfrfjh mf aeprhgljligaf jl mf jlefijf, ih
ghrrlsphijl hrjlifr rlgtakagfga÷i h lxpljaga÷i jl iulvf pfrtajf2 eæs fÿi gufijh li
jagdf ihref shmh ghitlepmf mf phsanamajfj jl lxpljaga÷i jl iulvf pfrtajf li mhs gfshs
jl rlghihgaealith vhmuitfrah h jlgmfrfga÷i jl pftlriajfj h eftlriajfj, gulsta÷i
ghitrfraf f mf jasgutajf li fuths.

[A.. JL
[A JLGA
GAWA
WA×I
×I.-
.-
Li nfsl f mfs ghisajlrfgahils lxpulstfs, lstf Wfmf Wuprlef, li fpmagfga÷i jl mh
slöfmfjh li lm frtågumh 71; jlm
j lm G÷jach Prhglsfm Gavam?

f) J
Lstlnfi i AIK\IJFJH
lgmfrfrhGghpf   lm rlgursh
Holjf, jl klgdf jl gfsfga÷i
vlaitasáas jl efrzhaitlrpulsth
jl jhs eamphr lm jlefijfitl
quaigl, hnrfitl f
khofs guftrhgaliths jhgl2 li ghislguligaf, IH GFWF^HI mf slitligaf jl vastf jl
klgdf guftrh jl efrzh jl jhs eam quaigl, hnrfitl f kkhofs
hofs trlsgaliths ihvlitf y saltl.
n) JAWP\WAL^HI  mf punmagfga÷i jl mf prlslitl rlshmuga÷i li lm jafrah hkagafm  Lm 
 Plrufih, nfoh
 Plrufih,  nfoh rlsphisfnamajfj y mhs jlvhmvalrhi2 li mhs slcuajhs ghitrf Kamhelif
Fif Efråf Cutaárrlz Dufeæi, shnrl aepucifga÷i jl rlghihgaealith jl
 pftlriajfj. Aitlcrf lstf Wfmf Wuprlef lm jhgthr Qfyf _uefltf phr magligaf jl mf
jhgthrf Jlm Gfrpa÷ ^hjråculz. Aitlrvaih gheh philitl, mf slöhrf Oulz suprleh
^hjråculz Gdævlz.-

WW.
ZLMMH CAMF^JA

;3
 

^HJ^AC\L_ GDÆ[L_
GFMJL^×I P\L^ZFW
QFQF _\EFLZF
JL MF NF^^F NF^^L^F

<. Prlslrvfga÷
Prlslrvfga÷i
i jl mf ajlitaj
ajlitajfj
fj jaiæea
jaiæeagf
gf phr
phr lm Aitlrás
Aitlrás Wuplrahr
Wuplrahr jlm Iaöh.
Gfsfga÷i I¿ >7:0->06<-Ehqulcuf
^LW\ELI
Li lm kuijfelith quaith jl mf Gfsfga÷i >7:0->06<-Ehqulcuf, lm Zranuifm
Wuprleh Gavam shstalil qul lm ”jlrlgdh f mf ajlitajfj jlm elihr, sl trftf jl uif
aistatuga÷i ouråjagf ghiglnajf ih li kfvhr jl mhs pfjrls saih li aitlrás jl mhs daohs,
 pfrf qul, f trfvás jl ám, sl guepmf ghi mf hnmacfga÷i ghistatugahifm jl fslcurfr mf
 prhtlgga÷i y jlsfrrhmmh fre÷iagh l aitlcrfm jlm elihr, y sl cfrfitagl mf vacligaf jl
sus jlrlgdhs, litrl lmmhs sl jlstfgf lm jlrlgdh f tlilr uif kfeamaf y f ih slr 
slpfrfjh jl lmmf―. Fså, rlkaraáijhsl f mf ajlitajfj jaiæeagf, gfnl prlgasfr qul uih
jl sus lmleliths jaiæeaghs ls lm rlklrajh f mfs rlmfgahils kfeamafrls, mfs qul sl
aistatuyli aieljaftfelitl ghihgajhs qualils shi mhs pfjrls2 li ghislguligaf, mf
 prhtlgga÷i ouråjagf jlm jlrlgdh f mf ajlitajfj plrshifm, li su gfmajfj jl jlrlgdh
duefih lsligafm, jlnl slr aitlcrfm, pfrf gheprlijlr mhs eÿmtapmls y ghepmlohs
fsplgths jl mf plrshifmajfj jl ui slr duefih, thjh lmmh, li pmlif gheprlisa÷i jlm
aitlrás suplrahr jlm iaöh.

K\IJFELIZH ^LML[FIZL

 Wlxth.- Mf Ghistatuga÷i Phmåtagf jlm Plrÿ li sus frtågumhs > aigash 6, ghisfcrf
lm jlrlgdh jlm iaöh f mf ajlitajfj, fm lstfnmlglr qul? ”Zhjf plrshif talil
jlrlgdh f mf vajf, f su ajlitajfj, f su aitlcrajfj ehrfm, psåquagf y kåsagf y f
 su manrl jlsfrrhmmh y nalilstfr―, jlrlgdh Ghistatugahifm qul cufrjf
ghishifigaf ghi mh lstfnmlgajh phr mf Ghivliga÷i shnrl mhs Jlrlgdhs jlm 
 Iaöh, li guyh frtågumh 4 aigashs 6 y > prlglptÿf? ”Mhs Lstfjhs Pfrtls sl
gheprheltli f rlspltfr lm jlrlgdh jlm iaöh f prlslrvfr su ajlitajfj,
aigmuajhs mf ifgahifmajfj, ihenrl, y mfs rlmfgahils kfeamafrls jl ghikhreajfj 
ghi mf mly sai aiolrligafs amågatfs, (…) gufijh ui iaöh slf pravfjh amlcfmelitl
jl fmcuihs jl mhs lmleliths jl su ajlitajfj h jl thjhs lmmhs, mhs Lstfjhs
 Pfrtls jlnlræi prlstfr mf fsastligaf y prhtlgga÷i fprhpafjfs ghi earfs f
rlstfnmlglr ræpajfelitl su ajlitajfj―2 jlrlgdh rlghihgajh tfenaái li
iulstrh hrjlifealith ouråjagh li lm frtågumh ; jlm G÷jach jl mhs Iaöhs y
 Fjhmlsglitls qul lstapumf? ”Lm iaöh y lm fjhmlsglitl talili jlrlgdh f mf
ajlitajfj, mh qul aigmuyl lm jlrlgdh f tlilr ui ihenrl, f fjquarar uif
ifgahifmajfj y, li mf eljajf jl mh phsanml, f ghihglr f sus pfjrls y mmlvfr sus

 yfplmmajhs. Zalili
qul fjleæs ”lstfenaái jlrlgdh
hnmacfga÷i fm jlsfrrhmmh
jlm Lstfjh aitlcrfm
prlslrvfr jl su plrshifmajfj―
mf aisgrapga÷i l ajlitajfj 
jl mhs iaöhs y fjhmlsglitls, sfigahifijh f mhs rlsphisfnmls jl su fmtlrfga÷i,

;4
 

 sustatuga÷i h pravfga÷i amlcfm, jl ghikhreajfj ghi lm G÷jach Plifm‑‑. Lstfs

ihrefs cfrfitazfi lm jlrlgdh f mf kamafga÷i y jl chzfr jlm lstfjh jl kfeamaf,
jlm ihenrl y mf ajlitajfj, fså gheh lm jlrlgdh jlm pfjrl y jl mf efjrl f qul
 sl mls rlghihzgf y lolrzfi su pftlriajfj.

GH^ZL W\P^LEF JL O\WZAGAF JL MF ^LPßNMAGFWFMF GA[AM

PL^EFILIZL
GFWFGA×I I¿ >7:0->06<-EHV\LC\F
Maef, vlaitaguftrh jl efyh jl jhs eam jalgasáas
WFMF GA[AM PL^EFILIZL JL MF GH^ZL W\P^LEF JL O\WZAGAF JL MF
^LPßNMAGF2 vastf mf gfusf I¿ >7:0->06<, li fujaligaf pÿnmagf jl mf klgdf y
 prhjugajf mf vhtfga÷i ghrrlsphijalitl, ghi mh lxpulsth phr lm jagtfeli kasgfm, leatl mf
sacualitl slitligaf?

A. EFZL^AF J
JL
LM ^L
^LG\^WH?
Vul sl trftf jl mhs rlgurshs jl gfsfga÷i aitlrpulsths phr mf jlefijfjf Mfurf Bfraif
 Ifvfrrh Zfpaf f khofs eam slasgaliths gaigulitf y saltl y lm gurfjhr prhglsfm jl mf elihr 
K.G.C.I f khofs eam slasgaliths sltlitf y uih, ghitrf mf slitligaf jl slcuijf aistfigaf
jl klgdf vlaitaiulvl jl fnram jl jhs eam quaigl, jl khofs eam slasgaliths jalgaiulvl, qul
ghikaref mf slitligaf fplmfjf jl klgdf vlaitaguftrh jl hgtunrl jl jhs eam gfthrgl, jl
khofs eam guftrhgaliths sltlitf y iulvl, qul jlgmfrf kuijfjf mf jlefijfjf aitlrpulstf
 phr Ljjy Fmlofijrh C÷elz Cutaárrlz, shnrl aepucifga÷i jl ^lghihgaealith jl daoh
Lxtrfeftraehiafm, rlsplgth jlm rlghihgaealith qul df lklgtufjh Krfigasgh Hnjumah
C÷elz Cutaárrlz jl mf elihr Kfnahmf Gfeamf C÷elz Ifvfrrh, ghi klgdf vlaitatrás jl
lilrh jlm jhs eam slas, phr fitl mf Euiagapfmajfj Prhvaigafm jl Amh.

AA.
AA. FI
FIZL
ZLGL
GLJL
JLIZ
IZL
LW
Pfrf fifmazfr lstf gfusf gavam y vlrakagfr sa sl df aigurrajh h ih, li mf aikrfgga÷i
ihreftavf jliuigafjf, ls ilglsfrah rlfmazfr mfs sacualitls prlgasahils?

6. Jlefijf
Phr lsgrath jl khofs vlaitaguftrh, Ljjy Fmlofijrh C÷elz Cutaárrlz, aitlrphil jlefijf
jl aepucifga÷i jl rlghihgaealith jl daof lxtrfeftraehiafm jl mf elihr Kfnahmf
Gfeamf C÷elz Ifvfrrh, ghitrf Krfigasgh Hnjumah C÷elz Cutaárrlz y Masfurf Bfraif
 Ifvfrrh Zfpaf. Kuijf su prltlisa÷i li mh sacualitl?

6. Vul, lm jl
jlefijfj
efijfjhh Krfigasg
Krfigasghh C÷e
C÷elz
lz C
Cutaárr
utaárrlz
lz llss su pfjrl, gfsfjh
gfsfjh ghi jhöf Oujatd
Whghrrh Cutaárrlz Hmfyf, guyh eftraehiah sacul vaclitl2 qul shi trls dlrefihs
efyhrls jl ljfj2 qul su pfjrl df rlghihgajh gheh daof lxtrfeftraehiafm f Kfnahmf
C÷elz Ifvfrrh, fpfrlgalijh gheh su efjrl, Masfurf Bfraif Ifvfrrh Zfpaf2

>. Vul jjfjf

fjf mf
mf fvfizf
fvfizfjf
jf lj
ljfj
fj jl su
su pfjrl,
pfjrl, ls
ls phgh
phgh grl
grlånm
ånmll qul mf
mf elihr
elihr Kfnah
Kfnahmf
mf
Gfeamf C÷elz Ifvfrrh slf su daof2 phr mh qul jlnl fgrljatfrsl sa rlfmelitl lxastl

;1
 

ui pfrlitlsgh2 y

7. Vul tfm rlghihgaeali

rlghihgaealithth euy
euy pl
plroujaga
roujagafm
fm pfrf
pfrf llmm rlgurrlit
rlgurrlitll y sus dlrefihs
dlrefihs puls
puls mls
mls
grlf hnmacfgahils2 fså easeh, hracaif jlrlgdhs pfrf mf jlefijfjf, vaáijhsl
hnmacfjh f aitlrphilr mf prlslitl jlefijf.

AA.
AA. FI
FIZL
ZLGL
GLJL
JLIZ
IZL
LW

6. Ghit
Ghitlslstf
tfga
ga÷i
÷i jl mf jlef
jlefijijff
Eljafitl lsgrath jl khofs galith vlaitauih, Masfurf Bfraif Ifvfrrh Zfpaf, efjrl jl mf
elihr, ghitlstf mf jlefijf, shstlialijh qul?

6. Ghi
Ghihga
hga÷÷ fm jlefij
jlefijfjh
fjh li
li uif jl mmfs
fs tfitf
tfitfss vasatf
vasatfss f Amh2 qqul
ul ás
ástl
tl ml efia
efiakls
klst÷
t÷ qul
lrf manrl, plrh mulch ml jaoh qul su lsphsf mh dfnåf fnfijhifjh pfrf arsl ghi htrh
dhenrl2

>. Zal
Zaleph
eph jlspu
jlspuás
ás vaih
vaih su lsphsf
lsphsf gfus
gfusæij
æijhml
hml shrprl
shrprlsf,
sf, jfijh
jfijh mucfr
mucfr f qul llgdf
gdfrf
rf fm
jlefijfjh jl mf gfsf jl sus pfjrls2 y,

7. Vul llstlstl prhgl

prhglsh
sh df ssajh
ajh aiag
aiagafj
afjhh shmh
shmh phrqul
phrqul lmmf
lmmf shmag
shmagat÷
at÷ llmm prhr
prhrrft
rftlh
lh jl
fmaeliths.
Eljafitl lsgrath jl khofs jhsgaliths vlaitasáas, lm Gurfjhr prhglsfm jl mf elihr,
ghitlstf mf jlefijf, fkarefijh qul?

6. Jl mf pf
pfrta
rtajf
jf jl mf elih
elihrr sl vlraka
vlrakagf
gf qul K
Krfi
rfigas
gasgh
gh Hnjuma
Hnjumahh C÷el
C÷elz,
z, pfjrl
pfjrl jl mf
elihr Kfnahmf Gfeamf C÷elz Ifvfrrh df lklgtufjh jlgmfrfga÷i vhmuitfraf jl
rlghihgaealith jl su pftlriajfj2 y,

>. Vul ggfrlgl

frlgl jl ssustlit
ustlithh mh fmlcfjh
fmlcfjh phr lm jl
jlefijfit
efijfitl,
l, puls
puls jl fgulrjh
fgulrjh f mf
mf gal
galigaf
igaf
eájagf lm vfr÷i ealitrfs lyfguml puljl liclijrfr daohs, eæs fÿi sa lm jlefijfjh
f mf klgdf jl prhgrlfga÷i jl mf elihr tliåf gaigulitf y slas föhs y mf efjrl
vlaitatrás.
>. Puit
Puithshs gghi
hitr
trhv
hvlr
lrta
tajh
jhss
Wl df lstfnmlgajh gheh puiths ghitrhvlrtajhs?
f) Jlt
Jltlre
lreaif
aifrr sa mf elihr
elihr Kf
Kfnah
nahmf
mf Gf
Gfeam
eamff C÷elz
C÷elz Ifvfrr
Ifvfrrhh ih ls daof
daof nahm÷c
nahm÷cagf
agf jl
jl
Krfigasgh Hnjumah C÷elz Cutaárrlz y sa puljl ghigurrar ghi sus jleæs dlrefihs
li mhs jlrlgdhs suglshrahs2
 n) Jltlreaifr sa lm jlefijfjh,
j lefijfjh, phr su ljfj, ih puljl tlilr daohs ghi Masfurf Bfraif
 Ifvfrrh Zfpaf, jl vlaitatrás föhs jl ljfj2

g) Jltlr
Jltlreaifr
eaifr sa lm
lm jle
jlefijfjh
fijfjh Krfigasgh
Krfigasgh rrlghihg
lghihga÷
a÷ manrl
manrl y lsphitæil
lsphitæilfelitl
felitl gheh su
daof f mf elihr Kfnahmf.

30
 

7. Wlit
Wlitli
liga
gaff jl pr
prae
aelr
lrff ai
aist
stfi
figa
gaff
Gumeaifjh lm træeatl ghrrlsphijalitl, lm oulz eljafitl slitligaf jl khofs eam
guftrhgaliths sltlitf y iulvl, su klgdf vlaitaguftrh jl hgtunrl jl jhs eam gfthrgl, df
jlgmfrfjh kuijfjf mf jlefijf shnrl aepucifga÷i jl rlghihgaealith jl daoh
lxtrfeftraehiafm, rlsplgth jlm rlghihgaealith qul df lklgtufjh Krfigasgh Hnjumah
C÷elz Cutaárrlz jl mf elihr Kfnahmf Gfeamf C÷elz Ifvfrrh, kuijfelitfijh mf
jlgasa÷i li qul?
6) Ghis
hisaj
ajllrf
rfij ul mf kamafga÷i rlprlslitf lm våigumh ouråjagh qul uil f ui iaöh f su
ijhh qqul
efjrl, (kamafga÷i eftlrif) h f su pfjrl (kamafga÷i pftlrif), pfrf lstfnmlglr lsl
våigumh, qul kuijf lm pfrlitlsgh, lm jlrlgdh sl fphyf li galrths lmleliths? mf
vlrjfj nahm÷cagf, vlrjfj shgahm÷cagf (lm dlgdh jl vavar li gfmajfj jl daoh), mf
efiaklstfga÷i jl mf vhmuitfj jl mhs aitlrlsfjhs, lm rlghihgaealith2

>) Vu
Vul,
l, mf pr
prul
ulnf
nf cliá
cliáta
tagf jlm FJI hkrlgajf phr lm jlefijfitl ih sl mmlc÷ f fgtufr,
gf jlm
 phr mf fgtatuj jamfthraf jl mf jlefijfjf Masfurf Bfraif Ifvfrrh Zfpaf, dfnaáijhsl
krustrfjh rlpltajfelitl mf jamacligaf, prhcrfefjf pfrf qul sl rlfmagl li lm prhpah
jheagamah jl mf lepmfzfjf, quali ih df ghigurrajh f mf fujaligaf ghepmlelitfraf
dfstf li gaigh hphrtuiajfjls, plsl f gatærslmf, nfoh fplrganaealith jl thefrsl li
gulitf su ghijugtf prhglsfm gheh tlelråf y efmagahsf, l aephiárslml uif eumtf jl
gaigh uiajfjls jl rlklrligaf prhglsfm2

7) Vul, jjll fgulrjh

fgulrjh f mmhh jaspu
jaspulsth
lsth phr lm frtåg
frtågumh
umh >4> jlm G
G÷jach
÷jach Prhgls
Prhglsfm
fm Gavam,
Gavam, lm
lm oulz
 puljl lxtrflr ghigmusahils li ghitrf jl mhs aitlrlsls jl mfs pfrtls ftlijalijh f mf
ghijugtf qul lstfs fsueli li lm prhglsh, pfrtagumfrelitl gufijh sl efiakalstf
ihthrafelitl mf kfmtf jl ghhplrfga÷i pfrf mhcrfr mf kaifmajfj jl mhs eljahs
 prhnfthrahs h ghi htrfs fgtatujls jl hnstrugga÷i, puls mf fgtatuj jl mf pfrtl
jlefijfjf jl ih prlslitfrsl f mfs fujaligafs kaofjfs tfitfs vlgls phr lm jlspfgdh f
lklgth jl rlfmazfrsl mf prulnf nahm÷cagf jl FJI f mf elihr Kfnahmf Gfeamf C÷elz
 Ifvfrrh, jlihtf kfmtf jl ghhplrfga÷i, salijh mf ghijugtf fjhptfjf tlelrfraf y
efmagahsf, hnstfgumazfijh ih s÷mh mf fgtufga÷i jl mhs eljahs prhnfthrahs, saih mf
shmuga÷i
Jlspfgdh2fm ghikmagth jl aitlrlsls, fsplgth qul jlnli tlilrsl prlslitl phr lm

:) Fså easeh gfnl aijagfr

aijagfr qul lstfi
lstfijh
jh fm ghitliajh
ghitliajh jl mhs jlrlgdhs
jlrlgdhs qul slsl jasgutli,
jasgutli,
ih shmh sl ligulitrf lm jlrlgdh f mf kamafga÷i, saih tfenaái lm jlrlgdh f mf ajlitajfj
 nahm÷cagf sl frranf f mf ghigmusa÷i rfzhifjf qul mf jlefijfjf sfnl y tlel qul sl
jltlreail eljafitl jagdf prulnf qul lm jlefijfjh ih ls lm pfjrl jl mf elihr 
Kfnahmf Gfeamf C÷elz Ifvfrrh2 y

<) Gheh sl talil

talil sslöfmf
löfmfjh
jh ih shmh jlnl fgrljatfrsl
fgrljatfrsl mf vlrjfj
vlrjfj nahm÷ca
nahm÷cagf,
gf, ssaih
aih ffjleæs
jleæs
ls ilglsfrah lstfnmlglr mf phslsa÷i jl lstfjh ghishmajfjh, satufga÷i qul ih sl df
clilrfjh litrl mf elihr y lm jlefijfitl, li rfz÷i f qul ih efitalil uif rlmfga÷i
ghivavligafm ghi mf jlefijfjf, ia ghi mf elihr Kfnahmf Gfeamf C÷elz Ifvfrrh,
 phr lijl ih sl df clilrfjh lm ilxh kamafm litrl lm fggahifitl y mf elihr Kfnahmf
 36

Gfeamf C÷elz Ifvfrrh2 phr mh qul rlsumtf kfgtanml lm ftlijlr f mf prltlisa÷i

jlefijfjf.

:. Kuij
Kuijfe
feli
lith
thss j
jll mmff fplm
fplmfg
fga÷
a÷i
i
Mf jlefijfjf Masfurf Bfraif Ifvfrrh Zfpaf y lm gurfjhr jl mf elihr, eljafitl lsgrath
jl mf pæcaif eam quaialiths y eam quaialiths jhgl rlsplgtavfelitl aitlrphili rlgursh jl
fplmfga÷i ghitrf mf slitligaf jl praelrf aistfigaf, fmlcfijh kuijfelitfmelitl mh
sacualitl qul?

6. Lm oouz
uzcf
cfjh
jh ih
ih df tthef
hefjh
jh llii ghis
ghisaj
ajlr
lrfga÷ii qul lm frtågumh >4> jlm G÷jach
fga÷
Prhglsfm Gavam  ih ls uif ihref aeplrftavf qul hnmacul fm oulz f lxtrflr 
ghigmusahils li ghitrf jl mf pfrtl qul fgtÿl ghi efmf ghijugtf h ghijugtf
tlelrfraf2

>. Wl jlnl fp lm praigapah jl prhtlgga÷i lsplgafm jlm iaöh, mf rlgurrlitl df

fpmagfr lm
fgtufjh, y fgtufræ saleprl phr aistaith eftlrifm y ifturfm f kfvhr jl su daof, fitl mf
frrleltajf ghiglrtfjf y efmagahsf jl su pfjrl li ghitunlriah ghi su daoh y su
lsphsf, qul ml df prhjugajh jföh lehgahifm f su elihr daof2

7. Vul ih ssll df vfm

vfmhrf
hrfjh
jh lm prhgl
prhglsh
sh jl rá
rácae
caeli
li jl vasat
vasatfs
fs slcua
slcuajh
jh phr lm
lm pfjrl
pfjrl jl mf
elihr Krfigasgh Hnjumah C÷elz C÷elz, fså gheh lm prhglsh jl fmaeliths jl mhs
gufmls sl vlrakagf mf fgtatuj jl pfjrl jl mf elihr fsueajf phr lm rlklrajh
jlefijfjh2

:. Vul
Vul,, lm pfjrl
pfjrl jl mf elihr
elihr mf df rrlgh
lghihga
ihgajh
jh vhmu
vhmuitf
itfraf
rafelit
elitll y lsl rlghihg
rlghihgaea
aealit
lithh
ls arrlvhgfnml, qul df lxastajh mf phslsa÷i ghistfitl jlm lstfjh jl pfjrl l daof2 y,

<. Vul
Vul,, pfrf
pfrf lea
leatar
tar mf
mf slitli
slitligaf
gaf sl
sl dfi tthef
hefjh
jh li gu
gulit
litff mhs frtå
frtågum
gumhs
hs 71<,
71<, 711 y :0
:000
jlm G÷jach Gavam2 sai lenfrch, mf jlgasa÷i jl mf slitligaf rlgurrajf ghitrfvalil mfs
rlklrajfs ihrefs.

<. Wlitligaf jljl va

vastf
Mhs Oulgls Wuplrahrls jl mf Wfmf Eaxtf Jlsglitrfmazfjf jl mah jl mf Ghrtl Wuplrahr jl
Oustagaf jl Ehqulcuf lxpajli mf slitligaf jl vastf jl klgdf vlaitaiulvl jl fnram jl jhs
eam quaigl, jl khofs eam slasgaliths jalgaiulvl, qul ghikaref mf slitligaf fplmfjf qul
jlgmfrf kuijfjf mf jlefijfjf, shnrl aepucifga÷i jl rlghihgaealith jl daoh
lxtrfeftraehiafm, ghisajlrfijh qul?

6) Li guf
gufith
ith fm frcuel
frcuelith
ith jl mf fplmfga
fplmfga÷i,
÷i, qul mf jl
jlefijf
efijf kul pmfitlfj
pmfitlfjff kulrf
kulrf jlm
táreaih ls jlgar kulrf jl mhs ihvlitf jåfs, sai rlspltfr lm frtågumh :00 jlm G÷jach
Gavam. Fm rlsplgth lxastl ourasprujligaf qul phil jl efiakalsth lm gratlrah qul? ”Ih
rlsumtf jl fpmagfga÷i lm pmfzh jaspulsth phr lm frtågumh :00 jlm G÷jach Gavam pfrf
ilcfr lm rlghihgaealith jl ui daoh lxtrfeftraehiafm, phr gufith uif aitlrprltfga÷i
rlstragtavf
gheh ls lmjlmjlrlgdh
easeh,f aephrtfråf
mf kamafga÷ifklgtfga÷i jl jlrlgdhs
, su ihenrl sustfigafmls
y mf ajlitajfj, jlm elihr,
mf phsanamajfj jl
 3>

 plrtlilglr f uif kfeamaf qul jl fgulrjh ghi su hracli nahm÷cagh ml ghrrlsphijf fså
gheh lm jlrlgdh jlm pfjrl y jl mf efjrl f qul sl ml rlghihzgf y lolrzf su
 pftlriajfj2

>) Li gugufith
fith ffmm frcuelith
frcuelith jl mf fplmf
fplmfga÷i
ga÷i qul lm frtågumh
frtågumh >4>
>4> jlm G÷jach Prhgls
Prhglsfm
fm
Gavam ih ls aeplrftavh, jl ehjh qul hnmacul fm oulz f lxtrflr ghigmusahils li
ghitrf jl mf pfrtl qul fgtÿl ghi efmf ghijugtf, h ghijugtf tlelrfraf, ls jl
slöfmfrsl qul lm slitajh gheÿi ihs jagl qul quali fmlcf ui jlrlgdh, aitlitfræ ih
shmh jlehstrfrmh, saih prhtlclrmh y lxacar qul sl rlspltl2 li frfs jl mh gufm, sl
 prlslitfræ f thjh
thj h fgth li lm qul tlicf qul jlklijlrmh y shnrl thjh nraijfræ thjf su
ghmfnhrfga÷i pfrf rlavaijagfr su vumilrfga÷i2 thjh mh ghitrfrah jl quali fsuel
ghijugtfs jamfthrafs, rliulitls f ghmfnhrfr, clilrfijh trhpalzhs prhglsfmls, puls
lsths shi aijagahs pfrf prlsuear mf ailxastligaf jlm jlrlgdh qul fmlcf2

7) Mf jl
jlefijfjf
efijfjf slöfm
slöfmff qul sl df aiguepm
aiguepmajh
ajh su
su jlnl
jlnlrr jl prhtlgg
prhtlgga÷i
a÷i jlm
jlm iaöh
iaöh,, fm ih
aighrphrfr jl hkagah prulnfs, gheh lm aikhrel psaghm÷cagh jl mf JLE\IF,
tfephgh dfi fifmazfjh mfs prulnfs hkrlgajfs ghi mf jlefijf, gheh shi mf
ghitlstfga÷i f mf jlefijf jl fmaeliths, mf jlefijf jlm ^ácaeli jl [asatfs y lm
aikhrel jlm lepmlfjhr Whutdlri Plrÿ Ghpplr Ghrphrftahi, shnrl mh gufm mf Wfmf jl
eárath slöfmf qul ls kfgumtfj jlm oulz hrjlifr mf fgtufga÷i jl ui eljah prhnfthrah
jl hkagah qul ghisajlrl ghivlialitl, li lm gfsh jl fuths ih mh df ghisajlrfjh
ghivlialitl2 y,

:) ^lslspl
plgt
gthh f mf
mf ppru
ruln jl FJI, sl fprlgaf qul mf jlefijfjf Masfurf Bfraif Ifvfrrh
lnff jl
Zfpaf, li iaicÿi ehelith sl df hpulsth f mf prulnf qul sustlitfnf mf prltlisa÷i
jlm jlefijfitl2 phr mh qul lm fj qule qule  ghisajlrf qul lm f quh 
quh  df leatajh uif
slitligaf ghikhrel f mh fgtufjh li lm prhglsh, thefijh li ghisajlrfga÷i mf fgtatuj
 prhglsfm jl mf jlefijfjf jl ih fsastar f mfs jamacligafs jl lxfeli jl FJI, phr mh
qul lstaef ghikarefr mf slitligaf fplmfjf.

AAA.. ^LG
AAA ^LG\^W
\^WH
H JL GFWFGA
GFWFGA×I
×I

6. Lstf Wfmf Wuprlef,

Wuprlef, el
eljafitl
jafitl rlshmuga÷i
rlshmuga÷i jl klgdf
klgdf slas
slas jl
jl fchsth
fchsth jl
jl jhs eam qquaigl,
uaigl,
jl khmahs gaigulitf jlm gufjlrih jl gfsfga÷i, df jlgmfrfjh prhgljlitl lm rlgursh jl
gfsfga÷i aitlrpulsth phr mf jlefijfjf Masfurf Bfraif Ifvfrrh Zfpaf, phr mfs
sacualitls gfusfmls?
F)Mf aikrfgga÷i ihreftavf jl mhs frtågumhs > aigash 6 y 671 aigashs 7 y < jl mf
Ghistatuga÷i Phmåtagf.
N) Mf aikrfgga÷i ihreftavf jl mhs frtågumhs 6: y 711 jlm G÷jach Gavam.
G) Mf aikrfgga÷i ihreftavf jlm frtågumh AT jlm Zåtumh Prlmaeaifr y frtågumh ; jl mf
Mly I¿ >3773.

J)Mf aikrfgga÷i ihreftavf jl mhs frtågumhs 644, 61; y 613 jlm G÷jach Prhglsfm
Gavam.
 37

^lkalrl qul lm jlnajh prhglsh ls ui jlrlgdh ghitailitl phrqul jlitrh jl ám

ghigurrli htrhs jlrlgdhs acufmelitl kuijfelitfmls, tfmls gheh? lm jlrlgdh f
 prhnfr, qul mf slitligaf lstá sustlitfjf li mf vfmhrfga÷i ghiouitf jl mfs prulnfs
mlcåtaefelitl hntliajfs y fgtufjfs li lm prhglsh2 qul lm jlefijfitl talil gheh
sustlith kægtagh jl su jlefijf, qul mf elihr jlefijfjf ih ls daof nahm÷cagf jlm
ghjlefijfjh Krfigasgh Hnjumah C÷elz C÷elz y pfrf prhnfr tfm dlgdh df
hkrlgajh, gheh eljah prhnfthrah, lm lxfeli grhehsheætagh (P/AJI)2 qul sa nali
jagdh lxfeli ih sl mmlv÷ f gfnh, lsth ih ls ÷nagl pfrf sustlitfr mfs slitligafs
shnrl mf nfsl jl prulnfs ailxastlitls li lm prhglsh h prlsuigahils, mh qul fgfrrlf
su iumajfj aisfmvfnml, fm vumilrfrsl lm jlrlgdh f mf ajlitajfj jl mf elihr.

>. Lstf Wfmf Wuprlef,

Wuprlef, eleljafitl
jafitl rlshmuga÷i
rlshmuga÷i jl klgdf
klgdf slas
slas jl
jl fchsth
fchsth jl
jl jhs eam qquaigl,
uaigl,
jl khmahs gaigulitf y guftrh jlm gufjlrih jl gfsfga÷i, df jlgmfrfjh prhgljlitl lm
rlgursh aitlrpulsth phr Fislmeh Ohsá [frcfs Efefia gurfjhr prhglsfm jl mf
elihr, phr mfs sacualitls gfusfmls?
F)Mf aikrfgga÷i ihreftavf jl mhs frtågumhs > aigash 6 y 671 aigashs 7 y < jl mf
Ghistatuga÷i Phmåtagf.

N) Mf aikrfgga÷i ihreftavf jl mhs frtågumhs 6: y 711 jlm G÷jach Gavam.

G) Mf aikrfgga÷i ihreftavf jlm frtågumh AT jlm Zåtumh Prlmaeaifr y frtågumh ; jl mf
Mly I¿ >3773.
J)Mf aikrfgga÷i ihreftavf jl mhs frtågumhs 644, 61; y 613 jlm G÷jach Prhglsfm
Gavam.
Gheh kuijfeliths jl su jliuigaf lscrael saeamfrls frcueliths jlm rlgursh jl
gfsfga÷i pmfitlfjh phr mf jlefijfjf Masfurf Bfraif Ifvfrrh Zfpaf.

A[. EFZL
EFZL^AF
^AF O\^ÅJ
O\^ÅJAGF
AGF LI JLNFZL
JLNFZL
Vul, mf eftlraf ouråjagf li jlnftl li lm prlslitl prhglsh, sl glitrf li jltlreaifr sa mf
slitligaf jl slcuijf aistfigaf aigurrl li aikrfgga÷i ihreftavf jl mfs ihrefs
jliuigafjfs, lsth ls, sa sl df vumilrfjh lm jlrlgdh f mf jlnajf ehtavfga÷i y vfmhrfga÷i
jl mhs eljahs prhnfthrahs2 fsaeaseh sa sl df vumilrfjh lm aitlrás suplrahr jlm iaöh y
lm jlrlgdh f mf ajlitajfj.

[. K\
K\IJ
IJFE
FELI
LIZH
ZHW
W JL LWZ
LWZF
F W\P^L
W\P^LEF
EF WFMF
WFMF
Praelrh.-  Dfnaáijhsl jlgmfrfjh prhgljlitl lm rlgursh phr mf gfusfm jl aikrfgga÷i
ihreftavf eftlrafm y prhglsfm, li praelr táreaih jlnl jamugajfrsl mf gfusfm rlmftavf f mf
aikrfgga÷i ihreftavf prhglsfm, phr gufith li gfsh sl jlgmfrl kuijfjh, phr jagdf gfusfm,
li ftliga÷i f su lklgth iumakagfitl, gfrlglråf jl hnolth leatar prhiuigafealith rlsplgth
jl mf htrf gfusfm jl jlrlgdh eftlrafm. Fsaeaseh, fjvartaáijhsl qul mhs rlgurshs jl
gfsfga÷i aitlrpulsths phr mf jlefijfjf Masfurf Bfraif Ifvfrrh Zfpaf y Fislmeh Ohsá
[frcfs Efefia, gurfjhr prhglsfm jl mf elihr, f khofs eam slasgaliths gaigulitf y saltl
 3:

  eam slasgaliths sltlitf y uih rlsplgtavfelitl, aigajli li mfs easefs jliuigafs, sl

 prhgljlræ f leatar prhiuigafealith li khref ghiouitf.
Wlcuijh.- Prhgljalijh fm fiæmasas jl mf aikrfgga÷i ghitliajf li mhs åtles F), N) y J)
jlm iuelrfm AAA jl mf prlslitl rlshmuga÷i, rlsumtf plrtailitl prlgasfr qul lm jlrlgdh fm
jlnajh prhglsh, ghisfcrfjh li lm aigash 7 jlm frtågumh 671 jl mf Ghistatuga÷i Phmåtagf
jlm Lstfjh, gheprlijl f su vlz, litrl htrhs jlrlgdhs, lm jl hntlilr uif rlshmuga÷i
kuijfjf li jlrlgdh, eljafitl mfs slitligafs, li mfs qul mhs oulgls y tranuifmls
lxpmagatli li khref sukagalitl mfs rfzhils jl sus kfmmhs, ghi eliga÷i lxprlsf jl mhs
lmleliths kægtaghs y ouråjaghs qul mhs jltlreaifrhi, ihref qul rlsumtf ghighrjfitl ghi
mh prlglptufjh phr lm aigash 7 jlm frtågumh 6>> jlm G÷jach Prhglsfm Gavam y lm frtågumh 6>
jl mf Mly Hrcæiagf jlm Phjlr Oujagafm. Jlm easeh ehjh jlnl prlgasfrsl qul mf
lxacligaf jl mf ehtavfga÷i sukagalitl, prlvastf li lm aigash < jlm rlklrajh frtågumh,
cfrfitazf qul lm oustagafnml puljf gheprhnfr qul mf shmuga÷i jlm gfsh ghigrlth valil
jfjf phr uif vfmhrfga÷i rfgahifm jl mhs lmleliths kægtaghs y ouråjaghs rlmfgahifjhs fm
gfsh y ih jl uif frnatrfraljfj phr pfrtl jlm oulz2 jl fmmå qul uif rlshmuga÷i qul gfrlzgf
jl ehtavfga÷i sukagalitl ih s÷mh vumilrfjfs ihrefs mlcfmls gatfjfs, saih tfenaái
 praigapahs jl rfich ghistatugahifm.
Zlrglrh.- Gheh sl fjvalrtl jl mf slitligaf rlgurrajf, mf Wfmf jl eárath ghealizf phr 
lklgtufr ui fiæmasas jlm aitlrás suplrahr jlm iaöh  y mf aephrtfigaf jl mf prulnf jl
FJI li lm lolrgagah jlm jlrlgdh f mf ajlitajfj2 mf Wfmf fj qule lklgtÿf
qule lklgtÿf jagdh fiæmasas
jlsjl mf plrsplgtavf jl mf ih rlfmazfga÷i jl jagdf prulnf, phr rliuligaf jl mf
jlefijfjf, lxtrfylijh mf ghigmusa÷i qul su ghijugtf jamfthraf, rliulitl f ghmfnhrfr,
clilrfijh trhpalzhs prhglsfmls, shi aijagahs pfrf prlsuear mf ailxastligaf jlm jlrlgdh
qul fmlcf, puls phr lm ghitrfrah, lm slitajh gheÿi ihs jagl qul, quali fmlcf ui jlrlgdh,
aitlitfræ ih shmh jlehstrfrmh saih prhtlclrmh y lxacar qul sl rlspltl2 jl mh lxpulsth lstf
Wuprlef Wfmf frranf f mf ghigmusa÷i qul mf slitligaf rlgurrajf lxprlsf jlsjl su gratlrah
mhs frcueliths, rlsplgth f mh pltagahifjh phr mf pfrtl jlefijfitl, fså gheh vfmhrfijh
mhs eljahs prhnfthrahs hkrlgajhs phr mfs pfrtls l aijagahs, mhs gufmls shi sustlith jlm
kfmmh2 salijh lmmh fså, ih sl fjvalrtl qul sl dfyf trfiscrljajh lm praigapah jl ehtavfga÷i
jl mfs rlshmugahils oujagafmls y mf jlnajf vfmhrfga÷i jl mfs prulnfs, gheh lrrfjfelitl
shstalil mf rlgurrlitl.
Gufrth.- Vul, li gufith f mfs jliuigafs ghitliajfs li lm åtle G) jlm iuelrfm AAA jl mf
 prlslitl rlshmuga÷i, rlklrlitls fm aitlrás suplrahr jlm iaöh y su jlrlgdh f mf ajlitajfj,
rlsumtf elilstlr prlgasfr prlvafelitl qul, li gufith fm aitlrás suplrahr jlm iaöh, lm
 praigapah jl prhtlgga÷i lsplgafm jlm iaöh sl lracl li lm Jlrlgdh Aitlrifgahifm jl mhs
Jlrlgdhs Duefihs gheh ui praigapah kuijfelitfm, qul kul aiagafmelitl liuigafjh li
mf Jlgmfrfga÷i jl Cailnrf shnrl mhs Jlrlgdhs jlm Iaöh, qul pfrtl jl mf prleasf jl qul
mhs iaöhs shi mh elohr qul talil mf duefiajfj, rfz÷i phr mf gufm jlnli slr 
lsplgafmelitl prhtlcajhs. Jl uif efilrf eæs fepmaf y prlgasf kul rlghihgajh li mf
Jlgmfrfga÷i jl mhs Jlrlgdhs jlm Iaöh, li su praigapah > li mhs sacualitls táreaihs? ”lm
iaöh chzfræ jl uif prhtlgga÷i lsplgafm y jasphijræ jl hphrtuiajfjls y slrvagahs (…)
 pfrf qul puljf jlsfrrhmmfrsl kåsagf, elitfm, ehrfm, lsparatufm y shgafmelitl li khref
sfmujfnml y ihrefm,
frtågumh ><.> fså gheh li
jl mf Jlgmfrfga÷i ghijagahils
\iavlrsfm jl manlrtfj
jl Jlrlgdhs y jaciajfj‑‑.
Duefihs, tfenaáiPhrrlghihgl
su pfrtl,lstl
lm
 praigapah, fm ghisfcrfr qul mf aikfigaf talil ”jlrlgdh f guajfjhs y fsastligaf
 3<

lsplgafmls―. Li slitajh saeamfr, lm frtågumh 7.6 jl mf Ghivliga÷i shnrl mhs Jlrlgdhs jlm
 Iaöh rlghihgl qul?
”Li thjfs mfs eljajfs ghiglrialitls f mhs iaöhs qul theli mfs aistatugahils
 pÿnmagfs h pravfjfs jl nalilstfr shgafm, mhs tranuifmls, mfs futhrajfjls
fjeaiastrftavfs h mhs ÷rcfihs mlcasmftavhs, uif ghisajlrfga÷i praehrjafm f qul sl
ftlijlræ slræ lm aitlrás suplrahr jlm iaöh―. Phr ghisacualitl, ftlijalijh f tfm
 praigapah, ghiglnajh gheh mf nÿsquljf jlm eæxaeh nalilstfr jlm iaöh y mf pmlif
lklgtavazfga÷i jl sus jlrlgdhs, li su ghijaga÷i jl slr duefih, ls qul jlnl leatarsl
mf prlslitl jlgasa÷i.
Vuaith.- Vul, li lsf easef plrsplgtavf, rlsplgth fm jlrlgdh f mf ajlitajfj jlm elihr,
sl trftf jl uif aistatuga÷i ouråjagf ghiglnajf ih li kfvhr jl mhs pfjrls saih li aitlrás jl
mhs daohs, pfrf qul, f trfvás jl ám, sl guepmf ghi mf hnmacfga÷i ghistatugahifm jl fslcurfr 
mf prhtlgga÷i y jlsfrrhmmh fre÷iagh l aitlcrfm jlm elihr, y sl cfrfitagl mf vacligaf jl
sus jlrlgdhs, litrl lmmhs sl jlstfgf lm jlrlgdh f tlilr uif kfeamaf y f ih slr slpfrfjh jl
lmmf. \ih jl guyhs lmleliths jaiæeaghs ls lm rlklrajh f mfs rlmfgahils kfeamafrls, mfs
qul sl aistatuyli aieljaftfelitl ghihgajhs qualils shi mhs pfjrls2 li ghislguligaf, mf
 prhtlgga÷i ouråjagf jlm jlrlgdh f mf ajlitajfj plrshifm, li su gfmajfj jl jlrlgdh
duefih lsligafm jlnl
jl mf plrshifmajfj jl uislrslraitlcrfm,
duefih. pfrf gheprlijlr mhs eÿmtapmls y ghepmlohs fsplgths
Wlxth.-  Vul mf Ghistatuga÷i Phmåtagf jlm Plrÿ li sus frtågumhs > aigash 6, ghisfcrf lm
jlrlgdh jlm iaöh f mf ajlitajfj, fm lstfnmlglr qul? ”Zhjf plrshif talil jlrlgdh f mf vajf,
f su ajlitajfj, f su aitlcrajfj ehrfm, psåquagf y kåsagf y f su manrl jlsfrrhmmh y
 nalilstfr―, jlrlgdh Ghistatugahifm qul cufrjf ghishifigaf ghi mh lstfnmlgajh phr mf
Ghivliga÷i shnrl mhs Jlrlgdhs jlm Iaöh, li guyh frtågumh 4 aigashs 6 y > prlglptÿf?
”Mhs Lstfjhs Pfrtls sl gheprheltli f rlspltfr lm jlrlgdh jlm iaöh f prlslrvfr su
ajlitajfj, aigmuajhs mf ifgahifmajfj, ihenrl, y mfs rlmfgahils kfeamafrls jl ghikhreajfj
ghi mf mly sai aiolrligafs amågatfs, (…) gufijh ui iaöh slf pravfjh amlcfmelitl jl
fmcuihs jl mhs lmleliths jl su ajlitajfj h jl thjhs lmmhs, mhs Lstfjhs Pfrtls jlnlræi
 prlstfr mf fsastligaf y prhtlgga÷i fprhpafjfs ghi earfs f rlstfnmlglr ræpajfelitl su
ajlitajfj―2
; jlm G÷jachjlrlgdh rlghihgajh
jl mhs Iaöhs tfenaái liqul
y Fjhmlsglitls iulstrh hrjlifealith
lstapumf? ”Lm iaöh youråjagh li lm frtågumh
lm fjhmlsglitl talili
jlrlgdh f mf ajlitajfj, mh qul aigmuyl lm jlrlgdh f tlilr ui ihenrl, f fjquarar uif
ifgahifmajfj y, li mf eljajf jl mh phsanml, f ghihglr f sus pfjrls y mmlvfr sus fplmmajhs.
Zalili tfenaái jlrlgdh fm jlsfrrhmmh aitlcrfm jl su plrshifmajfj― y qul fjleæs ”ls
hnmacfga÷i jlm Lstfjh prlslrvfr mf aisgrapga÷i l ajlitajfj jl mhs iaöhs y fjhmlsglitls,
sfigahifijh f mhs rlsphisfnmls jl su fmtlrfga÷i, sustatuga÷i h pravfga÷i amlcfm, jl
ghikhreajfj ghi lm G÷jach Plifm‑‑. Lstfs ihrefs cfrfitazfi lm jlrlgdh f mf kamafga÷i  y
jl chzfr jlm lstfjh jl kfeamaf, jlm ihenrl y mf ajlitajfj, fså gheh lm jlrlgdh jlm pfjrl
 jl mf efjrl f qul
q ul sl mls rlghihzgf y lolrzfi su ppftlriajfj.
ftlriajfj.
Wátaeh.-  Lm Zranuifm Ghistatugahifm li rlatlrfjf ourasprujligaf df lstfnmlgajh qul lm
jlrlgdh f mf ajlitajfj, f qul sl rlkalrl lm aigash 6) jlm frtågumh > jl mf Ghistatuga÷i ”(...)
hgupf ui mucfr
lm jlrlgdh lsligafm
qul talil thjhlitrl mhs ftranuths
aijavajuh lsligafmls lstragtfelitl
f slr rlghihgajh jl mf plrshif.phr
Gheh tfm ls
mh qul rlprlslitf
y phr lm
 3;

ehjh gheh ls, lighitræijhsl ghistatuajh phr javlrshs lmleliths tfith jl gfrægtlr 
hnoltavh gheh tfenaái jl gfrægtlr sunoltavh. Litrl mhs praelrhs gfnl eligahifr mhs
ihenrls, mhs sluj÷iaehs, mhs rlcastrhs, mf dlrligaf cliátagf, mfs gfrfgtlråstagfs
ghrphrfmls, ltg., ealitrfs qul litrl mhs slcuijhs sl ligulitrfi mf ajlhmhcåf, mf ajlitajfj
gumturfm, mhs vfmhrls, mf rlputfga÷i (…)―.
Hgtfvh.-  Nfoh lstl ghitlxth ihreftavh ifgahifm, suprfifgahifm y jhgtraifrah, sl
fjvalrtl qul li lm prlslitl gfsh, mh galrth ls qul ih shmh ih sl df jlehstrfjh ghi
 prulnf kldfgalitl, plrtailitl l aj÷ilf qul mf iaöf Kfnahmf ih slf daof nahm÷cagf jlm
jlefijfjh Krfigasgh Hnjumah C÷elz C÷elz2 qul rlsumtf euy saciakagftavh lm dlgdh
qul, salijh lstl, quali rlsumtfråf lm jarlgtfelitl plroujagfjh, jl slr lm gfsh, ih df
ilcfjh li iaicÿi ehelith slr pfjrl jl mf rlklrajf iaöf ia aepucifjh su
rlghihgaealith, euy phr lm ghitrfrah mf df rlghihgajh jl khref thtfmelitl vhmuitfraf,
manrl y lsphitæilfelitl, li su hphrtuiajfj, su ghijaga÷i jl daof lxtrfeftraehiafm, tfm
gheh fpfrlgl jl mf fihtfga÷i fm rlvlrsh jl mf pfrtajf jl ifgaealith jl khofs trls jl mf
iaöf Kfnahmf Gfeamf C÷elz Ifvfrrh, lmmh fitl lm ^lcastrh Ifgahifm jl Lstfjh Gavam jl
mf Euiagapfmajfj Prhvaigafm jl Amh, jhguelith ghi pmlih vfmhr prhnfthrah, phr trftfrsl
jl ui aistruelith pÿnmagh, ghikhrel mh jasphil lm frtågumh >7< jlm G÷jach Prhglsfm
Gavam2 fsaeaseh sl fjvalrtl lm ghephrtfealith pftlrih jlm rlklrajh ghjlefijfjh, fm

aiagafr lmZfpaf,
 Ifvfrrh prhglsh jl rácaeli
li guyf jlefijf jlhnrfitl
vasatfs fghitrf mf efjrl
khofs galith jl mfslöfmf
gfthrgl iaöf qul?
Masfurf Bfraif
”jurfitl mf
efyhr pfrtl jlm taleph dlehs efitliajh uif rlmfga÷i ghrjafm y lm rlgurrlitl df tliajh
fgglsh f vasatfr f ea elihr daof ihenrfjf jlsjl qul df ifgajh prhglsh ghi slitligaf
lstaefthraf eljafitl slitligaf jl vastf jlm vlaitasáas jl efyh jl jhs eam iulvl qul
ghikaref mf fplmfjf qul jlgmfrf kuijfjf mf jlefijf2 jl acufm khref sl talil jl mf
ghitlstfga÷i jl mf jlefijf jl fmaeliths jlm rlklrajh ghjlefijfjh, hnrfitl f khofs
vlaitatrás, li lm puith 6? ”Vul lklgtavfelitl ghi mf jlefijfjf dlehs prhgrlfjh f mf
elihr Kfnahmf Gfeamf Ifvfrrh. li rlmfgahils lxtrfghiyucfmls‑‑, fsaeaseh li lm puith
7? ”ih ls galrth qul lm rlgurrlitl ih fsastf f mf elihr daof
d aof ghi mhs fmaeliths qul ilglsatf
(…)―2 Vul kaifmelitl sl jlnl thefr li gulitf lm aikhrel psaghm÷cagh susgrath phr 
Bfraif Gdævlz Ifrnhif, Psag÷mhcf jl mf JLE\IF, li lm gufm mf elihr Kfnahmf Gfeamf
C÷elz Ifvfrrh ifrrf qul? ”(…) f su pfpæ mh qualrl eugdh, ml jf saleprl rlcfmhs (…) y
qul gufijh valil f vlrmf saleprl jasgutl ghi su efeæ y qul lmmh ml jf ealjh (…)―.
Ihvlih.- Fså, mfs ghsfs, jl mhs eljahs prhnfthrahs fifmazfjhs, sl ghigmuyl puls, phr ui
mfjh, qul ih sl jlsvartufjh mf ajlitajfj kamafthraf lstætagf jl mf iaöf Kfnahmf Gfeamf
C÷elz Ifvfrrh2 y, phr htrh mfjh, qul sl df jlehstrfjh mf ajlitajfj kamafthraf jl mf iaöf,
li su kfgltf jaiæeagf, vfml jlgar li mf phslsa÷i jlm lstfjh jl daof jlm ghjlefijfjh
Krfigasgh Hnjumah C÷elz Cutaárrlz. Ls elilstlr jlstfgfr qul mf phslsa÷i jl lstfjh
jlihtf kldfgalitlelitl jagdh lstfjh jl kfeamaf qul sl hstlitf rlsplgth jlm prlsuith
 pfjrl h prlsuitf efjrl y, lm iaöh fm grlglr, vf fsaeamfijh mf ajlitajfj jl mf kfeamaf y
gumturf li qul vavl.
Jágaeh.- Ls plrtailitl slöfmfr qul, sa nali ls galrth ih sl prfgtag÷ lm lxfeli jl FJI  f
mf elihr, phr aighivlialitl jl mf efjrl jlefijfjf, jl mh gufm lm oulz phjråf lxtrflr 
ghigmusahils jl su ghijugtf,
Gavam2 sai lenfrch, lstf ihrefslcÿi mh prlvasth
prhglsfm aivatf fmli lm ffrtågumh
oulz fgtufr >4> jlm G÷jachrlsplgth
ghi prujligaf Prhglsfmf
mf ghijugtf fsueajf phr mfs pfrtls li lm prhglsh, y ls gmfrf li jfr f lstf ui vfmhr 
 33

ghepmlelitfrah y sunsajafrah, ih rlsumtfijh sukagalitl phr så shmf, ia puljl ghistatuarsl

li lmlelith ÿiagh jl jlgasa÷i, eæs fÿi sa sl trftf jl ui prhglsh li lm qul sl gulstahif
mf ajlitajfj jl mf iaöf, phr mf qul saleprl jlnl vlmfrsl phr lm praigapah jl su aitlrás
suplrahr, qul sl ylrcul li mf gÿspajl f mf qul jlnli fpuitfr thjhs mhs jlrlgdhs jl mhs
gufmls lm iaöh ls tatumfr li mf jhgtraif
j hgtraif jl mf prhtlgga÷i aitlcrfm.
Jágaeh praelrh.-  Li ghislguligaf, li sfmvfcufrjf jlm jlrlgdh f mf ajlitajfj jl mf
iaöf Kfnahmf Gfeamf C÷elz Ifvfrrh, y li frfs jl su aitlrás suplrahr, ghrrlsphijl
lstaefr lm rlgursh jl gfsfga÷i phr mf gfusfm sustfitavf jliuigafjf.

[A.. JL
[A JLGA
GAWA
WA×I
×I
F) Phr lst
lsths
hs kuijf
kuijfeli
eliths
ths?? Jl
Jlgmf
gmfrfrhi K\IJFJH lm rlgursh jl gfsfga÷i aitlrpulsth
rfrhi
 phr mhs jlefijfjhs Masfurf Bfraif Ifvfrrh Zfpaf y Fislmeh Ohsá [frcfs
Efefia, gurfjhr prhglsfm jl mf iaöf f khofs eam slasgaliths gaigulitf y saltl f eam
slasgaliths sltlitf y uih rlsplgtavfelitl2 li ghislguligaf GFWF^HI mf
slitligaf jl vastf jl klgdf vlaitaiulvl jl fnram jl jhs eam quaigl, jl khofs eam
slasgaliths jalgaiulvl2
N) Fgtu
Fgtufi
fijh
jh li
li sl
sljl
jl jjll aist
aistfigaff  ^L[HGF^HI  mf slitligaf fplmfjf jl klgdf
figa
vlaitaguftrh jl hgtunrl jl jhs eam gfthrgl, qul jlgmfrf kuijfjf mf jlefijf2
rlkhreæijhmf, mf jlgmfrfrhi AIK\IJFJF.
G) JAW
JAWP\WA
P\WALL^HI
^HI  mf punmagfga÷i jl mf prlslitl rlshmuga÷i li lm jafrah hkagafm  Lm 
 Plrufih,, nfoh rlsphisfnamajfj2 li mhs slcuajhs phr Ljjy Fmlofijrh C÷elz
 Plrufih
Cutaárrlz ghi Masfurf Bfraif Ifvfrrh Zfpaf y htrhs, shnrl aepucifga÷i jl
 pftlriajfj2 y mhs jlvhmvalrhi. Aitlrvalil gheh philitl mf Oulzf suprlef slöhrf jlm
Gfrpah ^hjråculz.
WW.
ZLMMH CAMF^JA
JLM GF^PAH ^HJ^ÅC\L_
^HJ^AC\L_ GDÆ[L_
GFMJL^×I P\L^ZFW
JL MF NF^^F NF^^L^F

;. Prlvfmligaf
Prlvfmligaf jl mf ajlitajfj
ajlitajfj jaiæeagf
jaiæeagf shnrl
shnrl mf ajlitajf
ajlitajfj
j lstætagf.
lstætagf. Gfsfga÷i
Gfsfga÷i I¿
1<0->06;-Frlquapf
^LW\ELI
Mf Oujagfturf Wuprlef Gavam shstalil qul ”lm jlrlgdh f mf ajlitajfj jlnl slr 
litlijajh gheh lm jlrlgdh qul talil thjh slr duefih f slr uih easeh, y f slr 
rlghihgajh gheh tfm2 li lstl slitajh, lm jlrlgdh f mf ajlitajfj plrshifm jlnl slr 
 prhtlcajh li sus jhs fsplgths? lm lstætagh, qul lstæ rlstraicajh f mf ajlitakagfga÷i
(klgdf jl ifgaealith, ihenrl, fplmmajh y fÿi lstfjh gavam) y lm jaiæeagh (...)―.
Whnrl lm ÿmtaeh fsplgth vfml jltlilrsl, yf qul, sacualijh mhs rlatlrfjhs
 34

 prhiuigafealiths ourasprujligafmls, lstl ls lm fsplgth eæs fepmah y eæs

aephrtfitl, fm lstfr rlklrajh f qul mf plrshif ghihzgf guæm ls su lsplgåkagf vlrjfj
 plrshifm, puls ghitalil eÿmtapmls fsplgths vaigumfjhs litrl så gheh, phr lolepmh?
mf jl gfrægtlr lsparatufm, psaghm÷cagh h sheætagh, qul mh jlkaili l ajlitakagfi2 fså
tfenaái, fsplgths jl åijhml gumturfm, ajlhm÷caghs, rlmacahshs h phmåtaghs, mfs
rlmfgahils kfeamafrls, mfs qul sl aistatuyli aieljaftfelitl sl ghihgli quaáils shi
mhs pfjrls, qul tfenaái ghitranuyli f jlmaeatfr mf plrshifmajfj jl gfjf suolth2 y
htrhs lmleliths fjagahifmls qul dfgl f mf plrshif jaklrlitl f mfs jleæs. Li
ghislguligaf, mf prhtlgga÷i ouråjagf jlm jlrlgdh f mf ajlitajfj plrshifm, li su
gfmajfj jl jlrlgdh duefih lsligafm, jlnl slr aitlcrfm, pfrf gheprlijlr mhs
eÿmtapmls y ghepmlohs fsplgths jl mf plrshifmajfj jl ui slr duefih, ghnrfijh fmtf
rlmlvfigaf mf kfsl jaiæeagf. Fså, fqulm qul ih talil y jleulstrl nahm÷cagfelitl mf
kamafga÷i jlm elihr, rlsplgth jlm quali så mf talil, plrh sl df ghephrtfjh gheh
 pfjrl ih jlnl slr lxgmuajh jlm rlghihgaealith kamafm, yf qul sl ftlitfråf ghitrf mf
ajlitajfj jlm elihr li su fsplgth jaiæeagh.

K\IJFELIZH ^LML[FIZL

Hgtfvh.-  Wl df jlehstrfjh mf ajlitajfj kamafthraf jl mf iaöf, li su kfgltf

jaiæeagf, vfml jlgar li mf phslsa÷i jlm lstfjh jl daof jlm ghjlefijfjh Muas
 Fmnlrth Eljaif [lcf. Ls elilstlr jlstfgfr qul mf phslsa÷i jl lstfjh jlihtf
 kldfgalitlelitl jagdh lstfjh jl kfeamaf qul sl hstlitf
h stlitf rlsplgth jlm prlsuith
 pfjrl h prlsuitf efjrl y, lm iaöh fm
f m grlglr, vf fsaeamfijh mf ajlitajfj jl mf
 kfeamaf y gumturf li qul vavl. Li ghislguligaf, li sfmvfcufrjf jlm jlrlgdh f
mf ajlitajfj jl mf elihr K. B. E. W., y li frfs jl su aitlrás suplrahr,
ghrrlsphijl lstaefr lm rlgursh jl gfsfga÷i phr mf gfusfm sustfitavf
jliuigafjf.

GH^ZL W\P^LEF JL O\WZAGAF JL MF ^LPßNMAGFWFMF GA[AM

PL^EFILIZL
GFWFGA×I I¿ 1<0->06;-F^LV\APF
Maef, vlaitaiulvl jl ihvalenrl jl jhs eam jalgasáas.
WFMF GA[AM PL^EFILIZL JL MF GH^ZL W\P^LEF JL O\WZAGAF JL MF
^LPßNMAGF2 vastf mf gfusf I¿ 1<0->06;, li fujaligaf pÿnmagf jl mf klgdf y prhjugajf
mf vhtfga÷i ghrrlsphijalitl, jl ghikhreajfj ghi mh lxpulsth phr lm jagtfeli kasgfm,
leatl mf sacualitl slitligaf?

A. EFZL^AF J
JL
LM ^L
^LG\^WH?
Vul sl trftf jlm rlgursh jl gfsfga÷i aitlrpulsth phr lm jlefijfjh Muas Fmnlrth Eljaif
[lcf f khofs slasgaliths hgdlitf y jhs, ghitrf mf slitligaf jl slcuijf aistfigaf jl klgdf
jalgasaltl jl jagalenrl jl jhs eam quaigl, jl khofs slasgaliths slslitf y jhs, qul
 31

ghikaref mf slitligaf fplmfjf jl klgdf uih jl fnram jl jhs eam quaigl, jl khofs
quaialiths gaigulitf y saltl, qul jlgmfrf kuijfjf mf jlefijfjf2 li ghislguligaf,
jlgmfrf oujagafmelitl qul jhi Ohlm Ljufrjh [amgf Kmhrls ls pfjrl jl mf elihr K. B. E.
W., daof ghiglnajf ghi Hmavaf Hmaijf Wæigdlz Eljaif jl Eljaif jlnalijh quljfr lm
ihenrl jl mf elihr, gheh K.B.[.W., ghi mh jleæs qul ghitalil.

AA.
AA. FI
FIZL
ZLGLGLJL
JLIZIZLLW
Pfrf fifmazfr lstf gfusf gavam y vlrakagfr sa sl df aigurrajh h ih li mf aikrfgga÷i
ihreftavf jliuigafjf, ls ilglsfrah rlfmazfr mfs sacualitls prlgasahils?

6. Jlefijf
Phr lsgrath jl khofs trlaitf y guftrh, Ohlm Ljufrjh [amgf Kmhrls, pfjrl nahm÷cagh jl mf
elihr, aitlrphil jlefijf jl aepucifga÷i jl pftlriajfj ghitrf Muas Fmnlrth Eljaif
[lcf y K. B. E. W., f kai jl qul sl jlgmfrl mf iumajfj jl mf pfrtajf jl ifgaealith I¿
”;7:7043;― y fgglshrafelitl sl jasphicf mf kamafga÷i lxtrfeftraehiafm jlm jlefijfitl
gheh pfjrl jl mf elihr. Kuijf su prltlisa÷i li mh sacualitl?

6) Vul llmm fg
fgthr
thr Ohlm
Ohlm Ljufrjh
Ljufrjh [amgf Kmhrls ls pf
pfjrl
jrl nahm÷cag
nahm÷caghh jl mf elihr
elihr K. B. E. W.
jl
mfs iulvl föhs jl
rlmfgahils jlljfj f mf klgdf ghi
ghivavligaf jl mfHmavaf
jlefijf, qualiWæigdlz
Hmaijf df ifgajh gheh prhjugth
Eljaif, jl
ghi quali
efituvh tfmls rlmfgahils jl efilrf aiaitlrruepajf jlsjl lm föh jhs eam uih, dfstf
mf klgdf jl su kfmmlgaealith, hgurrajh lm jhgl jl oumah jl jhs eam higl2 qul jurfitl
lm taleph jl lstf rlmfga÷i lxtrfeftraehiafm mf elihr vava÷ ghi lm jlefijfitl y su
efjrl li lm jheagamah jl su prhpaljfj2

>) Fcr
Fcrlcf
lcf qul
qul mf efjrl
efjrl jl mf mf elihr,
elihr, jhöf
jhöf Hm
Hmava
avaff Hmaijf
Hmaijf Wæ
Wæigd
igdlz
lz Eljaif
Eljaif,, sl
lighitrfnf slpfrfjf jl dlgdh jlm jlefijfjh Muas Fmnlrth Eljaif [lcf y fm ifglr 
mf elihr lm trlaitf jl efrzh jlm jhs eam jhs, lm jlefijfitl kul aepljajh jl
fslitfr mf pfrtajf jl su elihr daof, rfz÷i phr mf gufm, mf efjrl nfoh prlsa÷i jlm
jlefijfjh fslit÷ mf pfrtajf aisgranaáijhmf gheh daof jl su lsphsh Muas Fmnlrth
Eljaif [lcf. Ih hnstfitl jlsjl su ifgaealith mf elihr df lstfjh saleprl fm
guajfjh jl su efjrl y jlm jlefijfitl gheh vlrjfjlrhs pfjrls, y fm kfmmlglr su
efjrl lstuvh fm guajfjh jl su fnulmf eftlrif jhöf Arlil Leamaf Eljaif Ghrpuif,
 phstlrahrelitl lm jlefijfjh fgtufijh ghi prlphtligaf y tlelrajfj fguja÷ f mf
JLE\IF y fsuealijh kfmsfelitl qul mf elihr sl lighitrfnf li fnfijhih,
shmagath mf tliligaf jl mf elihr, mf qul aieljaftfelitl sl mf hthrcfrhi2 y,

7) Vul fi
fitl
tl tf
tfmls
mls ggarguis
arguistfiga
tfigafs
fs rl
rlsumtf
sumtf aeplrf
aeplrftavf
tavf mmff rlf
rlfmazfg
mazfga÷i
a÷i jl mf pru
prulnf
lnf jl FJI
li mf plrshif jlm jlefijfitl, mf elihr y lm jlefijfjh pfrf jlsvartufr jl efilrf
ghigrltf y ghi lm fphyh galitåkagh quaái ls lm vlrjfjlrh pfjrl jl mf elihr Kahrlmmf
Bftdy.

>. Ghit
Ghitls
lstf
tfga
ga÷i
÷i jl mf jlef
jlefij
ijff
Eljafitl lsgrath jl khofs sltlitf y saltl, Muas Fmnlrth Eljaif [lcf, pfjrl mlcfm jl mf
elihr, ghitlstf mf jlefijf, li mhs sacualitls táreaihs?
 40

6) Vul mmff elihr

elihr K. B. E. W. jlsjl
jlsjl su ifgaealith
ifgaealith df sa
sajh
jh jlg
jlgmfrfjf
mfrfjf gheh su
su daof,
daof, mmlvf
mmlvf
su fplmmajh y lstæ f su guajfjh2

>) Ialcf qul ssuu g÷iyucl,

g÷iyucl, quali
quali li vajf
vajf ku
kull jhöf Hmavaf
Hmavaf Hma
Hmaijf
ijf W
Wæigdlz
æigdlz Eljaif,
Eljaif, dfyf
dfyf
efitliajh uif rlmfga÷i ghivavligafm ghi lm jlefijfitl2 fjleæs, ih ml ghistf
kldfgalitlelitl qul ih slf lm pfjrl nahm÷cagh jl mf elihr2 y,

7) Vul llmm jlefijfit

jlefijfitll khr
khreum÷
eum÷ uuif
if jli
jliuigaf
uigaf jl fnfijhih,
fnfijhih, mf qul
qul kul frgdavfjf,
frgdavfjf, qul
qul
li jagdh prhglsh mf Plragaf Psaghm÷cagf I° 0>>:01->066-PWG, lklgtufjf f mf
elihr, ghigmuy÷ qul f iavlm lehgahifm sl hnslrvf qul eulstrf fklgth l
ajlitakagfga÷i fm pfjrl y dlrefihs y mf jaiæeagf kfeamafr ls fjlgufjf2 fsaeaseh lm
Aikhrel Whgafm I° >17-66-TA-JA^ZLPHM-\IKFE/PG.WW sucalrl qul mf elihr 
jlnl ghitaiufr nfoh mf prhtlgga÷i jl jhi Muas Fmnlrth eljaif [lcf qualils nraijf
fjlgufjf prhtlgga÷i.

7. Puit
Puiths
hs gghi
hitr
trhv
hvlr
lrta
tajh
jhss
Wl df lstfnmlgajh gheh puiths ghitrhvlrtajhs? f) Jltlreaifr mf lxastligaf h ih, jl
våigumh jl pfrlitlsgh phr ghisficuaiajfj litrl lm jlefijfjh Muas Fmnlrth Eljaif
[lcf y mf iaöf K. B. E. W.2 n) Jltlreaifr sa lm jlefijfjh Muas Fmnlrth Eljaif [lcf
ls lm pfjrl nahm÷cagh jl mf elihr K. B. E. W.2 g) Jltlreaifr mf lxastligaf jl våigumh jl
 pfrlitlsgh phr ghisficuaiajfj litrl lm jlefijfitl Ohlm Ljufrjh [amgf Kmhrls y mf iaöf
K. B. E. W.2 y, g) Jltlreaifr sa lm jlefijfitl ls lm pfjrl nahm÷cagh jl mf elihr K. B.
E. W..

:. Wlit
Wlitli
liga
gaff j
jll pra
prael
elrf
rf ai
aist
stfi
figa
gaf.
f.
Gumeaifjh lm træeatl ghrrlsphijalitl, lm oulz eljafitl slitligaf jl khofs quaialiths
gaigulitf y saltl, su klgdf uih jl fnram jl jhs eam quaigl, jlgmfrf kuijfjf mf
jlefijfjf2 li ghislguligaf, jlgmfrf oujagafmelitl qul jhi Ohlm Ljufrjh [amgf Kmhrls
ls pfjrl jl K. B. E. W., daof ghiglnajf ghi jhöf Hmavaf Hmaijf Wæigdlz Eljaif jl
Eljaif jlnalijh quljfr lm ihenrl jl mf elihr, gheh Kahrlmmf Bftdy [amgf Wæigdlz,
kuijfelitfijh mf jlgasa÷i li mh sacualitl?

6) Vul rrlfmaz
lfmazfjf
fjf mf prulnf
prulnf jl FJI
FJI sl talil qul llmm jlefijfit
jlefijfitll Ohlm
Ohlm Lj
Ljufrjh
ufrjh [amgf
Kmhrls ih puljl slr lxgmuajh jl mf prlsuitf rlmfga÷i jl pfrlitlsgh, li ghijaga÷i jl
 pfjrl nahm÷cagh jl mf elihr K. B. E. W.2 sai lenfrch, Muas Fmnlrth Eljaif [lcf
quljf lxgmuajh jl mf prlsuitf rlmfga÷i jl pfrlitlsgh li ghijaga÷i jl pfjrl
 nahm÷cagh jl mf rlklrajf elihr2

>) Vul ssaa nali llmm rlghihg

rlghihgali
alitl
tl ih puljl
puljl jlofr
jlofr uia
uiamft
mftlrf
lrfmel
melitl
itl sai
sai lklgth
lklgth lm
rlghihgaealith prfgtagfjh, phr efijfth jlm frtågumh 71< jlm G÷jach Gavam, lmmh ih
aepajl qul puljf lolrglr mfs fggahils plrtailitls pfrf jlefijfr, li sljl oujagafm y
ghi prulnfs aj÷ilfs, mf iumajfj h fiumfnamajfj2

7) Li nf
nfsl
sl ffm
jlrlgdh m fitlrahr
fitlrahr jlsfrrhmmh
kuijfelitfm jlsfrrhmmh sl puljl
rlghihgajh puphr
ljl iulstrf
jlsprli
jlsprlijlr
jlr qul
qul mf vlrjfj
Ghistatuga÷i nahm÷cagf
nahm÷ca
Phmåtagf y gf ls
ls ui
trftfjhs
 46

aitlrifgahifmls, phr mf gufm gfjf suolth phjræ kacurfr gheh daoh jl quali
vlrjfjlrfelitl mh slf, lsth ls, jl quali nahm÷cagfelitl ls su pfjrl2 phr htrh mfjh,
mf ourasprujligaf y mlcasmfga÷i fjeatli qul lm rlghihgaealith, gheh gufmqualr fgth
 ouråjagh, puljl slr aivfmajfjh phr fjhmlglr jl jlklgths sustfitavhs h lstrugturfmls2

:) Li lm prlslitl
prlslitl gfsh
gfsh sl df fgrljatf
fgrljatfjh
jh eljafitl
eljafitl mmff prul
prulnf
nf jl FJI
FJI qul lm jlefijfit
jlefijfitll

ls lm pfjrlaephsanml
kåsagfelitl nahm÷caghqul
jl lmmfjlefijfjh,
rlklrajf elihr2 salijh [lcf
Muas Fmnlrth fså, sl lvajligaf
Eljaif, slf lmqul ls
pfjrl
 nahm÷cagh jl mf elihr K. B. E. W., phr mh qul lm fgth jlm rlghihgaealith (pfrtajf jl
ifgaealith) ghistatuyl ui aephsanml kåsagh2

<) Vul ffmm slr ghitrfrah

ghitrfrah f mf rlfmajfj
rlfmajfj lm rl
rlghihga
ghihgaealith
ealith prfgta
prfgtagfjh
gfjh phr
phr mf efjrl jl mf
elihr, fglptfjh phr lm jlefijfjh, sl lstæ fklgtfijh lm jlrlgdh kuijfelitfm jl mf
elihr K. B. E. W. f ghihglr su vlrjfj nahm÷cagf, phr mh qul jagdh rlghihgaealith
ls ghitrfrah fm hrjli pÿnmagh ghistatugahifm2

;) Jl thjthjhh mh jagdh,
jagdh, sl jln
jlnll tlilr
tlilr prls
prlslit
litll qul sa nali
nali lm jlefijfi
jlefijfitltl aitlrp
aitlrphil
hil uif
jlefijf jl aepucifga÷i jl pftlriajfj sai qul lm efrajh dfyf ilcfjh su
 pftlriajfj y kulrf jlm pmfzh jl gfjugajfj, ih hnstfitl jl mhs kuijfeliths jl dlgdh
sl puljl jlsprlijlr qul mh qul li rlfmajfj sl lstfråf gulstahifijh ls mf vfmajlz jlm
rlghihgaealith prfgtagfjh li kfvhr jl mf elihr, salijh lstl ui pltathrah aepmågath2
 phr mh qul dfnaáijhsl lstfnmlgajh qul lm hnolth jlm gatfjh rlghihgaealith ls
kåsagfelitl aephsanml y qul sl lstfråf ftlitfijh ghitrf lm hrjli pÿnmagh
ghistatugahifm, ls lvajlitl qul prhgljl mf jlgmfrfga÷i
j lgmfrfga÷i jl iumajfj phr lstfs gfusfmls.

<. Kuij
Kuijfefelilith
thss j
jll mmff fplm
fplmfg
fga÷
a÷i
i
Lm jlefijfjh Muas Fmnlrth Eljaif [lcf, eljafitl lsgrath jl mf pæcaif quaialiths
sltlitf y saltl aitlrphil rlgursh jl fplmfga÷i ghitrf mf slitligaf jl praelrf aistfigaf,
fmlcfijh kuijfelitfmelitl mh sacualitl?

6) Vul lm f quh 
quh  ih df shplsfjh fjlgufjfelitl mhs eljahs jl prulnf, gheh mf
jlgmfrfga÷i jl mf elihr K.B., quali mh rlghihgl gheh su pfjrl, qul vavl y sl
salitl euy trfiquamf y lstfnml ghi su satufga÷i fgtufm2

>) Vul ssll fklgtfi

fklgtfi mh
mhss jlrl
jlrlgdhs
gdhs jjll mf e
elihr
lihr fm
fm hnma
hnmacfrml
cfrml f mmlvfr
mmlvfr lm fplmmajh
fplmmajh [amgf
[amgf qul
qul
ih ml custf, qul fjleæs sl fklgtf lm jlrlgdh jl ajlitajfj jl mf iaöf fghstuenrfjf
f mmlvfr su fplmmajh Eljaif2 y,

7) Vul sshmh
hmh mf prulnf jl FJI,
FJI, ih puljl slrvar jl sustlith
sustlith pfrf jlgmfrfr
jlgmfrfr f mf elihr 
elihr 
Kahrlmmf Bftdy daof jlm jlefijfitl, puls lm fgthr ofeæs sl phrt÷ gheh pfjrl krlitl
f lmmf.

;. Wlitligaf jl
jl va
vastf

Mhs oulglslxpajli
Frlquapf suplrahrls jl mf Wlcuijf
mf slitligaf jl vastfWfmf
jl Gavam
klgdf jl mf GhrtljlWuplrahr
jalgasaltl jl jl
jagalenrl Oustagaf jl
jhs eam
 4>

quaigl, jl khofs slasgaliths slslitf y jhs, qul ghikaref mf slitligaf fplmfjf qul jlgmfrf
kuijfjf mf jlefijf, li ghislguligaf, jlgmfrf oujagafmelitl qul jhi Ohlm Ljufrjh
[amgf Kmhrls ls pfjrl jl mf elihr K. B. E. W., daof ghiglnajf ghi jhöf Hmavaf Hmaijf
Wæigdlz Eljaif jl Eljaif jlnalijh quljfr lm ihenrl jl mf elihr, gheh Kahrlmmf
Bftdy [amgf Wæigdlz, ghi mh jleæs qul ghitalil, ghisajlrfijh qul?

6)  ouråjagh,
Ls pl
plrtail
rtailitl
itl mf
ghi sslöfmf
löfmfr
jl raepucifga÷i
qul ih jlnl
jlnljlghikuijars
ghikuijarsll mfqul
pftlriajfj fgga÷i
sl dfjljlefijfjh
aivfmajl
aivfmajlzz jlliuikhref
fg
fgth
th
ghigrltf li lstl gfsh, li praelr mucfr phrqul ih lxastl li lm gfsh nfoh fiæmasas ui
fgth ouråjagh jl rlghihgaealith vhmuitfrah2 y, li slcuijh mucfr, phrqul ih sl dfi
jliuigafjh gheh gfusfmls jl aivfmajlz y/h vagahs qul fklgtli mf lkagfgaf
ghistatutavf h lstrugturfm jlm fgth, saih mf ailxastligaf jlm ilxh nahm÷cagh litrl lm
jlefijfjh y mf elihr aivhmugrfjf, satufga÷i qul kfgumtf fm pfjrl nahm÷cagh f
aepucifr mf prlsuitf pftlriajfj. Li tfm slitajh ls fjleæs ghitrfjagthrah shstlilr fm
easeh taleph mf iumajfj lstrugturfm jl ui fgth ouråjagh ghi mf aepucifga÷i jlm
easeh, yf qul sus gfusfs y lklgths shi aighepftanmls2

>) Zfephg
Zfephgh, h, sl df jl
jlefijfj
efijfjhh mf iumajf
iumajfjj jl mf pf
pfrtajf
rtajf jl ifgaeali
ifgaealithth jl mf el
elihr2
ihr2 li
li
lm gursh jlm prhglsh, ih sl df fmlcfjh ia jasgutajh mf vfmajlz jl jagdh jhguelith,
qul ghikhrel fm frtågumh >>< jlm G÷jach Gavam, ls jastaith jlm fgth ouråjagh qul
ghitalil. Wa nali phr efijfth oujagafm jlnl jlspmfzfrsl lm ihenrl jlm pfjrl
rlcastrfjh, gljalijh pfsh fm ihenrl jlm vlrjfjlrh pfjrl nahm÷cagh, lmmh ih
jltlreaif mf iumajfj jl mf rlklrajf pfrtajf qul ghistatuyl mf ÿiagf prulnf jlm
ifgaealith y, phr tfith, jl
j l mf lxastligaf jl mf plrshif tatumfr jl mf easef2

7) Vul mf rlssuiga÷i  pftlr lst  lstfnmlgajf

mf pprl   lstfnmlgajf li lm frtågumh 7;6 jlm G÷jach Gavam, ls uif
 prlsuiga÷i auras tfitue,
tfitue, ls jlgar, uif prlsuiga÷i qul fjeatl prulnf li ghitrfrah.
Li lstl gfsh, sl df hkrlgajh y fgtufjh mf prulnf jlm FJI, li mf gufm sl df
jltlreaifjh qul lm jlefijfjh Eljaif [lcf Muas Fmnlrth quljf lxgmuajh jl mf
 prlsuitf rlmfga÷i jl pfrlitlsgh, li ghijaga÷i jl pfjrl nahm÷cagh jl mf elihr K. B.
E. W.2 sa lmmh, ls fså ih ls su pfjrl, li gfenah, lm jlefijfitl så ls pfjrl nahm÷cagh
jl mf elihr.
kamafga÷i Li lstl
ls dfglr ghitlxth,
oustagaf, jlnlehs
ls jlgar, mmlcfrfkarefr qul lmmfkaivlrjfj.
f jlsgunrar jl thjfMfaivlstacfga÷i jl
jltlreaifga÷i
jl mf kamafga÷i ghistatuyl mf jlgmfrfga÷i oujagafm jl uif rlfmajfj nahm÷cagf qul
 plreatf fslcurfr lm prlsuith våigumh nahm÷cagh rlgmfefjh2 puls lmmh aigajaræ ih
shmh li mf rlfmazfga÷i jlm jlrlgdh f mf vlrjfj fm qul thjhs mhs slrls duefihs
fsparfehs li iulstrf shgaljfj2 saih qul fjleæs, li khref pfrtagumfr, li lm jlrlgdh
f mf ajlitajfj jl mf plrshif aivhmugrfjf2

:) Wa nal
nalii ls ggalrth
alrth qul lm frtågumh
frtågumh 71; jlm G÷
G÷jach
jach Gavam
Gavam pr
prlsgra
lsgranl
nl qul ”Lm daoh
daoh jl mf
euolr gfsfjf ih puljl slr rlghihgajh saih jlspuás jl qul fm efrajh mh dunalsl
ilcfjh y hntliajh slitligaf kfvhrfnml―2 jagdf jasphsaga÷i mlcfm, jlnl slr 
aitlrprltfjf dhy, tlialijh li gulitf mf Ghivliga÷i shnrl mhs jlrlgdhs jlm iaöh,
fprhnfjf phr ^lshmuga÷i Mlcasmftavf I° ><>34, qul rlghihgl lm jlrlgdh jlm iaöh, f
ghihglr f sus pfjrls y f slr guajfjh phr lmmhs, mh qul saciakagf qul iulstrh
hrjlifealith mlcfm, rlghihglræ lm jlrlgdh jl thjf plrshif pfrf rlgmfefr mf
 47

jltlreaifga÷i jl su kamafga÷i h aepucifrmf, li thjh ehelith, shnrl mf nfsl jl mf

 prulnf jlm våigumh nahm÷cagh litrl prhcliathr y lm daoh h daof, gheh df hgurrajh li
lm gfsh jl fuths2

<) Li lst
lstll slitajh,
slitajh, sa
sa nali ls ga
galrth
lrth mmff fgga
fgga÷i
÷i pfrf aepucifr
aepucifr mf pftlriaj
pftlriajfj
fj eftraehia
eftraehiafm
fm
ghrrlsphijl fm efrajh, slcÿi lm gatfjh frtågumh 71; jlm G÷jach Gavam, tfenaái mh ls,

qul mlcåtaeh
ghi ih sl prhdånl
aitlrásiapuljfi
sl lxgmuyl lxprlsfelitl
jlefijfr mf phsanamajfj
jagdf prltlisa÷i, jl qul
ghikhrel fm htrfs plrshifs
frtågumh [A jlm
Zåtumh Prlmaeaifr jlm G÷jach Gavam. Li lstl gfsh ls lvajlitl qul lm jlefijfitl
gheh pfjrl nahm÷cagh jl mf elihr Kahrlmmf Bftdy, talil mlcåtaeh aitlrás pfrf
aepucifr uif pftlriajfj ih fghrjl ghi mf rlfmajfj ia mf vlrjfj2 y,

;) Kaifm
Kaifmelitl,
elitl, ls ilglsf
ilglsfrah
rah jjlofr
lofr lstfn
lstfnmlgajh
mlgajh qul mmff fgga÷i
fgga÷i jl aepucifg
aepucifga÷i
a÷i jlm
jlm
rlghihgaealith lstæ jaracajf f gulstahifr lm fgth qul sl dfyf prhjugajh li khref
lxprlsf h phr efijfth mlcfm, gheh li lm gfsh jl fuths, efs ih, ih phr vagahs jlm
fgth, saih phr ih ghighrjfr ghi mf rlfmajfj nahm÷cagf, li lstl gfsh, phr ih slr lm
jlefijfjh f quali sl ml ftranuy÷ mf pftlriajfj jl mf elihr Kahrlmmf Bftdy, li
vlrjfj su pfjrl. Lstf ls uif fgga÷i jlgmfrftavf y jl jlspmfzfealith jlm lstfjh jl
kfeamaf2 salijh fså, ghrrlsphijl jlgmfrfrmh jl lsf efilrf li mf slitligaf.

AAA.. ^LG
AAA ^LG\^W
\^WH
H JL GFWFGA
GFWFGA×I
×I
Lstf Wfmf Wuprlef, eljafitl rlshmuga÷i jl klgdf jhs jl fchsth jl jhs eam jalgasáas, jl
khmahs trlaitf y trls jlm gufjlrih jl gfsfga÷i, df jlgmfrfjh prhgljlitl lm rlgursh jl
gfsfga÷i aitlrpulsth phr lm jlefijfjh Muas Fmnlrth Eljaif [lcf, phr mfs sacualitls
gfusfmls?
Aikrfgga÷i ihreftavf phr aitlrprltfga÷i lrr÷ilf jl mhs frtågumhs >0 jlm G÷jach Gavam, AT
jlm Zåtumh Prlmaeaifr, ; y 1 jlm G÷jach jl mhs Iaöhs y Fjhmlsglitls. Whstalil, qul lm fj 
qule ih
qule  ih dfnråf fpmagfjh mfs ihrefs aivhgfjfs, qul rlcumfi lm aitlrás suplrahr jlm iaöh
 lm rlsplth f sus jlrlgdhs, phr gufith ih sl df thefjh li gulitf mf jlgmfrfga÷i jl mf
elihr, quali mh rlghihgl gheh pfjrl, y sl ialcf f mmlvfr lm fplmmajh jlm pfjrl nahm÷cagh
 phr ih slitarsl ajlitakagfjf
su plrshifmajfj l ajlitajfjghi lstlsuÿmtaeh,
jlsjl sai rlspltfr
ifgaealith y qul su
us÷ihenrl qul khreflipfrtl
li mf shgaljfj qul jl
sl
jlslivulmvl, fklgtfijh su jlrlgdh jl ajlitajfj.

A[. EFZL
EFZL^AF
^AF O\^ÅJ
O\^ÅJAGF
AGF LI JLNFZL
JLNFZL
Vul, mf eftlraf ouråjagf li jlnftl li lm prlslitl prhglsh, sl glitrf li jltlreaifr sa mf
slitligaf jl slcuijf aistfigaf aigurrl li aikrfgga÷i ihreftavf jl mfs ihrefs
jliuigafjfs, lsth ls, sa sl df vumilrfjh lm aitlrás suplrahr jlm iaöh y lm jlrlgdh f mf
ajlitajfj jl mf elihr.

[. K\
K\IJ
IJFE
FELI
LIZH
ZHW
W JL LWZ
LWZF
F W\P^L
W\P^LEF
EF WFMF
WFMF
Praelrh.-  Prhgljalijh fm fiæmasas jl mf aikrfgga÷i ghitliajf li lm iuelrfm AAA jl mf
 prlslitl rlshmuga÷i, rlklrlitl fm aitlrás sup lrahr jlm iaöh y su jlrlgdh f mf ajlitajfj,
suplrahr
rlsumtf elilstlr prlgasfr prlvafelitl qul, li gufith fm aitlrás suplrahr jlm iaöh, lm
 4:

 praigapah jl prhtlgga÷i lsplgafm jlm iaöh sl lracl li lm Jlrlgdh Aitlrifgahifm jl mhs

Jlrlgdhs Duefihs gheh ui praigapah kuijfelitfm, qul kul aiagafmelitl liuigafjh li
mf Jlgmfrfga÷i jl Cailnrf shnrl mhs Jlrlgdhs jlm Iaöh, qul pfrtl jl mf prleasf jl qul
mhs iaöhs shi mh elohr qul talil mf duefiajfj, rfz÷i phr mf gufm jlnli slr 
lsplgafmelitl prhtlcajhs. Jl uif efilrf eæs fepmaf y prlgasf kul rlghihgajh li mf
Jlgmfrfga÷i jl mhs Jlrlgdhs jlm Iaöh, li su praigapah > li mhs sacualitls táreaihs? ”lm

iaöh qul
 pfrf chzfræ jl uif
puljf prhtlgga÷ikåsagf,
jlsfrrhmmfrsl lsplgafm y jasphijræ
elitfm, jl hphrtuiajfjls
ehrfm, lsparatufm y slrvagahs
y shgafmelitl (…)
li khref
sfmujfnml y ihrefm, fså gheh li ghijagahils jl manlrtfj y jaciajfj―. Phr su pfrtl, lm
frtågumh ><.> jl mf Jlgmfrfga÷i \iavlrsfm jl Jlrlgdhs Duefihs, tfenaái rlghihgl lstl
 praigapah, fm ghisfcrfr qul mf aikfigaf talil ”jlrlgdh f guajfjhs y fsastligaf
lsplgafmls―. Li slitajh saeamfr, lm frtågumh 7.6 jl mf Ghivliga÷i shnrl mhs Jlrlgdhs jlm
 Iaöh rlghihgl qul? ”Li thjfs mfs eljajfs ghiglrialitls f mhs iaöhs qul theli mfs
aistatugahils pÿnmagfs h pravfjfs jl nalilstfr shgafm, mhs tranuifmls, mfs futhrajfjls
fjeaiastrftavfs h mhs ÷rcfihs mlcasmftavhs, uif ghisajlrfga÷i praehrjafm f qul sl
ftlijlræ slræ lm aitlrás suplrahr jlm iaöh―2 qul mulch mhs jlsfrrhmmf mf prhpaf
Ghivliga÷i. Wai lenfrch, mf jaklrligaf litrl mf ghiglpga÷i jl mf Ghivliga÷i y jl mfs
fitlrahrls ls gufmatftavf, puls ealitrfs fqulmmfs shi elrfelitl jlgmfrftavfs, lstf jhtf f
jagdh praigapah jl thtfm lklgtavajfj, li praelr mucfr tlilehs, phr rlghihglr fm iaöh
gheh suolth pmlih jl jlrlgdh2 y li slcuijh mucfr, phr jhtfr f tfmls jlrlgdhs jl mfs
cfrfitåfs pfrf su guepmaealith, y li lsl efrgh ghisajlrf jagdh aitlrás gheh praigapah
vaigumfitl pfrf thjhs mhs phjlrls pÿnmaghs y litls pravfjhs. Phr ghisacualitl,
ftlijalijh f tfm praigapah, ghiglnajh gheh mf nÿsquljf jlm eæxaeh nalilstfr jlm iaöh y
mf pmlif lklgtavazfga÷i jl sus jlrlgdhs, li su ghijaga÷i jl slr duefih, ls qul jlnl
leatarsl mf prlslitl jlgasa÷i.
Wlcuijh.-  Vul, li lsf easef plrsplgtavf, rlsplgth fm jlrlgdh f mf ajlitajfj  jlm
elihr, sl trftf jl uif aistatuga÷i ouråjagf ghiglnajf ih li kfvhr jl mhs pfjrls, saih li
aitlrás jl mhs daohs, pfrf qul, f trfvás jl ám, sl guepmf ghi mf hnmacfga÷i ghistatugahifm
jl fslcurfr mf prhtlgga÷i y jlsfrrhmmh fre÷iagh l aitlcrfm jlm elihr, y sl cfrfitagl mf
vacligaf jl sus jlrlgdhs, litrl lmmhs sl jlstfgf lm jlrlgdh f tlilr uif kfeamaf y f ih slr 
slpfrfjh jl lmmf. Lm jlrlgdh f mf ajlitajfj jlnl slr litlijajh gheh lm jlrlgdh qul talil
thjh slr duefih f slr uih easeh, y f slr rlghihgajh gheh tfm2 li lstl slitajh, lm
jlrlgdh f mf ajlitajfj plrshifm jlnl slr prhtlcajh li sus jhs fsplgths? lm lstætagh qul
lstæ rlstraicajh f mf ajlitakagfga÷i (klgdf jl ifgaealith, ihenrl, fplmmajh y fÿi lstfjh
gavam) y lm jaiæeagh, eæs fepmah y eæs aephrtfitl yf qul lstæ rlklrajh f qul mf plrshif
ghihzgf guæm ls su lsplgåkagf vlrjfj plrshifm, puls lm slr duefih, li tfith uiajfj
 psaghsheætagf, ls ghepmloh y ghitalil eÿmtapmls fsplgths vaigumfjhs litrl så, jl
gfrægtlr lsparatufm, psaghm÷cagh h sheætagh, qul mh jlkaili l ajlitakagfi, fså gheh
lxastli fsplgths jl åijhml gumturfm, ajlhm÷caghs, rlmacahshs h phmåtaghs, mfs rlmfgahils
kfeamafrls, mfs qul sl aistatuyli aieljaftfelitl qul sl ghihgli qualils shi mhs pfjrls
qul tfenaái ghitranuyli f jlmaeatfr mf plrshifmajfj jl gfjf suolth2 fså, lm ghiouith jl
lsths eÿmtapmls lmleliths gfrfgtlrazfi y plrkamfi lm slr uih easeh, jaklrlitl f mhs
jleæs2 li ghislguligaf, mf prhtlgga÷i ouråjagf jlm jlrlgdh f mf ajlitajfj plrshifm, li su
gfmajfj jl fsplgths
ghepmlohs jlrlgdh duefih lsligafm jlnl
jl mf plrshifmajfj slrslraitlcrfm,
jl ui duefih. pfrf gheprlijlr mhs eÿmtapmls y
 4<

Zlrglrh.- Vul mf Ghistatuga÷i Phmåtagf jlm Plrÿ li sus frtågumhs > aigash 6, ghisfcrf lm
jlrlgdh jlm iaöh f mf ajlitajfj, fm lstfnmlglr qul? ”Zhjf plrshif talil jlrlgdh f mf vajf,
f su ajlitajfj, f su aitlcrajfj ehrfm, psåquagf y kåsagf y f su manrl jlsfrrhmmh y
 nalilstfr―, jlrlgdh Ghistatugahifm qul cufrjf ghishifigaf ghi mh lstfnmlgajh phr mf
Ghivliga÷i shnrl mhs Jlrlgdhs jlm Iaöh, li guyh frtågumh 4 aigashs 6 y > prlglptÿf?
”Mhs Lstfjhs Pfrtls sl gheprheltli f rlspltfr lm jlrlgdh jlm iaöh f prlslrvfr su

ajlitajfj,
ghi mf mlyaigmuajhs mf ifgahifmajfj,
sai aiolrligafs ihenrl,
amågatfs, (…) y mfsui
gufijh rlmfgahils
iaöh slfkfeamafrls
pravfjh jl ghikhreajfj
amlcfmelitl jl
fmcuihs jl mhs lmleliths jl su ajlitajfj h jl thjhs lmmhs, mhs Lstfjhs Pfrtls jlnlræi
 prlstfr mf fsastligaf y prhtlgga÷i fprhpafjfs ghi earfs f rlstfnmlglr ræpajfelitl su
ajlitajfj―2 jlrlgdh rlghihgajh tfenaái li iulstrh hrjlifealith ouråjagh li lm frtågumh
; jlm G÷jach jl mhs Iaöhs y Fjhmlsglitls qul lstapumf? ”Lm iaöh y lm fjhmlsglitl talili
jlrlgdh f mf ajlitajfj, mh qul aigmuyl lm jlrlgdh f tlilr ui ihenrl, f fjquarar uif
ifgahifmajfj y, li mf eljajf jl mh phsanml, f ghihglr f sus pfjrls y mmlvfr sus fplmmajhs.
Zalili tfenaái jlrlgdh fm jlsfrrhmmh aitlcrfm jl su plrshifmajfj― y qul fjleæs ”ls
hnmacfga÷i jlm Lstfjh prlslrvfr mf aisgrapga÷i l ajlitajfj jl mhs iaöhs y fjhmlsglitls,
sfigahifijh f mhs rlsphisfnmls jl su fmtlrfga÷i, sustatuga÷i h pravfga÷i amlcfm, jl
ghikhreajfj ghi lm G÷jach Plifm―. Lstfs ihrefs cfrfitazfi lm jlrlgdh f mf kamafga÷i y
jl chzfr jlm lstfjh jl kfeamaf, jlm ihenrl y mf ajlitajfj, fså gheh lm jlrlgdh jlm pfjrl
 jl mf efjrl f qul
q ul sl mls rlghihzgf y lolrzfi su ppftlriajfj.
ftlriajfj.
Gufrth.-  Lm Zranuifm Ghistatugahifm li rlatlrfjf ourasprujligaf df lstfnmlgajh qul lm
jlrlgdh f mf ajlitajfj, f qul sl rlkalrl lm aigash 6) jlm frtågumh > jl mf Ghistatuga÷i
”(….) hgupf ui mucfr lsligafm litrl mhs ftranuths lsligafmls jl mf plrshif. Gheh tfm
rlprlslitf lm jlrlgdh qul talil thjh aijavajuh f slr rlghihgajh lstragtfelitl phr mh qul
ls y phr lm ehjh gheh ls, lighitræijhsl ghistatuajh phr javlrshs lmleliths tfith jl
gfrægtlr hnoltavh gheh tfenaái jl gfrægtlr sunoltavh. Litrl mhs praelrhs gfnl
eligahifr mhs ihenrls, mhs sluj÷iaehs, mhs rlcastrhs, mf dlrligaf cliátagf, mfs
gfrfgtlråstagfs ghrphrfmls, ltg., ealitrfs qul litrl mhs slcuijhs sl ligulitrfi mf
ajlhmhcåf, mf ajlitajfj gumturfm, mhs vfmhrls, mf rlputfga÷i (…)―.
Vuaith.-  Nfoh lstl ghitlxth ihreftavh ifgahifm, suprfifgahifm, jhgtraifrah y
urasprujligafm,
ajlitajfj sl qul
jaiæeagf fjvalrtl
sl dfqul li lm prlslitl
ghikacurfjh gfsh ih
li mf elihr sl E.
K. B. df W.,
thefjh
gheh li gulitf mf
sl jlsprlijl
jlm aikhrel shgafm jl khofs trlsgaliths ihvlitf y uih li guyfs fprlgafgahils sl slöfmf
”Mf elihr sl ligulitrf li fpfrlitl nuli lstfjh jl sfmuj, rlkalrl slitarsl nali ghi su
 pfpæ Muas y sus dlrefihs, ghi qualils efitalil uif nulif rlmfga÷i, efiakalstf su
jlslh jl plrefilglr ouith f su kfeamaf ghi mf gufm lstæ vavalijh fgtufmelitl― fså gheh
jlm lm lxfeli psaghm÷cagh jl khofs quaialiths jalz, li guyfs ghigmusahils sl aijagf? ”F
iavlm lehgahifm sl hnslrvf qul eulstrf fklgth l ajlitakagfga÷i f pfjrl y dlrefihs, ghi
uif jaiæeagf kfeamafr fjlgufjf―, f mh qul sl fÿif qul jhi Muas Fmnlrth Eljaif [lcf
fm fnshmvlr mf jlefijf li thjh ehelith df lxprlsfjh fklgth y vaigumh pftlrih kamafm
ghi quali saleprl df ghisajlrfjh y grafjh gheh uif daof.
Wlxth.-  Jl acufm khref sl fjvalrtl jl mf prhpaf jlgmfrfga÷i jl mf elihr K. B. E. W.
hnrfitl
ghi sus fdlrefihs
khofs jhsgaliths
lmmhs shisltlitf
guftrhy(…)
gaigh, quali
thjhs susefiaklst÷
dlrefihsmhy sacualitl? ”(…)yqul
mf guajfi nali vavl
tfenaái
vavl ghi su pfpæ Muas Fmnlrth y tfenaái ml jf gfraöh, fehr (…)2 ¸Ghihgls f Ohlm
 4;

[amgf8 Vul sa mh ghihgl qul ml plcfnf f su efjrl y sl anf y mf jlofnf f lmmf shmf
liglrrfjf2 ¸Zl custf fplmmajfrtl Eljaif8 så, phrqul lmmf ls Eljaif phrqul Wæigdlz ls
jl su Efeæ y Eljaif ls jl su pfpæ Fmnlrth2 (…) ¸Vuá salitls phr tu pfpæ Muas
Fmnlrth8 Vul mf guajf qul, phr lolepmh, df lstfjh efm jl ui hoh y mf df dlgdh rlvasfr 
ghi ui eájagh y mf dazh vlr (…) ¸G÷eh tl ghihgli li lm ghmlcah8 Vul mf ghihgli nali2
qul gufijh mf mmfefi li mf Mastf K. B. E. W.2 ¸Wa kulrf qul tu pfpæ ls lm slöhr Ohlm

Ljufrjh,
cmhsfjf sltlaikalrl
custfråf
qulgfenafrtl
mf ihga÷i jl
jl fplmmajh8
kfeamaf jlGhitlstf qul I¿sl(…)―.
mf fjhmlsglitl Jllxgmusavfelitl
vaigumf mf jlgmfrfga÷i
ghi jhi Muas Fmnlrth Eljaif [lcf y sus dlrefihs Fitdhiy, Nfyrhi, Efrglmf y Muas
Fmnlrth2 qul mf fjhmlsglitl shgafmelitl sl ligulitrf ajlitakagfjf ghi su fplmmajh
 pftlrih ”Eljaif―.
Wátaeh.- Ls ilglsfrah rlsfmtfr qul lm frtågumh 6> jl mf Ghivliga÷i shnrl mhs Jlrlgdhs
jlm Iaöh, mf Hnslrvfga÷i Clilrfm I° 6> jlm Gheatá jl mhs Jlrlgdhs jlm Iaöh jhs eam
iulvl2 y, f iavlm ifgahifm, mhs frtågumhs 1 y 4< jlm G÷jach jl mhs Iaöhs y Fjhmlsglitls,
ghisfcrfi, rlsplgtavfelitl, lm jlrlgdh jl thjh iaöh, iaöf y fjhmlsglitl, ih shmh f
lxprlsfr su hpaia÷i, jlslh, slitar, rlsplgth jl uif ghitrhvlrsaf li mf qul sl ligulitrf
aielrsh, saih, shnrl thjh, f qul jagdf hpaia÷i slf thefjf li gulitf vfmhrfjf phr lm
hplrfjhr ouråjagh fm rlshmvlr mf matas, li gmfrf eftlrafmazfga÷i jlm praigapah jlm aitlrás
suplrahr jlm iaöh.
Hgtfvh.- Fså, mfs ghsfs, sl df jlehstrfjh mf ajlitajfj kamafthraf jl mf iaöf, li su kfgltf
jaiæeagf, vfml jlgar li mf phslsa÷i jlm lstfjh jl daof jlm ghjlefijfjh Muas Fmnlrth
Eljaif [lcf. Ls elilstlr jlstfgfr qul mf phslsa÷i jl lstfjh jlihtf kldfgalitlelitl
jagdh lstfjh jl kfeamaf qul sl hstlitf rlsplgth jlm prlsuith pfjrl h prlsuitf efjrl y,
lm iaöh fm grlglr, vf fsaeamfijh mf ajlitajfj jl mf kfeamaf y gumturf li qul vavl. Li
ghislguligaf, li sfmvfcufrjf jlm jlrlgdh f mf ajlitajfj jl mf elihr K. B. E. W., y li
frfs jl su aitlrás suplrahr, ghrrlsphijl lstaefr lm rlgursh jl gfsfga÷i phr mf gfusfm
sustfitavf jliuigafjf.
Ihvlih.-  Vul, rlsumtf elilstlr ghisajlrfr qul mf prlslitl jlefijf ls uif jl
aepucifga÷i jl pftlriajfj y kamafga÷i, phr lijl, ls plrtailitl prlvafelitl lklgtufr 
fmcuifs prlgasahils fm rlsplgth2 Vul, ghi rlmfga÷i fm ghitrhm ghistatugahifm, ls prlgash
tlilr li gulitf qul mf aifpmagfga÷i jl uif ihref mlcfm, qul sl aitlrprltf ghitrfraf f mf
Ghistatuga÷i, ghistatuyl uif prlrrhcftavf ourasjaggahifm jl ÿmtaef rftah, phr lstf rfz÷i
ih puljl slr aivhgfjf f eliujh li mf fgtavajfj ourasjaggahifm2 saih phr lm ghitrfrah
ftlijalijh f mf trfsglijligaf qul lstf jlgasa÷i aepmagf, phr mh qul lm Ouzcfjhr jlnlræ
tlilr li gulitf qul, li praigapah, thjfs mfs mlyls lxpljajfs phr lm Ghicrlsh jl mf
^lpÿnmagf, phr lm shmh dlgdh jl dfnlr sajh lxpljajfs phr lm ×rcfih ghistatugahifm qul
talil f su gfrch mf kuiga÷i mlcasmftavf lstæi fepfrfjfs phr mf prlsuiga÷i jl
ghistatugahifmajfj2 phr tfith, f prahra 
prahra  sl prlsuel qul thjfs mfs mlyls shi
ghistatugahifmls y qul lstfs cufrjfi plrklgtf frehiåf litrl så y ghi mf Gfrtf
Kuijfelitfm2 phr lstf rfz÷i, lm frtågumh [A jlm Zåtumh Prlmaeaifr jlm G÷jach Prhglsfm
Ghistatugahifm, df prlvasth qul mf aifpmagfga÷i jl uif ihref mlcfm, shmh rlsumtf vafnml
gufijh ih slf kfgtanml hntlilr uif aitlrprltfga÷i ghikhrel f mf Ghistatuga÷i.
Jágaeh.- Vul, fså ls prlgash tlilr li gulitf lm efrgh mlcasmftavh qul rlsumtf fpmagfnml fm
gfsh jl fuths, li thrih f mf aepucifga÷i jl rlghihgaealith jl pftlriajfj. Li praigapah,
 43

lm frtågumh 744 jlm G÷jach Gavam lstfnmlgl qul lm daoh lxtrfeftraehiafm puljl slr 
rlghihgajh phr lm pfjrl y mf efjrl ghiouitfelitl h phr uih shmh jl lmmhs2 fsaeaseh, lm
frtågumh 711 jlm fghtfjh G÷jach df prlvasth qul lm rlghihgaealith puljl slr ilcfjh phr 
lm pfjrl h mf efjrl qul ih aitlrvalil li ám, phr lm prhpah daoh h phr sus jlsglijalitls sa
dunalrf eulrth y phr qualils tlicfi aitlrás mlcåtaeh2 sai lenfrch, dfy qul tlilr li
gulitf qul lstf eftlraf sl ligulitrf jarlgtfelitl vaigumfjf ghi lm jlrlgdh f mf

ajlitajfj y lm aitlrás suplrahr jlm iaöh, qul yf sl talili fifmazfjhs.

Jágaeh praelrh.- Vul, li lm prlslitl gfsh mf tatumfrajfj jl mf fgga÷i h lm aitlrás jlm
jlefijfitl sl prltlijl dfglr vfmlr li rlmfga÷i f mf ajlitajfj jaiæeagf  jltlreaifjf
jl
mf iaöf Kahrlmmf Bftdy Eljaif Wæigdlz, mf qul prlvfmlgl li ghighrjfigaf ghi lm aitlrás
suplrahr jlm iaöh.

[A.. JL
[A JLGA
GAWA
WA×I
×I
F) Phr lsths
lsths kuijfelith
kuijfelithss y jl ghikhreajf
ghikhreajfjj ghi lm ffrtågum
rtågumhh 71; jlm G÷jach P
Prhglsf
rhglsfmm
Gavam? Jlgmfrfrhi K\IJFJH lm rlgursh jl gfsfga÷i aitlrpulsth phr lm jlefijfjh
Muas Fmnlrth Eljaif [lcf hnrfitl f khofs slasgaliths hgdlitf y jhs2 li
ghislguligaf GFWF^HI mf slitligaf jl vastf jl klgdf jalgasaltl jl jagalenrl jl
jhs eam quaigl, jl khofs slasgaliths slslitf y jhs.
N) Fgtu
Fgtufi
fijh
jh li
li sljl
sljl jl
jl aist
aistfigaff ^L[HGF^HI mf slitligaf fplmfjf jl klgdf uih
figa
jl fnram jl jhs eam quaigl, qul jlgmfrf kuijfjf mf jlefijf2 rlkhreæijhmf, mf
jlgmfrfrhi AIK\IJFJF.
G) JAW
JAWP\WA
P\WAL L^HI
^HI  mf punmagfga÷i jl mf prlslitl rlshmuga÷i li lm jafrah hkagafm  Lm 
 Plrufih,, nfoh rlsphisfnamajfj2 li mhs slcuajhs phr Ohlm Ljufrjh [amgf Kmhrls ghi
 Plrufih
Muas Fmnlrth Eljaif [lcf y htrf, shnrl aepucifga÷i jl pftlriajfj2 y mhs
jlvhmvalrhi. Aitlrvalil gheh philitl mf Oulzf Wuprlef slöhrf jlm Gfrpah
^hjråculz.

WW.
ZLMMH CAMF^JA
JLM GF^PAH ^HJ^ÅC\L_
^HJ^AC\L_ GDÆ[L_
GFMJL^×I P\L^ZFW
JL MF NF^^F NF^^L^F

AA. FMAELIZHW
6. Pfch jl
jl fmaelith
fmaelithss ih aepajl
aepajl pr
prasa÷i
asa÷i phr heasa÷i
heasa÷i f mf fsastligaf
fsastligaf kfeamafr.
kfeamafr.
Gfsfga÷i I° ><6->06>-Mf Manlrtfj
^LW\ELI
 44

Mf Wfmf Wuprlef, li ftranuga÷i jl sus kfgumtfjls, eljafitl lstf slitligaf,

lstfnmlga÷ gheh jhgtraif ourasprujligafm rlsplgth f mf shmagatuj jl manlrtfj
fitagapfjf li eftlraf jl fmaeliths mh sacualitl? ”F plsfr jl mf gfiglmfga÷i jl mfs
 plisahils jlvlicfjfs, ih gfnl pljajh jl manlrtfj fitagapfjf ‗våf ghivlrsa÷i jl
 plifs‗, yf qul ih sl puljl fepfrfr ghivlrsa÷i fmcuif dfgaf uif eljajf qul jl
iulvh ml hthrcul manlrtfj fenumfthraf, fm ih lstfr prlvastf li mf mly―. Lstl gratlrah
kul fjhptfjh phr vhth efyhratfrah jl mhs oulgls suprlehs. Li lsl slitajh, mf Wfmf
Plifm Wuplrahr slöfmf qul ih gfnl mf rlvhgfthraf jl mf susplisa÷i jl lolguga÷i jl mf
 plif, f trfvás jl mf fpmagfga÷i jl mf kacurf prhglsfm ih rlcumfjf jl manlrtfj
fitagapfjf, yf qul ghitrfvalil lm praigapah jl mlcfmajfj, mf slcurajfj ouråjagf y mf
tutlmf ourasjaggahifm lklgtavf. Phr mh tfith, ih rlsumtf prhgljlitl qul lm ghijlifjh
shmagatl mf manlrtfj fitagapfjf frcuelitfijh dfnlr gfiglmfjh mhs jlvlicfjhs jl mf
 plisa÷i jl fmaeliths y mf rlpfrfga÷i gavam jaspulsth li ui prhglsh plifm shnrl
heasa÷i f mf fsastligaf kfeamafr.

K\IJFELIZH ^LML[FIZL

(...) Li jlkaiatavf, f plsfr jl mf gfiglmfga÷i jl mfs plisahils jlvlicfjfs, ih

gfnl pljajh jl manlrtfj fitagapfjf ‗våf ghivlrsa÷i jl plifs‗, yf qul ih sl
 puljl fepfrfr ghivlrsa÷i fmcuif dfgaf uif eljajf qul jl iulvh ml hthrcul
manlrtfj fenumfthraf, fm ih lstfr prlvastf li mf mly. Li lsl slitajh, mf Wfmf
 Plifm Wuplrahr jlsghihga÷ qul ih gfnl mf rlvhgfthraf jl mf rlvhgfthraf jl mf
 susplisa÷i jl lolguga÷i jl mf plif, f trfvás jl mf fpmagfga÷i jl mf kacurf
 prhglsfm ih rlcumfjf jl manlrtfj fitagapfjf, ghitrfvaialijh ghi lmmh lm 
 praigapah jl mlcfmajfj, mf slcurajfj ouråjagf y mf tutlmf ourasjaggahifm lklgtavf.

GH^ZL W\P^LEF JL O\WZAGAF JL MF ^LPßNMAGFWFMF PLIFM

PL^EFILIZL

GFWFGA×I I° ><6->06>-MF MANL^ZFJ

Maef, vlaitasáas jl slptalenrl jl jhs eam trlgl.-
[AWZHW?  Li fujaligaf pÿnmagf2 lm rlgursh jl gfsfga÷i phr mf gfusfm lxglpgahifm
rlklrajf fm jlsfrrhmmh jl mf jhgtraif ourasprujligafm ‗y ih gheh lrr÷ilfelitl sl
ghisaci÷ mf gfusfm jl lrr÷ilf fpmagfga÷i jl mf mly, thjf vlz, qul sa nali li mf pfrtl vlz
rlshmutavf jlm futh jl gfmakagfga÷i jl rlgursh jl gfsfga÷i jlm gaigh jl hgtunrl jlm jhs
eam jhgl, hnrfitl f khofs hgdh, sl jlgmfr÷ nali ghigljajh phr jagdf gfusf, li mf pfrtl
ghisajlrftavf vf sl aijag÷ qul jlnl jlslstaefrsl jagdf gfusfm‗, aitlrpulsth phr lm
rlprlslitfitl jlm Eaiastlrah Pÿnmagh, ghitrf lm futh jl vastf jlm higl jl efyh jl jhs
eam jhgl, jl khofs hgdlitf y gaigh, qul rlvhg÷ lm futh qul jlgmfr÷ aikuijfjf mf shmagatuj
jl manlrtfj fitagapfjf jlm slitligafjh Kfustaih Fsligah Ehyf, ghitliajf li mf
rlshmuga÷i jlm iÿelrh gaigh, jlm vlaitaj÷s jl efrzh jl jhs eam jhgl, y rlkhreæijhmf
jlgmfrfrhi phr efyhråf kuijfjf mf shmagatuj jl manlrtfj fitagapfjf, nfoh rlcmfs jl
ghijugtf qul jlnl guepmar lm slitligafjh dfstf qul sl já guepmaealith fm táreaih jl mf
 41

susplisa÷i jl mf lolguga÷i jl mf plif, jasphialijh su lxgfrglmfga÷i jlravfjh jlm

 prhglsh ‗li lolguga÷i jl slitligaf‗ qul sl ml sacua÷ fm prlgatfjh pfrf lm jlmath ghitrf
mf Kfeamaf ‗Heasa÷i f mf Fsastligaf Kfeamafr‗ li fcrfvah jl Lstdlr Lmazf Anæölz
[amapavf y lm elihr B. W. F. A.
K\IJFELIZHW JL DLGDH

A. AZAZAAIL^F
IL^F^ ^AH JLM
JLM P^HG
P^HGL LWH
Praelrh.- Vul, eljafitl slitligaf jlm vlaitauih jl jagalenrl jl jhs eam iulvl, sl
ghijli÷ f Kfustaih Fsligah Ehyf, phr lm jlmath ghitrf mf Kfeamaf ‗Heasa÷i f mf
Fsastligaf Kfeamafr‗, li fcrfvah jlm elihr B. W. F. A. y Lstdlr Lmazf Anæölz [ammfmvf, f
trls föhs jl plif pravftavf jl manlrtfj susplijajf li su lolguga÷i phr lm easeh pmfzh,
aephiaáijhsl jltlreaifjfs rlcmfs jl ghijugtf ‗jlitrh jl mfs gufmls, sl ghisaci÷ lm
guepmaealith jlm pfch jl mhs jlvlicfjhs (hnmacfgahils fmaelitfrafs)‗.
Fitl lm aiguepmaealith jlm pfch jl mfs plisahils fmaelitfrafs, lm rlprlslitfitl jlm
Eaiastlrah Pÿnmagh, shmagat÷ rlvhgfr mf susplisa÷i jl mf plif. Li eárath f lmmh, lm ÷rcfih
urasjaggahifm ghepltlitl jlgaja÷ eljafitl rlshmuga÷i jlm trls jl lilrh jlm jhs eam
jhgl, jlgmfrfr kuijfjf jagdf shmagatuj. Fitl tfm satufga÷i, lm slitligafjh Fsligah Ehyf
 ‗pravfjh
hnrfitl f jl manlrtfj‗,
khofs eljafitl
vlaitahgdh, lsgrath
prlslit÷ jl klgdf
su pljajh quaigl fitagapfjf,
jl manlrtfj jl efrzh fjugalijh
jl jhs eamqul
jhgl,
yf
dfnåf guepmajh ghi lm pfch jl mfs plisahils jlvlicfjfs y mf rlpfrfga÷i gavam.
Vul, f khofs trlaitf y guftrh hnrfs lm Fgtf jl ^lcastrh jl Fujaligaf jl Manlrtfj
Fitagapfjf, mmlvfjh f gfnh phr lm Oulz jl aivlstacfga÷i Prlpfrfthraf jl Fsghpl jl mf
Ghrtl Wuplrahr jl Oustagaf jl Mf Manlrtfj, ghi klgdf vlaitaj÷s jl efrzh jl jhs eam
jhgl, quali jlgmfr÷ Aikuijfjf mf shmagatuj jl manlrtfj fitagapfjf.

AA. JLM Z^ÆEAZ

Z^ÆEAZL
L JL
JL WLC\
WLC\IJF
IJF AIWZFI
AIWZFIGAF
GAF
Wlcuijh.- Vul ghitrf jagdf jlgasa÷i oujagafm, lm slitligafjh Kfustaih Fsligah Ehyf,
aitlrpush rlgursh jl fplmfga÷i, kuijfelitæijhmh f khofs trlaitf y saltl, salijh lmlvfjhs
mhs fgtufjhs f mf Wlcuijf Wfmf Plifm jl Fplmfgahils jl mf Ghrtl Wuplrahr jl Oustagaf jl
Mf Manlrtfj, mf easef qul li mf fujaligaf jl fplmfga÷i jlm higl jl efyh jl jhs eam
jhgl, guyf fgtf hnrf f khofs slslitf y slas, jlgmfr÷ phr efyhråf, kuijfjh lm rlgursh jl
fplmfga÷i2 li ghislguligaf, rlvhgfrhi mf shmuga÷i jl praelrf aistfigaf qul jlgmfr÷
aikuijfjf mf shmagatuj jl manlrtfj fitagapfjf y rlkhreæijhmh jlgmfrfrhi kuijfjf jagdf
shmagatuj jl manlrtfj fitagapfjf f kfvhr jl Kfustaih Fsligah Ehyf, fm ghisajlrfr qul mf
manlrtfj fitagapfjf ls phsanml gufijh sl df jfjh guepmaealith fm pfch ghrrlsphijalitl
li mhs ghsths rlmfgahifjhs fm jlmath jl Heasa÷i f mf Fsastligaf Kfeamafr thjf vlz qul mf
rfz÷i jl mf prasa÷i prlvlitavf dfnråf jlsfpfrlgajh.

AAA. JLM Z^ÆEA

Z^ÆEAZL
ZL JLM ^LG\^WH JL GFWFGA×I AIZ
AIZL^P\LWZH
L^P\LWZH PH^ LM
EAIAWZL^AH PßNMAGH
Zlrglrh.- Vul, mlåjh lm futh suplrahr, lm slöhr Kasgfm Wuplrahr aitlrpush rlgursh jl
gfsfga÷i eljafitl lsgrath jl khofs sltlitf, salijh ghigljajh su rlgursh phr futh jl
klgdf vlaitahgdh jl efyh jl jhs eam jhgl, hnrfitl f khofs sltlitf y saltl, phr lm
 10

supulsth lxglpgahifm jl jlsfrrhmmh jl mf jhgtraif ourasprujligafm prlvasth li lm aigash

guftrh jlm frtågumh guftrhgaliths vlaitasaltl jlm G÷jach Prhglsfm Plifm2 lmlvæijhsl mf
gfusf f lstl Wuprleh Zranuifm ghi klgdf gaigh jl oumah jl jhs eam jhgl, gheh sl
fjvalrtl jlm hkagah hnrfitl f khofs uih jlm gufjlriammh rlsplgtavh.
Gufrth.- Guepmajh lm træeatl jl trfsmfjhs f mhs suolths prhglsfmls phr lm pmfzh jl jalz
jåfs, lstf Wuprlef Wfmf eljafitl Lolguthraf jlm gaigh jl hgtunrl jl jhs eam jhgl,
hnrfitl li lm gufjlriammh jl gfsfga÷i, li ush jl su kfgumtfj jl ghrrlgga÷i, fjeata÷ f
træeatl lm rlgursh jl gfsfga÷i phr lm ehtavh prlvasth li lm aigash guftrh, jlm frtagumh
qul?
guftrhgaliths vlaitaiulvl jlm G÷jach Prhglsfm Plifm, f lklgths qul?
a) mf Ghrtl
Ghrtl Wuprl
Wuprlef
ef jlm
jlmaea
aeatl
tl guæml
guæmlss shi mh
mhss prls
prlsupu
upulst
lsths
hs phr mhs
mhs qul jlnl
jlnl ghi
ghiglj
gljlrs
lrsll
mf manlrtfj fitagapfjf, li quá jlmaths sl jlnl ghigljlr y guæmls shi mhs rlquasaths
lsligafmls qul jlnli guepmarsl pfrf su ghiglsa÷i y qul,
aa) mf Ghrtl
Ghrtl Wuprlef
Wuprlef uiakhreagl
uiakhreagl mhmhss gratlrahs
gratlrahs y fmg
fmgfigls
figls rlsplgth
rlsplgth f mhs javlrshs
javlrshs
 prhiuigafealiths qul lxastli fm rlsplgth y kaol uif måilf ourasprujligafm.
Vuaith.- Aistruajh lm lxpljalitl li Wlgrltfråf, slöfmfjf mf fujaligaf jl gfsfga÷i pfrf lm
jåf jl mf klgdf, aistfmfjf mf fujaligaf y rlfmazfjhs mhs pfshs qul ghrrlsphijli ghikhrel
fm fgtf qul fitlgljl, lm lstfjh jl mf gfusf ls mf jl lxpljar slitligaf.
Wlxth.- Jlmanlrfjf mf gfusf li slgrlth y vhtfjf lm jåf vlaitasáas jl slptalenrl jl jhs
eam trlgl, lstf Wuprlef Wfmf guepma÷ ghi prhiuigafr mf prlslitl slitligaf jl gfsfga÷i,
guyf mlgturf li fujaligaf pÿnmagf ghi mfs pfrtls qul fsastli sl rlfmazfræ phr mf Wlgrltfraf
jl Wfmf lm jåf jalgasaltl jl hgtunrl jl jhs eam trlgl.
K\IJFELIZHW JL JL^LGDH

6. Jlm
Jlm æe
æenanath
th jl mf gfsf
gfsfga
ga÷i
÷i
Ghikhrel sl df slöfmfjh måilfs frranf, eljafitl Lolguthraf Wuprlef jlm gaigh jl
hgtunrl jl jhs eam jhgl ‗váfsl khofs hgdh, jlm gufjlriammh jl gfsfga÷i‗, fjeata÷ f
træeatl lm rlgursh jl gfsfga÷i ÿiagfelitl phr mf gfusfm lxglpgahifm rlklrajf fm
jlsfrrhmmh jl mf jhgtraif ourasprujligafm, ghitliajf li lm frtågumh guftrhgaliths
vlaitasaltl, aigash gufrth jlm G÷jach Prhglsfm Plifm y ih gheh lrr÷ilfelitl sl
ghisaci÷ mf gfusfm jl lrr÷ilf fpmagfga÷i jl mf mly, thjf vlz qul sa nali li mf pfrtl
rlshmutavf jlm futh jl gfmakagfga÷i jl rlgursh jl gfsfga÷i jlm gaigh jl hgtunrl jlm jhs
eam jhgl, hnrfitl f khofs hgdh, sl jlgmfr÷ nali ghigljajh phr jagdf gfusfm, li mf pfrtl
ghisajlrftavf sl aijag÷ qul jlnl jlslstaefrsl jagdf gfusfm.
Whnrl lm pfrtagumfr, lm rlprlslitfitl jlm Eaiastlrah Pÿnmagh, kuijfelit÷ su rlgursh jl
gfsfga÷i f khofs sltlitf, fepfræijhsl li lm aigash gufrth, jlm frtågumh guftrhgaliths
vlaitasaltl jlm G÷jach Prhglsfm Plifm (jlsfrrhmmh jl jhgtraif ourasprujligafm)
aijagfijh qul mf manlrtfj fitagapfjf sl rlcumh li lm frtågumh guftrhgaliths ihvlitf y uih,
aigash trls jlm G÷jach Prhglsfm Plifm, lm gufm ghisastl li qul lm slitligafjh f plif
 pravftavf jl manlrtfj lklgtavf, fggljl f su manlrtfj fitls jlm guepmaealith thtfm jl mf
 plif2 jaklrligaæijhmh jl mhs nlilkagahs pliatligafrahs2 ih hnstfitl, mhs supulsths jl
 prhgljligaf, ih sl ligulitrfi lstfnmlgajhs li lm G÷jach Prhglsfm Plifm2 plrh, mhs oulgls
mh lstæi fpmagfijh li vartuj jlm praigapah jl ih jlofr jl fpmagfr uif ihref fitl vfgåh h
 16

jlkagaligaf jl mf mly, aigurralijh li uif lrr÷ilf aitlrprltfga÷i jl mf ihref prhglsfm,

 puls mf jlsifturfmazfi y jfi ui elisfol ilcftavh f fqulmmhs qul sa guepmli ghi mhs
 prlglpths ihreftavhs2 ehtavh phr lm gufm, shmagatf sl jlgmfrl iumf mf rlshmuga÷i rlgurrajf
 fjleæs, sl uiakhreagli mhs gratlrahs l aitlrprltfga÷i jl mf manlrtfj fitagapfjf.

>. Jlm prh

prhiui
iuigaf
gafeal
ealith
ith jl mf Wfm
Wfmff jl
jl Fplm
Fplmfga
fga÷i
÷i
Lm Zranuifm Wuplrahr, eljafitl rlshmuga÷i jlm higl jl efyh jl jhs eam jhgl, rlvhg÷ mf
rlshmuga÷i jl praelrf aistfigaf qul jlgmfr÷ aeprhgljlitl mf shmagatuj jl manlrtfj
fitagapfjf2 y rlkhreæijhmf jlgmfrfrhi phr efyhråf kuijfjf mf shmagatuj jl manlrtfj
fitagapfjh, nfoh rlcmfs jl ghijugtf qul jlnl guepmar lm slitligafjh dfstf qul sl já
guepmaealith fm táreaih jl mf susplisa÷i jl mf lolguga÷i jl mf plif, guyf trfisgrapga÷i
hnrfitl f khofs hgdlitf y gaigh, prlgasf qul?
”Fm ghigljlr mf manlrtfj fitagapfjf, rlghihgl qul li lm frtågumh guftrhgaliths
ihvlitf y uih, aigash trls jlm G÷jach Prhglsfm Plifm, ih slöfmf lsplgåkagfelitl mhs
 prlsupulsths h pfræeltrhs shnrl mhs gufmls jlnl jasphilrsl mf manlrtfj fitagapfjf2
sai lenfrch, shstalil qul fm rlfmazfrsl uif aitlrprltfga÷i sastleætagf ghikhrel f mf
Ghistatuga÷i Phmåtagf jlm Lstfjh, mf gufm df prlvasth qul mf lolguga÷i plifm talil phr 

hnolth mf fså
shgaljfj, rlljugfga÷i, mf rldfnamatfga÷i
gheh mhs prlsupulsths y fmf mfrlaighrphrfga÷i
krlitl ailxastligaf jl jlm plifjh li
efitlilrmh mf
li lm
 plifm, thjf
thj f vlz qul, mf ÿiagf rlcmf jl ghijugtf aepulstf qul eh ehtavh
tavh mf rlvhgfthraf
kul lm aiguepmaealith li lm pfch jl mf rlpfrfga÷i gavam, mf easef qul df sajh
guepmajf y ih sl lvajligaf rlaigajligaf li mf gheasa÷i jl lsths dlgdhs, ls
ilglsfrah tlilr li gulitf qul li lm lstfnmlgaealith pliatligafrah ih tlijræ elohrls
ghijagahils jl fcligafrsl jl mfs phsanamajfjls jl guepmar ghi mfs plisahils
fmaelitagafs qul sl valili clilrfijh y mf ilglsajfj qul talil lm hrcfiaseh
 ourasjaggahifm jl ih jlofr jl fjeaiastrfr oustagaf phr vfgåhs y jlkagaligaf jl mf
ihref, ghisajlrfi phr efyhråf jlgmfrfr kuijfjf mf shmagatuj jl manlrtfj fitagapfjf―.

7. Jlm ehtavh gfsfgahifm?

gfsfgahifm? Pfrf lm jjlsfrr
lsfrrhmmh
hmmh jl jhgtrai
jhgtraiff ouraspr
ourasprujlig
ujligafm?
afm?
Vul, lm rlgursh jl gfsfga÷i phr su ifturfmlzf lxtrfhrjaifraf talil gheh kai lm rlscufrjh
jlm praigapah jl acufmjfj fitl mf mly, f lklgths jl fslcurfr mf aitlrprltfga÷i
ai tlrprltfga÷i uiatfraf jl mf
mly plifm h prhglsfm plifm, li ghighrjfigaf sastleætagf ghi lm hrjlifealith ouråjagh.
Vul, gheh sl df jlofjh fihtfjh li mhs ghisajlrfijhs prlgljlitls, lm hnolth jl fiæmasas
 pfrf lstf Wfmf Wuprlef ls mf ilglsajfj jl jlsfrrhmmh jl mf jhgtraif ourasprujligafm
rlsplth f mf manlrtfj fitagapfjf, rlcumfjf li lm aigash trls, jlm frtagumh guftrhgaliths
ihvlitf y uih jlm G÷jach Prhglsfm Plifm2 jlnalijh lklgtufr fmcuifs prlgasahils jl
gfrægtlr fpmagftavh, f kai jl uiakhreazfr mhs gratlrahs javlrclitls jl mhs efcastrfjhs qul
ghikhrefi mhs ÷rcfihs ourasjaggahifmls ligfrcfjhs jl mf fpmagfga÷i jlm G÷jach Prhglsfm
Plifm.

7.6. Mf manlrt
manlrtfj
fj fitagap
fitagapfjf
fjf
 1>

Vul, mf lm frtågumh guftrhgaliths y uih jlm G÷jach Prhglsfm Plifm rlcumf mh

ghiglrialitl f mhs aigajlitls jl ehjakagfga÷i jl mf slitligaf, y li su aigash trls
slöfmf? ”(...) Mhs aigajlitls rlmftavhs f mf manlrtfj fitagapfjf, kulrf jl mhs nlilkagahs
 pliatligafrahs jl sleamanlrtfj y manlrtfj ghijagahifm y jl mf eljajf jl slcurajfj
 pravftavf jl manlrtfj, y fqulmmhs li mhs gufmls, phr su aephrtfigaf, lm Oulz jl mf
Aivlstacfga÷i prlpfrfthraf mh lstael ilglsfrah, slræi rlsulmths li fujaligaf hrfm,
 phr mhs ÷rcfihs jl prulnf qul jlnl aikhrefr jurfitl lm jlnftl (...)―. Mf easef
ihref, aivhgf mf kacurf jl mf manlrtfj fitagapfjf gheh uif aistatuga÷i guyh gfugl
 prhgljaelitfm sl rlfmazfræ våf aigajlitfm y, jl htrh mfjh, mf jastaicul jl mhs
 nlilkagahs pliatligafrahs2 sai lenfrch, ih lxastl ui trftfealith h jlsfrrhmmh mlcfm,
qul rlcuml li quá jlmaths prhgljl, ia guæmls shi mhs prlsupulsths y rlquasaths qul
 plreatfi fm ÷rcfih ourasjaggahifm ghepltlitl fpmagfr tfm kacurf ouråjagf (tfephgh sl
ligulitrf rlcumfjh li lm G÷jach Plifm, ia li lm G÷jach jl Lolguga÷i plifm).
Wai lenfrch, mf Wfmf Plifm Plrefilitl jl Fplmfga÷i jl Dufurf, Lxpljalitl
iÿelrh glrh jhsgaliths cuahi jhs eam iulvl cuahi slslitf y trls y lm Wlcuijh
Ouzcfjh jl Aivlstacfga÷i Prlpfrfthraf jl Zruoammh, Lxpljalitl iÿelrh gaigh eam
trlsgaliths trlaitf y iulvl cuahi jhs ea saltl, cuahi saltl, dfi jlgmfrfjh prhgljlitl
mf shmagatuj jl manlrtfj fitagapfjf li mhs sacualitls supulsths?
f) guf
gufijh
ijh llmm gh
ghijl
ijlifjh
ifjh sl lligu
igulit
litrf
rf pr÷xa
pr÷xaeh
eh f kkfmm
fmmlgl
lglrr h ghi
ghi uif lik
liklre
lreljf
ljfjj
euy crfvl jlnajfelitl fgrljatfjh2
 n) gufijh df sajh rlvhgfjf mf susplisa÷i jl mf lolguga÷i jl mf plif jl ui
ghijlifjh phr jlmath jl Heasa÷i f mf Fsastligaf Kfeamafr, phr aiguepmaealith
jlm pfch jl mfs plisahils jlvlicfjfs y jl mf rlpfrfga÷i gavam, lm gufm trfs mf
rlvhgfga÷i jl mf susplisa÷i jl mf plif, lklgtufræ lm pfch jl plisahils
jlvlicfjfs y jl mf rlpfrfga÷i gavam, gheh sl fjvalrtl li lm prlslitl gfsh2 yy,,
g) gheh
gheh gghis
hislg
lgul
ulig
igaf
af jjll mf ghivl
ghivlrs
rsa÷
a÷ii jl mf ppli
lif.
f.
Walijh fså, lm jlsfrrhmmh jl mf manlrtfj fitagapfjf jlnl slr rlfmazfjf phr lm Phjlr 
Mlcasmftavh, puls sl jlsprlijl jlm tlihr jl mf ihref fifmazfjf ‗aigash trls jlm
frtågumh guftrhgaliths ihvlitf y uih jlm G÷jach Prhglsfm Plifm‗ qul ih lxastl
jlsfrrhmmh ihreftavh fm rlsplgth, thjf vlz qul lm mlcasmfjhr ih df rlcumfjh mhs
prlsupulsths eftlrafmls, ia df kaofjh mhs pfræeltrhs, rlcmfs ia rlquasaths nfoh
mhs gufmls lm slitligafjh jlnf fggljlr f mf manlrtfj fitagapfjf , maeatæijhsl f
eligahifr tfm jliheaifga÷i, sai qul mf lsgultf lxphsaga÷i jl ehtavhs jlm G÷jach
Prhglsfm Plifm, dfcf fmcuif eliga÷i f lmmh, ih lxastalijh fitlgljlitls li iulstrf
mlcasmfga÷i fm rlsplgth.
Fsaeaseh, lm frtågumh galith jhs jl mf Ghistatuga÷i Phmåtagf jlm Lstfjh lstfnmlgl
gheh uif ftranuga÷i
mlcasmftavfs (...)―, li jlm
tfm Phjlr
vartuj,Mlcasmftavh? ”(...) Jfrmlcfmls
mfs jasphsagahils mlyls jl
y rlshmugahils
hnmacfthrah
 17

guepmaealith, qul jlnli slrvar gheh rlcmfs jl oulch pfrf lm jlsfrrhmmh jl ui

 prhglsh oujagafm h li lolguga÷i jl mf slitligaf jagtfjf, jlnli lstfr gmfrfelitl
lstfnmlgajfs våf mf ihref ouråjagf dfnamatfitl2 salijh mfnhr jlm ÷rcfih oujagafm
lklgtufr mf jlnajh aitlrprltfga÷i y fpmagfga÷i jl lstf f gfjf gfsh ghigrlth? phr 
tfith, sa nali lm aigash hgdh, jlm frtågumh galith trlaitf y iulvl jl iulstrf Gfrtf
Efcif, slöfmf ”Lm praigapah jl ih jlofr jl fjeaiastrfr oustagaf phr vfgåh h
jlkagaligaf jl mf Mly (...)―, sai lenfrch, jagdf fgtufga÷i oujagafm ghepmlelitfrah y
jl fmgfigl ouråjagh pfrf mfs jliheaifjhs ”mfcuifs jlm jlrlgdh― sl phjråfi suplrfr 
li tfith, slf kfgtanml? f) mf fpmagfga÷i supmlthraf jl htrf ihref ouråjagf h rfef jlm
jlrlgdh, n) mf aitlrprltfga÷i lxtlisavf, g) mf fifmhcåf, y/h j) fgujar f htrfs kulitls
jlm jlrlgdh, gheh mh ls mf ghstuenrl h mhs praigapahs clilrfmls jlm jlrlgdh2
leplrh li lm gfsh ghigrlth, mf kacurf jl mf manlrtfj fitagapfjf, tfm gheh lstæ
hralitfjf li lm aigash trls, jlm frtågumh guftrhgaliths ihvlitf y uih jlm G÷jach
Prhglsfm Plifm gheh aistatuth jaklrlitl f mhs nlilkagahs pliatligafrahs, ih shmh
gfrlgl jl ghrrlmfga÷i mlcasmftavf ghi htrfs mlcasmfgahils, aitlrifgahifmls, saih
qul tfephgh mh talil ghi htrfs rfefs jlm jlrlgdh lsplgåkagfs2 fsaeaseh,
rlfmazfr htrf aitlrprltfga÷i lxtlisavf h phr fifmhcåf jl jagdf kacurf
ghimmlvfråf f ghmasahifr ghi htrhs elgfiasehs jlnajfelitl ihrefjhs y
rlcumfjhs (gheh vlijråf f slr mf ghivlrsa÷i jl mf plif, nlilkagahs pliatligafrahs l
aigmusavl lm aijumth duefiatfrah).
Q, kaifmelitl, lstfijh f mf ifturfmlzf y ghislguligaf qul fgfrrlfråf su fpmagfga÷i
slråf ralschsh qul sl maeatl f mf ghstuenrl h f htrhs praigapahs clilrfmls jlm
jlrlgdh su vacligaf, jfjh qul lmmh phjråf jlsifturfmazfr y jlsnhrjfr mhs fmgfigls
qul lm mlcasmfjhr df qulrajh lstapumfr pfrf su fpmagfga÷i2 li tfmls ghijagahils ih ls
kfgtanml ‗tfrlf jlm ouzcfjhr‗ grlfr prhgljaealiths mlcfmls ia rlfmazfr uif fpmagfga÷i
sunoltavf jl ihrefs ailxastlitls, gufijh lmmh ghmasahif ghi mf aitlrprltfga÷i
sastleætagf qul jl ui gulrph ihreftavh sl jlnf rlfmazfr, clilrfijh ui jlshrjli y
ghikusa÷i jl åijhml ouråjagh fpmagftavh, qul phijråf li slrah ralsch mf uiakhreajfj
y ghicruligaf jl ui gulrph ihreftavh, clilrfijh jlgasahils oujagafmls jl manlrtfj
fitagapfjf li khref ih rlcumfjf, fnalrtf l aijasgraeaifjf2 vumilræijhsl fså lm
 praigapah jl mlcfmajfj prlvasth li lm frtågumh jhs jlm Zåtumh Prlmaeaifr jlm G÷jach
Plifm.
Jl acufm khref, aepmagf ui aepfgth shgafm ilcftavh, puls jlsifturfmazf su kaifmajfj
 ‗li lklgth, ih phjråf ghistruarsl ouråjagfelitl su fkarefga÷i, li mhs gfshs li qul
su aighfga÷i, sl ligulitrl fitlgljajf jlm guepmaealith tfrjåh jl uif hnmacfga÷i,
 puls ghi lmmh sl lstfråf khelitfijh uif gumturf jl guepmaealith jl mf hnmacfga÷i
(næsagfelitl fmaelitfraf) shmh gheh ÿmtaef shmuga÷i pfrf lm ghijlifjh, f kai qul
rlguplrl li lsl ehjh su manlrtfj fenumfthraf‗2 yf qul lm Ouzcfjhr li vartuj f uif
aitlrprltfga÷i leailitlelitl sunoltavf y fepmaf, jlsghihgl mf ghsf ouzcfjf, mf
slcurajfj ouråjagf y mf tutlmf ourasjaggahifm lklgtavf.
 1:

Li tfm slitajh, mf Wfmf Plifm Plrefilitl jl mf Ghrtl Wuprlef jl Oustagaf jl mf

^lpÿnmagf sl df prhiuigafjh li mf slitligaf gfsfthraf iÿelrh galith hgdlitf y
iulvl cuahi jhs eam higl, qul lstfnmlga÷2 ”(...) fm ih lstfr rlcmfjf mf manlrtfj
fitagapfjf li iulstrh hrjlifealith ouråjagh prhglsfm, lxastl aepljaelith
ihreftívh pfrf qul lm oulz mh hthrcul2 phr tfith, sa nalilxastl mf ilglsajfj jl
jlsfrrhmmfr rlspulstfs ouråjagfs f mhs gfshs jl pltaga÷i jl manlrtfj fitagapfjf,
ghisajlrfehs qul lmmf jlnl slr rlfmazfjf phr lm Phjlr Mlcasmftavh, phr mh qul, ih
 prhgljl su fpmagfga÷i li tfith ih lxastf rlcumfga÷i lsplgåkagf ehtavfjf ghi
kuijfelithsghistatugahifmls fm rlsplgth, qul ih ghmasahili ghi mhs jlrlgdhs
ghistatugahifmls, rlklrajhs fm praigapah jl mlcfmajfj, jl ghsf ouzcfjf y jl tutlmf
 ourasjaggahifm lklgtavf, prlvasths li lmfrtågumh jhs, fgæpatl vlaitaguftrh, aigash j) y
lm frtågumh galith trlaitf y iulvl, aigash jhs y trlsjl mf Ghistatuga÷i Phmåtagf jlm
Lstfjh, rlsplgtavfelitl―2 phr ghisacualitl, ih sl puljl prltlijlr jastaicuar fdå
jhijl mf mly ih jastaicul.

:. Fiæm
Fiæmas
asas
as jl gfsh
gfsh ghig
ghigrl
rlth
th
Nfoh lstl efrgh ouråjagh, sl fifmazf mf eftlraf ghitrhvlrtajf, li mf gufm sl fjvalrtl qul
fm ghijlifjh Fsligah Ehyf, sl ml rlvhg÷ mf susplisa÷i jl lolguga÷i jl mf plif phr 
aiguepmaealith jl mfs rlcmfs jl ghijugtf, jasphiaáijhsl su aitlrifealith li lm
lstfnmlgaealith plifm ghrrlsphijalitl, rfz÷i phr mf gufm lm slitligafjh prlslit÷ su
shmagatuj jl manlrtfj fitagapfjf, aijagfijh qul phstlrahr f mf rlvhgfthraf jl mf
susplisa÷i jl mf plif guepma÷ ghi gfiglmfr lm ehith thtfm jl mf maquajfga÷i jl
 plisahils fmaelitagafs jlvlicfjfs, aivhgfijh lm frtågumh guftrhgaliths ihvlitf y uih,
aigash trls jlm G÷jach Prhglsfm Plifm, salijh qul lm Ouzcfjh jl Aivlstacfga÷i
Prlpfrfthraf jl Fsghpl, jlgmfr÷ aeprhgljlitl lm rlqulraealith jl manlrtfj fitagapfjf.
Fplmfjh lm futh y jlgmfr÷ kuijfjf
ku ijfjf mf shmagatuj jl manlrtfj fitagapfjf jlm ligfusfjh.
Vul, ghikhrel f mh rlcumfjh li mhs frtågumhs gaigulitf y saltl y sacualitls jlm G÷jach
Plifm, mf susplisa÷i jl lolguga÷i jl mf plif ls uif eljajf fmtlriftavf f mf plif
 pravftavf jl manlrtfj jl ush kfgumtftavh pfrf lm oulz, qul sl gfrfgtlrazf
kuijfelitfmelitl phr mf susplisa÷i jl mf lolguga÷i jl mf plif2 ls jlgar, mf aephsaga÷i
jl mf ghijlif, mf susplisa÷i jl mf plif y lm slöfmfealith jl ui rácaeli jl prulnf nfoh
rlcmfs jl ghijugtf.
Jl fmmå, qul ghikhrel f mh rlcumfjh li lm frtågumh gaigulitf y iulvl jlm G÷jach Plifm,
mf susplisa÷i jl mf plif jlnl slr rlvhgfjf sa jurfitl su vacligaf, ih sl guepml ghi mfs
rlcmfs jl ghijugtf aepulstfs. Li lstl ghitlxth, lm oulz prhgljl f ghijlifr fm fclitl y f
jltlreaifr mf fpmagfga÷i jl mf plif qul ghrrlsphijl fm jlmath, mf easef qul jlnl
lolgutfrsl li sus prhpahs táreaihs.
Li ghislguligaf, mf rlvhgfthraf jl mf susplisa÷i jl lolguga÷i jl mf plif, qul jf mucfr f
uif sfiga÷i pravftavf jl manlrtfj lklgtavf, ih puljl ghivlrtarsl li htrf plif ih
 pravftavf jl manlrtfj, tfm supulsth ih lstæ prlvasth li lm G÷jach Plifm, puls ih lxastl mf

rlvhgfthraf jl mfmfrlvhgfthraf
ghislguligaf rlvhgfthraf
jl, mfqul mmlvfråf jlf lolguga÷i
susplisa÷i qul mf plif
jl mf lklgtavf aepulstf slf
plif, iulvfelitl
ghivalrtf li uif eljajf pfrf hntlilr mf rlguplrfga÷i jl mf manlrtfj. Li lklgth, gheh df
 1<

quljfjh jltfmmfjh, lm ghijlifjh aiguepma÷ mfs rlcmfs jl ghijugtf aepulstfs y, phr mh

tfith, sl ml rlvhg÷ mf manlrtfj susplijajf, aephiaáijhml uif plif pravftavf jl manlrtfj
lklgtavf, qul jlna÷ lolgutfrsl dfstf su gumeaifga÷i. Wai lenfrch, mf Wfmf Wuplrahr ml
ghiglja÷ mf manlrtfj fitagapfjf, f plsfr jl qul mf sfiga÷i karel jl ghijlif ih df sajh
lolgutfjf li su thtfmajfj.
Li jlkaiatavf, f plsfr jl mf gfiglmfga÷i jl mfs plisahils jlvlicfjfs, ih gfnl pljajh
jl manlrtfj fitagapfjf ‗våf ghivlrsa÷i jl plifs‗, yf qul ih sl puljl fepfrfr
ghivlrsa÷i fmcuif dfgaf uif eljajf qul jl iulvh ml hthrcul manlrtfj fenumfthraf,
fm ih lstfr prlvastf li mf mly . Li lsl slitajh, mf Wfmf Plifm Wuplrahr jlsghihga÷ qul ih
gfnl mf rlvhgfthraf jl mf rlvhgfthraf jl mf susplisa÷i jl lolguga÷i jl mf plif, f trfvás
jl mf fpmagfga÷i jl mf kacurf prhglsfm ih rlcumfjf jl manlrtfj fitagapfjf,
ghitrfvaialijh ghi lmmh lm praigapah jl mlcfmajfj, mf slcurajfj ouråjagf y mf tutlmf
urasjaggahifm lklgtavf.

<. Jl ht
htrh
rh mfjh,
mfjh, gfnl
gfnl prlgasfr
prlgasfr qul lm slöhr philitl oulz suprleh,
suprleh, f pfrtar jl mf klgdf
sl fjdalrl f mf prlslitl aitlrprltfga÷i, fpfrtæijhsl jl prhiuigafealiths fitlrahrls
(váfsl mf slitligaf gfsfthraf iÿelrh galith hgdlitf y iulvl cua÷i jhs eam higl),
jfjh lm ghislish fsueajh phr mhs oulgls suprlehs ghi klgdf vlaitaguftrh jl lilrh
jl jhs eam trlgl,
Zrfisathraf, li lmf punmagfrsl.
pr÷xaeh [AAA Pmlih Ourasjaggahifm jl mfs Wfmfs Plifmls Plrefilitl y

;. Vul, phr tf
tfmls
mls ghisa
ghisajlrfga
jlrfgahils
hils sl jlnl
jlnl gh
ghrrlcar
rrlcar lm prhiuigaf
prhiuigafealith
ealith tlhrazfjh
tlhrazfjh phr
phr mf
Wlcuijf Wfmf Plifm jl Fplmfgahils jl mf Ghrtl Wuplrahr jl Oustagaf jl Mf Manlrtfj
 ‗eftlraf jl rlgursh‗.

3. Vul li mmhh suglsav

suglsavhh mfs Gh
Ghrtl
rtlss Wupl
Wuplrah
rahrls
rls jl Oust
Oustaga
agaff jlnl
jlnlii li khref
khref ailmuja
ailmujanml
nml
thefr li ghisajlrfga÷i mhs fmgfigls y prlgasahils qul sl dfgl li mf prlslitl
Lolguthraf ‗gufrth ghisajlrfijh‗ pfrf mhs gfshs rlklrajhs f mf shmagatuj jl manlrtfj
fitagapfjf, rlcumfjf li lm aigash trls jlm frtagumh guftrhgaliths ihvlitf y uih jlm
G÷jach Prhglsfm Plifm.

JLGAWA×I
Phr lsths kuijfeliths PH^ EFQH^ÅF jlgmfrfrhi?

A. K\IJFJH lm rlgursh jl gfsfga÷i aitlrpulsth phr lm Kasgfm Wuplrahr Zatumfr jl mf

Gufrtf Kasgfmåf Wuplrahr Plifm jl Mf Manlrtfj, phr mf gfusfm lxglpgahifm rlklrajf fm
jlsfrrhmmh jl mf jhgtraif ourasprujligafm2 li ghislguligaf GFWF^HI lm futh jl
vastf jl klgdf higl jl hgtunrl jl jhs eam jhgl, jl khofs hgdlitf y gaigh, qul
rlvhg÷ lm futh fplmfjh jl klgdf vlaitaj÷s jl efyh jl jhs eam jhgl, jl khofs trlaitf
y gaigh, qul jlgmfr÷ aikuijfjf mf shmagatuj jl manlrtfj fitagapfjf, prhehvajf phr lm
ghijlifjh Kfustaih Fsligah Ehyf2 y rlkhreæijhmf jlgmfr÷ kuijfjf mf shmagatuj jl
manlrtfj fitagapfjf, nfoh rlcmfs jl ghijugtf qul jlnl guepmar lm slitligafjh dfstf
qul sl já guepmaealith fm táreaih jl mf susplisa÷i jl mf lolguga÷i jl mf plif,
jasphialijh su lxgfrglmfga÷i2 jlravfjh jlm prhglsh ‗li lolguga÷i jl slitligaf‗ 
 1;

qul sl ml sacua÷ fm prlgatfjh phr lm jlmath ghitrf mf Kfeamaf ‗Heasa÷i f mf Fsastligaf

Kfeamafr‗ li fcrfvah jl Lstdlr Lmazf Anæölz [ammfnf y lm elihr B. W. F. A.

AA. Fgt
Fgtufij
ufijhh li sljsljll jl aistfi
aistfigaf
gaf y prhiui
prhiuigaæ
gaæijhs
ijhsll shnrl
shnrl lm khijh2
khijh2
GHIKA^EF^HI mf rlshmuga÷i jl praelrf aistfigaf jl klgdf vlaitaj÷s jl efrzh
jl jhs eam jhgl, jl khofs trlaitf y gaigh, qul jlgmfr÷ aikuijfjf mf shmagatuj jl
manlrtfj
H^JLIF^HIfitagapfjf,
mf prhehvajf
rlgfpturf jlmphr slitligafjh
lt ghijlifjh Kfustaih
Kfustaih FsligahEhyf
Fsligah Ehyf2
y,
 phstlrahrelitl, su rlaicrlsh fm plifm ghrrlsphijalitl
ghrrlsphij alitl pfrf qul guepmf ghi mf plif
aepulstf li mf slitligaf.

AAA.
AAA. EF
EFIJ IJF^
F^HIHI Vul, mf Wlcuijf Wfmf Plifm jl Fplmfgahils jl mf Ghrtl Wuplrahr jl
Oustagah jl Mf Manlrtfj y mfs jleæs Ghrtls Wuplrahrls jl mhs Jastraths Oujagafmls
qul fpmagfi lm G÷jach Prhglsfm Plifm, ghisajlrli ailmujanmlelitl gheh jhgtraif
 ourasprujligafm vaigumfitl mh slöfmfjh li lm tlrglr ghisajlrfijh (Jlm ehtavh
gfsfgahifm?  pfrf lm jlsfrrhmmh jl mf jhgtraif ourasprujligafm ) jl mf prlslitl
Lolguthraf Wuprlef, jl ghikhreajfj ghi lm aigash guftrh, jlm frtagumh guftrhgaliths
hkagafm Lm Plrufih.
vlaitasaltl jlm G÷jach Prhglsfm Plifm2 y sl punmaqul li lm jafrah hkagafm Lm

A[.. H^
A[ H^JLJLIF
IF^H^HI I qul guepmajhs lsths træeatls sl jlvulmvf lm prhglsh fm ÷rcfih jl
hracli2 y sl frgdavl lm gufjlrih jl gfsfga÷i li lstf Ghrtl Wuprlef.
WW.
[AMMF WZLAI
PF^AFIF PFWZ^FIF
ZLMMH CAMMF^JA
 ILQ^F KMH^LW

>. Lxacligaf
Lxacligaf jl rlqulra
rlqulraealit
ealithh jl pfch jl
jl hnmacfga÷
hnmacfga÷i
i fmaelitf
fmaelitfraf
raf fm
fm jlefijfi
jlefijfitl
tl
li gfsh jl javhrgah. Gfsfga÷i I¿ :760->06:-Maef
^LW\ELI
Jl mhs fitlgljlitls qul jfi hracli f mf prlslitl gfsfga÷i sl fjvalrtl qul mf
rlgurrlitl efiaklst÷ qul mf jlefijf jl javhrgah phr slpfrfga÷i jl dlgdh qul ml
kulrf aitlrpulstf fm fepfrh jlm iuelrfm 6> jlm frtågumh 777 jlm G÷jach Gavam,
rlqualrl jl ghikhreajfj fm frtågumh 7:<-F jl mf gatfjf ihref, qul lm jlefijfitl
fgrljatl lstfr fm jåf li lm pfch jl sus hnmacfgahils fmaelitfrafs y htrhs fgulrjhs. Lm
gfsh ls qul jurfitl lm prhglsh sa nali sl lstfnmlga÷ mf lxastligaf jl prhglsh oujagafm
shnrl fmaeliths, lstl ih puljl slr gfusfm pfrf qul jlgmfrl aikuijfjf mf jlefijf,
 puls sl fprlgaf qul li jagdh prhglsh ih dfy jlujf måquajf gufitakagfjf jaspulstf
j aspulstf y
rlqulrajf phr lm ÷rcfih oujagafm. Whnrl lsf måilf, mf Wfmf Gavam Wuprlef slöfm÷ qul
jl uif aitlrprltfga÷i f ghitrfrau slisu 
slisu  jlm frtågumh 7:<-F jlm G÷jach Gavam jlnl
litlijlrsl qul sa ih ghistf mf lxastligaf jl uif jlujf måquajf f gfrch jl uih mhs
g÷iyucls, lsth ls, jlnajfelitl gufitakagfjf, phr ghiglpth jl fmaeliths f kfvhr jlm
htrh g÷iyucl h jl mhs daohs jl fenhs, fqulm talil lxpljath su jlrlgdh pfrf lolrgatfr 
 13

mf fgga÷i aivhgfijh mf gfusfm ghitliajf li lm aigash 6> jlm frtågumh 777 jlm G÷jach
Gavam. Phr ghisacualitl, ih talil rlmlvfigaf mf shmf lxastligaf jl ui prhglsh jl
fmaeliths sa ls qul ih lxastl rlqulraealith jl pfch fm jlefijfitl phr jagdh
ghiglpth.

K\IJFELIZH ^LML[FIZL

 Wátaeh.-  Ghrrlsphijl fnshmvlr li praelr mucfr mfs jliuigafs jl gfrægtlr 

 prhglsfm ghitliajfs li lm fpfrtfjh F)2 li lstl runrh, litrl htrfs fmlcfgahils,
mf rlgurrlitl shstalil qul mhs eljahs prhnfthrahs ih dfi sajh vfmhrfjhs li
 khref ghiouitf, aikraicaáijhsl mf ihref jlm frtågumh 613 jlm G÷
G÷jach
jach Prhglsfm 
Gavam, fcrlcfijh qul mf Wfmf Wuplrahr jltlreai÷ qul ih ghistf mf lxastligaf
jl prhglsh fmcuih phr fmaeliths litrl mfs pfrtls. Fm rlsplgth, sl fprlgaf qul
li lm ghisajlrfijh slxth jl mf ^lshmuga÷i jl [astf lm   fj qule 
qule  slöfm÷? ”ih
ghistf mf lxastligaf jl prhglsh fmcuih phr fmaeliths slcuajh litrl mfs
 pfrtls―2 sai lenfrch, f ghitaiufga÷i tfenaái slöfm÷? ”(ih ghistf) mf
lxastligaf jl suef måquajf fprhnfjf phr mf futhrajfj oujagafm 

ghrrlsphijalitl,
mucfr shnrl
mfs jliuigafs fjlujh fmcuih―.
jl gfrægtlr Ghrrlsphijlli fnshmvlr
prhglsfm ghitliajfs li praelr 
lm fpfrtfjh F)2 li
lstl runrh, litrl htrfs fmlcfgahils, mf rlgurrlitl shstalil qul mhs eljahs
 prhnfthrahs ih dfi sajh vfmhrfjhs li khref ghiouitf, aikraicaáijhsl mf
ihref jlm frtågumh 613 jlm G÷jach Prhglsfm Gavam, fcrlcfijh qul mf Wfmf
Wuplrahr jltlreai÷ qul ih ghistf mf lxastligaf jl prhglsh fmcuih phr 
fmaeliths litrl mfs pfrtls. Fm rlsplgth, sl fprlgaf qul li lm ghisajlrfijh
 slxth jl mf ^lshmuga÷i jl [astf lm fj qule slöfm÷?
qule slöfm÷? ”ih ghistf mf lxastligaf jl
 prhglsh fmcuih phr fmaeliths slcuajh litrl mfs pfrtls―2 sai lenfrch, f
ghitaiufga÷i tfenaái slöfm÷? ”(ih ghistf) mf lxastligaf jl suef måquajf
fprhnfjf phr mf futhrajfj oujagafm ghrrlsphijalitl, shnrl fjlujh fmcuih―.
 Ls jlgar, fqulmmf fkarefga÷i (jl qul ih ghistf mf lxastligaf jl prhglsh jl
fmaeliths) jlnl rlputfrsl gheh ui lrrhr eftlrafm qul ih lilrvf lm kfmmh
leatajh phr jagdf Wfmf. Gfnl fgmfrfr qul ls lvajlitl mf lxastligaf jlm 
 Prhglsh jl Fmaeliths I¿ 363->006, jl mh gufm df jfjh gulitf mf oulz jl mf
gfusf li lm ghisajlrfijh jágaeh praelrh jl su slitligaf. Li gufith fm 
rlqulraealith lstfnmlgajh phr lm frtågumh 7:<-F praelr pærrfkh jlm G÷jach
Gavam, lklgtufijh uif aitlrprltfga÷i 
aitlrprltfga÷i  f ghitrfrau slisu 
slisu  jl lstf ihref jlnl
litlijlrsl qul sa ih ghistf mf lxastligaf jl uif jlujf måquajf f gfrch jl uih
mhs g÷iyucls2 lsth ls, jlnajfelitl gufitakagfjf, phr ghiglpth jl fmaeliths f
 kfvhr jlm htrh g÷iyucl h jl mhs daohs jl fenhs, fqulm talil lxpljath su
jlrlgdh pfrf lolrgatfr mf fgga÷i aivhgfijh mf gfusfm ghitliajf li lm aigash 6>
jlm frtågumh 777 jlm G÷jach Gavam. Phr ghisacualitl, ih talil rlmlvfigaf mf
 shmf lxastligaf jl ui prhglsh jl fmaeliths, sa ls qul ih lxastl rlqulraealith
jl pfch fm jlefijfitl phr jagdh ghiglpth. Jl mh gufm sl ghigmuyl qul lm 
jlefijfitl, li mhs prlslitls
ihref li ghelitfrah, dfnalijhfuths, df guepmajh
mfs aistfigafs ghi mf
jl eárath lxacligaflmmh
lstfnmlgajh jl jl
mf
efilrf ghrrlgtf, tfm gheh sl df slöfmfjh fitlrahrelitl.
 14

GH^ZL W\P^LEF JL O\WZAGAF JL MF ^LPßNMAGFWFMF GA[AM

Z^FIWAZH^AF
GFWFGA×I I¿ :760->06:-MAEF
JA[H^GAH PH^ GF\WFM JL WLPF^FGA×I JL DLGDH
Maef, vlaitauih jl hgtunrl jl jhs eam quaigl.
WFMF GA[AM Z^FIWAZH^AF JL MF GH^ZL W\P^LEF JL O\WZAGAF JL MF
^LPßNMAGF? [astf mf gfusf iÿelrh guftrh eam trlsgaliths jalz, jhs eam gfthrgl, li
Fujaligaf Pÿnmagf jl mf klgdf y prhjugajf mf vhtfga÷i ghrrlsphijalitl, leatl mf
 prlslitl slitligaf.
EFZL^AF JLM ^LG\^WH
Wl trftf jlm rlgursh jl gfsfga÷i aitlrpulsth f khofs guftrhgaliths jhs, phr Zlhjhsaf Mfch
Gduicua, ghitrf mf rlshmuga÷i jl vastf jl khofs trlsgaliths hgdlitf y trls, jl klgdf gaigh
jl fchsth jl jhs eam gfthrgl, lxpljajf phr mf Wlcuijf Wfmf Lsplgafmazfjf jl Kfeamaf jl
mf Ghrtl Wuplrahr jl Oustagaf jl Maef, qul rlvhgf mf rlshmuga÷i fplmfjf jl klgdf quaigl
jl efrzh jljl
slpfrfga÷i jhsdlgdh
eam trlgl, qul jlgmfrf
y kuijfjf mf aikuijfjf mf jlefijf
rlghivliga÷i phr mf jl javhrgah
gfusfm jl phr gfusfm jl
fjumtlrah2 y,
rlkhreæijhmf, jlgmfrf kuijfjf mf jlefijf jl javhrgah phr gfusfm jl slpfrfga÷i jl
dlgdh2 li ghislguligaf, jasulmth lm våigumh eftraehiafm ghitrfåjh phr [ågthr Gdævlz
Ghrfs ghi Zlhjhsaf Mfch Gduicua lm jalgasáas jl hgtunrl jl eam ihvlgaliths sltlitf y
hgdh fitl mf Euiagapfmajfj jl Ftl [atfrtl2 ih kaof aijleiazfga÷i fmcuif phr plrouagah
li mf slpfrfga÷i phr aeprhnfjf2 ghrrlsphijalijh mf pftraf phtlstfj jl mf elihr L. G. M.
f fenhs pfjrls, lolrgalijh mf tliligaf mf efjrl y kaofijh ui rácaeli jl vasatfs f kfvhr 
jlm pfjrl2 phr klilgajf mf shgaljfj jl cfifigafmls, jlnalijh prhgljlrsl f su maquajfga÷i
li lolguga÷i, prlvaf fgrljatfga÷i jl mhs nalils qul ghikhrefi mf easef2 l aeprhgljlitl
mf rlghivliga÷i phr fjumtlrah.
K\IJFELIZHW JLM ^LG\^WH
Lstf Wfmf Wuprlef, eljafitl rlshmuga÷i jl khofs gufrlitf y trls jlm prlslitl
gufjlriammh, jl klgdf jhgl jl efyh jl jhs eam quaigl, df lstaefjh prhgljlitl lm
rlgursh jl gfsfga÷i phr mfs gfusfmls jl aikrfgga÷i ihreftavf jl jlrlgdh prhglsfm l
aikrfgga÷i ihreftavf jl jlrlgdh eftlrafm. Mf rlgurrlitl df jliuigafjh mh sacualitl?
F) Aikrfgga÷i
Aikrfgga÷i pprhgls
rhglsfm
fm jl mfs ihrefs
ihrefs qul cfrfitaz
cfrfitazfi
fi lm jlnajh
jlnajh prhglsh
prhglsh y mhs
frtågumhs 61:, 61; y 613 jlm G÷jach Prhglsfm Gavam, slöfmf qul mf slitligaf jl
vastf ih vfmhr÷ li su aitlcrajfj mhs eljahs prhnfthrahs fphrtfjhs fm prhglsh, mf
lvajligaf jlm qulnrfitfealith plrefilitl y jlkaiatavh jl mf slpfrfga÷i, mf
aijleiazfga÷i, lm supulsth ghislitaealith h plrj÷i jlm fjumtlrah y mf kaofga÷i jl
fmaeliths f kfvhr jl su elihr daof, L. G. M. ^lkalrl qul li lm lsgrath jl
ghitlstfga÷i jl mf rlghivliga÷i,
 11

N) Lm jlefijfitl
jlefijfitl efiakls
efiaklst÷
t÷ dlgdhs
dlgdhs arrlfmls,
arrlfmls, mh
mhss easehs
easehs qul ih df phjajh jlehstrf
jlehstrfr 
r 
ghi prulnfs hnoltavfs y qul ih cufrjfi rlmfga÷i ghi mf rlghivliga÷i prhpulstf2
fsaeaseh, vumilrf lm praigapah jl prlgmusa÷i, thjf vlz qul hkrlga÷ eljahs
 prhnfthrahs qul ih hthrc÷ ghi su jlefijf2
G) Aikrfgga÷i
Aikrfgga÷i i
ihrefta
hreftavf
vf eftl
eftlrafm
rafm jlm
jlm frtågumh
frtågumh 777
777 aigash
aigash 6> jlm G÷jach Gavam,
shstalil
mh gufm lsqul lm fgthr
kfmsh, pulsaigajl
sa nalililiqul mf slpfrfga÷i
fqulm jl dlgdh
föh sl rltar÷ kul jlsjl
jlm dhcfr lm jhs
ghiyucfm, kuleam
phruih,
ui
 plråhjh jl jalz u higl elsls, li lm gufm mf rlgurrlitl aitlrpush uif jlefijf jl
fmaeliths (Lxpljalitl I¿ 363->006) qul ghigmuy÷ li uif ghigamafga÷i pfrf lm pfch
elisufm jl trlaitf iulvhs shmls (W/ 70.00), suef qul ih kul guepmajf h rlqulrajf
 phr mf rlghigamafga÷i hgurrajf, jlehstræijhsl fså su ghivavligaf jurfitl mhs föhs
jhs eam uih f jhs eam iulvl2 mh gufm sl ghrrhnhrf ghi lm eárath jlm Prhglsh jl
Wlpfrfga÷i Ghivligahifm, yf qul shmh glmlnrfrhi uif Prhpulstf jl Ghivliah,
salijh frgdavfjf jagdf gfusf phr su uia÷i h rlghigamafga÷i.
Jl acufm khref, lm frtågumh 7:<-F jlm G÷jach Gavam lstfnmlgl qul pfrf aivhgfr lm
supulsth jlm aigash 6> jlm frtågumh 777 jlm fghtfjh G÷jach, lm jlefijfitl jlnlræ
fgrljatfr quljlm
qul, f kails sl els
ligulitrf fm jåfjllijhs
jl hgtunrl lm pfch jl sus(phgh
eam iulvl hnmacfgahils
fitls jl fmaelitfrafs.
slr ihtakagfjfFcrlcf
ghi mf
jlefijf), sl litlr÷ qul su lsphsh tliåf jhs daohs kulrf jlm dhcfr ghiyucfm, mh gufm kul
ghikarefjh phr lm fgthr, phr mh qul aivhg÷ lm javhrgah phr mf gfusfm jl fjumtlrah y mf
 párjajf jl mhs cfifigafmls, fm fepfrh jlm frtågumh 7<> jlm fghtfjh G÷jach2 li
ghislguligaf, ih puljl gheputfrsl lm táreaih jl gfjugajfj jl mf fgga÷i, puls ih lxastl
ia ghislitaealith ia plrj÷i jlm fjumtlrah. Fjleæs, mf slitligaf jl vastf ih sl prhiuiga÷
shnrl mhs fmaeliths qul ml ghrrlsphijlråf f mf elihr daof jl fenhs, gheh så mh dazh
rlsplgth f mf pftraf phtlstfj.
Mf Wfmf Wuplrahr rlkara÷ qul ih ghistf mf lxastligaf jl fmcÿi prhglsh jl fmaeliths
slcuajh litrl mfs pfrtls2 sai lenfrch, prllxastl mf gfusf I¿ 363->006, qul aistfur÷ mf
fdhrf lepmfzfjf ghitrf lm fgthr, y qul ghigmuy÷ ghi ui fgulrjh ghigamafthrah.
GHIWAJL^FIJH?
Praelrh.- Prlvafelitl f mf fnshmuga÷i jlm rlgursh jl gfsfga÷i  sun lxfeail lxfeail,, ls
ilglsfrah dfglr ui nrlvl rlgulith jl mh fghitlgajh li lm prhglsh. Li tfm slitajh, sl
fjvalrtl qul f khofs quaigl, [ågthr Gdævlz Ghrfs aitlrphil jlefijf ghitrf Zlhjhsaf
Mfch Gduicua, shmagatfijh qul sl jlgmfrl lm javhrgah phr mf gfusfm jl slpfrfga÷i jl
dlgdh y, fgglshrafelitl, sl jlgmfrl mf maquajfga÷i jl mf shgaljfj jl cfifigafmls. Gheh
kuijfeliths jl su jlefijf rlkalrl qul ghitrfoh eftraehiah gavam ghi mf jlefijfjf lm
jalgasáas jl hgtunrl jl eam ihvlgaliths sltlitf y hgdh, fitl mf Euiagapfmajfj Jastratfm
jl Ftl [atfrtl (khofs jhs). Jurfitl lm eftraehiah prhgrlfrhi mhs sacualitls daohs? Ofvalr 
(ifgajh li eam ihvlgaliths hgdlitf), Nmfigf E÷iagf (ifgajf li eam ihvlgaliths hgdlitf
 jhs), Jfvaj (ifgajh li eam ihvlgaliths hgdlitf y guftrh) y [ågthr ^hmfijh (ifgajh li
eam
Litrlihvlgaliths
mfs pfrtls slhgdlitf
prhjuohy mfsaltl), qualils
slpfrfga÷i jl shi efyhrls
dlgdh phr ui jl ljfj aiaitlrruepajh
plrahjh (khofs slas fm iulvl).
efyhr 
jl jhs föhs, qul dfstf mf klgdf jfi mucfr f hgdh föhs2 qul sl ligulitrfi slpfrfjhs
 600

jlsjl lm uih jl fchsth jl jhs eam uih (khmahs guftrh), jåf li qul lm jlefijfitl sl rltar÷
jlm jheagamah ghiyucfm, y jlsjl lsf klgdf ih df dlgdh vajf li gheÿi ghi mf
jlefijfjf. Jurfitl lm eftraehiah dfi fjquarajh ui nali aieulnml unagfjh li mf
Efizfif N, Mhtl I¿ 04, Fshgafga÷i Prh [avalijf Wfi Gfrmhs, Jastrath jl Wfitf Fiatf,
Kagdf ^lcastrfm I¿ 6;><<<0.
Wlcuijh.- Lklgtufjh lm lepmfzfealith ghi mf jlefijf, mf jlefijfjf fnsulmvl lm
trfsmfjh eljafitl lsgrath jl khofs gufrlitf, shstlialijh qul prhjugth jl mf rlmfga÷i
eftraehiafm ih dfi prhgrlfjh shmfelitl guftrh daohs, saih gaigh2 mf qul ih kul
ihenrfjf ls L. G. M. Vul, ls kfmsh qul dfyfi tliajh hgdh föhs jl slpfrfjhs, saih shmh
ui els, aigmush jurfitl su plrefiligaf gheh pfrlof aitlrpush mf jlefijf. Vul, li lm
föh jhs eam uih, lm fgthr så sl rltar÷ jlm dhcfr ghiyucfm plrh s÷mh phr ui plrahjh
fprhxaefjh jl jalz f higl elsls2 ls phr lmmh qul mf rlgurrlitl aitlrpush jlefijf jl
fmaeliths (Lxpljalitl I¿ 363->006), gheh sl jleulstrf ghi lm Fgtf jl Ghigamafga÷i
(khofs trlaitf y uih), mf easef qul lm jlefijfitl ih df guepmajh iaicÿi els, phrqul
mmlcfrhi f uif rlghigamafga÷i2 fjleæs, li ftliga÷i fm frtågumh 7:<-F jlm G÷jach Gavam,
qul lstfnmlgl qul pfrf aivhgfr lm aigash 6> jlm frtågumh 777 jlm G÷jach Gavam, lm
jlefijfitl jlnlræ fgrljatfr lstfr fm jåf li lm pfch jl sus hnmacfgahils fmaelitagafs, mh
qul ih df fgrljatfjh. Fcrlcf, qul sl ligulitrf plroujagfjf ghi mf slpfrfga÷i, phr mh
qul sl jlnlræ
hrjlifijh kaofr uif aijleiazfga÷i
mf fjoujagfga÷i prlklrlitl jlm phr
nalijföhs, aigmuylijh
aieulnml lm jföh ghiyucfm,
jl mf shgaljfj plrshifm,
aijlplijalitlelitl jl mf plisa÷i jl fmaeliths qul ml pujalrf ghrrlsphijlr.
Zlrglrh.- Phr htrh mfjh, mf jlefijfjf aitlrphil rlghivliga÷i, shmagatfijh qul sl
jlgmfrl lm javhrgah phr mf gfusfm jl fjumtlrah y, fgglshrafelitl, mf párjajf jl
cfifigafmls phr lm g÷iyucl gumpfnml. Fm rlsplgth, rlkalrl qul garguistfigafmelitl sl
litlr÷ dfgl ui els qul su g÷iyucl dfnåf prhgrlfjh jhs daohs jl ihenrls? [. F. G. C.
(jl jalz föhs jl ljfj) y M. L. G. C. (jl saltl föhs jl ljfj), y pfrf gunrar lm lrrhr 
gheltajh, lstæ jlefijfijh mf slpfrfga÷i jl dlgdh. Whmagatf qul li lolguga÷i jl
aieulnml  sun matas.
slitligaf pfsl f ihenrl jl mf rlgurrlitl lm aieulnml sun matas.
Gufrth.- Zrfeatfjf mf jlefijf slcÿi su ifturfmlzf, lm oulz jl mf gfusf, eljafitl
slitligaf jl khofs jhsgaliths trlaitf y slas, jl klgdf quaigl jl efrzh jl jhs eam trlgl,
jlgmfrf aikuijfjf mf jlefijf phr mf gfusfm jl slpfrfga÷i jl dlgdh y kuijfjf mf
rlghivliga÷i phr mf gfusfm jl fjumtlrah2 li ghislguligaf, jlgmfrf jasulmth lm våigumh
eftraehiafm ghitrfåjh lm jalgasáas jl hgtunrl jl eam ihvlgaliths sltlitf y hgdh, fitl mf
Euiagapfmajfj jl Ftl [atfrtl2 li gufith f mf prltlisa÷i fgglshraf, kuijfjh lm pljajh jl
 párjajf jl cfifigafmls ghikhrel fm frtågumh 7<> jlm G÷jach Gavam2 phr klilgajf mf
shgaljfj jl cfifigafmls.
Gheh kuijfeliths jl su jlgasa÷i, lm f quh shstalil mh sacualitl? sl guepml ghi lm
rlquasath prlvasth li lm frtågumh 7:<-F jlm G÷jach Gavam, rlsplgth f qul lm jlefijfitl
jlnl fgrljatfr qul sl ligulitrf fm jåf li lm pfch jl sus hnmacfgahils fmaelitfrafs2
fjvartaáijhsl qul, sa nali ls galrth lxastl lm Prhglsh jl Fmaeliths I¿ 363->006 fitl lm
Ouzcfjh jl Pfz Mltrfjh jl Wfitf Fiatf, lm gufm eljafitl ghigamafga÷i lm jlefijfitl sl
hnmac÷ fm pfch jl uif plisa÷i jl fmaeliths f kfvhr jl mf jlefijfjf ghikhrel hnrf jl
mf ghpaf jlm Fgtf jl khofs trlaitf y uih, jl klgdf vlaitasáas jl efrzh jl jhs eam jhs,
 606

tfenaái mh ls qul ih lxastl ui rlqulraealith jl pfch jl mf plisa÷i h uif jlujf

jltlreaifjf phr jagdh ghiglpth.
Wl fjvalrtl qul sa nali li mf jliuigaf phmagafm qul hnrf f khofs guftrh, fpfrlgl qul lm
fgthr sl rltar÷ jlm dhcfr li lm föh jhs eam uih, lmmh df sajh ilcfjh phr su g÷iyucl l
daohs, ih dfnalijh quljfjh kldfgalitlelitl prhnfjh qul lm jlefijfitl sl dfyf
rltarfjh jlkaiatavfelitl jlm dhcfr ghiyucfm. Vul, rlsplgth f mf rlghivliga÷i jl
javhrgah phr mf gfusfm jl fjumtlrah, sl talil qul jl mf vfmhrfga÷i y fiæmasas jl mhs eljahs
 prhnfthrahs li ghiouith, sl fjvalrtl qul mf rlghivaialitl rlkalrl qul su g÷iyucl [ågthr 
Gdævlz Ghrfs, df gheltajh fjumtlrah fm dfnlr prhgrlfjh f jhs daohs kulrf jlm
eftraehiah mmfefjhs [. F. G. C., ifgajh lm slas jl efrzh jl eam ihvlgaliths ihvlitf y
iulvl, y M. L. G. C., ifgajf lm vlaitaiulvl jl lilrh jl jhs eam jhs2 qul lmmh sl
ligulitrf fgrljatfjh f khofs trlaitf y trls y trlaitf y guftrh, ghi mfs Pfrtajfs jl
 Ifgaealith jl mhs elihrls2 mh gufm df sajh ghikarefjh phr lm rlghivliajh quali li mf
jlgmfrfga÷i jl pfrtl jl khofs galith sltlitf y guftrh, df slöfmfjh qul su fgtufm
ghivavalitl ls Jheatamf Efråf Cfmmh Gfigdh, efjrl jl sus jhs daohs2 jl mh qul sl
aikalrl qul [ågthr Gdævlz Ghrfs ghitaiÿf ghi su rlmfga÷i lxtrfeftraehiafm2 phr tfith,
ih puljl gheputfrsl lm táreaih jl gfjugajfj jl mf fgga÷i ghitlepmfjf li lm frtågumh
771 jlm G÷jach Gavam, saih dfstf qul sl phicf kai f mfs rlmfgahils slxufmls fghtfjfs,
gheh mh df lstfnmlgajh rlatlrfjf ourasprujligaf2 jlvaialijh li kuijfjh lstl lxtrleh jl
mf jlefijf.
Vuaith.- Fplmfjf mf eligahifjf slitligaf, mf Wfmf ^lvashrf, eljafitl slitligaf jl
khofs trlsgaliths hgdlitf y trls, jl klgdf gaigh jl fchsth jl jhs eam gfthrgl, rlvhgf mf
slitligaf fplmfjf qul jlgmfrf aikuijfjf mf jlefijf phr mf gfusfm jl slpfrfga÷i jl
dlgdh y kuijfjf mf rlghivliga÷i phr mf gfusfm jl fjumtlrah2 y, rlkhreæijhmf, jlgmfrf
kuijfjf mf jlefijf jl javhrgah phr mf gfusfm jl slpfrfga÷i jl dlgdh2 li ghislguligaf,
jasulmth lm våigumh eftraehiafm ghitrfåjh lm jalgasáas jl hgtunrl jl eam ihvlgaliths
sltlitf y hgdh, ih kaoæijhsl aijleiazfga÷i fmcuif phr plrouagah li mf slpfrfga÷i phr 
aeprhnfjf2 ghrrlsphijalijh mf pftraf phtlstfj jl mf elihr L. G. M. f fenhs pfjrls,
lolrgalijh mf tliligaf mf efjrl y kaofijh ui rácaeli jl vasatfs f kfvhr jlm fggahifitl2
 phr klilgajf mf shgaljfj jl cfifigafmls jlnalijh prhgljlrsl f su maquajfga÷i li
lolguga÷i, prlvaf
rlghivliga÷i phr fgrljatfga÷i
fjumtlrah. jl mhs nalils qul ghikhrefi mf easef2 l aeprhgljlitl mf
Gheh kuijfeliths jl su jlgasa÷i lxphil? li gufith f mh lstfnmlgajh phr lm frtågumh
7:<-F jlm G÷jach Gavam, li rlmfga÷i fm guepmaealith jl mf hnmacfga÷i fmaelitfraf, li
fuths ih ghistf mf lxastligaf jl prhglsh fmcuih phr fmaeliths slcuajh litrl mfs pfrtls,
elihs mf lxastligaf jl suef måquajf fprhnfjf phr mf futhrajfj oujagafm ghrrlsphijalitl
shnrl fjlujh fmcuih2 phr lijl, sl df guepmajh ghi mf khrefmajfj lstfnmlgajf phr mly.
Vul, sl talil qul prhjugajf mf slpfrfga÷i jl mhs g÷iyucls li lm föh jhs eam uih, lmmh
ghimmlv÷ f mf lxastligaf jl htrhs prhglshs oujagafmls2 litrl lmmhs, lm jl slpfrfga÷i
ghivligahifm, jlitrh jlm gufm fenhs fglptfrhi mf lxastligaf jl aighepftanamajfj jl
gfrfgtlrls. F khmahs sltlitf y slas fm sltlitf y hgdh, hnrfi ghpafs jl uif prhpulstf jl
ghivliah rlfmazfjf litrl mfs pfrtls jlitrh jl ui prhglsh jl slpfrfga÷i Ghivligahifm,
fjeatajh lm vlaitl jl efrzh jl jhs eam uih, hnrfitl f khofs sltlitf y hgdh, fprlgaæijhsl
jl su ghitliajh qul fenhs rlkaralrhi qul jfjf su aighepftanamajfj jl gfrfgtlrls dfnåfi
jlgajajh slpfrfrsl ghivligahifmelitl. Jagdh jhguelith, li ftliga÷i f mh slöfmfjh li
 60>

lm frtågumh >:6 jlm G÷jach Gavam, ghistatuyl jlgmfrfga÷i fsaeamfjf phr trftfrsl jl
fkarefgahils ghitliajfs li fgtufgahils oujagafmls h lsgraths jl mfs pfrtls, fsplgth qul
ih sl lilrvf phr mf jlgmfrfga÷i jl fnfijhih jl jagdh prhglsh.
Vul sa nali mf jlefijfjf rlkalrl qul lm jlefijfitl df ghdfnatfjh phstlrahrelitl y
qul lstl shmh sl vhmva÷ f ar ui els fitls jl mf aitlrphsaga÷i jl mf prlslitl jlefijf, lmmh
ih df sajh prhnfjh li khref fmcuif, trftæijhsl jl uif jlgmfrfga÷i uiamftlrfm
jlsprhvastf jl fglrvh prhnfthrah qul mf ghrrhnhrl2 phr lm ghitrfrah, jlm eárath jl mfs
 pfrtajfs jl ifgaealiths jl khofs trlaitf y trls y trlaitf y guftrh, li ghighrjfigaf ghi mf
kfmtf jl frehiåf kfeamafr, sl fgrljatf qul lm jlefijfitl li mhs föhs eam ihvlgaliths
ihvlitf y iulvl y jhs eam jhs, prhgrl÷ htrhs daohs ghi plrshif jaklrlitl f su g÷iyucl.
Lmmh suefjh f mfs ghitrfjaggahils lxastlitls litrl mfs jlgmfrfgahils jl pfrtl jl mf
jlefijfjf y jlgmfrfgahils tlstaehiafmls jl sus daohs, dfnalijh jlsgrath qul su
 prhcliathr ih jhreåf ouith ghi mf jlefijfjf, gheh lm eárath jl mf kagdf jlm ^lcastrh
 Ifgahifm jl Ajlitakagfga÷i y Lstfjh Gavam - ^lialg y lm Jhguelith Ifgahifm jl
Ajlitajfj - JIA, qul rlkalrli jheagamafr li jarlggahils jaklrlitls2 lmleliths hnoltavhs
qul plreatli jltlreaifr qul li su hphrtuiajfj lxasta÷ uif aitliga÷i galrtf y jlmanlrfjf
jl fenhs g÷iyucls jl philr kai f mf vajf li gheÿi, mh qul fuifjh fm taleph
trfisgurrajh jlsjl lm föh jhs eam uih, f mf klgdf jl aitlrphsaga÷i jl mf jlefijf
(hgtunrl jl jhs
gfshs gheh eam iulvl),
lm prlslitl, plreatli
gufijh dfy ghikacurfr mhs lmleliths
daohs elihrls jl ljfj. hnoltavh y tlephrfm
Li gufith pfrf
fm lmlelith
sunoltavh, sl fprlgaf qul sa nali jlitrh jlm eftraehiah y fitls jl mf slpfrfga÷i, lm
jlefijfitl prhgrl÷ li lm föh eam ihvlgaliths ihvlitf y iulvl f [. F. G. C., ghi
 plrshif jaklrlitl f su g÷iyucl2 pfrf mulch, phstlrahrelitl f mf slpfrfga÷i, prhgrlfr 
htrh daoh eæs ghi jagdf plrshif2 tfenaái ls galrth qul, slcÿi Prhpulstf jl Ghivliah,
fenhs g÷iyucls li lm föh jhs eam uih, slöfmfrhi lxastar litrl lmmhs aighepftanamajfj jl
gfrfgtlrls, mh qul aepmagf qul iaicuih jl lmmhs sl lxgmuy÷ jl mf prhnmleætagf jl
ghikmagth lxastlitl litrl fenhs, mh qul plreatl jfr phr ghikacurfjh f mf klgdf jl mf
slpfrfga÷i (fchsth jl jhs eam uih), lm lmlelith sunoltavh fm dfnlr lxastajh li lsf
hphrtuiajfj mf vhmuitfj galrtf y jlmanlrfjf jl fenhs g÷iyucls jl qulnrfr lm jlnlr jl
ghdfnatfga÷i, eæxael sa lm daoh jl mhs g÷iyucls df slöfmfjh li su jlgmfrfga÷i
tlstaehiafm, li gufith sa su efeæ ghihgåf jl mf lxastligaf jl htrf euolr, jaoh qul så, yf
ghihgåf jlsjl fitls, jlsjl qul lrfi o÷vlils2 phr lijl, rlsplgth fm jlnlr jl
aiguepmaealith jlm jlnlr jl kajlmajfj prhjugajh, sl ghmacl qul mf jlefijfjf ghihga÷
hphrtuifelitl jl lmmh, ghisaita÷ h plrjhi÷, mh qul ghigulrjf ghi fqulmmf fkarefga÷i
 phstlrahr jl aighepftanamajfj jl gfrfgtlrls qul fenhs aivhgfrhi li su slpfrfga÷i
ghivligahifm.
Li gufith fm tlef aijleiazfthrah f qul dfgl rlklrligaf lm frtågumh 7:<-F jlm G÷jach
Gavam, tlialijh li gulitf lm Zlrglr Pmlih Gfsfthrah jl mf Ghrtl Wuprlef, jlm fiæmasas jl
mhs fuths, ftlijalijh f qul mf slpfrfga÷i fghitlga÷ phr aighepftanamajfj jl gfrfgtlrls y
dfnalijh ghihgajh mf jlefijfjf jl mf lxastligaf jl ui daoh lxtrfeftraehiafm jlm
jlefijfitl, ih dfnaáijhsl prhnfjh qul mulch jl lmmh sl dfyf rlfiujfjh mf vajf li
gheÿi, sl ghmacl qul ih lxastl lmlelith hnoltavh qul plreatf lvajligafr mf lxastligaf
jl plrouagah fmcuih phr mf slpfrfga÷i, phr mh qul lstl lxtrleh jlvalil li aeprhnfjh.
^lsplgth f mf gfusfm jl fjumtlrah, sl talil qul li ftliga÷i fm praigapah jl lsplgakagajfj,
slcÿi lm gufm ui easeh dlgdh ih puljl ghikacurfr eæs jl uif gfusfm, dfnaáijhsl
 607

fifmazfjh y rlsulmth lm tlef jl mf prhgrlfga÷i jlm praelr daoh lxtrfeftraehiafm jlm

jlefijfitl, mf gfusfm jlvalil li aeprhgljlitl, puls ih gfnl aitlitfrsl mf gfusfm jl
fjumtlrah sa lm hklijajh ghisaita÷ h plrjhi÷ lm easeh.
Wlxth.- Ghikhrel sl df fihtfjh prlgljlitlelitl, lm rlgursh jl gfsfga÷i df sajh
jlgmfrfjh prhgljlitl phr mfs gfusfmls jl aikrfgga÷i ihreftavf jl jlrlgdh prhglsfm l
aikrfgga÷i ihreftavf jl jlrlgdh eftlrafm, jlnalijh fnshmvlrsl, li praigapah, mfs
jliuigafs jl gfrægtlr prhglsfm, jl ehjh qul sa sl jlgmfrf kuijfjh lm rlgursh phr lstf
gfusfm jlnlræ vlrakagfrsl lm rllivåh, aephsanamatfijh lm prhiuigafealith rlsplgth f mf
gfusfm sustfitavf.
Wátaeh.- Li tfm slitajh, ghrrlsphijl fnshmvlr li praelr mucfr mfs jliuigafs jl gfrægtlr 
 prhglsfm ghitliajfs li lm fpfrtfjh F)2 li lstl runrh, litrl htrfs fmlcfgahils, mf
rlgurrlitl shstalil qul mhs eljahs prhnfthrahs ih dfi sajh vfmhrfjhs li khref ghiouitf,
aikraicaáijhsl mf ihref jlm frtågumh 613 jlm G÷jach Prhglsfm Gavam, fcrlcfijh qul mf
Wfmf Wuplrahr jltlreai÷ qul ih ghistf mf lxastligaf jl prhglsh fmcuih phr fmaeliths
litrl mfs pfrtls. Fm rlsplgth, sl fprlgaf qul li lm ghisajlrfijh slxth jl mf ^lshmuga÷i
jl [astf lm fj qule slöfm÷? ”ih ghistf mf lxastligaf jl prhglsh fmcuih phr fmaeliths
slcuajh litrl mfs pfrtls―2 sai lenfrch, f ghitaiufga÷i tfenaái slöfm÷? ”(ih ghistf) mf
lxastligaf jl suef måquajf fprhnfjf phr mf futhrajfj oujagafm ghrrlsphijalitl, shnrl
fjlujh fmcuih―. Ls jlgar, fquámmf fkarefga÷i (jl qul ih ghistf mf lxastligaf jl prhglsh
jl fmaeliths) jlnl rlputfrsl gheh ui lrrhr eftlrafm qul ih lilrvf lm kfmmh leatajh phr 
jagdf Wfmf. Gfnl fgmfrfr qul ls lvajlitl mf lxastligaf jlm Prhglsh jl Fmaeliths I¿ 363-
>006, jl mh gufm df jfjh gulitf mf oulz jl mf gfusf li lm ghisajlrfijh jágaeh praelrh
jl su slitligaf. Li gufith fm rlqulraealith lstfnmlgajh phr lm frtågumh 7:<-F praelr 
 pærrfkh jlm G÷jach Gavam, lklgtufijh uif aitlrprltfga÷i f  ghitrfrau slisu jl lstf
ihref, jlnl litlijlrsl qul sa ih ghistf mf lxastligaf jl uif jlujf måquajf f gfrch jl
uih mhs g÷iyucls2 lsth ls, jlnajfelitl gufitakagfjf, phr ghiglpth jl fmaeliths f kfvhr 
jlm htrh g÷iyucl h jl mhs daohs jl fenhs, fquám talil lxpljath su jlrlgdh pfrf lolrgatfr 
mf fgga÷i aivhgfijh mf gfusfm ghitliajf li lm aigash 6> jlm frtågumh 777 jlm G÷jach
Gavam. Phr ghisacualitl, ih talil rlmlvfigaf mf shmf lxastligaf jl ui prhglsh jl
fmaeliths, sa ls qul ih lxastl rlqulraealith jl pfch fm jlefijfitl phr jagdh ghiglpth.
Jl mh gufmjlslmfghigmuyl
lxacligaf ihref liqul lm jlefijfitl,
ghelitfrah, li mhs
dfnalijh mfs prlslitls
aistfigafs fuths, df guepmajh
jl eárath ghilmmh
lstfnmlgajh mf
jl efilrf ghrrlgtf, tfm gheh sl df slöfmfjh fitlrahrelitl.
Hgtfvh.- Phr htrh mfjh, ftlijalijh f htrf fmlcfga÷i khreumfjf phr mf rlgurrlitl li lm
runrh prhglsfm, li gufith shstalil qul mf rlshmuga÷i jl vastf ih sl df prhiuigafjh
rlsplgth f mhs fmaeliths jl mf elihr daof jl fenhs L. G. M., gfnl slöfmfr qul yf sl df
eligahifjh qul mf oulz jl mf gfusf jltlreai÷ mf lxastligaf jlm prhglsh jl fmaeliths I¿
363->006, li mf qul sl kao÷ uif plisa÷i jl fmaeliths f kfvhr jl mf g÷iyucl rlgurrlitl y
sus daohs. Li tfm slitajh, ifjf aepajl qul li lm easeh prhglsh mf rlgurrlitl shmagatl lm
guepmaealith jl jagdf hnmacfga÷i, rfz÷i phr mf gufm ih sl fjvalrtl qul ghi mf rlshmuga÷i
jl vastf fdhrf aepucifjf, sl dfyf jlsfepfrfjh lm jlrlgdh jl mf eligahifjf daof jl
fenhs f plrganar fmaeliths. Li thjh gfsh, gufmqualr aigajligaf rlsplgth f jagdh jlrlgdh
fmaelitfrah, f su lxhilrfga÷i, fuelith h aephsanamajfj jl prlstfrmh phr pfrtl jlm
jlefijfitl (sa kulrf lm gfsh), jlnl vlitamfrsl li jagdh prhglsh.
 60:

Ihvlih.- Phr htrh mfjh, rlsplgth f mf fmlcfga÷i jl mf rlgurrlitl jl mf vumilrfga÷i jlm

frtågumh 61: jlm G÷jach Prhglsfm Gavam, gfnl efiaklstfr qul mf kfgumtfj jl fgtufr eljahs
 prhnfthrahs jl hkagah sl lolrgl jasgrlgahifmelitl phr lm efcastrfjh, ih pujalijh
sustatuarsl tfm kfgumtfj phr ui pljajh lxprlsh jl pfrtl jl lolrgatfrmf jl fgulrjh f sus
aitlrlsls2 fjleæs, mf rlgurrlitl ih puljl prltlijlr qul su ilcmacligaf li fphrtfr 
eljahs prhnfthrahs li fnhih jl sus aitlrlsls slf sunsfifjf eljafitl jagdf kfgumtfj jlm
ulz. Phr ghisacualitl, iaicuif jl mfs fmlcfgahils jl gfrægtlr prhglsfm puljl prhsplrfr.
Jágaeh.- Fnshmvalijh mf jliuigaf jl gfrægtlr eftlrafm ghitliajf li lm fpfrtfjh N),
jarlehs mh sacualitl? li praigapah, sl fjvalrtl qul mfs fmlcfgahils jl mf rlgurrlitl li
lstl runrh, eæs qul lxphilr uif aijlnajf aitlrprltfga÷i h uif aijlnajf fpmagfga÷i jl mf
ihref ghitliajf li lm frtågumh 777 aigash 6> jlm G÷jach Gavam, lstæi hralitfjfs f aisastar 
li qul lm jlefijfitl jlna÷ fgrljatfr qul sl lighitrfnf fm jåf li lm pfch jl sus
hnmacfgahils fmaelitfrafs, mh gufm ih ghistfråf li fuths. Ih hnstfitl, lstf fmlcfga÷i yf
df sajh fnsulmtf jlnalijh rleatarihs f mh aijagfjh li lm ghisajlrfijh sátaeh jl mf
 prlslitl rlshmuga÷i. Phr tfith lstl lxtrleh tfephgh puljl prhsplrfr.
Phr mfs ghisajlrfgahils lxpulstfs, ih sl ghikacurf mf gfusfm jl aikrfgga÷i ihreftavf jl
gfrægtlr prhglsfm y eftlrafm, phr mh qul jl ghikhreajfj ghi lm frtågumh 713 jlm G÷jach
Prhglsfm Gavam?
f) Jlgmfrfrhi AIK\IJFJH lm rlgursh jl gfsfga÷i aitlrpulsth f khofs guftrhgaliths
jhs phr Zlhjhsaf Mfch Gduicua2
n) IH GFWF^HI mf rlshmuga÷i jl vastf jl khofs trlsgaliths hgdlitf y trls, jl klgdf
gaigh jl fchsth jl jhs eam gfthrgl, lxpljajf phr mf Wlcuijf Wfmf Lsplgafmazfjf jl
Kfeamaf jl mf Ghrtl Wuplrahr jl Oustagaf jl Maef, qul rlvhgf mf slitligaf fplmfjf
jl klgdf quaigl jl efrzh jl jhs eam trlgl, qul jlgmfrf aikuijfjf mf jlefijf jl
javhrgah phr gfusfm jl slpfrfga÷i jl dlgdh y kuijfjf mf rlghivliga÷i phr mf
gfusfm jl fjumtlrah2
g) ^lk
lkhr
hreæ
eæij
ijhm
hmf,
f, jlgmfrff K\IJFJF mf jlefijf jl javhrgah phr gfusfm jl
jlgmfr
slpfrfga÷i jl dlgdh2 li ghislguligaf, jasulmth lm våigumh eftraehiafm ghitrfåjh
 phr [ågthr Gdævlz Ghrfs ghi Zlhjhsaf Mfch Gduicua lm jalgasáas jl hgtunrl jl eam
ihvlgaliths sltlitf y hgdh fitl mf Euiagapfmajfj jl Ftl [atfrtl2 ih kaof
aijleiazfga÷i fmcuif phr plrouagah li mf slpfrfga÷i phr aeprhnfjf2
ghrrlsphijalijh mf pftraf phtlstfj jl mf elihr L. G. M. f fenhs pfjrls, lolrgalijh
mf tliligaf mf efjrl y kaofijh ui rácaeli jl vasatfs f kfvhr jlm pfjrl2 phr klilgajf
mf shgaljfj jl cfifigafmls, jlnalijh prhgljlrsl f su maquajfga÷i li lolguga÷i,
 prlvaf fgrljatfga÷i jl mhs nalils qul ghikhrefi mf easef2 l aeprhgljlitl mf
rlghivliga÷i phr fjumtlrah2
j) JAWP\WAL^HI mf punmagfga÷i jl mf prlslitl rlshmuga÷i li lm jafrah hkagafm  Lm 
 Plrufih,, nfoh rlsphisfnamajfj2 li mhs slcuajhs phr [ågthr Gdævlz Ghrfs ghitrf
 Plrufih
Zlhjhsaf Mfch Gduicua y htrh, shnrl Javhrgah phr Gfusfm jl Wlpfrfga÷i jl Dlgdh2
 y mhs jlvhmvalrhi.
jlvhmvalrhi. Philitl Wlöhr Earfijf Ehmaif, Oulz Wuprleh.
 60<

WW.
ELIJH_F ^FEÅ^L_
D\FEFIÅ MMFEFW
[FMGÆ^GLM WFMJFÖF
GFNLMMH EFZFEFMF
EA^FIJF EHMAIF

7. Lstfjh
Lstfjh jl ilglsajfj
ilglsajfj lxael jl p
prlstf
rlstfrr plisa÷i
plisa÷i fmael
fmaelitaga
itagaff fm g÷iyucl.
g÷iyucl. Gfsfga÷
Gfsfga÷i
i
I¿ 7471->067-Mfenfylqul
^LW\ELI
\if jl mfs ghislguligafs jlm javhrgah sfiga÷i ls qul sa sl jlgmfrf lm javhrgah phr 
gumpf jl uihs jl mhs g÷iyucls y lm htrh gfrlgalrf jl nalils prhpahs h cfifigafmls
sukagalitls h lstuvalrl aephsanamatfjh jl trfnfofr h jl sunvliar f sus ilglsajfjls
 phr htrh eljah, lm oulz puljl fsacifr uif plisa÷i fmaelitagaf ih efyhr jl mf
tlrglrf pfrtl jl mf rlitf jlm fqulm. Fm rlsplgth, mhs oulgls suprlehs slöfmfi qul li
lsths gfshs sl jlnl hnslrvfr mh jaspulsth phr lm frtågumh :46 jlm G÷jach Gavam, lsth

ls, ”qul
tlicf mhs pfrf hthrcfr
rlgurshs lm nlilkagah
ilglsfrahs qul mlfmaelitagah sl jlnlmhs
plreatfi prhvllr sustlitfr qulsai
fmaeliths lm philr
hnmacfjh
li
 plmacrh su prhpaf sunsastligaf―. Li ghislguligaf, jl fjvlrtarsl qul lm g÷iyucl, f
quali sl ml rlqualrl lm pfch jl fmaeliths ls uif plrshif jl ljfj fvfizfjf, mh gufm
ih ml plreataråf fggljlr f ui pulsth jl trfnfoh li gfmajfj jl jlplijalitl2 y qul li
lm gursh jlm prhglsh df chzfjh jl fuxamah oujagafm, ghistatuyli aijagahs qul
fgrljatfi mf satufga÷i lghi÷eagf pfupárraef, phr mh qul aephilrml mf hnmacfga÷i jl
fgujar ghi uif plisa÷i jl fmaeliths f kfvhr jl mf g÷iyucl slråf pravfrmh jlm
lmlelith næsagh pfrf su prhpaf sunsastligaf.

K\IJFELIZH ^LML[FIZL

Jágaeh sátaeh.- Mulch jlm fiæmasas lklgtufjh f mfs rfzhils ouråjagfs

lscraeajfs phr mhs oulgls jl eárath pfrf jlslstaefr mf pltaga÷i jl fmaeliths,
sl puljl ghigmuar qul li lklgth mhs ouzcfjhrls dfi lxfeaifjh mhs gratlrahs qul
kaof lm frtågumh :46 jlm G÷jach Gavam pfrf lm hthrcfealith jl jagdf prlstfga÷i,
mmlcfijh f mf ghigmusa÷i qul li lstl gfsh ih sl prlslitf uih jl mhs
 prlsupulsths pfrf sustlitfr lm pfch jl mhs fmaeliths, lsth ls, qul lm hnmacfjh
tlicf mhs rlgurshs ilglsfrahs qul ml plreatfi prhvllr mhs fmaeliths sai philr 
li plmacrh su prhpaf sunsastligaf, puls, li vartuj f mf vfmhrfga÷i ghiouitf y
rfzhifjf jl mfs prulnfs, dfi phjajh lstfnmlglr qul lm jlefijfitl [ågthr 
Olsÿs Ehitlrh Wffvljrf ls uif plrshif jl ljfj fvfizfjf ‗gulitf ghi slslitf
y hgdh föhs jl ljfj‗, mh gufm ih ml plreataråf fggljlr f ui pulsth jl trfnfoh
li gfmajfj jl jlplijalitl2 fsaeaseh, ls lvajlitl qul fm chzfr jl fuxamah
 oujagafm su satufga÷i lghi÷eagf ls pfupárraef, phr mh qul aephilrml mf
hnmacfga÷i jl fgujar ghi uif plisa÷i jl fmaeliths f mf jlefijfjf slråf
 60;

 pravfrmh jlm lmlelith næsagh pfrf su prhpaf sunsastligaf, eæs fÿi sa mf

jlefijfjf talil daohs efyhrls jl ljfj, qualils talili mf hnmacfga÷i jl fsastar 
f sus pfjrls, li vartuj jl mh jaspulsth li lm frtågumh :34 jlm G÷jach Gavam2
jlnalijh fcrlcfrsl f lmmh qul prltlijlr frranfr f uif ghigmusa÷i jastaitf
aephrtfråf vfmhrfr iulvfelitl lm gfujfm prhnfthrah, mfnhr qul ls folif f mf
ifturfmlzf jlm rlgursh jl gfsfga÷i, lm gufm lstæ hralitfjh f hnslrvfr shmh mhs
lrrhrls jl jlrlgdh.
GH^ZL W\P^LEF JL O\WZAGAF JL MF ^LPßNMAGFWFMF GA[AM
PL^EFILIZL
GFWFGA×I I¿ 7471->067-MFENFQLV\L
Maef, vlaitl jl efyh jl jhs eam gfthrgl.-
WFMF GA[AM PL^EFILIZL JL MF GH^ZL W\P^LEF JL O\WZAGAF JL MF
^LPßNMAGF2 ghi mhs gufjlrihs jl fuxamah oujagafm fghepföfjhs, vastf mf gfusf
iÿelrh trls eam hgdhgaliths trlaitf y iulvl ‗ jhs eam trlgl, li fujaligaf pÿnmagf
mmlvfjf f gfnh li mf klgdf y prhjugajf mf vhtfga÷i ghi frrlcmh f Mly, leatl mf sacualitl
slitligaf?

A. FW\IZH?
Li lstl prhglsh jl javhrgah phr mf gfusfm jl slpfrfga÷i jl dlgdh, ls hnolth jl lxfeli
lm rlgursh jl gfsfga÷i aitlrpulsth phr mf jlefijfjf Fcustaif Ohslkaif Aigah
Nfquljfih, eljafitl lsgrath jl khofs galith slslitf y guftrh, ghitrf mf slitligaf jl
vastf jl klgdf vlaitaiulvl jl fchsth jl jhs eam trlgl, hnrfitl f khofs galith gaigulitf y
iulvl, lxpljajf phr mf Praelrf Wfmf Lsplgafmazfjf Gavam jl mf Ghrtl Wuplrahr jl Oustagaf
jl Mfenfylqul, qul fprulnf mf slitligaf jl khofs galith jalgaiulvl, su klgdf jalgasaltl
jl efrzh jl jhs eam trlgl, li lm lxtrleh qul jlgmfrf kuijfjf mf jlefijf jl javhrgah
 phr mf gfusfm jl slpfrfga÷i jl dlgdh, li ghislguligaf, jasulmth lm våigumh eftraehiafm
 phr klilgajh lm rácaeli pftraehiafm jl mf shgaljfj jl cfifigafmls2 y mf ghikaref li
mhs lxtrlehs qul jlgmfrf aikuijfjf mf prltlisa÷i rlghivligahifm jl fmaeliths y jasphil
lm pfch jl uif aijleiazfga÷i f kfvhr jl mf g÷iyucl jlefijfjf li mf suef jl jhs eam
iulvhs shmls.

AA.
AA. FI
FIZL
ZLGL
GLJL
JLIZ
IZL
LW?

6. Jlefijf
Eljafitl lsgrath prlslitfjh lm vlaitl jl ouiah jl jhs eam higl, hnrfitl f khofs iulvl,
[ågthr Olsÿs Ehitlrh Wffvljrf  aitlrpush jlefijf jl javhrgah phr mf gfusfm jl
slpfrfga÷i jl dlgdh f kai jl qul sl jlgmfrl jasulmth lm våigumh eftraehiafm qul mh uil
ghi su g÷iyucl jlefijfjf Fcustaif Ohslkaif Aigah Nfquljfih. Lm fgthr slöfm÷ qul
lm vlaitasáas jl ihvalenrl jl eam ihvlgaliths slslitf y slas ghitrfoh eftraehiah ghi mf
jlefijfjf fitl mf Euiagapfmajfj Jastratfm jl ^lqul, dfnalijh prhgrlfjh f sus jhs
daohs jl ihenrls Frmliy Efranlm y Lvlr Muas Ehitlrh Aigah, qualils fgtufmelitl
talili mf ljfj jl gufrlitf y guftrh y gufrlitf y jhs föhs, rlsplgtavfelitl. Whstuvh qul
 603

dfi trfisgurrajh trlaitf y gaigh föhs jlsjl qul sl slpfrfrhi, fmlofealith qul sl prhjuoh
jlnajh f mf aighepftanamajfj jl gfrfgtlrls, mh gufm dazh aephsanml mf vajf li gheÿi, phr 
mh qul, jl eutuh fgulrjh, jlgajalrhi slpfrfrsl. Li gufith f mhs fmaeliths, gusthjaf y
rácaeli jl vasatfs, lm rlgurrlitl fmlc÷ qul gfrlgl jl hnolth prhiuigafrsl shnrl ásths,
jlnajh f qul mhs daohs jl fenhs shi efyhrls jl ljfj. Li gufith f mhs nalils
 pftraehiafmls, rlkara÷ qul ih dfi fjquarajh nalils eulnmls ia aieulnmls, y tfephgh dfi
ghitrfåjh jlujf fmcuif.
>. Ghit
Ghitls
lstf
tfga
gahi
hils
ls f mf
mf jle
jlefi
fijf
jf
Wlcÿi lsgrath prlslitfjh lm praelrh jl oumah jl jhs eam higl, hnrfitl f khofs jalgahgdh,
mf Kasgfm Prhvaigafm jl Kfeamaf jl Gdagmfyh ghitlst÷ mf jlefijf slöfmfijh qul, li su
gfmajfj jl jlklishr jl mf shgaljfj, mf kfeamaf y lm eftraehiah, talil lm jlnlr jl shmagatfr 
mf prlslrvfga÷i jlm eftraehiah gavam phr ghistatuar mf gámumf næsagf jl mf shgaljfj,
saleprl qul sl jlslivulmvf li ui fenalitl jl gheprlisa÷i y guepmaealith jl sus
kails. Eljafitl lsgrath prlslitfjh lm vlaitasáas jl fchsth jl jhs eam higl, hnrfitl f
khofs vlaitahgdh, sunsfifjh f khofs trlaitf y iulvl, mf jlefijfjf Fcustaif Ohslkaif
Aigah Nfquljfih ghitlst÷ mf jlefijf, frcuelitfijh mh sacualitl? ih ls galrth qul mf
slpfrfga÷i jl dlgdh sl jlna÷ f uif aighepftanamajfj jl gfrfgtlrls, mh galrth ls qul lm
jlefijfitl,
dhcfr ghiyucfmjlspuás jl fguftrh
pfrf arsl föhssujl
vavar ghi dfglrpfrlof
fgtufm vajf Mfurf
li gheÿi,
Gdávlzjlgaja÷
Párlz, fnfijhifr lm
ghi quali df
tliajh ui daoh li lm föh eam ihvlgaliths sltlitf, lsth ls, ui föh jlspuás jl ifgajh lm
slcuijh daoh jl mf rlgurrlitl, phr mh qul lstl ls quali fnfijhi÷ f mf jlefijfjf
jloæijhmf li thtfm jlsfepfrh, phr mh qul tuvh qul ljugfr shmf f sus jhs elihrls daohs.

7. ^lghivliga÷i
Li lm easeh lsgrath jl ghitlstfga÷i, mf jlefijfjf rlghivaih prltlijalijh mh sacualitl?
f) lm pfch jl uif aijleiazfga÷i phr jföhs y plrouagahs li mf suef jl gaigh eam iulvhs
shmls2 y, n) mf fsacifga÷i jl uif plisa÷i fmaelitagaf dfstf phr lm ehith jl slasgaliths
iulvhs shmls elisufmls. Mf jlefijfjf shstuvh qul lm fgthr kul lm qul prhvhg÷ mf
slpfrfga÷i jl dlgdh  jlnajh f qul fnfijhi÷ lm dhcfr ghiyucfm f mhs phghs föhs jl
gfsfjhs pfrf arsl f vavar ghi Mfurf Gdávlz Párlz, ghi quali df tliajh ui daoh li lm föh
eam ihvlgaliths sltlitf. Zfenaái slöfm÷ qul fm dfnlr sajh fnfijhifjf ouith f sus jhs
daohs, tuvh qul jlsleplöfrsl gheh efjrl y pfjrl jl mhs elihrls, jlnalijh shmvlitfr 
mhs cfsths jl ásths puls lm fgthr sl ilc÷ f hthrcfrml uif plisa÷i fmaelitagaf, plsl f qul
tliåf nulihs aicrlshs yf qul sl jljagfnf f mf vlitf jl lmlgtrhjheástaghs, hntlialijh ui
aicrlsh jl trls eam quaialiths iulvhs shmls elisufmls. Zfenaái rlkara÷ qul f mf klgdf sl
ligulitrf li lstfjh jl ilglsajfj, puls ih gulitf ghi aicrlshs prhpahs, fjleæs jlnajh f
su ljfj jl slslitf y guftrh föhs y f su jlmagfjh lstfjh jl sfmuj ‗pfjlgl jl prlsa÷i
hgumfr‗ ls mlcfm qul fm jlgmfrfrsl lm javhrgah sl ml fsacil uif plisa÷i fmaelitagaf jl
slasgaliths iulvhs shmls elisufmls.

:. Fnsh
Fnshmumuga
ga÷i
÷i f mf rrlg
lghi
hivl
vlig
iga÷
a÷i
i
Eljafitl lsgrath prlslitfjh lm vlaitasáas jl hgtunrl jl jhs eam higl, hnrfitl f khofs
sltlitf y uih, [ågthr Olsÿs Ehitlrh Wffvljrf ghitlst÷ mf rlghivliga÷i, fmlcfijh mh
sacualitl? li gufith f mf plisa÷i jl fmaeliths, slöfm÷ qul ls uif plrshif jl ljfj
 604

fvfizfjf qul ih trfnfof y ih gulitf ghi rlgurshs lghi÷eaghs2 fsaeaseh, pfjlgl jl

liklreljfjls tfmls gheh daplrtlisa÷i frtlrafm, jasmapajleaf ghitrhmfjh, hnlsajfj y
eagrhmatafsas rlifm, pfjlgaealiths qul rlqualrli jl guajfjhs lsplgafmls y ghitrhmls
eájaghs ghistfitls, phr mh qul hrjlifrml lm pfch jl uif plisa÷i fmaelitagaf phijråf li
ralsch lm lstfjh jl sfmuj jlm rlghivliajh. Li gufith f mf aijleiazfga÷i, rlkara÷ qul mf
slpfrfga÷i jl dlgdh  kul phr fgulrjh eutuh l aigmush jurfitl lm taleph jl mf
slpfrfga÷i fenhs g÷iyucls khrefrhi
rlmfgahils lxtrfeftraehiafmls ghi Oufiiulvhs dhcfrls,
Wffvljrf Gruz, ypuls mf jlefijfjf
prhjugth jl jagdf efituvh
rlmfga÷i
 prhgrlfrhi f Gaitdaf Kahrlmmf Wffvljrf Aigah, ghikhrel mh fgrljatf ghi mf pfrtajf jl
ifgaealith qul fjouitf. Zfenaái fmlc÷ qul mf rlghivaialitl ih df mhcrfjh prhnfr lm
supulsth jföh lehgahifm h psaghm÷cagh sukrajh, fjleæs mf jlefijfjf iuigf shmagat÷
 plisa÷i jl fmaeliths, mh qul jleulstrf qul ih tuvh ilglsajfjls lghi÷eagfs jurfitl mf
slpfrfga÷i.

<. Puit
Puiths
hs gghi
hitr
trhv
hvlr
lrta
tajh
jhss
Wlcÿi rlshmuga÷i iÿelrh trls, hnrfitl f khofs galith trls, lm oulz kao÷ mhs puiths
ghitrhvlrtajhs sacualitls? ^lsplgth jl mf jlefijf?

;. Jlt
Jltlre
lreaif
aifrr jl
ui plrahjh sa lit
litrl
rl mhs
talephmhsefyhr
gg÷iyu
÷iyucls
cls lxastl
lxastl uif
fm prlvasth satufg
satufga÷i
li mf Mlya÷i jl slpfrfga÷i
jl
pfrf mf fpmagfga÷ijljldlgdh   phr 
mf gfusfm
aivhgfjf.

3. Jlt
Jltlre
lreaif
aifrr sa mhs g÷iyu
g÷iyucls
cls ghitr
ghitrfol
folrhi
rhi eftra
eftraehia
ehiahh gava
gavamm nfoh llmm ráca
rácaeli
eli
 pftraehiafm jl mf shgaljfj jl cfifigafmls y sa jurfitl mf vacligaf jlm eftraehiah
dfi fjquarajh nalils f kfvhr jl ástf qul jlnfi maquajfrsl jl jasphilrsl su
klilgaealith.

4. Jltlr
Jltlreaifr
eaifr sa llmm jlefijfitl
jlefijfitl,, phr rlshmuga÷i
rlshmuga÷i oujaga
oujagafm
fm h fgulrj
fgulrjhh jl mfs
mfs pf
pfrtls,
rtls, sl df
lighitrfjh hnmacfjh fm pfch jl plisa÷i fmaelitagaf f kfvhr jl mf g÷iyucl h jl sus
daohs elihrls kruth jlm eftraehiah, y sa lstfnf fm jåf li lm guepmaealith jl mf
 prlstfga÷i f su gfrch f mf klgdf jl aitlrphsaga÷i jl mf jlefijf. Whnrl mf
rlghivliga÷i?
6. Jltlr
Jltlreaifr
eaifr sa sa jl sfigahif
sfigahifrsl
rsl lm jjavhrga
avhrgah,
h, prhgl
prhgljl
jl qul li
li lstl gfsh sl
sl jltlreail
jltlreail
lm glsl jl mf hnmacfga÷i fmaelitfraf litrl mhs g÷iyucls, ls jlgar, sl jlnlræ jl
ghrrhnhrfr sa ih ghigurrli li lstl gfsh mhs supulsths jl lxglpga÷i prlvasths li
mhs frtågumhs 7:<-F y 7<0 jlm G÷jach Gavam.
>. Jltlr
Jltlreaifr
eaifr sa mh
mhss dlg
dlgdhs
dhs qul dfi prhvhgfjh
prhvhgfjh mf krustrfg
krustrfga÷i
a÷i jlm eftrae
eftraehiah
hiah dfi
dfi
gfusfjh plrouagah susglptanml jl aijleiazfga÷i rlsplgth f mf rlghivaialitl.

;. Wlit
Wlitliliga
gaff jl pr
prae
aelr
lrff ai
aist
stfi
figa
gaff
Lm Oulz jlm Wlcuijh Ouzcfjh jl Kfeamaf jl Gdagmfyh lxpaja÷ mf slitligaf jl klgdf
jalgasaltl jl efrzh jl jhs eam trlgl, hnrfitl f khofs galith jalgaiulvl, qul jlgmfr÷ mh
sacualitl? f) kuijfjf mf jlefijf jl javhrgah phr mf gfusfm jl slpfrfga÷i jl dlgdh, li
ghislguligaf, jasulmth lm våigumh eftraehiafm qul uiåf f mhs oustagafnmls ghikhrel fm
 601

fgtf jl eftraehiah glmlnrfjh lm vlaitasáas jl ihvalenrl jl eam ihvlgaliths slslitf y

slas li mf Euiagapfmajfj Jastratfm jl ^lqul, Prhvaigaf jl Gdagmfyh, Jlpfrtfelith jl
Mfenfylqul2 n) phr klilgajh lm rácaeli pftraehiafm jl shgaljfj jl cfifigafmls2 g)
aikuijfjf mf prltlisa÷i jl fmaeliths2 y, j) kao÷ mf aijleiazfga÷i phr jföh ehrfm y
 plrshifm li mf suef jl jhs
jh s eam iulvhs shmls f kfvhr jl mf g÷iyucl plroujagfjf. Whnr
Whnrll mf
 prltlisa÷i jl javhrgah phr mf gfusfm jl slpfrfga÷i jl dlgdh, lm oulz slöfm÷ qul sl df
gheprhnfjh lm lstfjh
qul fenfs pfrtls jl slpfrfga÷i
fglptfrhi li susjl rlsplgtavhs
dlgdh phr eæs jl trlaitf
lsgraths, eæsy fßi
gaigh saföhs,
sl satufga÷i
talil li
ghisajlrfga÷i mf prulnf jl qul lm jlefijfitl prhgrl÷ ghi uif tlrglrf plrshif ui daoh
lxtrfeftraehiafm, mh qul jleulstrf qul sl fmlo÷ jlm dhcfr ghiyucfm pfrf aiagafr uif
rlmfga÷i jl pfrlof ghi uif tlrglrf plrshif2 phr mh qul ghisajlr÷ qul jlnl lstaefrsl mf
jlefijf. Whnrl mf shgaljfj jl cfifigafmls, jltlreai÷ qul mfs pfrtls ih dfi fmlcfjh,
elihs fui dfi prhnfjh qul jurfitl mf vacligaf jlm eftraehiah dfi ghiglrtfjh lm
rácaeli pftraehiafm jl slpfrfga÷i jl pftraehiahs, phr mh qul sl litalijl qul sl trftf jl
uif shgaljfj jl cfifigafmls, mf qul, jl fgulrjh fm frtågumh 7>7 jlm G÷jach Gavam, pfrf
lklgths jl mf jastranuga÷i prhphrgahifm jl mfs cfifigafmls, sl rlqualrl mf rlfmazfga÷i jl
jhs prhgljaealiths? aivlitfrah y maquajfga÷i. ^lsplgth f mf plisa÷i jl fmaeliths, lm
ulz ghisajlr÷ qul ih sl ligulitrf prhnfjh qul lm jlefijfitl lstá li ghijagahils jl
 prhvllr mf fsastligaf rlqulrajf phr mf jlefijfjf, puls ih lstæ fgrljatfjh qul tlicf mf
ghijaga÷i jl prhpaltfrah jl fmcÿi ilchgah, fjleæs jl lmmh mf ljfj jl sltlitf föhs qul
talil lm fgthr, phr mh qul ih lstæ li ghijagahils jl fggljlr f ui pulsth jl trfnfoh li
gfmajfj jl jlplijalitl, salijh mh ghrrlgth qul mf ftliga÷i jl mfs ilglsajfjls jl mf
lepmfzfjf slf fsueajf phr sus daohs, li fpmagfga÷i jl mh jaspulsth li lm frtågumh :34 jlm
G÷jach Gavam2 fcrlc÷ f lmmh lm dlgdh jl qul mf sfmuj jlm jlefijfitl lstæ eæs
jltlrahrfjf qul mf jl mf lepmfzfjf, jlnajh f qul fqulm sukrl jl daplrtlisa÷i frtlrafm,
hnlsajfj, eagrhmatafsas rlifm y jasmapajleaf, slcÿi sl jlsprlijl jlm jhguelith jl khofs
slslitf y trls, ealitrfs qul mf jlefijfjf shmh sukrl jl prlsa÷i hgumfr. ^lsplgth f mf
aijleiazfga÷i jl jföhs y plrouagahs, slöfm÷ qul mf lepmfzfjf ls mf g÷iyucl eæs
 plroujagfjf puls lstæ fgrljatfjh qul lm fgthr mf fnfijhi÷ phghs föhs jlspuás jl gfsfrsl
jloæijhmf ghi sus jhs daohs elihrls jl ljfj, phr mh qul ls aijasgutanml qul mf
lepmfzfjf tuvh qul rlfmazfr efyhrls lskulrzhs pfrf mf prhtlgga÷i y guajfjh jl su
kfeamaf fm ih ghitfr ghi mf ghhplrfga÷i jl su g÷iyucl, fjleæs lstæ fgrljatfjf mf
aikajlmajfj jl fqulm gufijh lstfnf vaclitl mf gheuiajfj jl nalils, y sa nali ls galrth
qul mf jlefijfjf aiaga÷ uif rlmfga÷i lxtrfeftraehiafm, lstf sl mmlv÷ f gfnh jlspuás jl
eugdhs föhs jl prhjugajf mf slpfrfga÷i, lsth ls, li lm föh eam ihvlgaliths hgdlitf y
gaigh, gufijh yf lrf aivafnml gufmqualr phsanamajfj jl rlghigamafga÷i litrl mhs
ustagafnmls.

3. ^lgu
^lgurs
rshh j
jll fpl
fplmf
mfga
ga÷i
÷i
Eljafitl lsgrath jl khofs galith trlaitf y guftrh, mf jlefijfjf Fcustaif Ohslkaif Aigah
Nfquljfih aitlrpush rlgursh jl fplmfga÷i, frcuelitfijh mh sacualitl? Li gufith f mf
 plisa÷i jl fmaeliths, slöfm÷ qul mf prltlisa÷i jl fmaeliths sl ligulitrf fepfrfjf
mlcfmelitl li mh jaspulsth li lm frtågumh 7<0 jlm G÷jach Gavam, ihref qul rlcumf
lxglpgahifmelitl mf sunsastligaf
qul gfrlgalrf jl nalils jl cfifigafmls
prhpahs h jl mf hnmacfga÷isukagalitls2
fmaelitfraflstuvalrf
pfrf lm g÷iyucl aihglitl
aephsanamatfjh jl
mfnhrfr y ih puljf sustlitfr sus ilglsajfjls phr htrh eljah, l aigmush pfrf lm g÷iyucl
 660

li lstfjh jl aijacligaf. Whstuvh qul lstæ fgrljatfjh kldfgalitlelitl lm lstfjh jl

ilglsajfj eljafitl mhs eljahs prhnfthrahs fphrtfjhs, yf qul sl df fgrljatfjh mf ljfj
jl slslitf y gaigh föhs qul talil, mf prlsa÷i hgumfr qul pfjlgl y qul aepmagf lm ush jl
eljagfeliths jl phr vajf, thjh mh gufm ml aepajl trfnfofr, fjleæs qul ih gulitf ghi
aicrlsh prhpah2 phr tfith, ghisajlr÷ qul ih sl dfi jlsvartufjh mhs prlsupulsths qul
lstfnmlgl lm prlgatfjh frtågumh 7<0. Li gufith fm ehith aijleiazfthrah, efiaklst÷ qul mf
Wfmf Wuplrahr
eftraehiah kul ih df tliajh
hracaifjh phr lmlijlefijfitl
ghisajlrfga÷i qulf mf
jlnajh gfusf
su aika jl mfmfkrustrfga÷i
jlmajfj, gufm hgurra÷jlmf
mhs phghs föhs jl rlgaái gfsfjhs, ls jlgar, lm jföh plrshifm ‗prhylgth jl vajf‗ df sajh
gfusfjh phr fqulm, thjh mh gufm sl ligulitrf prhnfjh ghi mf rlsplgtavf pfrtajf jl
ifgaealith jlm daoh, prhjugth jl mf rlmfga÷i fjÿmtlrf jlm jlefijfitl2 eæs fÿi sa sl
talil li gulitf qul ástl ofeæs fguja÷ ghi uif plisa÷i jl fmaeliths, phr mh qul shmagatf
lm aigrlelith jlm ehith hthrcfjh phr aijleiazfga÷i.

4. Wlitligaf jl jl va
vastf
Mf Praelrf Wfmf Lsplgafmazfjf Gavam jl mf Ghrtl Wuplrahr jl Oustagaf jl Mfenfylqul
lxpaja÷ mf slitligaf jl vastf jl klgdf vlaitaiulvl jl fchsth jl jhs eam trlgl, hnrfitl f
khofs galith gaigulitf y iulvl, qul jlgmfr÷ mh sacualitl? f) fprhn÷ mf slitligaf jl
 praelr crfjhjl
slpfrfga÷i li lmdlgdh
lxtrleh qul jlgmfr÷
y phr klilgajhkuijfjf mf jlefijf
lm rácaeli jl javhrgah
pftraehiafm jl mfphrshgaljfj
mf gfusfm jl
jl
cfifigafmls2 y n) ghikare÷ jagdf slitligaf li mhs lxtrlehs qul jlgmfr÷ aikuijfjf mf
fsacifga÷i jl fmaeliths y jaspush lm pfch jl uif aijleiazfga÷i li mf suef jl jhs eam
iulvhs shmls f kfvhr jl mf jlefijfjf. Mf Wfmf Wuplrahr shstuvh, li gufith fm lxtrleh
jl mf slitligaf aepucifjf, qul lm fgthr df aitlrvliajh li lm prhglsh, ghitfijh ghi lm
 nlilkagah jl fuxamah oujagafm, mh gufm aepmagf qul su satufga÷i lghi÷eagf ls
saciakagftavfelitl nfof2 phr mh qul jasphilr qul tfm pfrtl prhglsfm fgujf ghi uif
 plisa÷i fmaelitagaf f kfvhr jl mf jlefijfjf slråf quatfr f lstl lm lmlelith næsagh pfrf
su prhpaf sunsastligaf. Lstl easeh pfrlglr, slcÿi mf Wfmf, tfenaái ls fpmagfnml pfrf mf
 phsanamajfj jl aigrlelitfr lm ehith jl jföhs pfrf mf jlefijfjf.

AAA.. ^LG
AAA ^LG\^W
\^WH
H JL GFWFGA
GFWFGA×I
×I
Eljafitl lsgrath jlm jalgasaltl jl sltalenrl jl jhs eam trlgl, hnrfitl f khofs galith
slslitf y guftrh, mf jlefijfjf Fcustaif Ohslkaif Aigah Nfquljfih aitlrpush rlgursh jl
gfsfga÷i, jliuigafijh mfs sacualitls aikrfggahils?
f) Aikrfg
Aikrfgga÷i
ga÷i ihrefta
ihreftavf
vf jlm
jlm frt
frtågumh
ågumh A jlm Zåtumh Prlmaeaifr
Prlmaeaifr jlm G
G÷jach
÷jach P
Prhglsf
rhglsfmm Gavam?
Gavam?
mf aepucifitl fmlc÷ qul gufmqualr plrshif jlnl slr prhtlcajf y fepfrfjf li lm
lolrgagah pfgåkagh jl sus prltlisahils fitl mhs lstfeliths ourasjaggahifmls, ghi mf
kaifmajfj jl qul lstfs slfi sftasklgdfs f trfvás jl ui prhglsh rlcumfr, li lm qul ghi
frrlcmh f mly thjfs mfs plrshifs tatumfrls jl jlrlgdh l aitlrlsls fklgtfjhs phr lsfs
 prltlisahils puljfi fmlcfr y prhnfr mh plrtailitl f mf jlklisf jl sus rlsplgtavfs
 phsagahils.
 n) Aikrfgga÷i ihreftavf jl mhs frtågumhs 7:<-F, slcuijh pærrfkh, y 7<0 jlm G÷jach
Gavam? mf rlgurrlitl shstuvh qul su prltlisa÷i df ghisastajh li qul sl ml fsacil uif
 666

 plisa÷i jl fmaeliths ih elihr f mf suef jl slasgaliths iulvhs shmls, fepfrfjf

mlcfmelitl li lm frtågumh 7<0 jlm G÷jach Gavam, ihref qul rlcumf lxglpgahifmelitl
mf sunsastligaf jl mf hnmacfga÷i fmaelitfraf pfrf lm g÷iyucl aihglitl qul gfrlgalrf
jl nalils prhpahs h jl cfifigafmls sukagalitls2 lstuvalrf aephsanamatfjh jl mfnhrfr y
ih puljf sustlitfr sus ilglsajfjls phr htrh eljah2 l, aigmush pfrf lm g÷iyucl li
lstfjh jl aijacligaf. Zfenaái slöfm÷ qul lstæ fgrljatfjh kldfgalitlelitl lm lstfjh
jl ilglsajfj, eljafitl mhs eljahs prhnfthrahs fphrtfjhs li su lsgrath jl
fnshmuga÷i jl trfsmfjh2 sai lenfrch, mf Wfmf Wuplrahr ih mh df tliajh li gulitf y
eæs nali vfmhrf mf satufga÷i jlm jlefijfitl, quali df shmagatfjh fuxamah oujagafm,
sai tlilr li gulitf qul mf rlgurrlitl tfenaái talil fuxamah oujagafm. Li gufith fm
aigrlelith jl mf aijleiazfga÷i, slöfm÷ qul mf Wfmf Wuplrahr ih df tliajh li
ghisajlrfga÷i qul mf gfusf jl mf krustrfga÷i jlm eftraehiah kul mf aikajlmajfj jlm
jlefijfitl, ls jlgar, lm jföh plrshifm ‗prhylgth jl vajf- df sajh gfusfjh phr 
fqulm, thjh mh gufm sl ligulitrf prhnfjh ghi mf rlsplgtavf pfrtajf jl ifgaealith jlm
daoh lxtrfeftraehiafm jlm jlefijfitl2 phr mh tfith, mf Wfmf ih df lklgtufjh uif
ghrrlgtf aitlrprltfga÷i jlm frtågumh 7:<-F jlm G÷jach Gavam yf qul ih df tliajh li
gulitf lm crfi jföh qul sl ml df gfusfjh, plsl f lmmh shmh ml hthrcf mf suef jl jhs
eam iulvhs shmls. Lstl Wuprleh Zranuifm, eljafitl rlshmuga÷i jl klgdf slas jl
ihvalenrl jl jhs eam jhgl, hnrfitl f khofs vlaitagaigh jlm gufjlrih rlsplgtavh,
jlgmfr÷ mf prhgljligaf jlm rlklrajh rlgursh phr mfs aikrfggahils ihreftavfs fitls
fihtfjfs, fjleæs jlgmfr÷ mf prhgljligaf lxglpgahifm phr aikrfgga÷i ihreftavf jlm
frtågumh 671, aigashs 7 y <, jl mf Ghistatuga÷i Phmåtagf jlm Plrÿ.

A[. G\LW
G\LWZA×I
ZA×I O\^ÅJAGF
O\^ÅJAGF LI JLNFZ
JLNFZL?
L?
Mf gulsta÷i ouråjagf li jlnftl ghisastl li jltlreaifr sa mf jlgasa÷i aepucifjf sl leata÷
li guepmaealith jl mf cfrfitåf qul hthrcf lm jlrlgdh ghistatugahifm f mf jlnajf
ehtavfga÷i jl mfs rlshmugahils oujagafmls y, sa lsth ls fså, sl jlnlræ lstfnmlglr sa
ghrrlsphijl fsacifr uif plisa÷i fmaelitagaf f kfvhr jl mf g÷iyucl jlefijfjf y fjleæs
sa jlnl lmlvfrsl lm ehith aijleiazfthrah kaofjh
k aofjh phr mhs oulgls jl eárath.
[. K\I
K\IJFE
JFELIZLIZHWHW JL LWZF
LWZF WFMF
WFMF W\P^LE
W\P^LEF? F?
Praelrh.- Ls ghivlialitl slöfmfr qul lstl Wuprleh Zranuifm df jlgmfrfjh prhgljlitl
lm rlgursh jl gfsfga÷i phr aikrfggahils ihreftavfs tfith jl hrjli prhglsfm y eftlrafm,
 phr mh qul, li praelr mucfr, jlnlræ fifmazfrsl mf aikrfgga÷i prhglsfm jlnajh f mf
ifturfmlzf y mhs lklgths jl ástf puls sa elrlgalrf fepfrh gfrlglråf jl hnolth
 prhiuigafrsl rlsplgth jl mf aikrfgga÷i qul talil rlmfga÷i ghi lm jlrlgdh eftlrafm.
Wlcuijh.- Zfenaái ls plrtailitl prlgasfr qul mf prhgljligaf lxglpgahifm jlm rlgursh jl
gfsfga÷i sl oustakagf li mf ilglsajfj jl dfglr lklgtavh lm ghitrhm jl mlcfmajfj li lm gfsh
ghigrlth f trfvás jl mf ghrrlgtf fpmagfga÷i jlm jlrlgdh fm jlnajh prhglsh ghisfcrfjh f
iavlm ghistatugahifm li lm frtågumh 671 aigash 7 jl mf Ghistatuga÷i Phmåtagf jlm Lstfjh,
jlrlgdh qul, f jlgar jl Mfijf Frrhyh, ghistatuyl? ”ui jlrlgdh duefih fnalrth jl
ifturfmlzf prhglsfm y fmgfigls clilrfmls qul nusgf rlshmvlr jl khref oustf mfs
 66>

ghitrhvlrsafs qul sl prlslitfi fitl mfs futhrajfjls oujagafmls. Wl ghisajlrf ui jlrlgdh

”ghitailitl― puls gheprlijl uif slral jl cfrfitåfs khrefmls y eftlrafmls. Gheh tfm,
gfrlgl jl ui æenath ghistatugahifmelitl prhtlcajh jl efilrf fut÷ihef, jl ehjh qul
su mlsa÷i sl prhjugl gufijh sl fklgtf gufmqualrf jl mhs jlrlgdhs qul ghisfcrf, y ih uih
jl efilrf lsplgåkagf―.
Zlrglrh.- Li tfm vartuj, sl puljl litlijlr qul lm jlrlgdh fm jlnajh prhglsh gheprlijl
ui ghiouith jl jlrlgdhs, praigapahs y cfrfitåfs, litrl lmmhs, lm jlrlgdh f mf jlnajf
ehtavfga÷i jl mfs rlshmugahils oujagafmls, tfenaái rlghihgajh ghistatugahifmelitl li lm
frtågumh 671 aigash < jl mf Ghistatuga÷i Phmåtagf. Mf jlnajf ehtavfga÷i aephrtf qul mhs
ulgls, fm rlshmvlr mfs gfusfs, lxprlsli mfs rfzhils h oustakagfgahils hnoltavfs qul mhs
mmlvfi f thefr uif jltlreaifjf jlgasa÷i, puls shmh ghihgalijh jl efilrf gmfrf mfs
rfzhils qul oustakagfi jagdf jlgasa÷i, mhs oustagafnmls phjræi lolrglr mhs fgths ilglsfrahs
 pfrf jlklijlr su prltlisa÷i. Lstl jlrlgdh ih cfrfitazf uif jltlreaifjf lxtlisa÷i jl mf
ehtavfga÷i, saih qul lxastf sukagalitl sustlith kægtagh y ouråjagh li mf jlgasa÷i y qul,
fjleæs, dfyf rlmfga÷i litrl mh pljajh y mh rlsulmth, thjf vlz qul lm rfzhifealith qul
utamagl lm ouzcfjhr jlnl rlsphijlr f mfs fmlcfgahils jl mfs pfrtls jlm prhglsh y, sa lmmh
ih ls fså, lithigls lstfehs fitl jhs satufgahils qul vulmvli aighicrulitls mf rlmfga÷i,
lsth ls, gufijh lm oulz fmtlrf h lxgljl mfs pltagahils pmfitlfjfs (aighicruligaf fgtavf),
 gufijh ih ghitlstf jagdfs prltlisahils (aighicruligaf heasavf).
Gufrth.- Li tfm slitajh, lm fiæmasas pfrf jltlreaifr sa li lstl gfsh sl df aikraicajh h ih
lm jlrlgdh fm jlnajh prhglsh y mf jlnajf ehtavfga÷i jl mfs rlshmugahils oujagafmls jlnl
rlfmazfrsl f pfrtar jl mhs prhpahs kuijfeliths lxpulsths li mf rlshmuga÷i aepucifjf li
gfsfga÷i, f lklgths jl ghistftfr sa ástf ls lm rlsumtfjh jl ui ouagah rfgahifm y fjleæs sa
sl df rlspltfjh lm praigapah jl ghicruligaf, lmlelith aitlcrfitl jlm jlrlgdh f mf jlnajf
ehtavfga÷i.
Vuaith.-  Fdhrf nali, lxfeaifjf mf slitligaf jl vastf aepucifjf, sl fjvalrtl qul mf
Wfmf Wuplrahr lxprlsf mfs rfzhils eåiaefs qul sustlitfi su jlgasa÷i, puls df guepmajh
ghi leatar uif jlgasa÷i ghicrulitl ghi mfs prltlisahils hphrtuifelitl fplmfjfs phr mf
jlefijfjf2 fsaeaseh, df guepmajh ghi lscraear mhs frcueliths ilglsfrahs qul ml dfi
 plreatajh fprhnfr mf slitligaf ghisumtfjf, y sa nali ls galrth mhs kuijfeliths lxpulsths
ih rlkmlofi uif jlsfrrhmmh lxtlish phr pfrtl jlm ×rcfih Wuplrahr, tfenaái mh ls qul lm
jlrlgdh ghistatugahifm jl mf jlnajf ehtavfga÷i jl mfs rlshmugahils oujagafmls ih
cfrfitazf uif jltlreaifjf lxtlisa÷i jl mf ehtavfga÷i, phr mh qul su ghitliajh lsligafm
sl rlspltf saleprl qul lxastf kuijfelitfga÷i ouråjagf ghicrulitl litrl mh pljajh y mh
rlsulmth, y qul, phr så easef, lxprlsl uif sukagalitl oustakagfga÷i jl mf jlgasa÷i
fjhptfjf, fui sa ástf ls nrlvl h ghigasf, mh qul sl df guepmajh li lm gfsh jl fuths,
ghisajlrfgahils phr mfs gufmls lstl lxtrleh jlm rlgursh jl gfsfga÷i jlnl slr jlgmfrfjh
aikuijfjh.
Wlxth.-  Whnrl mf aikrfgga÷i ihreftavf jlm frtågumh A jlm Zåtumh Prlmaeaifr jlm G÷jach
Prhglsfm Gavam jlnl slöfmfrsl qul jagdf ihref lstfnmlgl qul? ”Zhjf plrshif talil
jlrlgdh f mf tutlmf ourasjaggahifm lklgtavf pfrf lm lolrgagah h jlklisf jl sus jlrlgdhs h

aitlrlsls, ghi suolga÷i

ghi mh prlvasth f ui jlnajh
li lm frtågumh prhglsh―.
671, aigash Lstl
7, jl jasphsatavh talil
mf Ghistatuga÷i lstrlgdf
Phmåtagf vaigumfga÷i
jlm Lstfjh qul,
gheh sl df slöfmfjh, talil phr kuiga÷i vlmfr phr lm rlsplth arrlstragth jl mhs jlrlgdhs
 667

kuijfelitfmls y mfs cfrfitåfs ghistatugahifmls qul mh aitlcrfi, hthrcfijh f thjf plrshif

mf phsanamajfj jl rlgurrar f mf oustagaf pfrf hntlilr mf tutlmf ourasjaggahifm jl sus
jlrlgdhs, f trfvás jl ui prhgljaealith rlcumfr li lm qul sl ml hthrcul hphrtuiajfj
rfzhifnml y sukagalitl jl slr håjh, lolrglr lm jlrlgdh jl jlklisf2 jl prhjugar prulnf y
hntlilr uif slitligaf jlnajfelitl ehtavfjf.
Wátaeh.- Fm rlsplgth lstl Wuprleh Zranuifm rlpfrf qul li lm gfsh li jasgusa÷i ih sl df
jlehstrfjh mf vumilrfga÷i jlm jlrlgdh jl mf jlefijfjf f mf tutlmf ourasjaggahifm
lklgtavf, thjf vlz qul jurfitl lm jlsfrrhmmh jlm prhglsh mf rlgurrlitl df lolrgajh thjhs
mhs jlrlgdhs qul mf mly prhglsfm
prh glsfm ml hthrcf, litrl lmmhs, f ghitlstfr mf jlefijf, f khreumfr 
rlghivliga÷i, l aigmush aitlrpush rlgursh jl fplmfga÷i ghitrf mf slitligaf jl praelr 
crfjh2 phr tfm ehtavh mf jliuigaf fså pmfitlfjf tfenaái rlsumtf aikuijfjf.
Hgtfvh.-  Whnrl mf aikrfgga÷i ihreftavf jlm frtågumh 7:<-F jlm G÷jach Gavam, mf
aepucifitl slöfmf qul mf Wfmf Wuplrahr ih df tliajh li ghisajlrfga÷i qul mf gfusf jl mf
krustrfga÷i jl su eftraehiah kul mf aikajlmajfj jlm jlefijfitl, ls jlgar, lm jföh
 plrshifm ‗prhylgth jl vajf‗ df sajh gfusfjh phr fqulm, thjh mh gufm sl ligulitrf
 prhnfjh ghi mf rlsplgtavf pfrtajf jl ifgaealith jlm daoh lxtrfeftraehiafm jlm fgthr2 phr 
mh qul ghisajlrf qul mf Wfmf ih df lklgtufjh uif ghrrlgtf aitlrprltfga÷i jlm frtågumh
7:<-F jlm G÷jach Gavam, puls ih df tliajh li gulitf lm crfi jföh qul sl ml df gfusfjh,
 plsl f lmmh shmh sl ml hthrcf mf suef jl jhs eam iulvhs shmls.
Ihvlih.-  Prlvah fm fiæmasas jl mf fmujajf aikrfgga÷i ihreftavf, ls plrtailitl trflr f
ghmfga÷i qul eljafitl mf Mly I¿ >3:1<, punmagfjf li lm jafrah hkagafm  Lm Plrufih
Plrufih   lm
saltl jl oumah jl jhs eam uih, lm G÷jach Gavam df ghislisufjh mf vacligaf jl jhs
sastlefs jlitrh jl mf aistatuga÷i jlm javhrgah? uih sunoltavh h jl gumpf jlm g÷iyucl, y
htrh hnoltavh, nfsfjh li mf rupturf jl mf vajf eftraehiafm. Fså, mf prlgatfjf Mly
aitrhjuoh lxprlsfelitl mf gfusfm jl slpfrfga÷i jl dlgdh gheh gfusfm jl slpfrfga÷i jl
gulrphs y jl sunslgulitl javhrgah, prlgasfijh gheh rlquasaths pfrf su ghikacurfga÷i mf
slpfrfga÷i aiaitlrruepajf jl mhs g÷iyucls phr ui plrahjh jl jhs föhs sa ih dunalrfi
daohs elihrls jl ljfj, y jl guftrh föhs sa mhs dunalrf, pujalijh gufmqualrf jl mfs pfrtls
kuijfr su jlefijf li dlgdh prhpah, sai qul sl ghisajlrfsl slpfrfga÷i jl dlgdh f
fqulmmf qul sl prhjuzgf phr rfzhils mfnhrfmls. Mf Mly I¿ >3:1< aighrphr÷ ui frtågumh
lsplgåkagh li lm G÷jach Gavam, lsth ls, lm frtågumh 7:<-F, ghi lm kai jl rlcumfr lm
rlquasath lsplgafm jl prhgljligaf li mfs jlefijfs jl javhrgah phr mf gfusfm jl
slpfrfga÷i jl dlgdh, gheh fqulm qul lxacl fm jlefijfitl qul sl ligulitrl fm jåf li lm
 pfch jl sus hnmacfgahils fmaelitfrafs u htrfs qul dfyfi sajh pfgtfjfs phr
p hr mhs g÷iyucls
jl eutuh fgulrjh. Lstl easeh frtågumh rlcumf tfenaái mf phsanamajfj jl kaofr uif
aijleiazfga÷i h rlpfrfga÷i lghi÷eagf f kfvhr jlm g÷iyucl qul rlsumtl plroujagfjh phr 
mf slpfrfga÷i jl dlgdh, fså gheh mf jl sus daohs, pujalijh hptfrsl phr mf fjoujagfga÷i
 prlklrlitl jl mhs nalils jl mf shgaljfj ghiyucfm, aijlplijalitlelitl jl mf plisa÷i jl
fmaeliths qul ml pujalrf ghrrlsphijlr. Zfenaái ls plrtailitl fihtfr qul sa nali lstf
ihref sl ligulitrf prlvastf li lm G÷jach Gavam, sai lenfrch ls jl gfrægtlr prhglsfm,
 puls rlcumf mhs rlquasaths jl prhgljanamajfj jl mf jlefijf, fså gheh mf hnmacfga÷i jlm
ulz jl vlmfr phr mf lstfnamajfj lghi÷eagf jlm g÷iyucl eæs plroujagfjh ghi mf
slpfrfga÷i jl dlgdh, fså gheh mf jl sus daohs.
 66:

Jágaeh.-  Lm aighrphrfjh frtågumh 7:<-F jlm G÷jach Gavam slöfmf tlxtufmelitl mh

sacualitl?
”Pfrf aivhgfr lm supulsth jlm aigash 6> jlm frtågumh 777 lm jlefijfitl jlnlræ
fgrljatfr qul sl ligulitrf fm jåf li lm pfch jl sus hnmacfgahils fmaelitfrafs u htrfs
qul dfyfi sajh pfgtfjfs phr mhs g÷iyucls jl eutuh fgulrjh. Lm oulz vlmfræ phr mf

lstfnamajfj lghi÷eagf
dlgdh, fså gheh mf jl jlm
susg÷iyucl qul rlsumtl
daohs. Jlnlræ plroujagfjh
slöfmfr phr mf slpfrfga÷i
uif aijleiazfga÷i jl
phr jföhs,
aigmuylijh lm jföh plrshifm u hrjlifr mf fjoujagfga÷i prlklrlitl jl nalils jl mf
shgaljfj ghiyucfm, aijlplijalitlelitl jl mf plisa÷i jl fmaeliths qul ml pujalrf
ghrrlsphijlr. Whi fpmagfnmls f kfvhr jlm g÷iyucl qul rlsumtl eæs plroujagfjh phr 
mf slpfrfga÷i jl dlgdh, mfs jasphsagahils ghitliajfs li mhs frtågumhs 7>7, 7>:, 7:>,
7:7, 7<6 y 7<>, li gufith slfi plrtailitls―.
\ijágaeh.‗   Fm rlsplgth jlnl slöfmfrsl qul li iulstrh sastlef ihreftavh, mf
aijleiazfga÷i rlcumfjf li lm prlgatfjh frtågumh 7:<-F talil lm gfrægtlr jl uif
hnmacfga÷i mlcfm, mf easef qul puljl slr guepmajf jl uif shmf vlz li gufmqualrf jl mfs
jhs khrefs sacualitls? f) lm pfch jl uif suef jl jailrh, h, n) mf fjoujagfga÷i prlklrlitl
jl nalils jl mf shgaljfj ghiyucfm. Wl trftf jl shmugahils jl gfrægtlr fmtlriftavh plrh f
mf vlz ghi lm gfrægtlr jl lxgmuylitls y jlkaiatavfs. Fdhrf nali, li gufith f mf ifturfmlzf
uråjagf jl lstf aijleiazfga÷i, jlnl fihtfrsl qul ih talil uif ifturfmlzf rlsfrgathraf y,
 phr tfith, ih ls ui gfsh jl rlsphisfnamajfj gavam ghitrfgtufm h lxtrfghitrfgtufm, saih qul
sl trftf jl uif hnmacfga÷i mlcfm nfsfjf li mf shmajfrajfj kfeamafr. Whnrl lstl tlef, ls
 plrtailitl trflr f ghmfga÷i mh lstfnmlgajh phr mfs Wfmfs Gavamls jl mf Ghrtl Wuprlef jl
Oustagaf jl mf ^lpÿnmagf, li mf slitligaf jl klgdf jalgahgdh jl efrzh jl jhs eam higl,
 punmagfjf li lm jafrah hkagafm  Lm Plrufih,
hkagafm Lm Plrufih , jliheaifjf Zlrglr Pmlih Gfsfthrah. Fså sl
fprlgaf li lm kuijfelith ouråjagh I¿ ;6 jlm eligahifjh Pmlih mh sacualitl?
”(…) pfrf qul prhgljf mf aijleiazfga÷i (ouagah jl prhgljanamajfj) phr mhs jföhs
 prhjugajhs gheh ghislguligaf ‗ilxh gfusfm‗ jlm dlgdh hnoltavh jl mf slpfrfga÷i
jl dlgdh h jlm javhrgah li så, lm oulz jlnl vlrakagfr mf rlmfga÷i jl gfusfmajfj, sai
qul jlnf lxacar mf ghigurrligaf jlm kfgthr jl ftranuga÷i, puls sl trftf jlm javhrgah
rleljah. Phr tfith, fqulmmf rlmfga÷i jl gfusfmajfj jlnl slr vlrakagfjf phr lm oulz li
lm prhglsh, pfrf lstaefr prhgljlitl mf aijleiazfga÷i h mf fjoujagfga÷i prlvastf phr 
mf ihref ouråjagf nfoh fiæmasas. Wa sl fmlcfrf h prltlijalrf uif aijleiazfga÷i jl
jföhs, qul ih talil iaicuif rlmfga÷i jl gfusfmajfj ghi lm dlgdh hnoltavh jl mf
slpfrfga÷i jlm javhrgah li så, lm oulz jlnl lstaefr aeprhgljlitl tfm lxacligaf
aijleiazfthraf. Ih hnstfitl, ls ilglsfrah puitufmazfr qul clilrfmelitl, sfmvh
satufgahils lxglpgahifmls, ghi mf rupturf jl dlgdh sl prhjugl pfrf fenhs g÷iyucls
 plrouagahs jl javlrsf ifturfmlzf,
i fturfmlzf, plrh uih jl mhs ghishrtls rlsumtf eæs plroujagfjh
qul lm htrh. Li lm ghitlxth jlm ouagah jl prhgljanamajfj lm oulz vlrakagfræ sa lxastl li
lm prhglsh li ghigrlth ui g÷iyucl eæs plroujagfjh, fm gufm sl rlkalrl lm frtågumh
7:<-F jlm G÷jach Gavam―.
Juhjágaeh.- Fdhrf nali, lxfeaifjf mf slitligaf jl vastf aepucifjf sl fprlgaf qul mhs
ulgls jl eárath dfi lstaefjh mf prltlisa÷i jl pfch jl aijleiazfga÷i f kfvhr jl mf
 66<

rlgurrlitl li mf suef jl jhs eam iulvhs shmls, puls li vartuj f mf vfmhrfga÷i ghiouitf y
rfzhifjf jl mfs prulnfs, dfi phjajh lstfnmlglr qul li lstl gfsh lm g÷iyucl eæs
 plroujagfjh ghi lm javhrgah ls mf jlefijfjf, li tfith mf rupturf jlm våigumh ghiyucfm
kul prhjugth jlm fnfijhih phr pfrtl jl su lsphsh lm jlefijfitl f mhs phghs föhs jl
glmlnrfjh lm eftraehiah, quljfijh shmf mf jlefijfjf fm guajfjh jl sus jhs daohs
elihrls jl ljfj, satufga÷i qul lvajlitlelitl jlefij÷ efyhrls lskulrzhs f mf
rlgurrlitl2 fuifjh
fgthr, tfm gheh sl flvajligaf
lmmh lm dlgdh
jl mfjlpfrtajf
qul jagdf slpfrfga÷i sl
jl ifgaealith jlna÷ ff khofs
hnrfitl mf aikajlmajfj jlm
vlaitagaigh2
fsaeaseh, tfenaái sl tuvh li gulitf qul mf lepmfzfjf eugdhs föhs jlspuás jl mf
slpfrfga÷i aiaga÷ uif iulvf rlmfga÷i slitaelitfm, mmlcfijh aigmush f prhgrlfr uif daof2
 phr tfm rfz÷i, lm ehith jl mf aijleiazfga÷i ls kaofjh prujligafmelitl
pruj ligafmelitl li mf suef jl jhs
eam iulvhs shmls, ih ghistatuylijh phr tfith uif aikrfgga÷i ihreftavf jlm frtågumh 7:<-
F jlm G÷jach Gavam, gheh lrr÷ilfelitl slöfmf mf rlgurrlitl, puls mhs ouzcfjhrls jl
eárath dfi guepmajh ghi mf hnmacfga÷i mlcfm jl kaofr uif aijleiazfga÷i f kfvhr jlm
g÷iyucl eæs plroujagfjh, ghikhrel fså hrjlif lm prlgatfjh frtågumh 7:<-F y ftlijalijh
f mfs garguistfigafs jlm gfsh ghigrlth2 phr ghisacualitl, lstl lxtrleh jlm rlgursh
tfenaái jlnl slr jlslstaefjh.
Jágaeh tlrglrh.- Li gufith f mf aikrfgga÷i ihreftavf jl hrjli eftlrafm jlm frtågumh 7<0
jlm G÷jach
li qul sl mlGavam,
fsacilmfuif
rlgurrlitl
plisa÷isustlitf jagdf ih
jl fmaeliths gfusfm li fqul
elihr su prltlisa÷i
mf suef df ghisastajh
jl slasgaliths iulvhs
shmls, pljajh qul ghisajlrf lstæ fepfrfjh li lm prlgatfjh frtågumh 7<0, ihref qul li
lklgth rlcumf lxglpgahifmelitl mf sunsastligaf jl mf hnmacfga÷i fmaelitfraf pfrf lm
g÷iyucl aihglitl qul gfrlgalrf jl nalils prhpahs h jl cfifigafmls sukagalitls2 lstuvalrf
aephsanamatfjh jl mfnhrfr y ih puljf sustlitfr sus ilglsajfjls phr htrh eljah2 l,
aigmush pfrf lm g÷iyucl li lstfjh jl aijacligaf. Wlcuajfelitl, mf aepucifitl slöfmf
qul df fgrljatfjh kldfgalitlelitl su lstfjh jl ilglsajfj f trfvás jl mhs eljahs
 prhnfthrahs qul df prlslitfjh li su lsgrath jl fnshmuga÷i jl trfsmfjh f mf jlefijf2 sai
lenfrch, mf Wfmf Wuplrahr ih mhs df tliajh li ghisajlrfga÷i y eæs nali vfmhrf mf
satufga÷i jlm jlefijfitl, quali df shmagatfjh fuxamah oujagafm, sai tlilr li gulitf qul
lmmf tfenaái talil fuxamah oujagafm.

Jágaeh gufrth.- Lm frtågumh 7<0 jlm G÷jach Gavam lstfnmlgl tlxtufmelitl mh sacualitl?
”Phr lm javhrgah glsf mf hnmacfga÷i fmaelitagaf litrl efrajh y euolr. Wa sl jlgmfrf
lm javhrgah phr gumpf jl uih jl mhs g÷iyucls y lm htrh gfrlgalrl jl nalils prhpahs h
jl cfifigafmls sukagalitls h lstuvalrl aephsanamatfjh jl trfnfofr h jl sunvliar f sus
ilglsajfjls phr htrh eljah, lm oulz ml fsacifræ uif plisa÷i fmaelitagaf ih efyhr jl
mf tlrglrf pfrtl jl mf rlitf jl fquám. Lm lxg÷iyucl puljl, phr gfusfs crfvls, pljar mf
gfpatfmazfga÷i jl mf plisa÷i fmaelitagaf y mf litrlcf jlm gfpatfm ghrrlsphijalitl. Lm
aijaclitl jlnl slr shghrrajh phr su lx-g÷iyucl fuiqul dunalsl jfjh ehtavhs pfrf
lm javhrgah. Mfs hnmacfgahils f qul sl rlkalrl lstl frtågumh glsfi futheætagfelitl sa
lm fmaelitastf ghitrfl iulvfs iupgafs. Gufijh jlsfpfrlgl lm lstfjh jl ilglsajfj, lm
hnmacfjh puljl jlefijfr mf lxhilrfga÷i y, li su gfsh, lm rllenhmsh―.
Jágaeh quaith.-  Mf rlcmf clilrfm qul sl jlsprlijl jlm prlgatfjh frtågumh ls qul lm
javhrgah phil kai f mf rlmfga÷i fmaelitfraf lxastlitl litrl mhs g÷iyucls, sai lenfrch, lm
 66;

 praelr pærrfkh jl jagdf ihref ih puljl fpmagfrsl f mhs supulsths jlm

j lm javhrgah rleljah,
saih fm javhrgah sfiga÷i, lmmh li fpmagfga÷i jl mh jaspulsth li lm frtågumh 7:<-F,
slcuijh pærrfkh, jlm G÷jach Gavam, lm gufm ghitlepmf mf kfgumtfj jlm ouzcfjhr jl hthrcfr,
fjleæs jl mf aijleiazfga÷i h fjoujagfga÷i prlklrlitl jl nalils, uif plisa÷i
fmaelitagaf f kfvhr jlm g÷iyucl plroujagfjh2 li vartuj jl lmmh, rlsumtf fpmagfnml f lstl
gfsh lm pærrfkh sunsacualitl jlm prlgatfjh frtågumh 7<0, rlklrajh f mf fsacifga÷i
lxglpgahifm
qul gfrlgl jljlnalils
uif plisa÷i
prhpahsfmaelitagaf pfrf lm g÷iyucl
h jl cfifigafmls aihglitl,
sukagalitls, saleprlaephsanamatfjh
sl ligulitrl qul fgrljatl
jl trfnfofr h jl gunrar sus prhpafs ilglsajfjls.
Jágaeh slxth.-  Zfenaái jlnl rlghrjfrsl qul li eftlraf jl fmaeliths, lm ouzcfjhr fm
fsacifr jagdf plisa÷i fm lxg÷iyucl aihglitl jlnlræ lxfeaifr mfs rlcmfs ghitlepmfjfs
li lm frtågumh :46 jlm G÷jach Gavam, mfs qul jlnli ghigurrar li khref ghpumftavf, y qul
shi mfs sacualitls? f) lm suolth qul mh shmagatf rlganf mh ilglsfrah pfrf sunsastar phr 
lighitrfrsl aephsanamatfjh jl ftlijlr phr så easeh su sunsastligaf2 y, n) lm hnmacfjh
tlicf mhs rlgurshs ilglsfrahs qul plreatfi prhvllr fqulmmh sai philr li plmacrh su
 prhpaf sunsastligaf.
Jágaeh sátaeh.-  Fdhrf nali, mulch jlm fiæmasas lklgtufjh f mfs rfzhils ouråjagfs
lscraeajfs phr mhs oulgls jl eárath pfrf jlslstaefr mf pltaga÷i jl fmaeliths, sl puljl
ghigmuar qul li lklgth mhs ouzcfjhrls dfi lxfeaifjh mhs gratlrahs qul kaof lm frtågumh :46
jlm G÷jach Gavam pfrf lm hthrcfealith jl jagdf prlstfga÷i, mmlcfijh f mf ghigmusa÷i qul
li lstl gfsh ih sl prlslitf uih jl mhs prlsupulsths pfrf sustlitfr lm pfch jl mhs
fmaeliths, lsth ls, qul lm hnmacfjh tlicf mhs rlgurshs ilglsfrahs qul ml plreatfi prhvllr 
mhs fmaeliths sai philr li plmacrh su prhpaf sunsastligaf, puls, li vartuj f mf vfmhrfga÷i
ghiouitf y rfzhifjf jl mfs prulnfs, dfi phjajh lstfnmlglr qul lm jlefijfitl [ågthr 
Olsÿs Ehitlrh Wffvljrf ls uif plrshif jl ljfj fvfizfjf ‗gulitf ghi slslitf y hgdh
föhs jl ljfj‗, mh gufm ih ml plreataråf fggljlr f ui pulsth jl trfnfoh li gfmajfj jl
jlplijalitl2 fsaeaseh, ls lvajlitl qul fm chzfr jl fuxamah oujagafm su satufga÷i
lghi÷eagf ls pfupárraef, phr mh qul aephilrml mf hnmacfga÷i jl fgujar ghi uif plisa÷i
jl fmaeliths f mf jlefijfjf slråf pravfrmh jlm lmlelith næsagh pfrf su prhpaf
sunsastligaf, eæs fÿi sa mf jlefijfjf talil daohs efyhrls jl ljfj, qualils talili mf
hnmacfga÷i jl fsastar f sus pfjrls, li vartuj jl mh jaspulsth li lm frtågumh :34 jlm G÷jach
Gavam2 jlnalijh fcrlcfrsl f lmmh qul prltlijlr frranfr f uif ghigmusa÷i jastaitf
aephrtfråf vfmhrfr iulvfelitl lm gfujfm prhnfthrah, mfnhr qul ls folif f mf ifturfmlzf
jlm rlgursh jl gfsfga÷i, lm gufm lstæ hralitfjh f hnslrvfr shmh mhs lrrhrls jl jlrlgdh.
Jágaeh hgtfvh.-  Zfm hrjli jl ajlfs plreatl ghigmuar f lstl Wuprleh Zranuifm qul
tfephgh sl lvajligaf mf aikrfgga÷i ihreftavf jlm frtågumh 7<0 jlm G÷jach Gavam2 phr 
tfmls rfzhils, lstl lxtrleh jlm rlgursh tfenaái jlvalil li aikuijfjh.

[A.. JL
[A JLGA
GAWA
WA×I
×I??
Lstf Wfmf Wuprlef, li fpmagfga÷i jlm frtågumh 713
71 3 jlm G÷jach Prhglsfm Gavam?

6) Jlgmfrf AIK\IJFJH  lm rlgursh jl gfsfga÷i aitlrpulsth phr Ohslkaif Aigah

Nfquljfih, eljafitl lsgrath jl khofs galith slslitf y guftrh2 li ghislguligaf, IH
GFWF^HI mf slitligaf jl vastf jl klgdf vlaitaiulvl jl fchsth jl jhs eam trlgl,
 663

hnrfitl f khofs galith gaigulitf y iulvl, lxpljajf phr mf Praelrf Wfmf

Lsplgafmazfjf Gavam jl mf Ghrtl Wuplrahr jl Oustagaf jl Mfenfylqul, qul fprulnf mf
slitligaf fplmfjf jl khofs galith jalgaiulvl, su klgdf jalgasaltl jl efrzh jl jhs
eam trlgl, li lm lxtrleh qul jlgmfrf kuijfjf mf jlefijf jl javhrgah phr mf gfusfm
jl slpfrfga÷i jl dlgdh y phr klilgajh lm rácaeli pftraehiafm jl mf shgaljfj jl
cfifigafmls, y mf ghikaref li mhs lxtrlehs qul jlgmfrf aikuijfjf mf prltlisa÷i jl
fmaeliths
jlefijfjfylijasphil lm jhs
mf suef jl pfcheamjliulvhs
uif shmls.
aijleiazfga÷i f kfvhr jl mf g÷iyucl

>) JAWP\WAL^HI  mf punmagfga÷i jl mf prlslitl rlshmuga÷i li lm jafrah hkagafm  Lm 

 Plrufih,, nfoh rlsphisfnamajfj2 li mhs slcuajhs phr [ågthr Olsÿs Ehitlrh Wffvljrf
 Plrufih
ghitrf FcustaifOhslkaif Aigah Nfquljfih, shnrl javhrgah phr mf gfusfm jl mf
slpfrfga÷i jl dlgdh2 y mhs jlvhmvalrhi. Aitlrvalil gheh philitl lm slöhr Oulz
Wuprleh Fmelifrf Nryshi.-
WW.
FMELIF^F N^QWHI
ZLMMH CAMF^JA
LWZ^LMMF GFEF
^HJ^ÅC\L_ GDÆ[L_
GFMJL^×I P\L^ZFW

:. Ailxastlig
Ailxastligaf
af jl prlsgrapg
prlsgrapga÷i
a÷i jl
jl hnm
hnmacfga÷
acfga÷i
i fmaelitf
fmaelitfraf
raf litrl
litrl lsphshs
lsphshs ju
jurfitl
rfitl lm
eftraehiah. Gfsfga÷i I° ;7:->067-Frlquapf
^LW\ELI
Mf gfusf vlitamfjf fitl mf Wfmf Gavam Wuprlef sl rlehitf f dlgdhs jurfitl mf
vacligaf jlm G÷jach Gavam jl 617;. Ls lm gfsh qul lm jlefijfitl shmagatf mf
 prlsgrapga÷i lxtaitavf jl mf hnmacfga÷i fmaelitfraf gufm kulrf hrjlifjf eljafitl
slitligaf oujagafm jlm föh 6146, plrh ih lolgutfjf phr mfs pfrtls jlm prhglsh. Whnrl
lm pfrtagumfr, mf Wfmf slöfmf qul sa nali mf jlefijf kul aitlrpulstf phr mf g÷iyucl
li rlprlslitfga÷i jl sus daohs, guyf slitligaf kfvhrfnml kul leatajf fm fepfrh jlm
G÷jach jl 617;, tfenaái ls galrth qul li su frtågumh 66<3 aigashs > y 7 lstfnmlga÷
qul? ”Ih ghrrl lm táreaih pfrf mf prlsgrapga÷i (...). >.- Litrl lm efrajh y mf euolr,
jurfitl lm eftraehiah. 7.- Litrl mhs daohs y sus pfjrls h tuthrls, jurfitl mf pftraf
 phtlstfj h mf tutlmf―. Li lsl hrjli jl ajlfs, ghikhrel sl fprlgaf li lm kuij
kuijfelith
felith
slxth jl mf gfsfga÷i, mf Oujagfturf Wuprlef prlgasf qul fm fprlgafrsl li fuths ui
træeatl vaclitl shnrl prhglsh jl javhrgah (>060-0:46) phr lm gufm lm våigumh
eftraehiafm sunsastl, li fpmagfga÷i jl mf mly li lm taleph, li vartuj jlm frtågumh
66<3 iuelrfm >, ih hplrf mf prlsgrapga÷i litrl lm efrajh y mf euolr jurfitl lm
eftraehiah.

K\IJFELIZH ^LML[FIZL
 664

<. Li gufith fmfcrfvah ghitliajh li lm matlrfm n) jlm puith AA suntåtumh rlgursh

jl gfsfga÷i jl mf prlslitl rlshmuga÷i ls plrtailitl aijagfr qul lm frtågumh
>6>0 jlm G÷jach Gavam vaclitl lstfnmlgl? ”Wl racli phr mf mlcasmfga÷i fitlrahr 
mhs jlrlgdhs ifgajhs, slcÿi lmmf, jl dlgdhs rlfmazfjhs nfoh su aeplrah, fuiqul
lstl G÷jach ih mhs rlghihzgf―2 fdhrf li lm gfsh jl fuths mf lolguthraf qul sl
 prltlijl prlsgranar kul jfjf lm trlaitf jl ihvalenrl jl eam ihvlgaliths
hgdlitf
trlaitf y yslas,
uih,phr
ls mhjlgar,
tfithnfoh lm aeplrah
sl racl jlm G÷jach
phr mfs ihrefs Gavam jlmf eam
qul rlcumf ihvlgaliths
prlsgrapga÷i li
lm rlklrajh G÷jach jl eam ihvlgaliths trlaitf y slas, lstfnmlgalijh li su
frtågumh 66<3 aigash > qul? ”Ih ghrrl lm táreaih jl mf prlsgrapga÷i. >.- Litrl
lm efrajh y su euolr jurfitl lm eftraehiah―.

GH^ZL W\P^LEF JL O\WZAGAF JL MF ^LPßNMAGF WFMF GA[AM

PL^EFILIZL
GFWFGA×I I° ;7:->067-F^LV\APF
[astf mf gfusf iÿelrh slasgaliths trlaitf y guftrh jlm jhs eam trlgl, ghi sus
fghepföfjhs2 li fujaligaf pÿnmagf jl mf klgdf2 y prhjugajf mf vhtfga÷i jl fgulrjh f
mly, leatl mf sacualitl slitligaf.
A. FW\IZH?
Li lm prlslitl prhglsh jl prlsgrapga÷i lxtaitavf, Jaif Efråf Gæglrls Ghrrfmls,
aitlrpush rlgursh jl gfsfga÷i ghitrf mf slitligaf jl vastf jl klgdf vlaitasáas jl
jagalenrl jl jhs eam jhgl, lxpljajf phr mf Wlcuijf Wfmf Gavam jl mf Ghrtl Wuplrahr jl
Oustagaf jl Frlquapf, qul rlvhg÷ mf rlshmuga÷i fplmfjf qul jlgmfr÷ aeprhgljlitl mf
jlefijf aitlrpulstf phr Ohsá Efrglmaih [fmjavaf [lmæsqulz, rlkhreæijhmf jlgmfrfrhi
kuijfjf mf jlefijf2 li ghislguligaf, sl jlof sai lklgth mhs fmgfigls ouråjagh jl mf
lolguthraf I¿ ><7-46 jagtfjf li lm prhglsh oujagafm I¿ :33-46 shnrl fmaeliths rlsplgth f
Jaif Efråf Gæglrls Ghrrfmls.

AA.
AA. FI
FIZL
ZLGL
GLJL
JLIZ
IZL
LW?
JLEFIJF?
Wlcÿi lsgrath jl khofs saltl, Ohsá Efrglmaih [fmjavaf [lmæsqulz aitlrphil jlefijf jl
 prlsgrapga÷i lxtaitavf, jaracaáijhmf ghitrf Jaif Efråf Gæglrls Ghrrfmls (g÷iyucl) l
daohs, f kai qul sl jlgmfrl mf prlsgrapga÷i lxtaitavf jl mf slitligaf I¿ ><7-46 jl klgdf
trlaitf jl ihvalenrl jl jhs eam uih leatajh li lm prhglsh oujagafm I¿ :33-46 shnrl
fmaeliths slcuajh phr Jaif Efråf Gæglrls Ghrrfmls ghitrf Ohsá Efrglmaih [fmjavaf
[lmæsqulz. Lm jlefijfitl shstalil gheh shphrtl jl su prltlisa÷i qul? mf jlefijfjf
Jaif Efråf Gæglrls Ghrrfmls, li ihenrl prhpah, y li rlprlslitfga÷i jl sus daohs, li lsl
lithigls elihrls jl ljfj, aitlrpusalrhi jlefijf jl fmaeliths, mf qul kul jlgmfrfjf
kuijfjf y hrjli÷ qul Ohsá Efrglmaih [fmjavaf [lmæsqulz fgujf ghi uif plisa÷i
elisufm y fjlmfitfjf phr ghiglpth jl fmaeliths. Jagdf slitligaf oujagafm kul lxpljajf
li lm lxpljalitl oujagafm I¿ :33-46 li lm föh jl eam ihvlgaliths hgdlitf y uih, ls jlgar 
dfgl trlaitf föhs ftræs y jlsjl jagdf klgdf iuigf prhgljalrhi f shmagatfr su lolguga÷i
 661

ujagafm, ia tfephgh dfi rlfmazfjh maquajfga÷i fmcuif jl plisahils jlvlicfjfs, ls jlgar,

mf slitligaf ih kul lolgutfjf phr mhs jlefijfjhs jl iaicuif khref, phr mh qul jl
ghikhreajfj ghi mh lstfnmlgajh li lm frtågumh >006 aigash 6 jlm G÷jach Gavam df
 prlsgrath mf fgga÷i, puls lm Lstfjh ih puljl prhtlclr ltlrifelitl lm jlrlgdh jaspulsth
li uif slitligaf oujagafm y qul mhs jlefijfjhs ih dfyfi tliajh iaicÿi aitlrás li
 prhgljlr f su lolguga÷i. ^lkalrl qul sai plrouagah jl mh jagdh fitlrahrelitl, lm prhpah
frtågumh >006
 prhvalil aigash :fmaelitagaf
jl plisa÷i jlm fghtfjhprlsgranl
G÷jach, jasphil li föhs,
f mhs jhs khref mhlxprlsf qul mf fgga÷i
qul fnuijf eæs liqul
su
jlrlgdh jl phjlr shmagatfr oujagafmelitl qul sl jlgmfrl mf prlsgrapga÷i lxtaitavf jl mhs
lklgths ouråjaghs y mlcfmls jl mf rlklrajf slitligaf.
GHIZLWZFGA×I JL MF JLEFIJF?
Mf pfrtl jlefijfjf eljafitl lsgrath jl khofs gaigulitf y trls, ghitlstf mf jlefijf
ilcæijhmf li thjhs sus lxtrlehs, aijagfijh qul? ih ls galrth qul ih sl dfyf lolgutfjh
mf slitligaf, puls sl ghnr÷ fmcuifs elisufmajfjls jl fmaeliths2 sai lenfrch, mulch kul
aephsanml lm ghnrh jl mfs easefs, puls jagdhs fmaeliths sl rlspfmjfnfi ghi mf
 prhjugga÷i mlgdlrf jl mhs cfifjhs qul kul vlijajh phr lm jlefijfitl ghi lm kai jl
sustrflrsl jl sus hnmacfgahils. Prlgasf qul jlnl tlilrsl li gulitf qul jfjh qul lm
 prhglsh jftf jlm föh jl eam ihvlgaliths hgdlitf y uih, ml rlsumtf fpmagfnml mfs ihrefs
jlm G÷jach Gavam jl eam ihvlgaliths trlaitf y slas, qul lstfnmlgl li su frtågumh 66;4
aigash 6? ”Wl prlsgranl (...). F mhs vlaitl föhs, mf fgga÷i rlfm y mf qul ifgl jl uif
lolguthraf―, fsaeaseh li mhs aigashs > y 7 jlm frtågumh 66<3 ”Ih ghrrl lm táreaih pfrf mf
 prlsgrapga÷i (...). >.- Litrl lm efrajh y mf Euolr, jurfitl lm eftraehiah. 7.- Litrl mhs
daohs y sus pfjrls h tuthrls, jurfitl mf pftraf phtlstfj h mf tutlmf―2 fdhrf, li lm prlslitl
gfsh lm efyhr jl sus daohs df guepmajh su efyhråf jl ljfj li lm föh jl eam ihvlgaliths
ihvlitf y jhs, phr tfith f pfrtar jl jagdf klgdf lepalzf f ghitfnamazfrsl lm pmfzh jl
 prlsgrapga÷i ghikacuræijhsl li lm föh jhs eam jhgl2 salijh lmmh fså f mf klgdf jl mf
aitlrphsaga÷i jl mf jlefijf df prlsgrath su fgga÷i.
^LWHM\GA×I JL P^AEL^F AIWZFIGAF?

Eljafitl rlshmuga÷i jl klgdf vlaitasáas jl efrzh jl jhs eam jhgl, jl khofs galith
guftrh, sl jlgmfrf aeprhgljlitl mf jlefijf, sustlitf su jlgasa÷i li? Vul, slcÿi
frtågumhs >6>0 y >6>> jlm Zåtumh Kaifm jlm G÷jach Gavam vaclitl, lstfnmlgli qul? ”sl
racli phr mf mlcasmfga÷i fitlrahr mhs jlrlgdhs ifgajhs, slcÿi lmmf, jl dlgdhs rlfmazfjhs
 nfoh su aeplrah, fuiqul lstl G÷jach ih mhs rlghihzgf―, fsaeaseh ”mf prlsgrapga÷i
aiagafjf fitls jl mf vacligaf jl lstl G÷jach, sl racl phr mfs mlyls fitlrahrls. Leplrh, sa
jlsjl qul litrf li vacligaf, trfisgurrl lm taleph rlqulrajh li ám pfrf mf prlsgrapga÷i,
ástl surtl su lklgth, fuiqul phr jagdfs mlyls sl ilglsatfrl ui mfpsh efyhr. Mf easef
rlcmf sl fpmagf f mf gfjugajfj―. ^lkalrl qul nfoh lsl ghitlxth, sl ghigmuyl qul ls jl
fpmagfga÷i fm gfsh jl fuths lm frtågumh 66;4 jlm G÷jach Gavam jl eam ihvlgaliths trlaitf
 slas, lm gufm lstfnmlgl qul mf fgga÷i qul ifgl jl uif lolguthraf prlsgranl f mhs vlaitl
föhs2 li lstl litlijajh, gheh sl jlsprlijl jl mfs pfrtajfs jl ifgaealith jl mhs
ghjlefijfjhs
ifgajh mhs föhsOhsá Gásfr, Oumah sltlitf
eam ihvlgaliths Lmvas y yEfrcfratf Efyhma
guftrh, eam [fmjavafsltlitf
ihvlgaliths Gæglrls, lsthsy dfi
y hgdh eam
ihvlgaliths sltlitf y iulvl, rlsplgtavfelitl, phr tfith, lm praelrh jl mhs
 6>0

 prlihenrfjhs (y efyhr jl lmmhs) rlgaái guepma÷ su efyhråf jl ljfj ghi klgdf vlaitl
jl efrzh jl eam ihvlgaliths ihvlitf y jhs, phr tfith prlsgranaråf lm vlaitl jl efrzh jl
jhs eam jhgl, y fjvartaáijhsl qul mf jlefijf jftf jlm trls jl efyh jl jhs eam higl,
rlsumtf aeprhgljlitl mf jlefijf li lstl lxtrleh (rlsplgth f mhs daohs). Fdhrf nali
rlsplgth f mf ghjlefijfjf Jaif Efråf Gæglrls Ghrrfmls, jl mfs ghpafs glrtakagfjfs qul
hnrfi jlm lxpljalitl fghepföfjh I¿ >060-0:46, sl fjvalrtl qul lm prhglsh jl javhrgah
aistfurfjh
ghjlefijfjff kaifÿi
jl sl
qulligulitrf
sl jlgmfrllilmtræeatl,
javhrgahphr
litrl lm jlefijfitl
tfith, y mf prlihenrfjf
lm våigumh eftraehiafm litrl
fenhs fÿi sunsastl2 phr tfith, rlsumtf jl fpmagfga÷i fm gfsh li ghigrlth mh lstfnmlgajh
 phr lm aigash > jlm frtågumh 66<3 jlm G÷jach Gavam jl 617;, lsth ls, ih hplrf mf
 prlsgrapga÷i litrl lm efrajh y mf euolr jurfitl lm eftraehiah, phr mh qul gfnl
jlslstaefr mf jlefijf tfenaái li lstl lxtrleh.
^LWHM\GA×I JL WLC\IJF AIWZFIGAF?
Mf Wlcuijf Wfmf Gavam jl mf Ghrtl Wuplrahr jl Oustagaf jl Frlquapf, eljafitl
rlshmuga÷i jl klgdf vlaitasáas jl jagalenrl jl jhs eam jhgl, hnrfitl f khofs galith
ihvlitf, rlvhg÷ mf rlshmuga÷i fplmfjf, rlkhreæijhmf jlgmfrfrhi kuijfjf mf jlefijf, li
 nfsl f mhs sacualitls kuijfeliths? Vul, mf prltlisa÷i jlefijfjf li lm prlslitl prhglsh
ls uif jl ifturfmlzf plrshifm, phr mh qul ls jl fpmagfga÷i mh jaspulsth li lm frtågumh
>006 aigash 6 jlm G÷jach Gavam vaclitl2 fsaeaseh, prlgasf qul ih ls jl fpmagfga÷i mh
jaspulsth li lm frtågumh 611: aigash > jlm fghtfjh G÷jach, jfjh qul sa nali lstfnmlgl mf
susplisa÷i jl mf prlsgrapga÷i litrl g÷iyucls jurfitl mf vacligaf jl mf shgaljfj
ghiyucfm, ástf lstæ hralitfjf f mhs ghikmagths jl aitlrás jlravfjhs jl mf gheuiajfj jl
 nalils prhpahs jl mf shgaljfj ghiyucfm. Li lsl ghitlxth rlkalrl qul jl mh slöfmfjh sl
aikalrl qul jlsjl mf lxpljaga÷i jl mf slitligaf qul sl prltlijl prlsgranar f mf klgdf jl mf
aitlrphsaga÷i jl mf jlefijf li lm prlslitl prhglsh, sl talil qul lm jlrlgdh jl fgga÷i jl
mf jlefijfjf pfrf rlgmfefr lm guepmaealith jl mf slitligaf I¿ ><7-46 jagtfjf li lm
lxpljalitl I¿ :33-46 sl df lxtaicuajh li fpmagfga÷i jl mh jaspulsth li lm frtågumh >6>>
jlm G÷jach Gavam, phr tfith jlnl fepfrfrsl mf prltlisa÷i jlefijfjf rlsplgth jl Jaif
Efråf Gæglrls Ghrrfmls jl [fmjavaf.

^LG\^WH JL GFWFGA×I?
Mf jlefijfjf Jaif Efråf Gæglrls Ghrrfmls aitlrphil rlgursh jl gfsfga÷i f khofs
jhsgaliths ghitrf mf rlshmuga÷i jagtfjf phr mf Wfmf Wuplrahr, lm easeh qul df sajh
gfmakagfjh eljafitl rlshmuga÷i jl klgdf slas jl fchsth jl jhs eam trlgl, jlgmfræijhsl
 prhgljlitl phr mfs sacualitls gfusfmls? f) Aikrfgga÷i f mhs aigashs 7 y < jlm frtågumh 671
jl mf Ghistatuga÷i Phmåtagf jlm Lstfjh2 fmlcf, qul mf slitligaf jl vastf, li su gufrth
ghisajlrfijh lstfnmlgl qul mf prltlisa÷i jlefijfjf ls uif jl ifturfmlzf plrshifm, sai
kuijfelitfr jlnajfelitl, mfs rfzhils phr mfs qul ghigmuyl jl tfm khref, fklgtfijh lm
jlnajh prhglsh y mf cfrfitåf ghistatugahifm jl kuijfelitfr y ehtavfr jlnajfelitl mfs
rlshmugahils oujagafmls. n) Aikrfgga÷i ihreftavf jlm frtågumh >6>0 jlm G÷jach Gavam
vaclitl2 aijagfi qul mf Wfmf Gavam ih hnstfitl jl dfnlr ghisajlrfjh fpmagfr gheh
 prleasf ihreftavf
ghisajlrfijh mf ihrefaepucifjf2
jl mf slitligaf fitls aijagfjf, ghikhrelihsldf puljl
sai lenfrch, tliajh fjvlrtar
li gulitfjlm
qulpraelr 
li lm
 prlslitl prhglsh sl fpmagfi mfs ihrefs jlm G÷jach Gavam jl eam ihvlgaliths trlaitf y
 6>6

slas, puls lm jlrlgdh jl mf rlgurrlitl sl df hracaifjh y ifgajh li mf vacligaf jlm G÷jach

Gavam 617; y ghikhrel f mh jaspulsth li su frtågumh 66;4 mf fgga÷i qul ifgl jl uif
lolguthraf prlsgranl f mhs vlaitl föhs, ghighrjfitl fjleæs ghi mh jaspulsth li lm
frtågumh 66<3 aigash > jlm easeh G÷jach, qul lstfnmlgl qul ih ghrrl lm táreaih pfrf mf
 prlsgrapga÷i litrl lm efrajh y su euolr jurfitl lm eftraehiah2 li lm prlslitl gfsh lm
våigumh eftraehiafm sl ligulitrf vaclitl fm ih lxastar rlshmuga÷i qul jlgmfrl jasulmth.

AAA. EFZL
EFZL^AF
^AF O\
O\^ÅJAG
^ÅJAGF
F LI JLNFZL
JLNFZL??
Ls ilglsfrah lstfnmlglr qul mf eftlraf li jasgusa÷i lstranf li jltlreaifr sa sl df ghika
curfjh mf prlsgrapga÷i jl mf fgga÷i jlravfjf jl uif lolguthraf2 fsaeaseh, qul ihref ml
ls fpmagfnml fm prlslitl gfsh thefijh li gulitf qul mhs dlgdhs sl ghistatuylrhi li lm
eam ihvlgaliths hgdlitf y uih.

A[.. K\
A[ K\IJ
IJFE
FELI
LIZH
ZHW?
W?

6. Fitl thjh, li ef eftlraf

tlraf jl gfsfga
gfsfga÷i
÷i ls kfgtanml
kfgtanml llolrgl
olrglrr lm ghitrh
ghitrhmm jl mfs jlgas
jlgasahils
ahils
 ourasjaggahifmls, pfrf jltlreaifr sa li lmmfs sl dfi aikraicajh h ih mfs ihrefs qul
cfrfitazfi lm jlrlgdh fm jlnajh prhglsh, theæijhsl li ghisajlrfga÷i qul ástl
suphil lm guepmaealith
gheh aistruelith jl gfutlmfijh
oujagafm, mhs praigapahs y jlthjh
shnrl mfs lm
cfrfitåfs qul
lolrgagah rlcumfijlm
fnshmuth lm prhglsh
jlrlgdh
jl jlklisf jl mfs pfrtls li matacah. >. Dfnaáijhsl jlgmfrfjh prhgljlitl lm rlgursh
 phr mf gfusfm jl aikrfgga÷i ihreftavf eftlrafm y prhglsfm, li praelr táreaih jlnl
jamugajfrsl mf gfusfm rlmftavf f mf aikrfgga÷i ihreftavf prhglsfm, phr gufith li gfsh
sl jlgmfrl kuijfjf phr jagdf gfusfm y li ftliga÷i f su lklgth iumakagfitl, gfrlglråf
jl hnolth leatar prhiuigafealith rlsplgth jl mf htrf gfusfm jl jlrlgdh eftlrafm. 7.
Vul, rlsplgth f mf jliuigaf khreumfjf, ls plrtailitl slöfmfr qul lm jlrlgdh fm
jlnajh prhglsh, prlvasth li lm aigash 7 jlm frtågumh 671 jl mf Ghistatuga÷i Phmåtagf
jlm Lstfjh, gheprlijl ‗litrl htrhs jlrlgdhs‗ lm jl hntlilr uif rlshmuga÷i kuijfjf
li jlrlgdh y eljafitl slitligafs li mfs qul mhs oulgls y tranuifmls, lxpmagatli li
khref sukagalitl mfs rfzhils jl sus kfmmhs, ghi eliga÷i lxprlsf jl mhs lmleliths
kægtaghs y ouråjaghs qul mhs jltlreaifrhi, jasphsatavh qul rlsumtf ghighrjfitl ghi
mh prlglptufjh lm aigash 7 jlm frtågumh 6>> jlm G÷jach Prhglsfm Gavam y lm frtågumh
6> jl mf Mly Hrcæiagf jlm Phjlr Oujagafm. Jlm easeh ehjh ih puljl jlofrsl jl
fihtfr mf lxacligaf jl mf ehtavfga÷i sukagalitl prlvastf li lm aigash < jlm frtågumh
ghistatugahifm fitls gatfjh, phr mf gufm lm oustagafnml puljl gheprhnfr qul mf
shmuga÷i jlm gfsh li ghigrlth valil jfjf phr uif vfmhrfga÷i rfgahifm jl mhs
lmleliths kægtaghs y ouråjaghs rlmfgahifjhs fm gfsh y ih jl uif frnatrfraljfj phr 
 pfrtl jlm oulz, jl fmmå qul uif rlshmuga÷i qul gfrlzgf jl ehtavfga÷i sukagalitl ih
shmh vumilrf mfs ihrefs mlcfmls gatfjfs, saih tfenaái mhs praigapahs jl rfich
ghistatugahifm.

>. Prhglj
Prhgljalijh
alijh f lxfeaifr
lxfeaifr mf jjliuigaf
liuigaf rlklrlitl
rlklrlitl f mf supulstf
supulstf vumilrf
vumilrfga÷i
ga÷i jlm jlrlgd
jlrlgdhh
f mf jlnajf ehtavfga÷i, sl jlnl slöfmfr qul jl mf slitligaf rlgurrajf sl fjvalrtl qul
lm fj qule slöfmf
qule slöfmf qul mf prltlisa÷i jlefijfjf li lm prlslitl prhglsh ls uif jl
ifturfmlzf plrshifm li rfz÷i f mf aitlrprltfga÷i qul ml jf fm frtågumh 611: aigash >
jlm G÷jach Gavam vaclitl, shnrl lm fmgfigl jlm supulsth ihreftavh qul lstæ
 6>>

hralitfjh f mhs ghikmagths jl aitlrlsls jlravfjhs jl mf gheuiajfj jl nalils prhpahs

jl mf shgaljfj ghiyucfm, jl mh lxpulsth sl fjvalrtl qul lm ÷rcfih ourasjaggahifm df
 pulsth jl efiakalsth mhs kuijfeliths næsaghs jlm rfzhifealith qul ghimmlv÷ f mf
khrefga÷i jlm ouagah ourasjaggahifm. Fdhrf nali, lm dlgdh jl qul mf jlgasa÷i slf
ghitrfraf f mhs aitlrlsls jlm rlgurrlitl ih aepmagf mf lxastligaf jl ui jlklgth li mf
ehtavfga÷i, y, phr tfith, ih sl vlrakagf fklgtfga÷i fm jlnajh prhglsh. Li thjh gfsh,
mf aitlrprltfga÷i
sacualitls, jl mf fihref
ftlijalijh qul sleftlrafm slræ eftlraf
df jliuigafjh jl fiæmasas
tfenaái li mhs kuijfeliths
jagdf aikrfgga÷i ihreftavf,
leplrh, mf aikrfgga÷i ihreftavf prhglsfm jlnl
j lnl slr jlslstaefjf.

7. Li guf
gufith
ith fm
fm fcrfvah
fcrfvah gghitl
hitliajh
iajh llii lm mat
matlrf
lrfmm n) jlm puith
puith AAAA sun
suntåt
tåtumh
umh rl
rlgur
gursh
sh jl
gfsfga÷i jl mf prlslitl rlshmuga÷i, ls plrtailitl aijagfr qul lm frtågumh >6>0 jlm
G÷jach Gavam vaclitl lstfnmlgl? ”Wl racli phr mf mlcasmfga÷i fitlrahr mhs jlrlgdhs
ifgajhs, slcÿi lmmf, jl dlgdhs rlfmazfjhs nfoh su aeplrah, fuiqul lstl G÷jach ih
mhs rlghihzgf―2 fdhrf li lm gfsh jl fuths mf lolguthraf qul sl prltlijl prlsgranar 
kul jfjf lm trlaitf jl ihvalenrl jl eam ihvlgaliths hgdlitf y uih, ls jlgar nfoh lm
aeplrah jlm G÷jach Gavam jl eam ihvlgaliths trlaitf y slas, phr mh tfith sl racl phr 
mfs ihrefs qul rlcumf mf prlsgrapga÷i li lm rlklrajh G÷jach jl eam ihvlgaliths
trlaitf y slas, lstfnmlgalijh li su frtågumh 66<3 aigash > qul? ”Ih ghrrl lm táreaih
jl mf prlsgrapga÷i. >.- Litrl lm efrajh y su euolr jurfitl lm eftraehiah―.

:. Fdhrf nali lili lm gfsh jl fuths

fuths sl fjvalrtl
fjvalrtl jl mfs ghpafs
ghpafs glrtak
glrtakagfjf
agfjfss qul hnrfi jlm
lxpljalitl fghepföfjh I¿ >060-0:46, shnrl javhrgah phr gfusfm jl slpfrfga÷i jl
dlgdh slcuajh litrl mfs easefs pfrtls jlm prlslitl prhglsh, qul fÿi sl ligulitrf
li træeatl jagdh prhglsh, dlgdh qul sl ghrrhnhrf ghi mf ghistfigaf leatajh phr lm
Wlgrltfrah Oujagafm jlm Ouzcfjh jl Asmfy-Ehmmlijh hnrfitl f khofs trlaitf y guftrh,
li lm gufm sl aijagf mh easeh (qul ml prhglsh sl ligulitrf li træeatl plijalitl jl
sfilfealith), phr lijl, lm våigumh eftraehiafm litrl fenhs fÿi sunsastl phr mh
tfith, ih hplrf mf prlsgrapga÷i litrl lm efrajh y mf euolr jurfitl lm eftraehiah2
salijh lmmh fså, jlnl fepfrfrsl lm prlslitl fcrfvah, ghi mh gufm sl aikalrl qul mf
slitligaf jl praelrf aistfigaf sl ligulitrf frrlcmf f mly.

[. JLGAWA×I?
Lstf Wfmf Wuprlef, li fpmagfga÷i jl mh slöfmfjh phr lm frtågumh 71; praelr pærrfkh jlm
G÷jach Prhglsfm Gavam2 jlgmfrf?
f) K\IJFJH lm rlgursh jl gfsfga÷i jl khmahs jhsgaliths, aitlrpulsth phr Jaif Efråf
Gæglrls Ghrrfmls2 li ghislguligaf, GFWF^HI  mf rlshmuga÷i jl vastf jl klgdf
vlaitasáas jl jagalenrl jl jhs eam jhgl, hnrfitl f khmahs galith ihvlitf.
 n) Fgtufijh li sljl jl aistfigaf? GHIKA^EF^HI, mf slitligaf fplmfjf su klgdf
vlaitasáas jl efrzh jl jhs eam jhgl, hnrfitl f khofs galith iulvl, qul jlgmfr÷
AEP^HGLJLIZL mf jlefijf.
g) JAWP\WAL^HI  mf punmagfga÷i jl mf prlslitl rlshmuga÷i li lm jafrah hkagafm  Lm 
 Plrufih,, nfoh rlsphisfnamajfj, y mhs jlvhmvalrhi2 li mhs slcuajhs phr Ohsá
 Plrufih
 6>7

Efrglmaih [fmjavaf [lmæsqulz ghi Jaif Efråf Gæglrls Ghrrfmls y htrhs, shnrl
 prlsgrapga÷i lxtaitavf2 aitlrvaih gheh philitl, mf Oulz Wuprleh slöhrf ^hjråculz
Gdævlz.-
WW.
FMELIF^F N^QWHI
D\FEFIÅ MMFEFW
LWZ^LMMF GFEF
^HJ^ÅC\L_ GDÆ[L_
GFMJL^×I P\L^ZFW

AAA. ZLILIGAF
ZLILIGAF Q G\WZHJAF
G\WZHJAF
6. Gratlrah
Gratlrah sh
shnrl
nrl mf plrefil
plrefiligaf
igaf jlm elihr ghi lm pfjrl
pfjrl ghi quali ghivav
ghivava÷
a÷
efyhr taleph. Gfsfga÷i I¿ 61;6->06>-Maef
^LW\ELI
Li rlklrligaf f mhs gratlrahs qul jltlreaifi lm hthrcfealith jl mf tliligaf jl mhs
daohs, mf Wfmf Gavam Wuprlef df lstfnmlgajh qul jlnl fprlgafrsl li lm ghitlxth jl mh
ghitlepmfjh li mhs frtågumhs 4: y 4< jlm G÷jach jl mhs Iaöhs y Fjhmlsglitls, puls
lm jlsfrrhmmh jl mhs elihrls gheprlijl lm guajfjh qul sl mls nraijf, tlialijh gheh
ihrtl lm praigapah jlm ”aitlrás suplrahr jlm iaöh―. Ls elilstlr jlofr slitfjh qul li
rlatlrfjfs hgfsahils ui lmlelith jl lvfmufga÷i pfrf hthrcfr mf tliligaf ghisastl li
vfmhrfr mf fkaiajfj y plrefiligaf jl mhs daohs rlsplgth f uih jl mhs pfjrls, jlm
easeh ehjh, mf jlgmfrfga÷i jl lsths, yf qul ui prhglsh jl elihrls ls saleprl ui
 prhnmlef ghepmloh guyf shmuga÷i sl jf ghi mf lvfmufga÷i lxaclitl jlm eftlrafm
 prhnfthrah.

K\IJFELIZH ^LML[FIZL

\ijágaeh.- Lm prheljah lsghmfr ls shmh uih jl mhs kfgthrls thefjhs li gulitf

 pfrf jagtfr mf slitligaf2 f lmmh sl df fcrlcfjh qul f C. F. ih sl ml dfyf
rlihvfjh mf eftrågumf jlm föh jhs eam jalz li mf Aistatuga÷i Ljugftavf KFP 
”Ohsá Vuaöhils― ia li lm jhs eam higl li lm ”Ghmlcah Olfi Ml Nhumgd―, y li
fenhs gfshs phr prhnmlefs jl ghijugtf jlm elihr, qul ih dfi elrlgajh mf
vacamfigaf y lm ghitrhm jlslfnml phr pfrtl jl mf rlgurrlitl, eæs fÿi gufijh df
ghitlstfjh li Fujaligaf ßiagf qul ”ih df phjajh mmlvfr (f su daoh fm 
 psag÷mhch) phr kfgthr jailrh y taleph jlm elihr― gufijh sl df fgrljatfjh lm 
guepmaealith jl mfs hnmacfgahils fmaelitfrafs phr pfrtl jlm pfjrl. Fsaeaseh,
 sa nali, gheh sl df jagdh, lm prheljah jl
j l ihtfs jl
j l M. O. ls nulih, ih ls elihs
vlrjfj qul mf ljugfga÷i ih puljl rljugarsl f mf fgtavajfj lsghmfr, saih sl
jlsfrrhmmf tfenaái li mf gfsf jhijl sl vavl. Fmmå lm fenalitl ls aifjlgufjh
 pfrf fenhs elihrls. Fså, ghikhrel mh lxphil lm Aikhrel Psaghm÷cagh (khofs
galith trlgl), M. O., qul talil aitlmacligaf suplrahr ghi ghlkagalitl galith jhgl,
 6>:

ls tfenaái uif iaöf ghi ”futhlstaef phr jlnfoh jl mh ihrefm, ghi

 slitaealiths jl aiklrahrajfj y jlsvfmhrazfga÷i― y ghi ”såijrhel jl iaöf
efmtrftfjf―. Phr su pfrtl, C. F., slöfmf lm Aikhrel Psaghm÷cagh, qul tfenaái
talil uif aitlmacligaf suplrahr ghi ghlkagalitl galith quaigl, ls ”krhitlrazh f
iavlm shgafm‑ y, tfm gheh sl df rlmftfjh li måilfs prlgljlitls, df tliajh
 prhnmlefs jl ghijugtf li mhs jhs ghmlcahs jhijl df lstfjh. Zhjh lmmh
jleulstrf qul mf efjrl  ih df jlsleplöfjh jl efilrf jlnajf su mfnhr jl
rlscufrjh y guajfjhs ilglsfrahs pfrf su khrefga÷i.

GH^ZL W\P^LEF JL O\WZAGAF JL MF ^LPßNMAGFWFMF GA[AM

PL^EFILIZL
GFWFGA×I I¿ 61;6->06>-MAEF
Maef, jalz jl sltalenrl jl jhs eam trlgl
[AWZHW2 mf gfusf iÿelrh eam ihvlgaliths slslitf y uih cuahi jhs eam jhgl, li
fujaligaf pÿnmagf mmlvfjf f gfnh li mf klgdf y prhjugajf mf vhtfga÷i ghi frrlcmh f Mly,
leatl mf sacualitl slitligaf?

A. FW\IZH
[alil f ghihgaealith jl lstf Wuprlef Wfmf, lm rlgursh jl gfsfga÷i aitlrpulsth phr mf
jlefijfjf Fif Glgamaf Zhrrls jlm Æcuamf, eljafitl lsgrath jl klgdf jalgahgdh jl fnram
jl jhs eam jhgl, hnrfitl f khofs hgdhgaliths vlaitatrás, ghitrf mf rlshmuga÷i iÿelrh
gaigh jl klgdf jalgasáas jl efrzh jl jhs eam jhgl qul, litrl htrhs, rlvhgf mf slitligaf
jl praelrf aistfigaf qul jlgmfrf aikuijfjf mf jlefijf shnrl tliligaf y rlkhreæijhmf,
mf jlgmfrf kuijfjf y, li ghislguligaf, hthrcfi mf tliligaf y gusthjaf jl mhs iaöhs f
kfvhr jl su pfjrl2 fsaeaseh kaofrhi ui rácaeli jl vasatfs f kfvhr jl mf jlefijfjf, ghi
mh jleæs qul ghitalil.

AA.
AA. FI
FIZL
ZLGL
GLJL
JLIZ
IZL
LW

6. Jlefijf
Phr lsgrath jl khofs jalgasaltl, Sammafe Klrifijh Earfijf Julöfs, aitlrphil jlefijf
jl tliligaf jl elihrls, trftfealith psaquaætragh y psaghm÷cagh, plisa÷i jl fmaeliths y
rácaeli jl vasatfs, fmlcfijh qul kruth jl su eftraehiah gavam ghi mf jlefijfjf
 prhgrlfrhi jhs elihrls daohs M. O. E. Z. y C. F. E. Z., jl saltl y trls föhs jl ljfj,
salijh qul dfgl trls föhs mf jlefijfjf kul jafcihstagfjf ghi trfsthrih naphmfr, mh qul
ml prhjugl ghistfitl lvhmuga÷i y gfenah jl mhs lstfjhs jl æiaeh, mh qul jltlreai÷ su
fmlofealith jlm dhcfr ghiyucfm jlnajh f su ghephrtfealith gfenafitl y su fcrlsavajfj
qul dfgåf aephsanml mf vajf ghiyucfm. Fcrlcf qul uih jl mhs såithefs qul pfjlgl ls lm
cfsth ghepumsavh, qul dazh qul jlspuás jl hgdh elsls jl su rltarh mh jlefijl phr lm
 pfch jl uif plisa÷i jl fmaeliths f plsfr jl qul li iaicÿi ehelith aiguepma÷ sus
hnmacfgahils gheh pfjrl2 fsaeaseh, slöfmf qul sai lxastar iaicÿi taph jl fcrlsa÷i dfgaf
mf jlefijfjf lstf mh jliuiga÷ phr efmtrfth kåsagh y psaghm÷cagh y li eárath f lmmh sl
sacul ui prhglsh phr vahmligaf kfeamafr y sl fnra÷ ui prhglsh plifm phr kfmtfs ghitrf lm
 6><

fdhrf jlefijfitl li lm qul sl ml fnshmva÷. Wlöfmf qul mf jlefijfjf ialcf mf

liklreljfj jl trfsthrih jl naphmfrajfj phr mh qul truig÷ thjhs mhs trftfealiths qul
rlgana÷ f mh mfrch jl lsths föhs rlkmloæijhsl li su ghijugtf, mh qul mmlvf f plisfr qul li
fmcÿi ehelith mf jlefijfjf li kfsl efiafgf y jlprlsavf puljf hgfsahifr jföhs
 psaghm÷caghs h kåsaghs f sus daohs y fm rlgurrlitl.

>. Ghit
Ghitls
lstf
tfga
ga÷i
÷i jl mf jlef
jlefijijff
Eljafitl lsgrath hnrfitl f khofs trlaitf y slas, Fif Glgamaf Zhrrls Æcuamf, ghitlstf mf
jlefijf, praelrh, jljugalijh lxglpga÷i jl kfmtf jl mlcataeajfj pfrf hnrfr jlm
jlefijfitl, slöfmfijh qul lstl fnfijhi÷ lm dhcfr ghiyucfm, sustrfyáijhsl f
hnmacfgahils jl pfjrl, mh gufm mmlv÷ f qul mh jlefijfrf phr fmaeliths f kfvhr jl sus jhs
elihrls daohs, salijh fså lm jlefijfitl ih phjåf jlefijfr tliligaf puls fitls dfnråf
sajh jlefijfjh phr fmaeliths2 fsaeaseh ghitlstf mf jlefijf, slöfmfijh qul li mh qul
rlsplgtf f mf fkarefga÷i jlm jlefijfitl jl qul lmmf fjhmlzgf jl liklreljfj elitfm sl
trftf shmh uif fkarefga÷i jl pfrtl qul ih sl sustlitf li iaicuif prulnf y qul mh ÿiagh
qul prltlijl ls prlsahifrmf y jlscfstfrmf fm lxtrleh qul ih tlicf kulrzf elitfm pfrf
rlgmfefrml mhs fmaeliths.

7. Puit
Puiths
hs gghi
hitr
trhv
hvlr
lrta
tajh
jhss
Ghikhrel fpfrlgl f khofs galith trlaitf, dfnaáijhsl jlgmfrfjh aikuijfjf mf lxglpga÷i
jljugajf phr mf jlefijfjf eljafitl rlshmuga÷i iÿelrh slas, y mulch jl jlgmfrfrsl
sfilfjh lm prhglsh, sl kaofrhi gheh puiths ghitrhvlrtajhs, jltlreaifr sa jlnl jlgmfrfrsl
mf tliligaf jl mhs elihrls M. O. y C. F. E. Z. jl hgdh y guftrh föhs jl ljfj, f kfvhr jlm
 pfjrl jlefijfitl2 y, gheh ghislguligaf jl lmmh, kaofr ui rácaeli jl vasatfs f kfvhr jl
mf efjrl jlefijfjf2 pfrf lstl lklgth jlnlræ jltlreaifrsl mf lxastligaf jl uif gfusf
jlnajfelitl oustakagfjf, puls mfs pfrtls rlghihgli qul lm jlefijfitl df sajh
jlefijfjh phr fmaeliths fitls jlm aiagah jlm prlslitl prhglsh.

:. ^lsh
^lshmu
muga
ga÷i
÷i jl prae
praelr
lrff ais
aistf
tfig
igaf
af
Gumeaifjh lm træeatl ghrrlsphijalitl, lm oulz eljafitl rlshmuga÷i iÿelrh vlaitahgdh
hnrfitl f khofs quaialiths sltlitf y uih, su klgdf vlaitauih jl efrzh jl jhs eam higl,
jlgmfr÷ aikuijfjf mf jlefijf2 kuijfelitfijh mf easef li?

:.6. Jlm Aikhrel Psaghm÷cagh jl khofs galith saltl, prfgtagfjh f mf jlefijfjf, ih sl

fprlgaf qul mf easef fjhmlzgf jl trfsthrih naphmfr h qul slf ui plmacrh pfrf sus
daohs2 jl mf Lvfmufga÷i Psaquaætragf jl khofs galith gaigulitf y uih, sl ghigmuyl qul
mf jlefijfjf ih prlslitf psaghsas y su plrshifmajfj lstæ jlitrh jl mhs pfræeltrhs
ihrefmls ghi rfschs ailstfnmls, ih aijagfijh mf lxastligaf jl trfsthrih naphmfr qul
ml aepajf guajfr f sus daohs.

:.>. Jurfitl mfs fujaligafs sl

sl mmlv÷ f gfnh mf lxdanaga÷i y rftakagfga÷i jl mf plragaf jlm
Jr. Oufi Fmlohs _arlif li su gfmajfj jl ilur÷mhch, jlm Jr. [ågthr Hrmfjh Gruz

Gfephs psaquaftrf
jafcihstagfrhi y jlnaphmfr,
trfsthrih mf psaquaftrf
plrh så ^hsf Gfsfihvf
plrshifmajfj Whmaefih,
jlitrh jl mhs qualils ih
pfræeltrhs
ihrefmls ghi rfschs ailstfnmls, trfsthrih fklgtavh, ih frrhofijh iaicÿi trfsthrih jl
 6>;

jaskuiga÷i glrlnrfm, trfsthrih lsquazh-fklgtavh, jlprlsa÷i, ih dfnaáijhsl

jafcihstagfjh naphmfrajfj (fuiqul ih sl jlsgfrt÷ li fmcuihs gfshs), li tfith qul lm
 psaquaftrf Pfÿm Liraqul [lcf Fjrafizái fprlgaf qul pfjlgl jl trfsthrih naphmfr.
Jl mf litrlvastf ghi mhs elihrls, mf elihr M. rlkalrl qul qualrl f fenhs pfjrls, y
qul qualrl vavar ghi su efjrl  y qul su pfjrl mhs vasatl mhs kails jl slefif2
rlsplgth fm elihr C. F. E. Z. li su litrlvastf rlkalrl qul jlslf vavar ghi su efeæ
y qul su pfjrl mhs vasatl.
:.7. Wl talil li ghisajlrfga÷i qul jl mhs gaigh psaquaftrfs y ui psag÷mhch qul dfi
trftfjh f mf jlefijfjf, uih jl lmmhs df rlklrajh qul su jafci÷stagh ghi rlsplgth f
mf jlefijfjf ls jl trfsthrih naphmfr, plrh df prlgasfjh qul shmh sl litrlvast÷ uif
shmf vlz ghi mf jlefijfjf2 phr su pfrtl mhs psaquaftrfs rlstfitls, aigmuylijh fm
 psaquaftrf jlm jlpfrtfelith jl Eljagaif Mlcfm, ih dfi mmlcfjh f mf ghigmusa÷i jl
qul mf jlefijfjf fjhmlzgf jl trfsthrih naphmfr plsl f qul thjhs lmmhs tfenaái sl
dfi litrlvastfjh ghi mf jlefijfjf2 rfzhils phr mfs qul ih sl df fgrljatfjh
kldfgalitlelitl qul mf jlefijfjf sukrf jl trfsthrih naphmfr. Fsaeaseh jl mhs
lxæelils psaghm÷caghs jl mhs elihrls, ih sl fprlgaf qul mf jlefijfjf slf vahmlitf
h fcrlsavf ghi sus daohs2 fsaeaseh, rlsplgth fm aikhrel shgafm jlm jlefijfitl lstl
vavl li mf gfsf eftlrif ghi sus dlrefihs y ls lm shphrtl lghi÷eagh jl su kfeamaf,
 phr lijl ih sl df lstfnmlgajh qul gulitl ghi jasphianamajfj pfrf qul sl hgupl
jarlgtfelitl jl mhs iaöhs gheh så mh dfgl su efjrl.

:.:. Mhs elihrls li mfs litrlvastfs dfi slöfmfjh qul sl

sl ligulitrfi f custh vavalijh ghi
su efjrl y qul lstf ih mhs efmtrftf y, phr mh jleæs, lxprlsfelitl dfi rlklrajh qul
jlslfi slcuar vavalijh ghi lmmf y qul su pfpæ mhs vasatl, salijh fså, ghikhrel f mh
jaspulsth li lm frtågumh 4< jlm G÷jach jl Iaöhs y Fjhmlsglitls, jlnl lstfrsl f mf
hpaia÷i jl mhs iaöhs, lsth suefjh f qul lmmhs saleprl dfi lstfjh fm guajfjh jl mf
efjrl y qul ih sl puljl fklgtfr su lstfnamajfj.

<. Kuij
Kuijfefeli
lith
thss j
jll mmff fplm
fplmfg
fga÷
a÷i
i
Eljafitl lsgrath jl khofs slasgaliths slslitf y gaigh, lm jlefijfitl fplmf mf slitligaf,
kuijfelitfijh mf easef li qul sl df prhnfjh qul mf jlefijfjf pfjlgl jl prhnmlefs
 psaquaætraghs qul iuigf df fglptfjh, dfnalijh aitlitfjh fyujfrmf pfrf suplrfrmhs
rlgurralijh f vfrahs psaquaftrfs litrl mhs föhs jhs eam trls y jhs eam slas, ih fglptfijh
mf jlefijfjf ui trftfealith psaquaætragh, tfm gheh df sugljajh fm ih sheltlrsl f mf
lvfmufga÷i psaquaætragf qul kul jaspulstf li lm fgth jl fujaligaf jl klgdf vlaitahgdh jl
lilrh jl jhs eam jalz, ih dfnaáijhsl thefjh li gulitf mf ghijugtf prhglsfm jl mf
jlefijfjf2 fsaeaseh ih sl the÷ li gulitf lm dlgdh iulvh prlslitfjh phr su pfrtl,
rlklrajh f qul lm jåf quaigl jl efrzh jl jhs eam jalz, gufijh kul hnolth jl fcrlsa÷i phr 
 pfrtl jl mf lepmfzfjf, quali ml frrho÷ dulvhs y mulch mh aisumt÷ jlmfitl jl sus daohs,
chmpl÷ ghi ui efrtammh lm pfrfnrasfs, mfs muifs jlm ghpamhth y mhs guftrh kfrhs jlm futh,
mulch qul ám ml ilcfrf jfr uif suef jl jailrh pfrf mf rlpfrfga÷i jl uif mfvfjhrf,
lstfijh f qul rlganl uif plisa÷i jl fmaeliths jl W/ 7,700.00 (trls eam trlsgaliths ghi
00/600 iulvhs shmls), sai aigmuar lm pfch jarlgth jlm grájath daphtlgfrah jl \W$ <00.00
(quaialiths ghi 00/600 j÷mfrls felragfihs), y mhs glrgf jl W/. 3,000.00 (saltl eam ghi
00/600 iulvhs shmls) phr mf eftrågumf jl sus daohs li lm Ghmlcah  Olfi Ml Nhumgd2
 6>3

fsaeaseh, slöfmf qul mf jlefijfjf valil aiguepmalijh lm rácaeli jl vasatfs y qul lm

ghmlcah df gheuiagfjh su jlgasa÷i jl ih rlihvfr mf eftrågumf jl su daoh pfrf lm föh jhs
eam higl2 aijagf fjleæs qul sus elihrls daohs ghihgli f su fgtufm pfrlof l daohs jl
lstf, mucfr jhijl sl df fghijagahifjh ui jhreathrah ghi thjfs mfs ghehjajfjls y qul
gulitf ghi mfs rljls shgafmls ilglsfrafs pfrf rlganar lm shphrtl y fghepföfealith.

;. ^lsh
^lshmumuga
ga÷i
÷i jl sl
slcu
cuij
ijff ais
aistfi
tfiga
gaff
Lmlvfjhs mhs fuths li vartuj jlm rlgursh jl fplmfga÷i aitlrpulsth, mf Wfmf Wuplrahr 
rlvhg÷ mf rlshmuga÷i jl praelrf aistfigaf, rlkhreæijhmf jlgmfr÷ kuijfjf mf jlefijf2
 nfoh mhs sacualitls kuijfeliths?

;.6. Vul, mulch jl mf slpfrfga÷i jl mhs gg÷iyucls,

÷iyucls, lm pfjrl ih jlsftlija÷ f mhs elihrls,
 puls df vliajh guepmalijh ghi sus hnmacfgahils fmaelitfrafs, fså gheh tfenaái
lolrgalijh fgtavfelitl su jlrlgdh jl pftraf phtlstfj.

;.>. Mf jlefijfjf plsl f ih mfnhrfr y rlganar elisufmelitl mf plisa÷i fmaelitagaf,

tfith pfrf su plrshif gheh pfrf sus elihrls daohs, ih df nraijfjh mhs guajfjhs
ilglsfrahs pfrf ui ÷ptaeh jlsfrrhmmh aitlcrfm jl mhs iaöhs, thjf vlz, qul li lm gfsh
jlm iaöhjlm
rlslrvf C.jlrlgdh
F. E. Z.,
jl mf Aistatuga÷i
eftrågumf jlm Ljugftavf
föh jhs eamKFP
jalz,Ohsá Vuaöhils
fså gheh ih mllmrlihv÷
tfephgh mf
Ghmlcah
 Olfi Ml Nhumgd  pfrf lm föh lsghmfr jhs eam higl, y li fenhs gfshs phr dfnlrsl
 prlslitfjh slrafs jakagumtfjls li lm efiloh ghijugtufm jlm gatfjh iaöh2 lm easeh
qul sl ghrrhnhrf ghi mf plragaf psaghm÷cagf jl khofs galith jalz qul lstfnmlgl qul lm
gatfjh elihr prlslitf trfsthrih daplrgaiátagh jashgafm2 qul ghikhrel f mf gfrtf
ihtfrafm rleatajf phr lm jlefijfitl fm Ghmlcah Olfi Ml Nhumgd, ghi klgdf vlaitaj÷s
jl jagalenrl jl jhs eam jalz sl slöfmf ”jlnh slöfmfr qul lm gheprheash fjquarajh
 phr ea plrshif jl mmlvfr f ea daoh f tlrfpafs jurfitl lm föh >060 ih df sajh
guepmajh phrqul mfelitfnmlelitl ih lolrzh li mf fgtufmajfj mf tliligaf jl ea daoh,
y mfelitfnmlelitl mf efjrl jl ea daoh Cuammlreh f plsfr jl vfrahs aitliths jl
mmlvfrmh ih ghmfnhr÷ ghi lstl gheprheash―2 fsaeaseh, sl slöfmf qul fm slr 
 prlcuitfjf f mf jlefijfjf li mf fujaligaf ÿiagf sa sus daohs ghigurrli f mfs
tlrfpafs psaghm÷cagfs, efiaklst÷ qul ih, y fjleæs sl thef li gulitf mf rlspulstf jl
mf jlefijfjf li gufith slöfmf qul sa talil ghihgaealith jl mhs prhnmlefs jl
ghijugtf qul talil su daoh, plrh qul ih mh df phjajh mmlvfr phr kfgthr jl jailrh y
taleph jlm elihr, mh gufm f ghisajlrfga÷i jl mf Wfmf Wuplrahr ih sl ghijagl ghi mf
rlfmajfj, puls li fuths df quljfjh jlnajfelitl lstfnmlgajh qul lm jlefijfitl
guepml ghi sus hnmacfgahils fmaelitfrafs, eæs fÿi sa mf prhpaf lepmfzfjf fjeatl f
khofs quaialiths jalgaiulvl, qul lm fgthr sl ligulitrf fm jåf li lm pfch jl mhs
fmaeliths.

;.7. Fsaeaseh, sl thef li gulitf mfs lvfmufgahils psaghm÷cagfs y lm aikhrel shgafm

rlmfgahifjh ghi mhs elihrls, qul ih shi kfvhrfnmls, fm lstfnmlglrsl qul sa nali mhs
elihrls gulitfi ghi uif aitlmacligaf suplrahr f mh ihrefm, sai lenfrch talili
rlcumfr rlijaealith lsghmfr, mh qul jleulstrf qul mf efjrl ih mls nraijf mhs
guajfjhs ilglsfrahs pfrf su khrefga÷i aitlcrfm.
 6>4

;.:. Wl hnslrvf
hnslrvf qul mf jlefijfjf ih tal talil
il ui fjlgufjh ghitrhm
ghitrhm jl lehgahils,
lehgahils,
ghikhrel sl vlrakagf ghi mf ghistftfga÷i phmagafm jl klgdf quaigl jl efrzh jl jhs
eam jalz fitl mf Gheasfråf jl Wfitf Klmagaf, jl khofs guftrhgaliths hgdlitf y gaigh2
li mfs qul sl aijagf qul mf jliuigafjf ghca÷ uihs dulvhs y mhs mfiz÷ ghitrf su
g÷iyucl li prlsligaf jl sus elihrls daohs, fjleæs sfgh ui efrtammh eltæmagh y
gfus÷ jföhs eftlrafmls fm vldågumh jlm fgthr ghikhrel mh ghrrhnhrf lm lklgtavh
 phmagafm jl mf Gheasfråf jl Wfitf Klmagaf y lm vacamfitl Pfnmh Mfyel [amgf, fså
gheh mfs khthcrfkåfs jl khofs guftrhgaliths hgdlitf y slas, mh qul ih rlsumtf
kfvhrfnml pfrf lm jlsfrrhmmh aitlcrfm jl sus elihrls daohs.

;.<. Fjleæs
Fjleæs sl fprlgaf jlm gufj gufjlrih
lrih jl eljajf gfutlmfr
gfutlmfr jl rácael
rácaelii jl vasatfs
 prhvasahifm f kfvhr jlm fggahifitl qul mf jlefijfjf ih df guepmajh ghi mh
hrjlifjh phr lm ÷rcfih ourasjaggahifm, ghikhrel f mfs ghistfigafs phmagafmls jl
khofs gaigulitf y guftrh, gaigulitf y slas, gaigulitf y saltl, gaigulitf y iulvl y
slslitf, y ih df cfrfitazfjh lm jlrlgdh jl mhs iaöhs jl efitlilr lm ghitfgth ghi su
 pfjrl, dfnalijh aigmush sajh rlqulrajf eljafitl rlshmuga÷i jl klgdf saltl jl fchsth
jl jhs eam iulvl, mh qul df jfjh gheh ghislguligaf qul lm jlefijfitl sl vlf
aepljajh jl mmlvfr fm elihr C. E. f mfs tlrfpafs psaghm÷cagfs lsplgafmazfjfs li

ehjakagfga÷i jl ghijugtf,
Vuaöhils― y ”Olfi ghijagahifjfs
Ml Nhumgd―,  pfrf qul phr mhs ghitaiufr
puljf Glitrhs Ljugftavhs ”Ohsá
ghi sus lstujahs
lsghmfrls, mh qul df ehtavfjh qul fm iaöh ih sl ml plreatf ghitaiufr ghi sus
lstujahs li jagdhs glitrhs ljugftavhs.

;.;. Df sajh thefjh li ghisajlrfga

ghisajlrfga÷i
÷i mh slöfmfjh li lm Prlæenu
Prlæenumhmh jl mf Ghivliga÷i
shnrl mhs Jlrlgdhs jlm iaöh, qul jagl qul lm iaöh, pfrf lm pmlih y frehiahsh
jlsfrrhmmh jl su plrshifmajfj jlnl grlglr li lm slih jl mf kfeamaf, li ui fenalitl
jl klmagajfj, fehr y gheprlisa÷i li ghighrjfigaf ghi lm frtågumh 1.7 jl jagdf
Ghivliga÷i, qul prlsgranl ”Mhs Lstfjhs Pfrtls rlspltfræi lm jlrlgdh jlm iaöh, qul
lstá slpfrfjh jl uih h jl fenhs pfjrls f efitlilr rlmfgahils plrshifmls y
ghitfgth jarlgth ghi fenhs pfjrls jl ehjh rlcumfr, sfmvh sa lmmh ls ghitrfrah fm
aitlrás suplrahr jlm iaöh― y mhs frtågumhs 3:, 4:, 44 jlm G÷jach jl mhs Iaöhs y
Fjhmlsglitls.
;.3. Li tfm slitajh, mf Wfmf Wuplrahr rlvhgf mf slitligaf rlgurrajf fså gheh tfenaái kaof
ui rácaeli jl vasatfs f kfvhr jl mf efjrl f lklgths jl efitlilr lm våigumh eftlrih
kamafm.

AAA.. ^LG
AAA ^LG\^W
\^WH
H JL GFWFGA
GFWFGA×I
×I
Mf Wuprlef Wfmf eljafitl mf rlshmuga÷i jl klgdf gaigh jl oumah jl jhs eam jhgl df
jlgmfrfjh prhgljlitl lm rlgursh jl gfsfga÷i aitlrpulsth phr mf jlefijfjf Fif Glgamaf
Zhrrls jlm Æcuamf, phr mf aikrfgga÷i ihreftavf jl mhs frtågumhs AT y T jlm Zåtumh
Prlmaeaifr y jl mhs frtågumhs 4: y 4< jlm G÷jach jl mhs Iaöhs y Fjhmlsglitls2 fså gheh
lm frtågumh 671 aigashs 7 y < jl mf Ghistatuga÷i Phmåtagf jlm Lstfjh, fm dfnlr sajh
lxpulstfs mfs rlklrajfs aikrfggahils ghi gmfrajfj y prlgasa÷i slöfmæijhsl fjleæs mf
aigajligaf jl lmmfs li mf jlgasa÷i aepucifjf.
 6>1

A[. G\LW
G\LWZA×I
ZA×I O\^ÅJAGF
O\^ÅJAGF F JLNFZ
JLNFZA^ 
A^ 
Li lm prlslitl gfsh, mf gulsta÷i ouråjagf li jlnftl rfjagf li jltlreaifr sa sl dfi
aikraicajh mfs rlcmfs jlm jlnajh prhglsh y ehtavfga÷i, fså gheh mfs ihrefs rlklrajfs f
tliligaf y gusthjaf jl elihrls.

[. K\
K\IJ
IJFE
FELI
LIZH
ZHW
W JL LWZ
LWZF
F W\P^L
W\P^LEF
EF WFMF
WFMF
Praelrh.- Vul, lm jlnajh prhglsh khrefm ghistatuyl uif cfrfitåf ghistatugahifm qul
fslcurf qul li mf trfeatfga÷i jl ui prhglsh, sl rlspltli jltlreaifjhs rlquasaths
eåiaehs. Zfmls rlquasaths, qul dfi sajh hnolth jl jasgusa÷i, li clilrfm sl ghisajlrf qul
fnfrgfi mhs sacualitls gratlrahs? (a) Jlrlgdh f slr hphrtuifelitl aikhrefjh jlm prhglsh
(lepmfzfealith, ihtakagfga÷i, taleph rfzhifnml pfrf prlpfrfr mf jlklisf)2 (aa) Jlrlgdh f
slr ouzcfjh phr ui oulz aepfrgafm, qul ih tlicf aitlrás li ui jltlreaifjh rlsumtfjh jlm
uagah2 (aaa) Jlrlgdh f trfeatfga÷i hrfm jl mf gfusf y f mf jlklisf phr ui prhklsahifm
(punmagajfj jlm jlnftl)2 (av) Jlrlgdh f mf prulnf2 (v) Jlrlgdh f slr ouzcfjh shnrl mf
 nfsl jlm eárath jlm prhglsh2 (va) Jlrlgdh fm oulz mlcfm. Jlrlgdh kuijfelitfm qul fsastl
f thjhs mhs suolths jl jlrlgdh f pmfitlfr sus prltlisahils h f slr ouzcfjhs
ouzcfjh s phr futáitaghs
÷rcfihs ourasjaggahifmls, grlfjhs eljafitl Mly Hrcæiagf, plrtlilgalitls fm Phjlr 
Oujagafm, rlspltuhshs ghi mhs praigapahs ghistatugahifmls jl acufmjfj, aijlplijligaf y
sueasa÷i f mf mly, y ghistatuajhs ghi frrlcmh f mfs ihrefs gheuils jl ghepltligaf
 prllstfnmlgajfs.
Wlcuijh.- Vul, sl fjvalrtl qul mf rlgurrlitl shstalil qul mf rlshmuga÷i gulstahifjf ih
sl ligulitrf jlnajfelitl ehtavfjf. Li rlfmajfj, gheh sl fprlgaf, ih gulstahif li så lm
jlnajh prhglsh ia li lstragth jlklgths jl ehtavfga÷i, saih lm eftlrafm prhnfthrah, ghi
thjh jlnl slöfmfrsl qul fquå sl df rlspltfjh lm jlrlgdh f slr aikhrefjh jlm prhglsh, fm
ulz aepfrgafm, f mf punmagajfj jlm jlnftl y lm jlrlgdh jl jlklisf, f mf prulnf, f slr 
uzcfjh shnrl lm eárath jlm prhglsh y fm oulz mlcfm. Ifjf jl lsh sl df gulstahifjh phr mh
qul lstl lxtrleh jlm rlgursh jlnl slr rlgdfzfjh.
Zlrglrh.- Vul, salijh lmmh fså, y dfgaáijhsl mf prlgasa÷i rlsplgtavf, lstl Zranuifm
Wuprleh vlrakagfræ sa mf rlshmuga÷i aepucifjf sl ligulitrf aijlnajfelitl ehtavfjf.
Gfnl aijagfr qul? ”Mf ehtavfga÷i jl mf jlgasa÷i oujagafm ls uif lxacligaf ghistatugahifm
(Frt. 671 aigs. 7 y <)2 phr ghisacualitl, lm Ouzcfjhr pfrf ehtavfr mf jlgasa÷i qul thef
jlnl oustakagfrmf, aitlrif y lxtlrifelitl, lxprlsfijh uif frcuelitfga÷i gmfrf, prlgasf y
ghivaiglitl pfrf ehstrfr qul fqulmmf jlgasa÷i ls hnoltavf y eftlrafmelitl oustf, y phr 
tfith, jlslfnml shgafm y ehrfmelitl―.
Gufrth.- Vul, li lsf plrsplgtavf, jlnl aijagfrsl, li gufith f mf oustakagfga÷i aitlrif
(qul ghisastl li vlrakagfr qul ”lm pfsh jl mfs prleasfs f mf ghigmusa÷i ls m÷cagfelitl ‗ 
jljugtavfelitl‗ væmajh― sai qul aitlrlsl mf vfmajlz jl mfs prhpafs prleasfs), qul lm
hrjli m÷cagh prhpulsth phr mf Wfmf Wuplrahr df sajh lm sacualitl? (a) Gheh prleasf
ihreftavf mf slitligaf df ghisajlrfjh jhs ihrefs kuijfelitfmls? f) lm frtågumh 46 jlm
G÷jach jl mhs Iaöhs y Fjhmlsglitls, qul li gfsh jl jlsfgulrjh mf tliligaf mf rlsulmvl
lm oulz jagtfijh mfs eljajfs ilglsfrafs pfrf su guepmaealith2 y, n) lm frtågumh 4: jlm
G÷jach jl mhs Iaöhs y Fjhmlsglitls, li lm lxtrleh qul prlsgranl qul lm oulz prahrazfræ
lm hthrcfealith jl mf tliligaf h gusthjaf f quali elohr cfrfitagl lm jlrlgdh jlm iaöh,
 iaöf h fjhmlsglitl f efitlilr ghitfgth ghi lm htrh prhcliathr. (aa) Gheh prleasf

670

kægtagf mf Wfmf Wuplrahr df fjvlrtajh qul mhs elihrls dfi sajh jlsguajfjhs y qul mf
efjrl talil ui gfrægtlr ailstfnml. (aaa) Gheh ghigmusa÷i mf slitligaf ghisajlrf qul mf
jlefijf jlnl slr fepfrfjf. Zfm gheh  sl fjvalrtl, mf jljugga÷i m÷cagf jl mf Wfmf ls
ghepftanml khrefmelitl ghi lm samhcaseh qul df lstfnmlgajh, phr mh qul sl puljl
ghigmuar qul su rlshmuga÷i prlslitf uif jlnajf oustakagfga÷i aitlrif.
Vuaith.- Vul, li mh qul ghigalril f mf oustakagfga÷i lxtlrif, lstf ghisastl li ghitrhmfr mf
fjlgufga÷i h shmajlz jl mfs prleasfs, mh qul suphil qul mf(s) ihref(s) ghitliajf(s) li
mf prleasf ihreftavf slf(i) ihref(s) fpmagfnml(s) li lm hrjlifealith ouråjagh y qul mf
 prleasf kægtagf slf mf lxprlsa÷i jl
j l uif
ui f prhphsaga÷i
p rhphsaga÷i vlrjfjlrf. Li lsf plrsplgtavf, lstl
Zranuifm Wuprleh lstaef qul mf oustakagfga÷i lxtlrif rlfmazfjf phr mf Wfmf Wuplrahr ls
fjlgufjf. Li lklgth, mfs ihrefs aijagfjfs shi mfs ghrrlgtfs pfrf rlshmvlr lm prlslitl
gfsh, puls mfs prleasfs ihreftavfs fmujli f jasphsatavhs rlklrajhs f mf tliligaf y
gusthjaf jl elihrls, mhs qul fjleæs, ghikhrel sl fjvalrtl li lm ghisajlrfijh vacásaeh
slcuijh jl mf slitligaf, dfi sajh ghighrjfjhs ghi lm Prlæenumh y lm frtågumh 1.7. jl mf
Ghivliga÷i shnrl mhs Jlrlgdhs jlm Iaöh. F su vlz, mf prleasf kægtagf ghrrlsphijl fm
eftlrafm prhnfthrah lxastlitl. Jfjf mf ghrrlgga÷i jl mf prleasf ihreftavf y kægtagf, mf
ghigmusa÷i f mf qul sl frran÷ kul mf fjlgufjf, lxastalijh jlnajf oustakagfga÷i lxtlrif.

Wlxth.-ehtavfga÷i
lxastl Vul, li mhfpfrlitl
qul rlsplgtf f mhs
gufijh liprhnmlefs lsplgåkaghs
uif jltlreaifjf jl ehtavfga÷i
rlshmuga÷i sl talilqul
oujagafm pfrlgl qul,
sl
ustakagf mf jlgasa÷i plrh su ghitliajh ih lxpmagf mfs rfzhils jlm kfmmh2 qul lxastl
ehtavfga÷i aisukagalitl gufijh ih dfy ui eåiaeh jl ehtavfga÷i lxacanml y qul lxastl
ehtavfga÷i aighicrulitl gufijh sl jlofi aighitlstfjfs mfs prltlisahils h sl jlsvåf mf
jlgasa÷i jlm efrgh jlm jlnftl oujagafm. Zfmls aighrrlggahils ih sl ligulitrfi li mf
slitligaf rlgurrajf. Fså, gheh sl df prlslitfjh li måilfs prlgljlitls, sl df oustakagfjh
mf jlgasa÷i tfith li lm fsplgth jl mhs dlgdhs gheh li lm ihreftavh, dfy frcuelitfga÷i
 prhmaof y sl dfi ghitlstfjh mfs prltlisahils lxastlitls, gheh sl puljl fprlgafr jlm rlmfth
jltfmmfjh jl mhs lvliths sugljajhs litrl mfs pfrtls y jl mfs ihrefs mlcfmls utamazfjfs. Li
tfm slitajh, lstl Zranuifm Wuprleh lstaef qul sl df kuijfelitfjh lm phrquá jlm slitajh
jlm kfmmh y sl dfi ghitlstfjh
ghi tlstfjh racurhsfelitl mfs prltlisahils lxastlitls.

Wátaeh.-liVul,
thefjh phrqul
gulitf htrflmpfrtl, jlnl plrefilglr
daoh jlnl vlrakagfrsl sa,
ghigheh slöfmf mfghi
lm prhcliathr rlgurrlitl, ih sleæs
lm qul vava÷ df
taleph, y qul sl df aigurrajh li lrrhr gufijh sl eligahif qul sus daohs talili rlcumfr 
rlijaealith gufijh li lm gfsh jl C. F. talil ui prheljah jl gfthrgl y mf elihr M. O. lm
jl lxglmlitl2 satufgahils fenfs qul vumilrfråfi lm frtågumh 4: jlm rlklrajh gulrph mlcfm.
Fsaeaseh, jlnl vlrakagfrsl sa fm ih thefrsl li gulitf mf hpaia÷i jl mhs elihrls, sl df
vumilrfjh lm frtågumh 4< jlm G÷jach jl mhs Iaöhs y Fjhmlsglitls.
Hgtfvh.- Vul, shnrl lm pfrtagumfr jlnl eligahifrsl qul mhs frtågumhs AT y T jlm G÷jach
jl mhs Iaöhs y Fjhmlsglitls dfgli rlklrligaf fm aitlrás suplrahr jlm iaöh  y f mhs
 prhglshs jl elihrls gheh prhnmlefs duefihs. Wl trftf jl ihrefs praigapastfs qul
cuåfi mf aitlrprltfga÷i jlm rlsth jlm frtagumfjh jlm rlklrajh G÷jach y qul jlnli
ftlijlrsl, tfith phr slr jasphsatavhs mlcfmls vaclitls gheh phrqul rlsphijli f mhs
Zrftfjhs Aitlrifgahifmls
mhs Jlrlgdhs susgrathslmmh
jlm Iaöh). Walijh phrfså
lm mfs
pfåsaikrfggahils
(phr thjhs? fmlcfjfs
Ghivliga÷i
phr Aitlrifgahifm
mf rlgurrlitl jl
fm
frtågumh 4: y 4< jlm G÷jach jl mhs Iaöhs y Fjhmlsglitls rlklrajhs f mfs kfgumtfjls jlm
 676

ulz li mhs gfshs jl tliligaf y f mf ilglsajfj jl lsgugdfr mf hpaia÷i jlm iaöh jlnli slr 
aitlrprltfjfs li lm efrgh jl mfs ihrefs praigapastfs fitls slöfmfjfs.
Ihvlih.- Vul, lstfnmlgajhs mhs pfræeltrhs mlcfmls fitls slöfmfjhs, sl hnslrvf qul, ghi
rlsplgth f mf plrefiligaf jl mhs elihrls ghi lm prhcliathr qul mhs tuvh eæs taleph,
jlnl slöfmfrsl qul, li lklgth, lm frtågumh 4:.6 eligahif qul lmmh ls fså, plrh jagdh
jasphsatavh gumeaif ghi mf sacualitl krfsl? ”saleprl qul ml slf kfvhrfnml―. Ih
kfvhrfnml―.  Ih sl trftf,
 phr tfith, jl uif ihref kftfm, aeplrftavf, qul ih fjeatl ehjakagfgahils2 phr lm
ghitrfrah, prlgasfelitl phrqul ls ilglsfrah prlslrvfr lm ”aitlrás suplrahr jlm iaöh―, sl
trftf jl uif rlcmf ouråjagf kmlxanml, qul sl fjlgÿf f mh qul ml kfvhrlgl y qul, phr mh
tfith, fitls qul pravamlcafr mhs kfgthrls taleph, ljfj, slxh h plrefiligaf prhtlcl lsl
”aitlrás suplrahr―, ghisajlrfijh fm elihr gheh suolth jl jlrlgdh y rlgdfzfijh qul sl
ml tlicf gheh hnolth jlplijalitl jl sus pfjrls h sunhrjaifjh f mf frnatrfraljfj jl mf
futhrajfj. Fså lxpulstfs mfs ghsfs, fuiqul mf plrefiligaf jlm iaöh ghi uih jl sus
 prhcliathrls ls ui lmlelith f ghisajlrfr, tfm dlgdh gljl gufijh tfm lvlith ih slf
kfvhrfnml f ám. Mh easeh qul sl df jagdh shnrl lm frtågumh :.6 jlnl slöfmfrsl ghi
rlsplgth fm frtågumh 4< jlm G÷jach jl mhs Iaöhs y Fjhmlsglitls, ls jlgar, mf hpaia÷i jl
mhs elihrls ls aephrtfitl, plrh jlnl slr lvfmufjf ghi lm ghiouith jl eljahs
 prhnfthrahs lxastlitls, f kai jl jltlreaifr quá ls mh qul ghivalil fm elihr.
Jágaeh.- Vul, li mh rlmfgahifjh fm lrrhr li lm prheljah lsghmfr jl mhs elihrls, sl
hnslrvf phr mf prhpaf jlgmfrfga÷i jl mf rlgurrlitl li su rlgursh jl gfsfga÷i y phr mh
lxpulsth f khofs hgdhgaliths jhgl qul C. F. talil ui prheljah phr jlnfoh jlm rlcumfr,
 puls fplifs mmlcf f trlgl phith sltlitf y hgdh,
h gdh, salijh qul li lm ghitlxth jl su Aikhrel
Psaghm÷cagh mh talil gheh plrshif jl aitlmacligaf suplrahr. Li gfenah, ghikhrel sl
fprlgaf f khofs hgdhgaliths higl, så ls vlrjfj qul M. O. talil ui prheljah jlstfgfjh
(FJ). Ih hnstfitl, lsf lquavhgfga÷i jl mf Wfmf Wuplrahr ih shmh ih clilrf iumajfj
fmcuif, saih fjleæs li ifjf ehjakagf
eh jakagf mf ghituijligaf jl sus fkarefgahils.
\ijágaeh.- Vul, li lklgth, lm prheljah lsghmfr ls shmh uih jl mhs kfgthrls thefjhs li
gulitf pfrf jagtfr mf slitligaf2 f lmmh sl df fcrlcfjh qul f Cuammlreh Fijrás ih sl ml
dfyf rlihvfjh mf eftrågumf jlm föh jhs eam jalz li mf Aistatuga÷i Ljugftavf KFP ”Ohsá
Vuaöhils― ia
 prhnmlefs jllighijugtf
lm jhs eam
jlmhigl li lmqul
elihr, ”Ghmlcah Olfi
ih dfi Ml Nhumgd―,
elrlgajh y li fenhs
mf vacamfigaf y lmgfshs phr 
ghitrhm
jlslfnml phr pfrtl jl mf rlgurrlitl, eæs fui gufijh df ghitlstfjh li Fujaligaf ßiagf
qul ”ih df phjajh mmlvfr (f su daoh fm psag÷mhch) phr
psag÷mhch) phr kfgthr jailrh y taleph jlm elihr―
gufijh sl df fgrljatfjh lm guepmaealith jl mfs hnmacfgahils fmaelitfrafs phr pfrtl jlm
 pfjrl. Fsaeaseh, sa nali, gheh sl df jagdh, lm prheljah jl ihtfs jl M. O. ls nulih, ih
ls elihs vlrjfj qul mf ljugfga÷i ih puljl rljugarsl f mf fgtavajfj lsghmfr, saih sl
jlsfrrhmmf tfenaái li mf gfsf jhijl sl vavl. Fmmå lm fenalitl ls aifjlgufjh pfrf fenhs
elihrls. Fså, ghikhrel mh lxphil lm Aikhrel Psaghm÷cagh (khofs galith trlgl), M. O., qul
talil aitlmacligaf suplrahr ghi ghlkagalitl galith jhgl, ls tfenaái uif iaöf ghi
”futhlstaef phr jlnfoh jl mh ihrefm, ghi slitaealiths jl aiklrahrajfj y
jlsvfmhrazfga÷i― y ghi ”såijrhel jl iaöf efmtrftfjf―. Phr su pfrtl, C. F., slöfmf lm
Aikhrel Psaghm÷cagh, qul tfenaái talil uif aitlmacligaf suplrahr ghi ghlkagalitl galith
quaigl, ls ”krhitlrazh f iavlm shgafm ‑ y, tfm gheh sl df rlmftfjh li måilfs prlgljlitls, df
tliajh prhnmlefs jl ghijugtf li mhs jhs ghmlcahs jhijl df lstfjh. Zhjh lmmh jleulstrf
 67>

qul mf efjrl ih df jlsleplöfjh jl efilrf jlnajf su mfnhr jl rlscufrjh y guajfjhs

ilglsfrahs pfrf su khrefga÷i.
Juhjágaeh.- Vul, f lmmh, jlnl föfjarsl, gheh mh df dlgdh mf slitligaf aepucifjf? ‗ 
Vul lm eájagh ilur÷mhch y psaquaftrf jl mf Gmåiagf Eljmfn df slöfmfjh qul trft÷ f mf
rlgurrlitl phrqul prlslitf trfsthrih fklgtavh y qul ml rlfmaz÷ jhs lvfmufgahils pfrf
jlsgfrtfr trfsthrih ilurhm÷cagh, y qul f mf tlrglrf slsa÷i (qul anf f slrvar pfrf jlsgfrtfr 
ui phsanml trfsthrih naphmfr) mf fdhrf jlefijfjf yf ih ghigurra÷. ‗ Vul lm psaquaftrf
jlm Aistatuth Ifgahifm jl Wfmuj Elitfm ”Dhihrah Jlmcfjh― rlkalrl dfnlr trftfjh f mf
efjrl jl mhs elihrls qul lithigls pfjlgåf ”jlprlsa÷i efyhr― y qul, jfjh lm crfjh jl
jlsghikafizf qul tliåf, ml paja÷ jlsgfrtfr trfsthrih lsquazhfklgtavh, ih ghigurralijh mf
 pfgalitl f iaicuif htrf gatf. ‗ Vul mf Dasthraf Gmåiagf hnrfitl jl khofs jhsgaliths
slslitf y hgdh f jhsgaliths sltlitf aikhref qul mf rlgurrlitl pfjlgl lpashjah jlprlsavh
ehjlrfjh, J/G trfsthrih naphmfr, mh qul kul rftakagfjh phr lm eájagh trftfitl. ‗ Vul mf
 plragaf psaghm÷cagf prfgtagfjf f mf gfusfitl slöfm÷ qul sukrl jl trfsthrih jl fisaljfj
clilrfmazfjf. ‗ Vul, f mh lxpulsth sl föfjl qul mf rlgurrlitl ih talil ui fjlgufjh
ghitrhm jl sus lehgahils, dfnalijh mfizfjh dulvhs y chmplfjh ghi ui efrtammh lm futh
jlm jlefijfitl.

Jágaeh
frtågumhs tlrglrh.- Vul,
4: y 4< jlm mh lxpulsth
G÷jach plreatl
jl mhs Iaöhs ghigmuar qul li
y Fjhmlsglitls, ifjf
puls lmmhssldfi
dfisajh
vumilrfjh mhs
lvfmufjhs
li lm ghitlxth jlm jlsfrrhmmh jl mhs elihrls, jlm fgtufm guajfjh qul sl mls nraijf y
tlialijh gheh ihrtl lm praigapah jlm ”a itlrás suplrahr jlm iaöh― y qul ui prhglsh jl
elihrls ls saleprl ui prhnmlef ghepmloh guyf shmuga÷i sl jf ghi mf lvfmufga÷i
lxaclitl jlm eftlrafm prhnfthrah, gheh sl df dlgdh li lm prlslitl gfsh.

[A.. JL
[A JLGA
GAWA
WA×I
×I
Phr lstfs ghisajlrfgahils y ghikhrel f mh lstfnmlgajh li lm frtågumh 713 jlm G÷jach
Prhglsfm Gavam? Jlgmfrfrhi AIK\IJFJH lm rlgursh jl gfsfga÷i aitlrpulsth phr mf
jlefijfjf Fif Glgamaf Zhrrls jlm Æcuamf, jl klgdf jalgahgdh jl fnram jl jhs eam jhgl,
hnrfitl f khofs hgdhgaliths vlaitatrás2 li ghislguligaf IH GFWF^HI mf slitligaf jl

vastf jlm jalgasáasmfjlpunmagfga÷i

JAWP\WAL^HI efrzh jl jhs eamprlslitl
jl mf jhgl, qul ghrrl f khofs
rlshmuga÷i li lm sltlgaliths
hkagafmtrlaitf y trls2
 Lm Plrufih
jafrah hkagafm Lm
ghikhrel f mly2 li mhs slcuajhs phr Sammafe Klrifijh Earfijf Julöfs ghitrf Fif
Glgamaf Zhrrls jlm Æcuamf, shnrl tliligaf y gusthjaf jl elihr2 y mhs jlvhmvalrhi2
aitlrvaialijh gheh philitl lm slöhr Oulz Wuprleh Gfmjlr÷i Gfstammh.
WW.
FMELIF^F N^QWHI
D\FEFIÅ MMFEFW
LWZ^LMMF GFEF
^HJ^ÅC\L_ GDF[L_
GFMJL^×I P\L^ZFW

>. Aephsanama
Aephsanamajfj
jfj jl lstfnmlg
lstfnmlglr
lr tlilig
tliligaf
af ghepfrt
ghepfrtajf
ajf li
li satufga÷
satufga÷i
i aitlrpl
aitlrplrshifm
rshifm
ghikmagtavf. Gfsfga÷i I° 73;3->06<-Gusgh
 677

^LW\ELI
Li lm prlslitl prhiuigafealith gfsfthrah, lm Zranuifm Gavam Wuprleh phil
rlmlvfigaf f mhs ghikmagths jl mhs g÷iyucls surcajhs f pfrtar jl mf jasputf jl mf
tliligaf jl mhs daohs. Ghikhrel puljl fprlgafrsl li lm kuijfelith sátaeh y
jágaeh jl mf gfsfga÷i, mhs oulgls suprlehs dfi slöfmfjh qul ”mf tliligaf jlm
elihr, gheh lxprlsa÷i jl mf pftraf phtlstfj, f pfrtar jl mf ehjakagfthraf aitrhjugajf
 phr mf Mly I¿ >1>;1 fm frtågumh 46 jlm G÷jach jl mhs Iaöhs y Fjhmlsglitls, sl
jasphil qul gufijh mhs pfjrls lstái slpfrfjhs jl dlgdh, mf tliligaf jl mhs iaöhs,
iaöfs h fjhmlsglitls sl jltlreaif jl gheÿi fgulrjh litrl lmmhs, y thefijh li
gulitf lm pfrlglr jlm iaöh, iaöf h fjhmlsglitl, salijh qul jl ih lxastar fgulrjh, h sa
lstl rlsumtf plroujagafm pfrf mhs daohs, mf tliligaf mf rlshmvlræ lm oulz lsplgafmazfjh,
jagtfijh mfs eljajfs ilglsfrafs pfrf su guepmaealith, pujalijh jasphilr mf
tliligaf ghepfrtajf, sfmvfcufrjfijh li thjh ehelith lm aitlrás suplrahr jlm iaöh,
iaöf h fjhmlsglitl―. I÷tlsl qul ghi mf mly rlklrajf, lm sastlef jl tliligaf
ehihpfrlitfm sl trfsmfjf f uif tliligaf ghepfrtajf, y lsth ls, næsagfelitl gheh
ghisajlrfr qul li thjh gfsh, praef lm aitlrás suplrahr jlm iaöh, gheh aitlrás jl mf
shgaljfj y lm Lstfjh.
K\IJFELIZH ^LML[FIZL

 Jágaeh.-  F pfrtar jl mf ehjakagfthraf aitrhjugajf phr mf Mly I¿ >1>;1, li

fjlmfitl, sl talil qul li gfsh jl ih lxastar fgulrjh shnrl mf tliligaf, li
gufmqualrf jl sus ehjfmajfjls, lm oulz rlshmvlræ tlialijh li gulitf qul lm daoh
jlnlræ plrefilglr ghi lm prhcliathr ghi quali ghivava÷ efyhr taleph,
 saleprl qul ml slf kfvhrfnml2 qul lm daoh elihr jl trls föhs plrefilglræ ghi
mf efjrl2 y pfrf lm qul ih hntlicf mf tliligaf h gusthjaf jlm iaöh, iaöf h
fjhmlsglitl jlnl slöfmfrsl ui rácaeli jl vasatfs, salijh fjleæs qul li
gufmqualrf jl mhs supulsths, lm oulz prahrazfræ lm hthrcfealith jl mf tliligaf h
gusthjaf f quali elohr cfrfitagl lm jlrlgdh jlm iaöh, iaöf h fjhmlsglitl f
efitlilr ghitfgth ghi lm htrh prhcliathr. Walijh fså, sl talil qul ih sl
fprlgaf tfm aikrfgga÷i ihreftavf, thjf vlz qul mhs gratlrahs lstfnmlgajhs li
jagdf jasphsaga÷i lstæi suolths f slr fpmagfjhs slcÿi lm aitlrás jlm elihr, phr 
mh qul fm dfnlrsl lstfnmlgajh li fuths qul sl ligulitrf li ralsch mf
lstfnamajfj lehgahifm jlm elihr phr mf ghijugtf jl su pfjrl, y qul f su vlz,
rlsumtf qul su efjrl så gulitf ghi mfs ghijagahils ilglsfrafs pfrf fslcurfr 
 su guajfjh, puljl lm ouzcfjhr ih slcuar mhs gratlrahs fmmå slöfmfjhs gheh
jltlreaifitls pfrf kaofr mf tliligaf. Fsaeaseh, jfjf mf ghijugtf jlm pfjrl jlm 
elihr, slöfmfjf li lm ghisajlrfijh fitlrahr, rlsumtf lvajlitl qul ih
 cfrfitazf lm jlrlgdh jl su daoh f efitlilr ghitfgth ghi lm htrh prhcliathr,
gratlrah qul mf rlklrajf jasphsaga÷i ihreftavf tfenaái lstfnmlgl gheh
ghijagahifitl pfrf hthrcfr mf tliligaf, jlnalijh ástf phr lmmh rlgflr li mf
jlefijfitl.
 67:

GH^ZL W\P^LEF JL O\WZAGAF JL MF ^LPßNMAGFWFMF GA[AM

Z^FIWAZH^AF
GFWFGA×I 73;3->06<-G\WGH
ZLILIGAF Q G\WZHJAF JL ELIH^ 

Maef, hgdh jl fchsth jl jhs eam jalgasáas.-

WFMF GA[AM Z^FIWAZH^AF JL MF GH^ZL W\P^LEF JL O\WZAGAF JL MF
^LPßNMAGF? [astf mf gfusf iÿelrh trls eam sltlgaliths slslitf y saltl - jhs eam
quaigl, lklgtufjhs lm jlnftl y mf vhtfga÷i ghrrlsphijalitls, leatl mf sacualitl
slitligaf.
EFZL^AF JLM ^LG\^WH
Wl trftf jlm rlgursh jl gfsfga÷i aitlrpulsth phr Ljashi [frcfs Lstrfjf f khofs eam galith
gufrlitf y gaigh, ghitrf mf slitligaf jl vastf jl khofs eam ihvlitf y jhs, jl klgdf trlaitf
jl ouiah jl jhs eam quaigl, lxpljajf phr mf Wfmf Gavam jl mf Ghrtl Wuplrahr jl Oustagaf
jl Gusgh, qul ghikaref mf slitligaf fplmfjf jl khofs ihvlgaliths vlaitl, jl klgdf
vlaitahgdh jl lilrh jl jhs eam quaigl, qul jlgmfrf kuijfjf mf jlefijf.
K\IJFELIZHW JLM ^LG\^WH
Lstf Wfmf Wuprlef, eljafitl rlshmuga÷i jl khofs slslitf y iulvl jlm gufjlriammh jl
gfsfga÷i, jl klgdf vlaitl jl hgtunrl jlm jhs eam quaigl, df jlgmfrfjh prhgljlitl lm
gatfjh rlgursh jl gfsfga÷i, phr mfs gfusfmls jl? A) Aikrfgga÷i ihreftavf eftlrafm jl mf
Mly I¿ >1>;1 - Mly qul ehjakagf mhs frtågumhs 46 y 4: jlm G÷jach jl mhs Iaöhs y
Fjhmlsglitls, aighrphrfijh mf tliligaf ghepfrtajf, fmlcfijh qul jagdf aikrfgga÷i sl df
 prhjugajh phrqul mf slitligaf jl vastf li su ghisajlrfijh jágaeh jlsghihgl mf
eligahifjf mly, rlkaralijh qul lm sastlef plrufih df fjhptfjh mf tliligaf jl gfrægtlr 
ehihpfrlitfm2 y AA) Jl khref lxglpgahifm, li fpmagfga÷i jlm frtågumh 71>-F jlm G÷jach
Prhglsfm Gavam, ehjakagfjh phr mf Mly I¿ >17;:, phr mf gfusfm jl? Aikrfgga÷i ihreftavf
 prhglsfm jlm frtågumh 671 aigashs 7 y < jl mf Ghistatuga÷i Phmåtagf jlm Plrÿ, f lklgths jl
lvfmufr sa mf Wfmf Wuplrahr df guepmajh ghi ehtavfr jlnajfelitl, y sa df fpmagfjh
ihrefs qul rlsumtfi plrtailitls fm gfsh jl fuths.
GHIWAJL^FIJH
Praelrh.-  Prlvafelitl f mf fnshmuga÷i jlm rlgursh jl gfsfga÷i  sun lxfeail
lxfeail   ls
ilglsfrah dfglr ui nrlvl rlgulith jl mh fghitlgajh li lm prhglsh. Jlm lxfeli jl fuths
sl talil qul f khofs trlaitf y hgdh, L. L. G. D. aitlrphil jlefijf jl Zliligaf y
Gusthjaf jl su elihr daoh, ghitrf Ljashi [frcfs Lstrfjf2 salijh sus kuijfeliths jl
dlgdh qul ghi lm jlefijfjh prhgrlfrhi f su elihr daoh C. L. [. G. y jlnajh f mf
ghijugtf jlm jlefijfjh ‗fmghdhmaseh y prhnmlefs lghi÷eaghs‗ krfgfs÷ mf
ghivavligaf li fchsth jl jhs eam jhgl. Lm jlefijfjh jlehstr÷ uif ghijugtf

arrlsphisfnml
aiaga÷ ih guepmalijh
uif jlefijf jl Ghnrhghi
jl sus hnmacfgahils
Fmaeliths qul sllghi÷eagfs, ehtavh
trfeat÷ fitl phr lm jl
lm Ouzcfjh gufmPfz
ml
Mltrfjh jl Frlquapf. Iuigf prav÷ fm jlefijfjh jl su jlrlgdh f vasatfr f su elihr daoh
 67<

 plsl f qul mf felifzfnf ghi quatærslmh. Lm vlaitasáas jl jagalenrl jl jhs eam jhgl ml
 plreata÷ vlrmh, dfgaáijhml grllr lm jlefijfjh qul lstfnf frrlplitajh jlm jföh gfusfjh,
mh qul fprhvlgd÷ ástl pfrf mmlvfrmh f mf gaujfj jlm Gusgh sai su ghislitaealith. Lm
jlefijfjh sl ilc÷ f jlvhmvlrml f su elihr daoh, salijh mf plrshif elihs aijagfjf pfrf
lstfr f su guajfjh, phr slr uif plrshif lehgahifmelitl ailstfnml, fjleæs jl fnusavh y
hnslsavh, gheh sl talil jl mhs eÿmtapmls elisfols jl tlxth qul talil mf fggahifitl gheh
 prulnf li mfs jlefijfs jl vahmligaf kfeamafr, fjleæs jl slr arrlsphisfnml, gheh quljf
jlehstrfjh li mf jlefijf jl fmaeliths, fså gheh fm pfjlglr jl ui prhnmlef jl
fmghdhmaseh.
Wlcuijh.- F khofs galith jhgl, Ljashi [frcfs Lstrfjf ghitlstf mf jlefijf slöfmfijh
qul ls lepmlfjh, ghi trfnfoh lstfnml li lm Dhspatfm jl LWWFM\J jl Gusgh, mfnhrfijh
li khref aiaitlrruepajf phr quaigl föhs gheh plrshifm fjeaiastrftavh jl mf ^lj
Fsastligafm, jljagæijhsl f su trfnfoh y fm guajfjh lxgmusavh jl su elihr daoh jlnajh fm
fnfijhih lghi÷eagh y ehrfm jl mf jlefijfitl. Ghi lmmf sl ghihgalrhi
fprhxaefjfelitl li sltalenrl jlm föh jhs eam saltl li jagdh glitrh mfnhrfm, salijh qul
mf jlefijfitl ih ml efiaklst÷ qul tliåf ui daoh jl htrf rlmfga÷i slitaelitfm y qul li
lsf áphgf ghivavåf ghi lm pfjrl jl su elihr daoh li mf gaujfj jl Frlquapf, salijh qul
shmh gufijh mf fggahifitl sl lenfrfz÷, li fchsth jl jhs eam hgdh, ml push li
ghihgaealith jl lmmh. Mf jlefijfitl efitalil uif slral jl prhnmlefs ghi su
lxghivavalitl f rfz÷i jl mfs jliuigafs qul sl dfi aistfjh fenhs li mf gaujfj jl
Frlquapf, salijh qul efitalili ghikmagths, plmlfs, lsgæijfmhs euy crfvls li lm
jheagamah jhijl sl lighitrfnf su elihr daoh li mf gaujfj jl Frlquapf, phr mh gufm sl
ligulitrf li aieailitl plmacrh jl vlr fklgtfjf su aitlcrajfj kåsagf, psaghm÷cagf y ehrfm.
Fkaref qul saleprl jl khref rlsphisfnml y efjurf quash prlslrvfr su rlmfga÷i ghi mf
jlefijfitl, salijh kfmsh qul tlicf prhnmlefs jl fmghdhmaseh. Iuigf jlsfepfr÷
lghi÷eagfelitl f su elihr daoh, y mf fggahifitl ml df aiagafjh ui prhglsh jl
Fmaeliths jl efmf kl, salijh qul saleprl ml car÷ jailrh f trfvás jlm Nfigh jl mf
 Ifga÷i, fså gheh ml litrlcfnf jailrh li khref plrshifm, mmlvfnf våvlrls y prlijfs jl
vlstar pfrf su elihr daoh, l aigmush pfrf lm htrh daoh jl mf jlefijfitl. Ghi lm ÿiagh
fkæi jl gheuiagfrsl ghi su daoh dazh aistfmfr ui tlmákhih kaoh li lm jheagamah jhijl sl
lighitrfnf
hphrtuiajfjlsvavalijh
ghrtfnf lmli Frlquapf2
tlmákhih y ih ml sai lenfrch,
gheuiagfnf ghi mfsu daoh.
jlefijfitl li guajfjh
Pfrf lm elohr eugdfs
jl su elihr daoh ghitrft÷ mhs slrvagahs jl uif ifif yf qul mf fgthrf sfmåf f su glitrh
mfnhrfm f mfs saltl jl mf eföfif y rlthrifnf f fmtfs dhrfs jl mf ihgdl, lstfijh jagdh
elihr prægtagfelitl fnfijhifjh. Mulch jl dfglr vfrahs vafols f mf gaujfj jl Frlquapf,
mhs fnulmhs eftlrihs ml rlatlrfrhi qul mh elohr slråf qul su elihr daoh lstá f su guajfjh
  qul mh mmlvfrf f mf gaujfj jlm Gusgh phrqul ih shmh lstfnf jlsftlijajh, saih qul
lstfnf li ralsch su aitlcrajfj kåsagf, psaghm÷cagf y ehrfm. Wu elihr daoh ih lstfnf nali
guajfjh y, phr lm ghitrfrah, lstfnf prægtagfelitl fnfijhifjh fm acufm qul su eljah
dlrefih, salijh qul lm vlaitaj÷s jl jagalenrl jl jhs eam jhgl, vasat÷ uif vlz eæs f su
daoh li mf gaujfj jl Frlquapf, lighitræijhmh li lstfjh gfmfeathsh, sai fslh plrshifm,
ghi rhpf ih fjlgufjf, efm jl sfmuj2 ehtavh phr lm gufm ml rlgmfe÷ f mf jlefijfitl,
quali ml efiaklst÷ qul yf ih phjåf ghi lm guajfjh jl sus jhs daohs y qul lrf elohr qul
mmlvl f su elihr daoh fm Gusgh. Whrprlijlitlelitl mf fggahifitl dfnåf fslitfjh uif
jliuigaf li mf gaujfj jl Frlquapf y, phstlrahrelitl, li mf gaujfj jlm Gusgh,
 litlræijhsl rlgaái qul dfnåf sajh jlefijfjh li lm els jl ihvalenrl jl jhs eam jhgl

67;

 phr Ghnrh jl Fmaeliths. [alijh lm fnfijhih ehrfm

eh rfm y lghi÷eagh jl su daoh, fm qul kul
sheltajh phr su prhcliathrf, fså gheh phr lm crfvl plmacrh qul ghrrl su aitlcrajfj
kåsagf, psaghm÷cagf y ehrfm, jlnajh f mhs prhnmlefs qul efitalil fqulmmf ghi lm
 prhcliathr jl su daoh efyhr, ls lm jlefijfjh mf plrshif aijagfjf pfrf nraijfr gusthjaf
  tliligaf li su elihr daoh, yf qul ml nraijf elohrls ftligahils y lstæ li elohr 
satufga÷i jl jlsfrrhmmh, li ui gmaef jl trfiquamajfj y frehiåf, li ghepföåf jl sus
kfeamafrls, jhijl plrganl frehiåf y pfz, ghisajlrfijh, fjleæs, qul ih puljl
fnfijhifr su khrefga÷i ljugftavf yf qul sl ligulitrf eftragumfjh li mf Aistatuga÷i
Ljugftavf Iulstrf Wlöhrf jlm ^hsfrah.
Zlrglrh.- Lm f quh,
quh, eljafitl slitligaf jl khofs ihvlgaliths vlaitl, jl klgdf vlaitahgdh
jl lilrh jl jhs eam quaigl, jlgmfrf kuijfjf mf jlefijf. Gheh kuijfeliths jl su
jlgasa÷i shstalil qul jlm fglrvh prhnfthrah sl talil qul lm elihr C. L. [. G., lithigls
jl trls föhs jl ljfj, sl lighitrfnf li phjlr jl mf jlefijfitl2 sai lenfrch, lm
jlefijfjh mh fpfrt÷ jl su guajfjh. Fsaeaseh, aijagf qul sl df jltlreaifjh qul mf
ghephsaga÷i jl mf kfeamaf jl mf jlefijfitl fmgfizf s÷mh f mf fgthrf y f su daoh efyhr 
Jfvaj Fmlofijrh Phrthgfrrlrh Gfnrlrf, jl iulvl föhs jl ljfj, y sa nali fquámmf dfnråf
 pfjlgajh jl vahmligaf kfeamafr, phr pfrtl jl Frefijh Phrthgfrrlrh Hshrah ‗prhcliathr 
jl su daoh efyhr‗, lmmh sl prhjuoh fitls jlm ifgaealith jlm slcuijh daoh jl mf
jlefijfitl (vlaitagaigh jl fnram jl jhs eam iulvl)2 ih dfnaáijhsl jlehstrfjh qul mhs
dlgdhs jl vahmligaf kfeamafr susgatfjhs li lsf klgdf dfyfi ghitaiufjh, phr mh tfith, ih
lxastl phsanamajfj fmcuif jl ralsch ghitrf mf aitlcrajfj kåsagf jlm elihr. Phr lm
ghitrfrah, sl aikalrl jlm fglrvh prhnfthrah ghisastlitl li aikhrels psaghm÷caghs y
shgafmls, qul lm fenalitl jhijl fgtufmelitl sl ligulitrf vavalijh lm elihr ih ls lm
fjlgufjh pfrf lm jlsfrrhmmh jl su plrshifmajfj ghikhrel dfi frrhofjh mhs aikhrels
 psaghm÷caghs, yf qul lm jlefijfjh ls ailstfnml lehgahifmelitl, ls vahmlith, vumcfr y
sfrgæstagh, mh gufm ghigulrjf tfenaái ghi mf lvfmufga÷i jlm elihr, yf qul ih puljl
dfnmfr jl su prhcliathrf jlmfitl jlm jlefijfjh y tfephgh puljl fkarefrsl li lm iÿgmlh
kfeamafr jhijl sl ligulitrf, ih puljl ghitrfrafr f su prhcliathr, mh qul saciakagf qul lm
jlefijfjh lolrgl ghitrhm shnrl mfs rlspulstfs y khrefga÷i jlm elihr, mh qul dfgl qul
slf ailstfnml lehgahifmelitl, fjvartaáijhsl aijagahs jl uif fmalifga÷i jlm elihr li
ghitrf jl mfml jlefijfitl,
 prhcliathr phr mh sukagalitls
nraijf ih rlsumtfi qul mfs ÷ptaefs
fitl mfghijagahils lghi÷eagfs
ailstfnamajfj lehgahifmqulli lm
lm
fenalitl li qul sl ligulitrf. F su turih, li mh qul ghigalril f mf fggahifitl Lmvarf
Lrabf Gfnrlrf Dufymmfia, lm f quh  quh  aijagf qul sl df lstfnmlgajh qul ih prlslitf
saithefthmhcåf psaghpfthm÷cagf qul ml aepajf uif fjlgufjf plrglpga÷i y lvfmufga÷i jl
mf rlfmajfj, salijh qul sa nali talil plrshifmajfj ghi rfschs ailstfnmls, talil gfpfgajfj
jl plrganar y lvfmufr mf rlfmajfj2 fsaeaseh, prlslitf uif rlfgga÷i fisahsf eaxtf
jlprlsavf qul lstæ fshgafjf f mf satufga÷i jl su elihr daoh y fm prhglsh oujagafm jl
Zliligaf. Li lm aikhrel shgafm sl talil qul lstf, rlÿil mfs ghijagahils ilglsfrafs pfrf
 phjlr fsuear mf rlsphisfnamajfj y grafizf jlm elihr C. L. [. G. Jl thjh lmmh, aikalrl
qul quali sl ligulitrf li elohrls ghijagahils pfrf mf grafizf y guajfjh jlm elihr ls mf
jlefijfitl, pulsth qul lxastl efyhr lstfnamajfj shnrl thjh lehgahifm li lmmf, tfith
eæs, qul mf ihref ls gmfrf fm slöfmfr qul li gfsh jl ih lxastar fgulrjh shnrl mf tliligaf,
lm daoh jlnl plrefilglr ghi lm prhcliathr ghi lm qul vava÷ efyhr taleph. Kaifmelitl, f
khofs quaigl, hnrf mf ^lshmuga÷i iÿelrh uih, jl klgdf gaigh jl ihvalenrl jl jhs eam
 gaigh, shnrl ui prhglsh jl fmaeliths, slcuajh phr mf jlefijfitl ghitrf lm rlgurrlitl,

673

sai lenfrch ih sl fgrljatf qul lm jlefijfjh sl ligulitrl fm jåf li sus plisahils

fmaelitagafs, phr mh qul ih prhgljl kaofr ui rácaeli jl vasatfs pfrf lm rlgurrlitl.
Gufrth.-  \if vlz fplmfjf mf eligahifjf slitligaf, mf Wfmf Wuplrahr, eljafitl
slitligaf jl vastf jl khofs hgdhgaliths gufrlitf y gaigh, jl klgdf trlaitf jl ouiah jl jhs
eam quaigl, mf ghikaref. Gheh kuijfeliths lxphil qul lm sastlef plrufih df hptfjh

 phr
chzfrmf jl
tliligaf jl gfrægtlr
mf easef, ehihpfrlitfm,
kaoæijhsl ui rácaelils jl
jlgar, shmhpfrf
vasatfs uih lm
jl htrh.
mhs prhcliathrls
Fsaeaseh, puljl
jl mf
rlvasa÷i jlm lxpljalitl, ghmacl qul lm elihr fgtufmelitl gulitf ghi slas föhs jl ljfj y
vavl ghi su pfjrl, plrh ghikhrel f mh efiaklstfjh phr mf jlefijfitl li sus javlrshs
lsgraths, lm jlefijfjh ih ml plreatl vlr fm elihr, mh qul ls ghrrhnhrfjh ghi mhs
rlsumtfjhs jl mfs jaklrlitls plragafs psaghm÷cagfs y mhs aikhrels shgafmls fitls jlsgraths,
satufga÷i qul sl thrif eugdh eæs crfvl, li tfith lm f quh  quh  ghiglja÷ mf tliligaf
 prhvasahifm f kfvhr jl mf jlefijfitl, ghikhrel sl jlsprlijl jl mf ^lshmuga÷i I¿ :6
rlgfåjf li lm aigajlitl ghi iÿelrh jl Lxpljalitl 647- >067-:>-6006-OE-KG-06 (qul
hnrf f khofs guftrhgaliths hgdlitf y gaigh jl jagdh gufjlrih)2 y rlquara÷ li vfrafs
hgfsahils qul lm jlefijfjh guepmf ghi mf litrlcf jlm elihr f su efjrl, sai lenfrch,
lm rlgurrlitl jlehstr÷ uif ghijugtf rltaglitl f guepmar ghi jagdhs efijfths, dfnalijh
aigmush sajh pfsanml jl jltliga÷i phr vlaitaguftrh dhrfs (^lshmuga÷i iÿelrh gaigulitf
  trls, qul hnrf li lm gufjlrih I¿ 647->067-:>-6006-OE-KG-06, f khofs slasgaliths
hgdlitf y uih). Fsaeaseh, ih puljl pfsfr jlsfplrganajf mf ghijugtf jlm jlefijfjh,
quali fm slr litrlvastfjh li mf vasatf shgafm (khofs sltlgaliths vlaitauih), rldus÷ jfr lm
ihenrl jl mf aistatuga÷i ljugftavf jhijl lm elihr gursf sus lstujahs, slöfmfijh qul mh
dfgl phr slcurajfj, ghi mf kaifmajfj jl qul mf jlefijfitl ih ghihzgf jagdf
aikhrefga÷i, jl htrh mfjh f kai jl mhcrfr mf lolguga÷i jl sus efijfths lm f quh aigmush
quh aigmush
mmlv÷ f gfnh uif jamacligaf jl fmmfifealith jlm jheagamah jlm jlefijfjh (Fgtf jl khofs
hgdhgaliths gaigulitf y saltl, li lm Lxpljalitl I¿ 647->067-:>-6006-OE- KG-06), sai
lenfrch ih mhcr÷ dfmmfr fm elihr. Wl ghigmuyl lithigls qul quali prhpagaf lm
fmlofealith jlm easeh jl su efjrl ls lm jlefijfjh2 ls jlgar, fsuel uif ghijugtf ghi
 prljasphsaga÷i pfrf aepljar qul mf jlefijfitl sl rlÿif ghi su daoh, mh qul
jlkaiatavfelitl jlnl tlilrsl li gulitf, yf qul ls ftlitfthrah fm nalilstfr jlm elihr phr 
fklgtfr su lstfnamajfj
 prfgtagfjfs fm easeh. lehgahifm, ghikhrel
Li mfs jaklrlitls sl fjvalrtl
litrlvastfs jl mfs fm
rlfmazfjfs lvfmufgahils
elihr, ástlpsaghm÷cagfs
df aijagfjh
qul jlslf vavar ghi su pfjrl, sai lenfrch, li mhs aikhrels psaghm÷caghs sl df
jafcihstagfjh qul lm elihr sl dfmmf ilglsatfjh jl fklgth, y qul sl jlslivulmvl li ui
fenalitl qul ml aepajl fgtufr ghi manlrtfj, puls lxastl jlplijligaf dfgaf su pfjrl pfrf
mf sftaskfgga÷i jl sus ilglsajfjls2 ehstrfijh fenavfmligaf y ghikusa÷i ghi rlsplgth f
sus slitaealiths dfgaf sus pfjrls, ih lvajligaæijhsl vaigumfga÷i fklgtavf ghi iaicuih
jl lmmhs2 thjh lmmh fuifjh fm dlgdh qul sl ml aepajl efitlilr ghitfgth ghi su efjrl,
jlkaiatavfelitl lstf satufga÷i vumilrf su lstfnamajfj lehgahifm y mf sftaskfgga÷i rlfm jl
sus ilglsajfjls fklgtavfs. Ghislgulitlelitl, ls phsanml ghmlcar qul mh efiaklstfjh phr 
lm elihr jl ghitaiufr vavalijh ghi su pfjrl, ih hnljlgl f su vlrjfjlrh jlslh, li tfith
ghikhrel sl fjvalrtl jlm Aikhrel Whgafm jl khmahs sltlgaliths vlaitauih, mhs prlsuiths
efmhs trfths sukrajhs phr pfrtl jl su efjrl, qul shi sustlith pfrf rlgdfzfr vavar ghi
lstf ÿmtaef, shi fkarefgahils prhjugth jl mf aikmuligaf jlm pfjrl dfgaf su elihr daoh, mh
qul ghigulrjf ghi lm aikhrel psaghm÷cagh ghrrlsphijalitl fm elihr, qul hnrf f khofs
 quaialiths trlgl. Lithigls, sa nali lm elihr ih talil fiaefjvlrsa÷i dfgaf su pfjrl, plrh

674

jl hthrcfrsl mf tliligaf f kfvhr jl lstl, ih slråf nlilkagahsf pfrf lm elihr, li tfith

ghikhrel mhs ghisajlrfijhs lxpulsths, lm jlefijfjh ftlitf ghitrf su lquamanrah
lehgahifm fm pravfrmh jl mf prlsligaf y ftliga÷i jl su efjrl, ih rlsumtfijh sukagalitl
qul sl nraijl fm elihr shmh ghehjajfjls eftlrafmls, ia sl vlml shmfelitl phr su sfmuj
kåsagf. Walijh mf ljfj jlm elihr jlm gufm sl shmagatf mf tliligaf, slas föhs, jlvlijråf li
aj÷ilh sl hthrcul mf tliligaf f kfvhr jl su efjrl, li tfith, ih sl prhn÷ qul mh tuvalrf
jlsftlijajh, h dfyf lolrgajh fgths jl vahmligaf kfeamafr li su fcrfvah, gheh fmlcf lm
jlefijfjh, jlnalijh tlilrsl li gulitf fjleæs qul lm elihr vava÷ ghi lmmf jlsjl su
ifgaealith dfstf lm vlaitasáas jl jagalenrl jl jhs eam jhgl. Fsaeaseh jl mfs jaklrlitls
lvfmufgahils psaghm÷cagfs prfgtagfjfs f mf jlefijfitl ih sl fjvalrtl fmtlrfga÷i elitfm
fmcuif, ia fsplgths qul ghimmlvli f ghisajlrfr aifjlgufjh qul lm elihr lstá nfoh su
guajfjh, gheh hgurrl ghi lm jlefijfjh quali fjleæs jl aepljar qul su efjrl vasatl
fm elihr, lolrgl aikmuligaf ilcftavf li su ghitrf, fm aistruarml qul dfnml efm jl lmmf. Phr 
mh lxpulsth, sa nali fenhs pfjrls
p fjrls nahm÷caghs jltlitfi mf pftraf phtlstfj, mf tliligaf sl ml
jlnl hthrcfr f mf efjrl nahm÷cagf, jlnalijh ghikarefrsl mf rlshmuga÷i eftlraf jl
fplmfga÷i, mh qul ih jlnl saciakagfr qul ih sl lstfnmlzgf ui rácaeli jl vasatfs, qul
 plreatf fm elihr, slcuar vaigumfjh f quali saleprl slræ su pfjrl y qul tfenaái ml
 plreatf lstrlgdfr mfzhs ghi ám2 ih salijh rfzhifnml sl aepajf fm jlefijfjh vasatl f su
elihr daoh,fgrljatfjh
dfyf sajh sustlitæijhsl qul aiguepma÷
kldfgalitlelitl2 ghi sus hnmacfgahils
fsaeaseh, fmaelitfrafs,
li sfmvfcufrjf jlm aitlrássai
jlmqul lmmh
elihr,
 prhgurfijh sl mhcrl qul mf rlmfga÷i jl pfjrl l daoh sl khrtfmlzgf y lstfnamagl, jlvalil li
arrfzhifnml qul sl fjeatf lm jltlrahrh jlm våigumh pftlrih kamafm phr lm aiguepmaealith
jl mfs prlstfgahils fmaelitfrafs.
Vuaith.- Gheh sl df lstfnmlgajh li lm Zlrglr Pmlih Gfsfthrah Gavam, glmlnrfjh phr mfs
Wfmfs Gavamls Plrefilitl y Zrfisathraf jl mf Ghrtl Wuprlef jl Oustagaf jl mf ^lpÿnmagf,
f prhp÷sath jl mf Gfsfga÷i I¿ :;;:->060-Puih, mf ifturfmlzf jlm prhglsh jl kfeamaf ls
tuatavf, y ”sl ghiganl gheh fquám jlstaifjh f shmugahifr ghi prhitatuj mhs ghikmagths
qul surofi jlitrh jl mfs rlmfgahils kfeamafrls y plrshifmls, hkrlgalijh prhtlgga÷i f mf
 pfrtl plroujagfjf, yf slf qul sl trftl jl daohs, pfjrls, g÷iyucls, dlrefihs, ltg., jl fmmå
qul sl jaklrligaf jlm prhglsh gavam jlnajh f mf ifturfmlzf jl mhs ghikmagths f trftfr, y qul
aephili fm Oulz uif
elrfs gulstahils ghijugtf
tágiagfs, ghigamafjhrf
rlslrvfijh y slisanml, qul gheh
mf ghikrhitfga÷i suplrlÿmtaef
mhs khrefmasehs
rftah―, mh ygufm
mfs
cufrjf rlmfga÷i ghi mh lstfnmlgajh li lm frtågumh T jlm G÷jach jl mhs Iaöhs y
Fjhmlsglitls, phr lm gufm lm Lstfjh ih s÷mh jlnl cfrfitazfr ui sastlef jl fjeaiastrfga÷i
jl oustagaf lsplgafmazfjf pfrf mhs iaöhs y fjhmlsglitls, saih qul li mhs gfshs suolths f
rlshmuga÷i oujagafm h fjeaiastrftavf li mhs qul lstái aivhmugrfjhs iaöhs h fjhmlsglitls
slræi trftfjhs gheh prhnmlefs duefihs.
Wlxth.- Jl mf ^lshmuga÷i jl khofs slslitf y iulvl jlm gufjlriammh jl gfsfga÷i, sl talil
qul sl df fjeatajh jl khref lxglpgahifm lm prlslitl rlgursh gfsfthrah phr mf aikrfgga÷i
ihreftavf prhglsfm jl mhs aigashs 7 y < jlm frtågumh 671 jl mf Ghistatuga÷i Phmåtagf jlm
Plrÿ, f kai jl jltlreaifr sa sl dfnåf guepmajh ghi ehtavfr jlnajfelitl mf rlgurrajf,
fpmagfijh fm gfsh ghigrlth thjfs mfs ihrefs ghrrlsphijalitls. Wai lenfrch, lstfijh f mf
rlmlvfigaf jl mf eftlraf
lm ghisajlrfijh fitlrahr,hnolth jl prhiuigafealith
jl lxastar y f mfs
uif ihref ouråjagf ghisajlrfgahils
ih fpmagfjf lxpulstfs
phr mf Wfmf li
Wuplrahr 
  pfrf rlshmvlr lm prlslitl gfsh, lstl Wuprleh Zranuifm jlnlræ prhiuigafrsl ghisajlrfijh

671

mf ifturfmlzf jl mf ihref aikrfggahifjf, jl ghikhreajfj ghi mh jaspulsth li lm frtågumh

71; jlm G÷jach Prhglsfm Gavam.
Wátaeh.- Li gufith f mf Zliligaf jlm elihr, gheh lxprlsa÷i jl mf pftraf phtlstfj, phr 
mf ehjakagfthraf aitrhjugajf phr mf Mly I¿ >1>;1, jlm jalgasáas jl hgtunrl jl jhs eam
hgdh, lm frtågumh 46 jlm G÷jach jl mhs Iaöhs y Fjhmlsglitls jasphil qul gufijh mhs

 pfjrls lstái
jltlreaif slpfrfjhs
jl gheÿi jl dlgdh,
fgulrjh mf tliligaf
litrl lmmhs, jl li
y thefijh mhsgulitf
iaöhs,lmiaöfs h fjhmlsglitls
pfrlglr jlm iaöh, iaöfslh
fjhmlsglitl, salijh qul jl ih lxastar fgulrjh, h sa ástl rlsumtf plroujagafm pfrf mhs daohs,
mf tliligaf mf rlshmvlræ lm Oulz lsplgafmazfjh, jagtfijh mfs eljajfs ilglsfrafs pfrf su
guepmaealith, pujalijh jasphilr mf tliligaf ghepfrtajf, sfmvfcufrjfijh li thjh
ehelith lm aitlrás suplrahr jlm iaöh, iaöf h fjhmlsglitl.
Hgtfvh.- F pfrtar jl mf ehjakagfthraf fitls slöfmfjf, li iulstrh hrjlifealith ouråjagh
lxastl mf phsanamajfj jl prhehvlr mf tliligaf ghepfrtajf h ghpfrlitfmajfj jl mhs
elihrls, li mf gufm ”fenhs pfjrls, plsl f vavar slpfrfjhs, talili mhs easehs ftranuths y
kfgumtfjls shnrl mhs daohs, jl ehjh tfm qul mf pftraf phtlstfj quljf aig÷muel, ls jlgar,
fenhs pfjrls saculi lolrgaáijhmf (…). Mhs daohs vavli jl efilrf fmtlriftavf y
tlephrfm ghi uih y htrh prhcliathr, mfs rlmfgahils plrshifmls sl fmtlrifi ghi mf
>

ghivavligaf
uråjagf jl mfhrjaifraf
tliligaf li uif jastranuga÷i
ghepfrtajf tlephrfm jl
jlnl litlijlrsl vfrafnml‑‑ . Li lsl
ghikhreajfj ghislitajh, mf kacurf
mh jaspulsth li
lm frtågumh 1 jl mf Ghivliga÷i shnrl mhs Jlrlgdhs jlm Iaöh, qul rlsfmtf mf aephrtfigaf
jl qul lm iaöh ih slf slpfrfjh jl sus pfjrls, saih gufijh slf lstragtfelitl ilglsfrah
 pfrf prlslrvfr su aitlrás.
Ihvlih.-  Walijh lmmh fså, sl talil qul fm ehelith jl leatar mf slitligaf jl vastf, mf
Wfmf Wuplrahr aijag÷ li su ghisajlrfijh jágaeh qul (sag) ”Lm sastlef plrufih df
hptfjh phr mf tliligaf jl gfrægtlr ehihpfrlitfm, ls jlgar s÷mh uih jl mhs prhcliathrls
 puljl chzfr jl mf easef, kaoæijhsl ui rácaeli jl vasatfs pfrf lm htrh‑‑, salijh qul jl
lmmh sl jlsprlijl qul fm ehelith jl leatar su kfmmh, mh dazh ilcfijh mf phsanamajfj jl
lstfnmlglr sa lrf mh elohr pfrf lm elihr qul sus pfjrls lolrzfi su tliligaf jl khref
ghepfrtajf, gheh lstfnf jaspulsth li eárath f mf ehjakagfthraf fitls slöfmfjf, ghi mh
gufm sl talil
G÷jach qulIaöhs
jl mhs df leatajh uif slitligaf
y Fjhmlsglitls. Waighi aikrfgga÷i
lenfrch, sl ihreftavf
talil qul jlm frtågumh
lm  fj
lm  qule46
qule   så jlm
df
aicrlsfjh fm fiæmasas jl sa lrf ghivlialitl h ih pfrf lm aitlrás jlm elihr lm qul su pfjrl
ghitaiÿl lolrgalijh su tliligaf, fsplgth qul rlsumtf tfenaái ghijagahifitl jl mf
tliligaf ghepfrtajf. Li lsl slitajh, df ghigmuajh qul f pfrtar jl mfs plragafs
 psaghm÷cagfs jl lstl (khofs jhsgaliths vlaitatrás y quaialiths trlgl) y jl su prhcliathr 
(khofs jhsgaliths slslitf y slas y quaialiths saltl), sl lvajligaf qul lm elihr prlslitf
ui fplch f mf kacurf pftlrif, plrh ghi kfmtf jl lstfnamajfj lehgahifm phr uif aifjlgufjf
lstaeumfga÷i fklgtavf. Fsaeaseh, salijh qul mf tliligaf ghepfrtajf prlsuphil mf
slpfrfga÷i jl dlgdh jl mhs pfjrls jlm elihr, sl dfgl ilglsfrah pfrf ghigljlrmf qul
litrl lsths lxastf ‗h slf prhnfnml‗ uif rlmfga÷i jl ghmfnhrfga÷i y ghhrjaifga÷i
ghistfitl, thjf vlz qul s÷mh ghi lmmh puljl cfrfitazfrsl qul puljfi ghepfrtar 
frehiahsfelitl lm guajfjh jlm elihr, mhs cfsths jl su sustlith y htrfs
rlsphisfnamajfjls li frfs jl su nalilstfr. Wa jagdf ghmfnhrfga÷i ih ls phsanml phr mf
ghijugtf ilcftavf h ghikrhitfgahifm jl uih jl mhs pfjrls, ih puljl lstfnmlglrsl uif
 tliligaf ghepfrtajf, phr trftfrsl jl uif satufga÷i aitlrplrshifm ghikmagtavf, qul phijråf

6:0

li efyhr ralsch mf aitlcrajfj lehgahifm y kåsagf jlm elihr phr lm fgtufr arrlsphisfnml
jl sus pfjrls. Fm tlilrsl jl fuths qul mf ghijugtf rlatlrftavf jlm pfjrl jlm elihr df
sajh mf jl pravfrmh jlmanlrfjfelitl jlm ghitfgth ghi su efjrl ‗gheh sl talil jl su
rliuligaf f guepmar lm efijfth oujagafm jl litrlcfr fm elihr, fså gheh jl su phgf
ghmfnhrfga÷i pfrf aikhrefr li ui praelr ehelith li quá aistatuga÷i ljugftavf slcuåf
lstujahs‗, dfnaáijhsl aigmush lighitrfjh aijagahs jl fmalifga÷i pfrlitfm li plrouagah jl
fqulmmf, lstl Wuprleh Zranuifm ghisajlrf qul ih rlsumtf phsanml ghigljlr mf tliligaf
ghepfrtajf f kfvhr jl fenhs pfjrls, phr mh qul mf lvajlitl aifpmagfga÷i jlm frtågumh 46
jlm G÷jach jl mhs Iaöhs y Fjhmlsglitls li qul sl df aigurrajh fm lxpljar mf rlgurrajf, sa
 nali fklgtf su ehtavfga÷i, ih ls gfsfnml phr foustfrsl su pfrtl rlshmutavf f jlrlgdh,
gheh mh jasphil lm frtågumh 713 jlm G÷jach Prhglsfm Gavam.
Jágaeh.- Li gufith f mf aikrfgga÷i ihreftavf jlm frtågumh 4: jlm G÷jach jl mhs Iaöhs y
Fjhmlsglitls, sl talil qul f pfrtar jl mf ehjakagfthraf aitrhjugajf phr mf Mly I¿ >1>;1,
li fjlmfitl, sl talil qul li gfsh jl ih lxastar fgulrjh shnrl mf tliligaf, li gufmqualrf
jl sus ehjfmajfjls, lm oulz rlshmvlræ tlialijh li gulitf qul lm daoh jlnlræ plrefilglr 
ghi lm prhcliathr ghi quali ghivava÷ efyhr taleph, saleprl qul ml slf kfvhrfnml2 qul lm
daoh elihr jl trls föhs plrefilglræ ghi mf efjrl2 y pfrf lm qul ih hntlicf mf tliligaf
h gusthjaf jlm iaöh, iaöf h fjhmlsglitl jlnl slöfmfrsl ui rácaeli jl vasatfs, salijh
fjleæs qul li gufmqualrf jl mhs supulsths, lm oulz prahrazfræ lm hthrcfealith jl mf
tliligaf h gusthjaf f quali elohr cfrfitagl lm jlrlgdh jlm iaöh, iaöf h fjhmlsglitl f
efitlilr ghitfgth ghi lm htrh prhcliathr. Walijh fså, sl talil qul ih sl fprlgaf tfm
aikrfgga÷i ihreftavf, thjf vlz qul mhs gratlrahs lstfnmlgajhs li jagdf jasphsaga÷i lstæi
suolths f slr fpmagfjhs slcÿi lm aitlrás jlm elihr, phr mh qul fm dfnlrsl lstfnmlgajh li
fuths qul sl ligulitrf li ralsch mf lstfnamajfj lehgahifm jlm elihr phr mf ghijugtf jl
su pfjrl, y qul f su vlz, rlsumtf qul su efjrl så gulitf ghi mfs ghijagahils ilglsfrafs
 pfrf fslcurfr su guajfjh, puljl lm ouzcfjhr ih slcuar mhs gratlrahs fmmå slöfmfjhs gheh
jltlreaifitls pfrf kaofr mf tliligaf. Fsaeaseh, jfjf mf ghijugtf jlm pfjrl jlm elihr,
slöfmfjf li lm ghisajlrfijh fitlrahr, rlsumtf lvajlitl qul ih cfrfitazf lm jlrlgdh jl su
daoh f efitlilr ghitfgth ghi lm htrh prhcliathr, gratlrah qul mf rlklrajf jasphsaga÷i
ihreftavf tfenaái lstfnmlgl gheh ghijagahifitl pfrf hthrcfr mf tliligaf, jlnalijh ástf
 phr lmmh rlgflr li mf jlefijfitl.
Jágaeh praelrh.-  Kaifmelitl, rlsplgth f mf gfusfm jl aikrfgga÷i ihreftavf fjeatajf
lxglpgahifmelitl, jl mf rlvasa÷i jl mf rlcumfga÷i ihreftavf fpmagfnml fm gfsh, lstl
Wuprleh Zranuifm fprlgaf qul plsl f qul mfs aistfigafs jl eárath jltlreaifrhi uif
vfrafga÷i jl mf tliligaf jlm elihr f kfvhr jl su efjrl, ih fpmagfrhi lm frtågumh 4> jlm
G÷jach jl mhs Iaöhs y Fjhmlsglitls, phr lm gufm jlnåf hrjlifrsl, ghi mf fslshråf jlm
lquaph eumtajasgapmaifrah, qul lstf sl lklgtÿl li khref prhcrlsavf jl efilrf qul ih ml
 prhjuzgf jföh h trfisthrih, mh gufm rlsumtf rlmlvfitl pfrf lm gfsh jl fuths, thefijh li
gulitf mf ljfj jlm elihr y lm fplch lehgahifm qul talil ghi su pfjrl, ghi quali df
vavajh mhs ÿmtaehs föhs. Fså, lm lxtrleh jl mf pfrtl rlshmutavf jl mf fplmfjf qul jasphil
qul lm elihr slf litrlcfjh li ui pmfzh jl gaigh jåfs jlspuás jl ihtakagfjf mf slitligaf,
ghistatuyl jlgasa÷i qul phjråf plroujagfrmh, jlnalijh slr jagdf vfrafga÷i jl khref
 prhcrlsavf y phr plrahjhs
 plrahjh jl vfgfgahils jl fmtlrifigaf,
lsghmfrls jlm föh jhsfprhvlgdfijh
eam jalgasaltl,pfrf
f kaisu
jl aiagah lm sacualitl
ih aitlrruepar mhs
 lstujahs lsghmfrls jlm elihr. Fsaeaseh, jfjh qul sl df kaofjh ui rácaeli jl vasatfs

6:6

 pfrf lm jlefijfjh, quali ghitaiufræ phr lmmh li ghitfgth ghi lm elihr y su efjrl, mf
tlrfpaf psaghm÷cagf f mf qul slræ sheltajh lm elihr jlnl tfenaái slr nraijfjf f fenhs
 pfjrls f kai jl mhcrfr tfenaái li lmmhs lstfnamajfj psaghm÷cagf y lehgahifm pfrf
cfrfitazfr lm khrtfmlgaealith jlm våigumh fklgtavh ghi su daoh, fså gheh lm rlsplth y
ghisajlrfga÷i jlm htrh prhcliathr, mh qul sl oustakagf tfith phr lm gfrægtlr lxglpgahifm jl
mf gfsfga÷i ghigljajf, gheh phr lm aitlrás suplrahr jlm elihr.
Phr mfs ghisajlrfgahils lxpulstfs, y jl ghikhreajfj ghi mhs frtågumhs 71; y 713 jlm
G÷jach Prhglsfm Gavam, jlgmfrfrhi K\IJFJH LI PF^ZL  lm rlgursh jl gfsfga÷i
aitlrpulsth phr Ljashi [frcfs Lstrfjf f khofs eam galith gufrlitf y gaigh2 phr 
ghisacualitl, GFWF^HI PF^GAFMELIZL  mf slitligaf jl vastf jl khofs eam
ihvlitf y jhs, jl klgdf trlaitf jl ouiah jl jhs eam quaigl, leatajf phr mf Wfmf Gavam jl
mf Ghrtl Wuplrahr jl Oustagaf jl Gusgh, shmh li lm lxtrleh qul ghikaref qul lm
jlefijfjh litrlcul fm elihr C. L. [. G. f mf jlefijfitl Lmvarf Lrabf Gfnrlrf
Dufymmfia, jlitrh jlm quaith jåf jl ihtakagfjh, nfoh fplrganaealith jl jfrsl aiagah f mf
lolguga÷i khrzfjf jl mh jaspulsth li jagdf rlshmuga÷i, y mf FI\MF^HI  s÷mh li lsl
lxtrleh2 y fgtufijh li sljl jl aistfigaf ^L[HGF^HI PF^GAFMELIZL  mf
slitligaf fplmfjf jl khofs ihvlgaliths vlaitl, jl klgdf vlaitahgdh jl lilrh jl jhs eam
quaigl, li gufith jasphil qul lm jlefijfjh Ljashi [frcfs Lstrfjf litrlcul fm elihr 
C. L. [. G. f mf jlefijfitl Lmvarf Lrabf Gfnrlrf Dufymmfia, jlitrh jlm quaith jåf jl
ihtakagfjh, nfoh fplrganaealith jl jfrsl aiagah f mf lolguga÷i khrzfjf jl mh jaspulsth li
jagdf rlshmuga÷i2 y ^LKH^EFIJH jagdh lxtrleh, jaspusalrhi qul mf vfrafga÷i jl mf
tliligaf hrjlifjf sl lklgtÿl li khref prhcrlsavf y ghi mf fslshråf jlm lquaph
eumtajasgapmaifrah, jl efilrf qul ih ml prhjuzgf jföh h trfisthrih f jagdh elihr y sl
mmlvl f gfnh hnslrvfijh mfs ghisajlrfgahils lxpulstfs li lstf rlshmuga÷i. Fsaeaseh,
AIZLC^F^HI  mf rlgurrajf, jasphialijh qul mhs Lquaphs Eumtajasgapmaifrahs jl mfs
Ghrtls Wuplrahrls jl Oustagaf jl Frlquapf y Gusgh, f trfvás jlm Ouzcfjh ghepltlitl jl
jagdfs gaujfjls, sheltfi tfenaái f tlrfpaf psaghm÷cagf f mf jlefijfitl Lmvarf Lrabf
Gfnrlrf Dufymmfia y fm jlefijfjh Ljashi [frcfs Lstrfjf, li lm iÿelrh jl slsahils
qul rlsumtli ilglsfrafs, jlnaáijhsl aikhrefr fglrgf jl mhs fvfigls hntliajhs qul
 prhplijlræi f mhcrfr su lstfnamajfj psaghm÷cagf y lehgahifm, fså gheh lm rlsplth y
ghisajlrfga÷i
rlshmuga÷i dfgaf
li lm lm htrh
jafrah prhcliathr2
hkagafm JAWP\WAL^HI
 Lm Plrufih
Plrufih,   mf punmagfga÷i
, nfoh rlsphisfnamajfj2 li mhsjlslcuajhs
mf prlslitl
phr 
Lmvarf Lrabf Gfnrlrf Dufymmfia ghitrf Ljashi [frcfs Lstrfjf, shnrl Zliligaf y
Gusthjaf jl Elihr2 y mhs jlvhmvalrhi. Philitl Wlöhr Earfijf Ehmaif, Oulz Wuprleh.-
WW.
ELIJH_F ^FEÅ^L_
^HEL^H JÅF_
GFNLMMH EFZFEFMF
EA^FIJF EHMAIF
QFQF _\EFLZF

7. Watufga÷i
Watufga÷i j
^LW\ELI jll lstfnama
lstfnamajfj
jfj qul
qul nlilka
nlilkagal
gal fm elihr.
elihr. Gfsfga÷i
Gfsfga÷i I¿
I¿ 706;
706;->06<-Z
->06<-Zfgif
fgif
 6:>

F ghisajlrfga÷i jl mf Wfmf Wuprlef, mf ghitrhvlrsaf shnrl tliligaf jl mhs daohs

aephrtf ”ui lxfeli ghiglptufm y ihreftavh shnrl lm jlrlgdh y lolrgagah jl mf
tliligaf jl mhs pfjrls rlsplgths jl sus daohs Rshmh fsåU, sl phjræ jltlreaifr li lm
gfsh ghigrlth sa mhs pfjrls rlÿili mfs ghijagahils ilglsfrafs pfrf lolrglr mf
tliligaf―. Lstf fprlgafga÷i phr mf Wfmf ls rlmlvfitl, phrqul plreatl lvfmufr lm

fglrvh
hthrcfr prhnfthrah hkrlgajh
uif tliligaf y fgtufjh,
ghepfrtajf f pfrtarfjl
u hthrcærslmf uihjhijl
jl mhslmg÷iyucls.
oulz puljl
Waijltlreaifr 
lenfrch,
uif ihtf fjagahifm f vfmhrfr ls qul, gheh ui lmlelith aitråislgh jl mf tliligaf ls
ghisajlrfr mf plrefiligaf clhcrækagf jl mhs pfjrls, puls sa phr rfz÷i mfnhrfm h jl
htrf åijhml ih cfrfitazf lstfnamajfj, prhpagafråf jlsftliga÷i li lm elihr, satufga÷i
qul li kuiga÷i fm aitlrás suplrahr fm iaöh, ih ghitranuyl f su jlsfrrhmmh y nalilstfr 
shgafm-kfeamafr.

K\IJFELIZH ^LML[FIZL

 Wátaeh.- Ls plrtailitl prlgasfr qul mf lxastligaf jl ui fgulrjh lxtrfoujagafm 

ih maeatfmfmftliligaf
hstlitf phsanamajfj
jl suplrdaoh
sl jl
jl mf phtlstfj
fgujar f mf jlm
våf pfjrl h mfdlgdh
oujagafm, efjrlqul
qulslræ
ih
lvfmufjh phr lm oulz2 qul sa nali mf tliligaf ghepfrtajf ls kfgumtftavf, lmmh ls
 saleprl y gufijh lm oulz fjvalrtf qul fqulmmf aigajaråf phsatavfelitl li lm 
jlsfrrhmmh aitlcrfm jl mf fjhmlsglitl. Li lm prlslitl gfsh lm fj qule sustlitf
qule sustlitf
 su jlgasa÷i jl fepfrfr mf jlefijf y, phr lijl, qul ih prhgljl mf tliligaf
ghepfrtajf, li vartuj fm prhpah slitar y jlslh jl mf fjhmlsglitl, guyf hpaia÷i
jlnl slr tliajf li gulitf jl ghikhreajfj ghi lm frtågumh 6> jl mf Ghivliga÷i
 shnrl mhs Jlrlgdhs jlm Iaöh li ghighrjfigaf ghi mhs frtågumhs 1 y 4< jlm 
G÷jach jl mhs Iaöhs y Fjhmlsglitls y phr lm dlgdh jl qul lm jlefijfjh ih
rlÿil mfs ghijagahils pfrf lolrglr mf tliligaf, puls lm jlefijfjh mfnhrf li
 Aquaths y li sus jåfs jl jlsgfish valil f mf gfpatfm jl Maef, li tfith mf
fjhmlsglitl rfjagf li Zfgif2 sustlith qul ghistatuyl mf rftah jlgajlija jl mf
rlshmuga÷i rlgurrajf.

GH^ZL W\P^LEF JL O\WZAGAF JL MF ^LPßNMAGFWFMF GA[AM

PL^EFILIZL
GFWFGA×I I¿ 706;->06<-ZFGIF
[astf mf gfusf I¿ 706;->06<, li fujaligaf pÿnmagf jl mf klgdf y prhjugajf mf vhtfga÷i
ghrrlsphijalitl, leatl mf sacualitl slitligaf?

A. EFZL^AF JLM ^LG\^WH

Vul sl trftf jlm rlgursh jl gfsfga÷i aitlrpulsth phr lm jlefijfjh Eagdflm Fmlxfijlr 
Jlm Gfrpah Gfrpah f khofs trlgaliths jalz, ghitrf mf slitligaf jl slcuijf aistfigaf jl
klgdf vlaitatrás jl ouiah jl jhs eam quaigl, jl khofs jhsgaliths ihvlitf y iulvl, qul
 ghikaref mf slitligaf fplmfjf jl klgdf iulvl jl efrzh jl jhs eam quaigl, jl khofs

6:7

jhsgaliths trlaitf y slas, qul jlgmfrf kuijfjf mf jlefijf shnrl rlghihgaealith jl

tliligaf2 li ghislguligaf, hrjlif qul sl rlghihzgf lm jlrlgdh jl mf jlefijfitl jl
lolrglr mf tliligaf jl su daof [. F. J. G. E., quali jlnlræ plrefilglr ouith f mf efjrl
fggahifitl2 kaof lm rácaeli jl vasatfs f kfvhr jlm jlefijfjh, li vartuj jlm gufm lstl
 phjræ vasatfr f su daof [fmlraf Fitdufil jlm Gfrpah Elijhzf mhs jåfs jheaichs jl gfjf
slefif li lm dhrfrah gheprlijajh litrl mfs iulvl y mfs jalgasáas dhrfs, pujalijh f
jagdh prhp÷sath, rltarfr f su daof jlm jheagamah jl mf jlefijfitl.
AA.
AA. FI
FIZL
ZLGL
GLJL
JLIZ
IZL
LW
Pfrf fifmazfr lstf gfusf gavam y vlrakagfr sa sl df aigurrajh h ih, li mf aikrfgga÷i
ihreftavf jliuigafjf, ls ilglsfrah rlfmazfr mfs sacualitls prlgasahils?

6. Jlefijf
Phr lsgrath jl khofs gaigh, Wdarmly Fstraj Elijhzf ^feårlz aitlrphil jlefijf jl
rlghihgaealith jl tliligaf, ghitrf Eagdflm Fmlxfijlr Jlm Gfrpah Gfrpah, f kai qul sl
ml rlghihzgf mf tliligaf jl su elihr daof [. F. J. G. E. Kuijf su prltlisa÷i li mh
sacualitl? 6) Vul, ghi lm jlefijfjh efituvalrhi rlmfgahils ghivavligafmls prhjugth
jl mfs gufmls ifga÷ su elihr daof [. F. J. G. E. jl trlgl föhs jl ljfj
fprhxaefjfelitl2 qul mf fgthrf ls mf ÿiagf qul saleprl sl prlhgupf phr lm guajfjh jl
su elihr daof, mf qul sl ligulitrf li su phjlr, ealitrfs qul lm jlefijfjh ofeæs sl
 prlhgup÷ phr su nalilstfr, phr lm ghitrfrah sl df hmvajfjh jl sus hnmacfgahils qul gheh
 pfjrl talil pfrf ghi su daof2 y, >) Mf jlefijfitl sl df vasth hnmacfjf f jlefijfr 
fmaeliths, pfrf qul slf lm Phjlr Oujagafm, quali hrjlil qul guepmf ghi su hnmacfga÷i jl
 pfjrl2 salijh lsth fså, phr lm prhpah nalilstfr jl su daof, y lm aitlrás suplrahr jlm iaöh
shmagatf sl ml rlghihzgf mf tliligaf jl su elihr daof.

>. Ghit
Ghitls
lstf
tfga
ga÷i
÷i jl mf jlef
jlefij
ijff
Eljafitl lsgrath trlaitf y jhs, Eagdflm Fmlxfijlr Jlm Gfrpah Gfrpah, ghitlstf mf
jlefijf, fmlcfijh mh sacualitl?

6) Lm jl
jlefijfjh
efijfjh slöfm
slöfmff qul saleprl
saleprl sl df prlhgupfjh
prlhgupfjh phr lm nalils
nalilstfr
tfr jl su daof
daof y
ghi mf fgthrf saleprl dfi ghepfrtajh mf tliligaf jl mf elihr, salijh qul mf iaöf
vavåf ui taleph li su gfsf y htrh li gfsf jl mf fgthrf dfstf qul li lm föh jhs eam
slas, mf jlefijfitl vfra÷ su jheagamah fm pfås jl Gdaml, gheh sl vlrakagf jlm
ehvaealith eacrfthrah jl mf fgthrf jhijl sl jleulstrf gmfrfelitl qul sl fuslitf
 phr mfrchs plrahjhs jlm pfås, mh gufm rftakagf lm dlgdh qul ih lolrgl mf tliligaf
lxgmusavf jl su daof2 fjleæs li jagdh mucfr talil uif rlmfga÷i slitaelitfm, qul ih
sfnl lm lstfjh gavam jl gfsfjf h ghivavligafm
ghiv avligafm ghi su pfrlof fgtufm2

>) Vul ssaa ls galrth

galrth qul mf fgthrf
fgthrf df ait
aitlrpuls
lrpulsth
th uif jlefij
jlefijff jl fmaeliths
fmaeliths jl
jl mf gufm
fÿi lm jlefijfjh ih talil ghihgaealith, puls sl ml df ihtakagfjh li ui mucfr qul
ih ls su jheagamah2 sai lenfrch, fvasfjh jl mh fitlrahr, df jlofjh rlghelijfjh fm
ghijugthr jl jagdh
qul fmmå mmlcul2 y, aieulnml pfrf qul ml jl fvash jl gufmqualr ihtakagfga÷i oujagafm
 6::

7) Fsaea
Fsaeaseh,
seh, slöfm
slöfmff qul iuigf df jl
jlsguaj
sguajfjh
fjh mh
mhss fmaelith
fmaelithss jl su el
elihr
ihr daof
daof li
li thjhs
thjhs
mhs ghiglpths qul ghitalili, ls jlgar, fmaelitfga÷i, ljugfga÷i, sfmuj, vlstaelitf,
litrltliaealith2 rlkalrl qul iuigf df fnfijhifjh f su daof y qul ml shrprlijli mhs
táreaihs ghi mhs qul mf fgthrf sustlitf su jlefijf, yf qul mf tliligaf jl su daof
saleprl df sajh ghepfrtajf litrl fenhs.

7. Puit
Puiths
hs gghi
hitr
trhv
hvlr
lrta
tajh
jhss
Wl df lstfnmlgajh gheh puith ghitrhvlrtajh? Jltlreaifr sa mf jlefijfitl rlÿil mfs
ghijagahils ilglsfrafs pfrf ghitaiufr lolrgalijh mf tliligaf jl su elihr daof [. F. J.
G. E..

:. Wlit
Wlitli
liga
gaff jl pr
prae
aelr
lrff ai
aist
stfi
figa
gaff
Gumeaifjh lm træeatl ghrrlsphijalitl, lm oulz eljafitl slitligaf jl khofs jhsgaliths
trlaitf y slas, su klgdf iulvl jl efrzh jl jhs eam quaigl, jlgmfrf kuijfjf mf
jlefijfjf2 li ghislguligaf, hrjlif qul sl rlghihzgf, lm jlrlgdh jl mf jlefijfitl jl
lolrglr mf tliligaf jl su daof [. F. J. G. E., quali jlnlræ plrefilglr ouith f mf efjrl
fggahifitl2 kaof lm rácaeli jl vasatfs f kfvhr jlm jlefijfjh, li vartuj jlm gufm lstl
 phjræ vasatfr f su daof [. F. J. G. E. mhs jåfs jheaichs jl gfjf slefif li lm dhrfrah
gheprlijajh litrl mfs iulvl y mfs jalgasáas dhrfs, pujalijh f jagdh prhp÷sath, rltarfr f
su daof jlm jheagamah jl mf jlefijfitl, trfs ghisajlrfr qul?

6) Ghi lm fgtf jl ifgaealit

ifgaealithh qul gghrrl
hrrl f khofs trls, sl fg
fgrljat
rljatff kldf
kldfgalit
galitlelitl
lelitl lm
ifgaealith jl mf elihr [. F. J. G. E., salijh sus pfjrls Wdarmly Fstraj Elijhzf
^feårlz y Eagdflm Fmlxfijlr Jlm Gfrpah Gfrpah, ghi mh qul mf jlefijfitl
fgrljatf lm våigumh kfeamafr h litrhigfealith kfeamafr, jlm gufm sl hracaif mf
hnmacfga÷i jl fenfs pfrtls jlm guajfjh jl mf elihr2

>) Vul
Vul,, kmuyl
kmuyl jl mhs fgtu
fgtufjh
fjhss y shnrl
shnrl thjh,
thjh, jlm tlihr
tlihr jl mmff jlefijf
jlefijf,, qul mhs
mhs
 oustagafnmls ih dfgli vajf li gheÿi, qul mf jlefijfitl valil lolrgalijh mf
gusthjaf jl kfgth jl mf fjhmlsglitl, ghikhrel fjleæs fså mh df ghrrhnhrfjh mf
Fsastlitf Whgafm jlm Ouzcfjh, li lm aikhrel jl khmahs galith ihvlitf y iulvl2 y,
7) Lst
Lstfijh
fijh f mh mh lxpuls
lxpulsth
th li lm
lm puith
puith fitlra
fitlrahr
hr y mh fg
fgtuf
tufjh
jh li fuths
fuths sl
sl pul
puljl
jl
jltlreaifr qul mf fjhmlsglitl, ih puljl vfmlrsl phr så easef, ehtavh phr lm gufm
ilglsfrafelitl jlnl lstfr fm guajfjh jl sus prhcliathrls2 qul mf jlefijfitl fm slr 
mf efjrl jl mf elihr y ghi quali plrefilgl li mf fgtufmajfj, y rluialijh mfs
ghijagahils ilglsfrafs pfrf slcuar lolrgalijh mf tliligaf jl su daof, ghikhrel fm
fiæmasas jl mfs prulnfs, litrl lmmfs?
f) Lm Lxfeli Psaghm÷c
Psaghm÷cagh
agh I¿ 04<->06:/PW
04<->06:/PW lklgtufjh
lklgtufjh f mf elihr phr lm psag÷mhch
psag÷mhch
jlm lquaph Eumtajasgapmaifrah jlm Ouzcfjh, jhijl mf elihr lxprlsf jl ehjh
ghisastlitl su jlslh jl plrefilglr nfoh mf tutlmf jl su efjrl2

 n) jlefijfitl
Lm Aikhrel Whgafm I¿ 0633->06:,
Wdarmly rlsplgth^feårlz,
Fstraj Elijhzf f mf satufga÷i
guyf shgafm
pfrtl y rlmftavf
kfeamafr jl mf
f mf
 Fprlgafga÷i Whgafm sl aijagf qul mf satufga÷i shgah kfeamafr jl jhöf Wdarmly sl

6:<

eulstrf lstfnml y jlkaiajf, phr lijl hthrcf mfs ghijagahils fjlgufjfs pfrf mf
khrefga÷i y jlsfrrhmmh jl su daof, suefjh f lmmh, sl jlnl tlilr li gulitf qul mf
jlefijfitl gulitf ghi lm fphyh jl sus pfjrls ghi qualils jlsjl lm ifgaealith
jl mf elihr df vavajh ghi lmmhs.

<. Kuij
Kuijfe
felilith
thss j
jll mmff fplm
fplmfg
fga÷
a÷i
i
Eljafitl lsgrath jl mf pæcaif jhsgaliths sltlitf y slas, lm jlefijfjh Eagdflm
Fmlxfijlr Jlm Gfrpah Gfrpah, aitlrphil rlgursh jl fplmfga÷i ghitrf mf slitligaf jl
 praelrf aistfigaf, fmlcfijh qul?qu l? 6) Lm ouzcfjhr
ouzc fjhr ih
i h df elratufjh mfs prulnfs fphrtfjfs,
li lsplgafm mf Zrfisfgga÷i Lxtrfoujagafm jlm jalz jl oumah jl jhs eam jhgl, li mf qul
gmfrfelitl sl fghrj÷, li su gmæusumf tlrglrf, qul mf tliligaf jl mf elihr slræ li khref
ghepfrtajf2 >) Vul lm dlgdh jl fepfrfr mf jlefijf ih ls ÷nagl pfrf aepmfitfr ui
rácaeli jl vasatfs jl shmh saltl dhrfs slefifmls y ui shmh jåf pfrf lolrglrmfs, sai
ehtavfr su jlgasa÷i2 y, 7) Vul ls iumf mf fplmfjf fm dfnlr jlofjh jl mfjh lm aitlrás
suplrahr jl mf fjhmlsglitl, phr dfnlr jlsghihgajh lm jlrlgdh jl ástf f ghepfrtar ghi su
 pfjrl lm efyhr taleph phsanml y lm jlrlgdh jlm pfjrl jl efitlilr ghitfgth kåsagh
fklgtavh ghi su daof.

;. Wlitligaf jljl va
vastf
Mhs Oulgls Wuplrahrls jl mf Wfmf Gavam trfisathraf jl mf Ghrtl Wuplrahr jl Oustagaf jl
Zfgif lxpajli mf slitligaf jl vastf jl klgdf vlaitatrás jl ouiah jl jhs eam quaigl, jl
khofs jhsgaliths ihvlitf y iulvl, qul ghikaref mf slitligaf fplmfjf qul jlgmfrf
kuijfjf mf jlefijfjf shnrl rlghihgaealith jl tliligaf2 li ghislguligaf, hrjlif qul
sl rlghihzgf, lm jlrlgdh jl mf jlefijfitl jl lolrglr mf tliligaf jl su daof [. F. J. G.
E., quali jlnlræ plrefilglr ouith f su efjrl fggahifitl2 kaof lm rácaeli jl vasatfs f
kfvhr jlm jlefijfjh, li vartuj jlm gufm ástl phjræ vasatfr f su daof [fmlraf Fitdufil jlm
Gfrpah Elijhzf mhs jåfs jheaichs jl gfjf slefif li lm dhrfrah gheprlijajh litrl mfs
iulvl y mfs jalgasáas dhrfs, pujalijh f jagdh prhp÷sath, rltarfr f su daof jlm jheagamah jl
mf jlefijfitl, kuijfelitfijh mf jlgasa÷i li?

6) Vul ssll fjva

fjvalrtl
lrtl jlm L
Lxfeli
xfeli Psaghm÷cagh
Psaghm÷cagh I¿ 04
04<->06:/
<->06:/PW
PW lk
lklgtuf
lgtufjh
jh f mf ffjhmlsg
jhmlsglitl
litl
[. F. J. G. E., jlm Lxfeli Psaghm÷cagh I¿ 04;- >06:/PW prfgtagfjh f mf
jlefijfitl Wdarmly Fstraj Elijhzf ^feårlz, jlm Aikhrel Whgafm I¿ 0633->06: y
jl mf Lvfmufga÷i Psaghm÷cagf I¿ 067:->06:/PW.06 lklgtufjf fm jlefijfjh Eagdflm
Fmlxfijlr Jlm Gfrpah Gfrpah, qul lm jlefijfjh ih phjræ hstlitfr mf tliligaf
ghepfrtajf jl mf elihr, fm ih dfnlr mhcrfjh sftaskfglr mhs rlquasaths lstfnmlgajhs
li lm frtågumh 4: jlm G÷jach jl mhs Iaöhs y Fjhmlsglitls2

>) Fsaea
Fsaeaseh,
seh, jl
jl mfs rlklrligafs
rlklrligafs jfjfs phr mf elihr, sl fj
fjvalrtl
valrtl qul lstf
lstf sl ligulitrf
ligulitrf
 nali li ghepföåf jl su efjrl, ghi mf qul fgtufmelitl vavl y vlmf phr su nalilstfr,
ealitrfs qul rlsplgth f su pfjrl sl plrgana÷ qul mf elihr talil tlehr, rlgdfzh y
jlsghikafizf2 jl mh lxpulsth sl aikalrl qul ls mf efjrl quali rlÿil mfs ghijagahils
 pfrf hntlilr mf tliligaf jl mf elihr [. F. J. G. E..
 AAA.. ^LG
AAA ^LG\^W
\^WH
H JL GFWFGA
GFWFGA×I
×I

6:;

Lstf Wfmf Wuprlef, eljafitl rlshmuga÷i jl klgdf jhs jl hgtunrl jl jhs eam quaigl, jl
khmahs vlaitagaigh jlm gufjlrih jl gfsfga÷i, df jlgmfrfjh prhgljlitl lm rlgursh jl
gfsfga÷i aitlrpulsth phr lm jlefijfjh Eagdflm Fmlxfijlr Jlm Gfrpah Gfrpah, phr mfs
sacualitls gfusfmls? aikrfgga÷i ihreftavf jl mhs frtågumhs 671 aigash < jl mf Ghistatuga÷i
Phmåtagf jlm Plrÿ, <0 aigash ; y 613 jlm G÷jach Prhglsfm Gavam y 6> jlm Zlxth ßiagh
Hrjlifjh jl mf Mly Hrcæiagf jlm Phjlr Oujagafm, fmlcf qul sl df vumilrfjh lm jlrlgdh f
mf jlnajf ehtavfga÷i jl mfs rlshmugahils oujagafmls, puls mfs slitligafs leatajfs
fjhmlgli jl kfmtf jl oustakagfga÷i lxtlrif, li tfith ih sl df tliajh li gulitf lm supulsth
jl tliligaf ghepfrtajf shmagatfjf phr lm jlefijfjh, heatalijh fså vfmhrfr thjfs mfs
 prulnfs fjeatajfs li lm prhglsh2 slöfmf qul mfs aistfigafs jl eárath dfi vfmhrfjh
ÿiagfelitl mhs aikhrels psaghm÷caghs prfgtagfjhs f mf pfrtls, fså gheh lm aikhrel jl mf
fsastlitf shgafm2 leplrh df heatajh vfmhrfr mf trfisfgga÷i lxtrfoujagafm jl klgdf jalz jl
umah jl jhs eam jhgl, li mf qul fenfs pfrtls fghrjfnfi qul mf tliligaf jl mf elihr anf
f slr ghepfrtajf.

6. Eftl
Eftlra
raff our
ouråj
åjag
agff li
li jln
jlnft
ftll
Vul, mf eftlraf ouråjagf li jlnftl li lm prlslitl prhglsh, sl glitrf li jltlreaifr sa mf
slitligaf jl slcuijf aistfigaf aigurrl li aikrfgga÷i ihreftavf jl mfs ihrefs
jliuigafjfs, lsth ls, sa sl df vumilrfjh lm jlrlgdh f mf jlnajf ehtavfga÷i jl mfs
rlshmugahils oujagafmls, fm ih dfnlr lklgtufjh uif vfmhrfga÷i ghiouitf y rfzhifjf jl mhs
eljahs prhnfthrahs.

>. Kuij
Kuijfefelilith
thss j
jll lst
lstff Wup
Wuprl
rlef
ef Wf
Wfmf
mf
Praelrh.-  Fitl thjh, li eftlraf jl gfsfga÷i ls kfgtanml lolrglr lm ghitrhm jl mfs
jlgasahils ourasjaggahifmls, pfrf jltlreaifr sa li lmmfs sl dfi aikraicajh h ih mfs ihrefs
qul cfrfitazfi lm jlrlgdh fm jlnajh prhglsh, theæijhsl li ghisajlrfga÷i qul ástl
suphil lm guepmaealith jl mhs praigapahs y jl mfs cfrfitåfs qul rlcumfi lm prhglsh gheh
aistruelith oujagafm, gfutlmfijh shnrl thjh lm lolrgagah jlm jlrlgdh jl jlklisf jl mfs
 pfrtls li matacah, gheh ls li lm prlslitl gfsh.
Wlcuijh.-  Prhgljalijh fm fiæmasas jl mf aikrfgga÷i ghitliajf li lm iuelrfm AAA jl mf
 prlslitl rlshmuga÷i, ls elilstlr aijagfr qul lm jlrlgdh fm jlnajh prhglsh, ghisfcrfjh
li lm aigash 7 jlm frtågumh 671 jl mf Ghistatuga÷i Phmåtagf jlm Lstfjh, gheprlijl f su
vlz, litrl htrhs jlrlgdhs, lm jl hntlilr uif rlshmuga÷i kuijfjf li jlrlgdh, eljafitl mfs
slitligafs li mfs qul mhs oulgls y tranuifmls lxpmagatli li khref sukagalitl mfs rfzhils
jl sus kfmmhs, ghi eliga÷i lxprlsf jl mhs lmleliths kægtaghs y ouråjaghs qul mhs
jltlreaifrhi, ihref qul rlsumtf ghighrjfitl ghi mh prlglptufjh phr lm aigash 7 jlm
frtågumh 6>> jlm G÷jach Prhglsfm Gavam y lm frtågumh 6> jl mf Mly Hrcæiagf jlm Phjlr 
Oujagafm. Jlm easeh ehjh jlnl prlgasfrsl qul mf lxacligaf jl mf ehtavfga÷i sukagalitl,
 prlvastf li lm aigash < jlm rlklrajh frtågumh, cfrfitazf qul lm oustagafnml puljf gheprhnfr 
qul mf shmuga÷i jlm gfsh ghigrlth vlicf jfjf phr uif vfmhrfga÷i rfgahifm jl mhs
lmleliths kægtaghs y ouråjaghs rlmfgahifjhs fm gfsh, y ih jl uif frnatrfraljfj phr pfrtl
jlm oulz2 jl fmmå qul uif rlshmuga÷i qul gfrlzgf jl ehtavfga÷i sukagalitl ih s÷mh vumilrf
mfs ihrefs mlcfmls gatfjfs, saih tfenaái praigapahs jl rfich ghistatugahifm.
 6:3

Zlrglrh.-  Vul, lm frtågumh 613 jlm G÷jach Prhglsfm Gavam rlcumf mf vfmhrfga÷i jl mf
 prulnf, li mhs sacualitls táreaihs? ”Zhjhs mhs eljahs prhnfthrahs shi vfmhrfjhs
vfmhrfjh s phr lm
ulz li khref ghiouitf, utamazfijh su fprlgafga÷i rfzhifjf. Wai lenfrch, li mf
rlshmuga÷i shmh slræi lxprlsfjfs mfs vfmhrfgahils lsligafmls y jltlreaifitls qul
sustlitfi su jlgasa÷i―. Li vartuj jlm iuelrfm cmhsfjh, mhs eljahs prhnfthrahs khrefi
uif uiajfj y gheh tfm jlnli slr lxfeaifjhs y vfmhrfjhs phr lm ouzcfjhr li khref
ghiouitf, ghikrhitfijh uih f uih mhs javlrshs eljahs jl prulnf, puitufmazfijh su
ghighrjfigaf h jasghrjfigaf, pfrf qul f pfrtar jl jagdf lvfmufga÷i lm ouzcfjhr sl khrel
uif gfnfm ghivagga÷i rlsplgth jlm fsuith li matas, Eagdlml Zfrukkh fm rlsplgth slöfmf? ”mf
kuiga÷i praigapfm jl mf prulnf ls hkrlglr fm ouzcfjhr aikhrefga÷i kafnml fglrgf jl mf
vlrjfj jl mhs dlgdhs li matacah. Li rlfmajfj, fm ghealizh jl ui prhglsh, mhs dlgdhs sl
 prlslitfi li khrefs jl liuigafjhs kægtaghs gfrfgtlrazfjhs phr ui lstftus lpastáeagh jl
aiglrtajuenrl. Fså, li galrth slitajh, jlgajar shnrl mhs dlgdhs saciakagf rlshmvlr lsf
aiglrtajuenrl y jltlreaifr, f pfrtar jl mhs eljahs prulnf prlslitfjhs, sa sl df prhnfjh
mf vlrjfj h kfmsljfj jl lshs liuigafjhs (…)―.
Gufrth.- Fsaeaseh, sa nali ls galrth, ih lstæ jlitrh jl mf lsklrf jl mfs kfgumtfjls jl mf
Ghrtl jl Gfsfga÷i lklgtufr ui iulvh lxfeli gråtagh jl mhs eljahs prhnfthrahs qul dfi
slrvajh jl nfsl f mf slitligaf rlgurrajf, mhs qul dfi khrefjh ghivagga÷i pfrf lm
rlsplgtavh prhiuigafealith2 ih ls elihs galrth qul li fmcuihs gfshs mf frnatrfraf
lvfmufga÷i jl mf prulnf phr mf aistfigaf aiklrahr, hracaif ui kfmmh ghi uif ehtavfga÷i
fpfrlitl qul ih ghrrlsphijl f mhs gratlrahs mlcfmls ia pfrf mf slmlgga÷i jlm eftlrafm
kægtagh, ia pfrf mf fprlgafga÷i m÷cagf y rfzhifjf jl mf prulnf2 h, li fmcuihs gfshs sl
vumilrf lm jlrlgdh sunoltavh jl mfs pfrtls f aitlrvliar li mf fgtavajfj prhnfthraf pfrf
jlehstrfr sus fkarefgahils, mh qul kfgumtf f lstf Wfmf Gfsfthraf f rlvasfr mf fgtavajfj
 prhglsfm li eftlraf jl prulnf, thjf vlz, qul ih shmh mf fjeasa÷i y mf fgtufga÷i jlm
eljah prhnfthrah ghistatuyl uif cfrfitåf jlm jlrlgdh kuijfelitfm f prhnfr, saih
fjleæs qul lstl eljah jl prulnf ‗aighrphrfjh fm prhglsh phr mhs praigapahs qul racli
lm jlrlgdh prhnfthrah, gheh plrtliligaf, ajhilajfj, utamajfj y magatuj‗ slf vfmhrfjh
jlnajfelitl.
Vuaith.-  Prhgljalijh fm fiæmasas jl mf slitligaf rlgurrajf sl fjvalrtl qul mf Wfmf
ghealizf ghi lm lxfeli ghiglptufm y ihreftavh shnrl lm jlrlgdh y lolrgagah jl mf
tliligaf jl mhs pfjrls rlsplgths jl sus daohs li mhs ghisajlrfijhs 7 y < prhgljalijh
mulch f jltlreaifr li lm gfsh ghigrlth sa mhs pfjrls rlÿili mfs ghijagahils ilglsfrafs
 pfrf lolrglr mf tliligaf, frranfijh f mf ghigmusa÷i qul lm jlefijfjh ih phjræ hstlitfr 
mf tliligaf ghepfrtajf jl mf elihr, salijh eæs nali mf efjrl quali rlÿil mfs
ghijagahils pfrf hntlilr mf tliligaf jl mf elihr [. F. J. G. E., li nfsl fm aikhrel
 psaghm÷cagh I¿ 04<->06:/PW
04<->0 6:/PW lklgtufjf f mf fjhmlsglitl phr lm Lquaph Eumtajasgapmaifrah
jlm Ouzcfjh, li lm gufm sl ghigmuyl qul mf fjhmlsglitl talil uif aefcli jánam y jakusf
jl su pfjrl, y ls eæs, mf aefcli pftlrif jl mf iaöf ls su fnulmh eftlrih (y ih su pfjrl
 nahm÷cagh), f quali mmfef ”pfpæ Gdleh―, qul df lstfnmlgajh ui kulrtl y lstfnml våigumh
fklgtavh ghi su efjrl, tfi ls fså qul mf elihr lxprlsf jl ehjh ghisastlitl su jlslh jl
 plrefilglr nfoh mf tutlmf jl su efjrl2 fsaeaseh ghi lm aikhrel shgafm I¿ 0633->06:
rlsplgth
satufga÷ifshgahkfeamafr
mf satufga÷i shgafm y kfeamafr
jl mf efjrl jl mf jlefijfitl,
sl eulstrf li mfyqul
lstfnml, jlkaiajf sl ghigmuyl
hthrcf qul mf
mfs ghijagahils
 fjlgufjfs pfrf mf khrefga÷i y jlsfrrhmmh jl su daof2 suefjh f lmmh qul mf jlefijfitl

6:4

gulitf ghi lm fphyh jl sus pfjrls jhijl jlsjl lm ifgaealith f mf klgdf mf elihr df
vavajh ghi lmmhs2 y fjleæs lm lxfeli psaghm÷cagh I¿ 067:->06:/Ps.06 lklgtufjhs fm
 pfjrl Eagdflm Fmlxfijlr Jlm Gfrpah Gfrpah li lm gufm sl rlghealijf qul phr rfzhils
lxgmusavfelitl ftranuajfs f sus ghijagahils mfnhrfmls (mfnhrf li Aquaths y li su jåfs jl
jlsgfish rfjagf li Maef) lm lvfmufjh ih puljl phr fdhrf lolrglr mf tutlmf jl su elihr 
daof.
Wlxth.- Jl mh lxpulsth, ls elilstlr slöfmfr qul jlm fiæmasas jl mf slitligaf gulstahifjf
sl hnslrvf qul sl dfi vfmhrfjh mhs eljahs prhnfthrahs li khref ghiouitf, y sl df
lklgtufjh uif fprlgafga÷i rfzhifjf jl mhs easehs, jl ghikhreajfj ghi lm frtågumh 613
jlm G÷jach Prhglsfm Gavam2 fsaeaseh sl fjvalrtl uif lxphsaga÷i m÷cagf, rfzhifjf y
sukagalitl jl mhs kuijfeliths kægtaghs y ouråjaghs li eárath jl mhs gufmls lm ÷rcfih jl
kfmmh rlshmva÷ mf ghitrhvlrsaf2 qul, salijh lmmh fså, ih sl fjvalrtl qul sl dfyf
trfiscrljajh lm praigapah jl ehtavfga÷i jl mfs rlshmugahils oujagafmls, ghitliajh li lm
frtågumh 671 aigashs 7 y < jl mf Ghistatuga÷i Phmåtagf jlm Plrÿ, gheh lrrfjfelitl
shstalil mf aepucifitl.
Wátaeh.- Ls plrtailitl prlgasfr qul mf lxastligaf jl ui fgulrjh lxtrfoujagafm ih maeatf mf
 phsanamajfj plr sl jl mf phtlstfj jlm pfjrl h mf efjrl qul ih hstlitf mf tliligaf jl su
daoh jl fgujar
tliligaf f mf våf
ghepfrtajf oujagafm, dlgdh
ls kfgumtftavf, lmmh lsqul slræ lvfmufjh
saleprl y gufijh phr lm oulz2
lm oulz qulqul
fjvalrtf sa nali mf
fqulmmf
aigajaråf phsatavfelitl li lm jlsfrrhmmh aitlcrfm jl mf fjhmlsglitl. Li lm prlslitl gfsh lm
fj qule 
qule  sustlitf su jlgasa÷i jl fepfrfr mf jlefijf y phr lijl qul ih prhgljl mf
tliligaf ghepfrtajf, li vartuj fm prhpah slitar y jlslh jl mf fjhmlsglitl, guyf hpaia÷i
jlnl slr tliajf li gulitf jl ghikhreajfj ghi lm frtågumh 6> jl mf Ghivliga÷i shnrl mhs
Jlrlgdhs jlm Iaöh li ghighrjfigaf ghi mhs frtågumhs 1 y 4< jlm G÷jach jl mhs Iaöhs y
Fjhmlsglitls y phr lm dlgdh jl qul lm jlefijfjh ih rlÿil mfs ghijagahils pfrf lolrglr 
mf tliligaf, puls lm jlefijfjh mfnhrf li Aquaths y li sus jåfs jl jlsgfish valil f mf
gfpatfm jl Maef, li tfith mf fjhmlsglitl rfjagf li Zfgif2 sustlith qul ghistatuyl mf rftah
jlgajlija jl mf rlshmuga÷i rlgurrajf.

[A.. JL
[A JLGA
GAWA
WA×I
×I
F) Phr lsths
lsths kuijfelith
kuijfelithss y jl ghikhreajf
ghikhreajfjj ghi lm ffrtågum
rtågumhh 713 jlm G÷jach P
Prhglsf
rhglsfmm
Gavam? Jlgmfrfrhi AIK\IJFJH  lm rlgursh jl gfsfga÷i, aitlrpulsth phr lm
jlefijfjh Eagdflm Fmlxfijlr Jlm Gfrpah Gfrpah f khofs trlsgaliths jalz, li
ghislguligaf IH GFWF^HI mf slitligaf jl vastf jl klgdf vlaitatrás jl ouiah jl
jhs eam quaigl, hnrfitl f khofs jhsgaliths ihvlitf y iulvl, qul ghikaref mf
slitligaf fplmfjf jlm iulvl jl efrzh jl jhs eam quaigl, jl khofs jhsgaliths trlaitf
y slas qul jlgmfrf kuijfjf mf jlefijfjf, ghi mh jleæs qul ghitalil.
N) JAWP\WAL^HI  mf punmagfga÷i jl mf prlslitl rlshmuga÷i li lm jafrah hkagafm  Lm 
 Plrufih,, nfoh rlsphisfnamajfj2 li mhs slcuajhs phr Wdarmly Fstraj Elijhzf
 Plrufih
^feårlz ghi Eagdflm Fmlxfijlr Jlm Gfrpah Gfrpah, shnrl rlghihgaealith jl
tliligaf2 y mhs jlvhmvalrhi. Aitlrvalil gheh philitl mf Oulzf Wuprlef slöhrf jlm
Gfrpah ^hjråculz.
 6:1

WW.
ZLMMH CAMF^JA
JLM GF^PAH ^HJ^ÅC\L_
^HJ^ÅC\L_ GDÆ[L_
GFMJL^×I P\L^ZFW
JL MF NF^^F NF^^L^F
:. Kfmmh jastaith
jastaith f mh shmagat
shmagatfjh
fjh li
li mf ghitlstfga÷
ghitlstfga÷i
i jl mf jlefij
jlefijff (tliliga
(tliligaff
ghepfrtajf). Gfsfga÷i I¿ 6><>-Maef Ihrtl
^LW\ELI
Mhs efcastrfjhs suprlehs, phr uifiaeajfj, kfmmfrhi jlgmfrfijh kuijfjf mf
gfsfga÷i jlnajh f qul f ghisajlrfga÷i jl mf Wfmf Wuprlef lxastl vumilrfga÷i fm
jlnajh prhglsh, fm lxastar fklgtfga÷i jl mf slitligaf jl vastf (Wfmf Wuplrahr) shnrl
hthrcfealith jl mf tliligaf jlm elihr f mf jlefijfjf (efjrl), ghisajlrfijh qul
li mf ghitlstfga÷i jl mf jlefijf lmmf efiaklst÷ aitlrás shnrl mf tliligaf jlm elihr,
hthrcfijh lstl jlrlgdh qul ih kul lxprlsfelitl shmagatfjh. Li ghislguligaf, mf
jlefijfjf fm ih rlghivliar (ghitlstfga÷i), shmagatfijh mf tliligaf lxgmusavf jl su
elihr daoh, mf Wfmf Wuplrahr jlgaja÷ lxtrf pltatf (eæs
pltatf (eæs fmmæ jl mf prltlisa÷i), mh gufm
ghistatuyl uif efiakalstf fklgtfga÷i jlm jlrlgdh fm jlnajh prhglsh jlm jlefijfitl.
Mf jlgasa÷i jl mf Wfmf Wuprlef Gavam Zrfisathraf, jlgmfrfijh mf iumajfj jl mf
slitligaf jl vastf, sl ligulitrf jlitrh jl mhs gæihils jlm ghitrhm gfsfthrah y lm
efrgh mlcfm y mf Ghistatuga÷i, qul hnslrvfi lm jlnajh prhglsh gheh li lm prlslitl
gfsh.

K\IJFELIZH ^LML[FIZL

Vuaith.-  Lm rlgurrlitl fmlcf qul sl df vumilrfjh su jlrlgdh fm jlnajh

 prhglsh, phr gufith mf slitligaf jl vastf ghitalil ui kfmmh lxtrf pltatf.
pltatf. Fm 
rlsplgth, jlnl aijagfrsl qul lstfrlehs fitl ui kfmmh jl tfm gufmajfj gufijh lm 
÷rcfih ourasjaggahifm hthrcf ui jlrlgdh qul ih dfnåf sajh shmagatfjh li mf
jlefijf. Li lm gfsh sun lxfeail , lm jlefijfitl Olsÿs Krfsgulmh Gæglrls
Glrvfitls shmagat÷ li su jlefijf qul sl ml hthrcul mf tliligaf y gusthjaf jl
 su elihr daoh O. M. Z. G. W., f kai jl lolrglrmf li khref lxgmusavf. Mulch,
lklgtufjh lm lepmfzfealith jl mly f mf jlefijfjf, ástf li su lsgrath jl khofs
hgdlitf y uih, ih rlghivaih shmagatfijh slr lmmf quali lolrzf mf tliligaf
lxgmusavf2 sai lenfrch, efiaklst÷ qul fitl mf aephsanamajfj jl philrsl jl
fgulrjh ghi lm jlefijfitl, sl jagtfrf ui rácaeli jl tliligaf ghepfrtajf.
 Phr ghisacualitl, sl fprlgaf qul, lklgtavfelitl, lm fj qule df leatajh ui
 kfmmh lxtrf pltatf , fm hthrcfr f mf jlefijfjf mf tliligaf lxgmusavf jlm elihr 
daoh
dfnåfjlshmagatfjh
fenhs2 lsfmjlgar, sl df
fnshmvlr mf prhiuigafjh li khref
jlefijf (tliligaf jastaitf f mh
ghepfrtajf), qul ástf
aepmagfijh
 lmmh uif aikrfgga÷i fm jlnajh prhglsh.

6<0

GH^ZL W\P^LEF JL O\WZAGAF JL MF ^LPßNMAGF WFMF GA[AM

Z^FIWAZH^AF
GFWFGA×I I¿ 6><>->06<-MAEF IH^ZL
Maef, guftrh jl efyh jl jhs eam jalgasáas

WFMF GA[AM Z^FIWAZH^AF

^LPßNMAGF? JL MF
 [astf mf gfusf iÿelrh eamGH^ZL W\P^LEF
jhsgaliths gaigulitfJL O\WZAGAF
y jhs - jhs eam JL MF
quaigl,
li Fujaligaf Pÿnmagf jl mf klgdf y prhjugajf mf vhtfga÷i ghrrlsphijalitl, leatl mf
 prlslitl slitligaf.
EFZL^AF JLM ^LG\^WH?  Wl trftf jlm rlgursh jl gfsfga÷i aitlrpulsth phr Olsÿs
Krfsgulmh Gæglrls Glrvfitls f khofs trlsgaliths slslitf y hgdh, ghitrf mf slitligaf jl
vastf jl khofs trlsgaliths gaigulitf y uih, jl klgdf gfthrgl jl ihvalenrl jl jhs eam
gfthrgl, leatajf phr mf Praelrf Wfmf Gavam jl mf Ghrtl Wuplrahr jl Oustagaf jl Maef
 Ihrtl, qul ghikaref mf slitligaf fplmfjf jl khofs jhsgaliths sltlitf y jhs, jl klgdf slas
jl lilrh jl jhs eam gfthrgl, qul jlgmfr÷ aikuijfjf mf jlefijf aitlrpulstf y kaof lm
rácaeli jl vasatfs f kfvhr jl Olsÿs Krfsgulmh Gæglrls Glrvfitls, rlsplgth f su elihr 
daoh O. M. Z. G. W.2 y mf aitlcrf jlgmfrfijh qul mf jlefijfjf Hmcf Wfyfs Zhrh ls quali
jlnl
tlrglrtlilr
jåf jlfm ihtakagfjh
elihr, jasphialijh qul lm jlefijfitl
ghi mf slitligaf2 ml litrlcul
li mhs slcuajhs phr Olsÿsfm Krfsgulmh
elihr jlitrh jlm
Gæglrls
Glrvfitls ghitrf Hmcf Wfyfs Zhrh, shnrl Zliligaf y Gusthjaf jl Elihr 
K\IJFELIZHW JLM ^LG\^WH? Lstf Wfmf Wuprlef, eljafitl rlshmuga÷i jl khofs
slslitf jlm prlslitl gufjlriammh, jl klgdf trlgl jl oumah jl jhs eam quaigl, df lstaefjh
 prhgljlitl lm rlgursh jl gfsfga÷i rlklrajh phr mfs gfusfmls jl aikrfgga÷i ihreftavf jl
jlrlgdh prhglsfm l aikrfgga÷i ihreftavf jl jlrlgdh eftlrafm. Lm rlgurrlitl jliuigaf? F)
Aijlnajf fpmagfga÷i jl mhs frtågumhs :64 y :>7 aigash < jlm G÷jach Gavam? Wlöfmf qul sa
 nali lm frtågumh :64 jlm G÷jach Gavam jlkail mf pftraf phtlstfj gheh lm jlnlr y lm
jlrlgdh qul talili mhs pfjrls jl guajfr jl mf plrshif y nalils jl sus daohs elihrls, mh
qul ls jastaith f mf prltlisa÷i jlefijfjf qul ls lm jlrlgdh f mf tliligaf y gusthjaf jlm
elihr, lm fj qule 
qule  ih df thefjh li gulitf mf hpaia÷i jlm elihr lxprlsfjf li mf
fujaligaf
lrr÷ilf jlmghepmlelitfraf
frtågumh 46 jlm jl klgdfjljalz
G÷jach mhs jl oumahy jl
Iaöhs jhs eam trlgl2
Fjhmlsglitls? N) Aitlrprltfga÷i
Ihref qul rlcumf mf
tliligaf jlm iaöh y jlm fjhmlsglitl, pulsth qul mf Wfmf Wuplrahr ih df ghisajlrfjh lm
lxtrleh jl mf gatfjf ihref li gufith jasphil qul sl jltlreail mf tliligaf thefijh li
ghisajlrfga÷i lm pfrlglr jlm elihr, phr gufith, f mh mfrch jl mf jlgmfrfga÷i jl ástl, df
dlgdh fmusa÷i, jl qul qualrl quljfrsl nfoh mf gusthjaf jl su pfjrl. Lmmh sl jlnl f qul,
gheh sl ligulitrf fgrljatfjh li fuths, mf efjrl fnfijhi÷ f su elihr daoh pfrf arsl f
vavar ghi uif tlrglrf plrshif, dlgdh qul ih df sajh jlsfgrljatfjh f mh mfrch jlm prhglsh2
G) Aikrfgga÷i ihreftavf jlm frtågumh 671 aigash 7 jl mf Ghistatuga÷i Phmåtagf jlm Plrÿ?
Fmlcf qul mf slitligaf jl vastf df plroujagfjh su jlrlgdh li nlilkagah jl mf
jlefijfjf, eæxael sa lmmf ih fplm÷ mf slitligaf. Mf jhgtraif ifgahifm l aitlrifgahifm
ls uiæiael fm prlsgranar qul ih sl puljl rlkhrefr mf slitligaf jl efilrf plyhrftavf
 pfrf mf ÿiagf pfrtl fplmfitl, ls jlgar, lm fj qule df
qule df aigurrajh li rlkhreftaus ai plaus,
plaus, mf
Wfmf Wuplrahr s÷mh pujh rlkhrefr mf slitligaf f kfvhr jlm rlgurrlitl y ih li ghitrf
 gheh df hgurrajh li lm prlslitl gfsh, fm dfnlr ghigljajh mf tliligaf jl su elihr daoh f
mf pfrtl jlefijfjf. Jl mf saepml mlgturf jlm prhglsh sl puljl ghistftfr qul mf

6<6

jlefijfjf sl maeat÷ f shmagatfr mf tliligaf ghepfrtajf, phr lijl, fm hthrcærslml mf

tliligaf thtfm jl su elihr daoh, lm rlgurrlitl fmlcf lighitrfrsl krlitl f ui kfmmh lxtrf
ltatf,, puls mf slitligaf rlnfsf lm efrgh jl mf jlefijf li táreaihs gufmatftavhs, ls
ltatf
jlgar, sl prhiuigaf hthrcfijh prltlisahils qul ih dfi sajh eftlraf jl mf jlefijf, lsth
ls, gufijh sl hthrcfi ghiglpths h jlrlgdhs qul ih khrefi pfrtl jlm pltathrah jl mf
easef y elihs, sl kao÷ gheh puith ghitrhvlrtajh mf tliligaf f kfvhr jl mf pfrtl
kfmmh lxtrf pltatf li
ghitrfraf. Lm kuijfelith glitrfm pfrf sfigahifr lm kfmmh lxtrf pltatf li iulstrh sastlef
 prhglsfm rfjagf li qul ghistatuyl lstl uif
u if aikrfgga÷i fm jlnajh prhglsh ghitlepmfjh li
mf ihref fitls gatfjf.
GHIWAJL^FIJH?
Praelrh.- Prlvafelitl f mf fnshmuga÷i jlm rlgursh jl gfsfga÷i  sun lxfeail lxfeail   ls
ilglsfrah dfglr ui nrlvl rlgulith jl mh fghitlgajh li lm prhglsh. Li tfm slitajh, sl
fjvalrtl qul f khofs jalgasaltl Olsÿs Krfsgulmh Gæglrls Glrvfitls aitlrphil jlefijf
ghitrf Hmcf Wfyfs Zhrh shmagatfijh qul sl ml hthrcul mf tliligaf y gusthjaf jlm elihr 
daoh jl fenhs O. M. Z. G. W. Gheh kuijfeliths jl su jlefijf shstalil qul ghitrfoh
eftraehiah ghi mf jlefijfjf lm jalgahgdh jl ihvalenrl jl jhs eam, fitl mf
Euiagapfmajfj Jastratfm jl Wfi Oufi jl Muracfigdh, prhgrlfijh fm elihr O. M. Z. G. W.,
quali sl ligulitrf vavalijh ghi lm jlefijfitl2 ghi klgdf uih jl ihvalenrl jl jhs eam
jhgl, su lsphsf (jlefijfjf) dazh fnfijhih jl dhcfr, pulsth qul sl aivhmugr÷
slitaelitfmelitl ghi htrf plrshif, jlofijh fm elihr li su phjlr, ehtavh phr lm gufm lm
rlgurrlitl sl ligfrcf jl su guajfjh, sai qul mf efjrl tlicf pfrtagapfga÷i fmcuif. Lxastl
aiglrtajuenrl rlsplgth f mf tliligaf jlm elihr, yf qul mf jlefijfjf phjråf
frrlnftærslmh, mh qul phijråf li plmacrh su aitlcrajfj kåsagf y psaghm÷cagf. Vul, phr 
lxastar jasgrlpfigaf y kfmtf jl fgulrjh li gufith f guæm jl mhs pfjrls jlnl lolrglr mf
tliligaf jlm elihr ls qul aitlrphil mf jlefijf ghi lm kai jl qul lm ouzcfjh jltlreail
lm elohr jlrlgdh jl uih jl mhs prhcliathrls.
Wlcuijh.- Zrfeatfjf mf jlefijf slcÿi su ifturfmlzf, lm f quh, quh, eljafitl slitligaf jl
khofs jhsgaliths sltlitf y jhs, jl klgdf slas jl lilrh jl jhs eam gfthrgl, jlgmfrf
aikuijfjf mf jlefijf2 kaof f kfvhr jlm jlefijfitl ui rácaeli jl vasatfs, lm gufm jlnlræ
lklgtufrsl mhs jåfs efrtls y oulvls jlsjl mfs guftrh jl mf tfrjl dfstf mfs slas jl mf ihgdl,
li lm dhcfr eftlrih sai lxtlrifealith2 y lm praelr sænfjh jl gfjf els ghi
lxtlrifealith jlm dhcfr eftlrih, jlnalijh rlghclr f su elihr daoh f mfs jalz jl mf
eföfif y rlthrifrmh fm jåf sacualitl (jheaich) fm dhcfr eftlrih f mfs slas jl mf tfrjl2
fsaeaseh, lm tlrglr sænfjh jl gfjf els ghi lxtlrifealith jlm dhcfr eftlrih, jlnalijh
rlghclr f su elihr daoh f mfs jalz jl mf eföfif y rlthrifrmh fm dhcfr eftlrih fm jåf
sacualitl (jheaich) f mfs slas jl mf tfrjl. Gheh kuijfeliths jl su jlgasa÷i shstalil
qul sa nali fenhs prhcliathrls ih sl ligulitrfi aigfpfgatfjhs pfrf lolrglr mf tliligaf
jlm elihr2 sai lenfrch, salijh rlmlvfitl grlfr slcurajfj fm elihr, fså gheh nraijfrml
ui dhcfr li lm gufm ih sl ml efiakalstl mf ilcftavajfj jlm prhcliathr fuslitl, saih phr lm
ghitrfrah, ghfjyuvfr fm elohrfealith jl mfs rlmfgahils pfrlitfmls2 salijh lmmh fså,
lstfijh f qul jl mfs prulnfs sl jlsprlijl qul lm elihr lstfråf salijh aikmuligafjh li
khref
qul sa ilcftavf ghitrf mf prhcliathrf,
nali lm jlefijfitl slöfmf qulghrrlsphijl gfenafr
mf jlefijfjf lm fenalitl
efitalil jlm easeh,
uif rlmfga÷i ghi uify
 tlrglrf plrshif ghi ghijugtfs ilcftavfs, sai lenfrch, jlm aikhrel shgafm ih sl fjvalrtl

6<>

qul jagdf plrshif ghivavf ghi mf jlefijfjf2 eæs fÿi, mf fggahifjf df slöfmfjh li su
jlgmfrfga÷i jl pfrtl lstfr frrlplitajf jl jagdf rlmfga÷i, rlgmfefijh shmh f su daoh.
Zlrglrh.-  Fplmfjf mf eligahifjf slitligaf, mf Wfmf ^lvashrf, eljafitl slitligaf jl
khofs trlsgaliths gaigulitf y uih, jl klgdf gfthrgl jl ihvalenrl jl jhs eam gfthrgl, mf
ghikaref y, fjleæs, mf aitlcrf jlgmfrfijh qul mf jlefijfjf Hmcf Wfyfs Zhrh slf quali
tlicf
easehfmjlitrh
elihr jlm
O. M.tlrglr
Z. G.jåf
W.2 jl
li ghislguligaf,
ihtakagfjh ghijasphil qul lm jlefijfitl
mf slitligaf2 litrlcul jl
nfoh fplrganaealith fm
lolguga÷i khrzfjf. Gheh sustlith jl su jlgasa÷i efiakalstf qul li vartuj f mhs aikhrels
shgafmls prfgtagfjhs li mfs vavalijfs, tfith jlm jlefijfitl gheh jl mf jlefijfjf, fså
gheh tfenaái phr mhs aikhrels psaghm÷caghs prfgtagfjhs li fenhs y li lm elihr,
ghigulrjfi ghi mf Oulz jl mf gfusf li lm slitajh qul mfs ghijugtfs jl fquámmhs ih
ghistatuyli uif satufga÷i jl ralsch pfrf lm jlsfrrhmmh aitlcrfm jlm elihr, li tfith qul
fenhs lxprlsfi slitaealiths jl fklgth dfgaf ám, y ástl fidlmf vavar ghi fenhs. Jl
efilrf saicumfr, sl jlsgfrtf qul mf jlefijfjf dfyf tliajh ‗h tlicf‗ ghijugtf ilcftavf
 pfrf lm elihr. Mf jliuigaf phmagafm jl ”fnfijhih jl dhcfr― aitlrpulstf phr lm
jlefijfitl quljf lilrvfjf ghi mfs jliuigafs y fgtufgahils phmagafmls y oujagafmls
aitlrpulstfs li su ghitrf phr mf jlefijfjf. Lstfs rlvlmfi qul mf fcrlja÷ kåsagfelitl li
rlpltajfs hgfsahils, jfijh mucfr f su rltarh jlm dhcfr ghiyucfm. Pfrf jlkaiar mf
ghitrhvlrsaf, sa nali sl jlnl thefr li gulitf mf hpaia÷i jlm iaöh, gheh jasphil mf mly,
li lm gfsh jl fuths lmmh ih jlnl slr jltlreaifitl, phr gufith, li mf fujaligaf rlsplgtavf
lm elihr df slöfmfjh ”(...) ea pfpæ el df jagdh qul jacf qul el qualrh quljfr ghi ám
(...)―, mh qul rlkmlof qul ‗jfjf su gfpfgajfj maeatfjf jl jasglriaealith‗ df sajh
aikmuligafjh phr su pfjrl (jlefijfitl). Li tfm ghitlxth, li fpmagfga÷i jlm praigapah jlm
aitlrás suplrahr jlm iaöh aivhgfjh, fm ih lxastar uif satufga÷i ilcftavf pfrf qul mf
jlefijfjf tlicf f su elihr daoh, y fui gufijh lmmf ih df khreumfjh rlghivliga÷i li
lsl slitajh, plrh qul fm ghitlstfr mf jlefijf df lxprlsfjh jagdh aitlrás, mh qul df sajh
sheltajh fm ghitrfjagthrah, li fpmagfga÷i jlm praigapah jl kmlxanamazfga÷i jlm praigapah jl
ghicruligaf li fsuiths jl jlrlgdh jl kfeamaf lstfnmlgajh phr mf Ghrtl Wuprlef jl
Oustagaf jl mf ^lpÿnmagf li lm Zlrglr Pmlih Gfsfthrah Gavam, aitlcrfijh mf slitligaf phr 
heasa÷i, sl jlnl jlgajar phrqul mf tliligaf jlm elihr slf lolrgajf phr mf jlefijfjf. Lm
lolrgagah
elihr ghijlsulsl jlrlgdh
pfjrl, jlnl slr
ghikhrel kfgamatfijh
fm rácaeli lm ghitfgth
jl vasatfs kåsagh yliehrfm
lstfnmlgajh plrefilitl jlm
mf fplmfjf.
Gufrth.-  Ghikhrel sl df fihtfjh prlgljlitlelitl, lm rlgursh jl gfsfga÷i df sajh
jlgmfrfjh prhgljlitl phr mfs gfusfmls jl aikrfgga÷i ihreftavf jl jlrlgdh prhglsfm l
aikrfgga÷i ihreftavf jl jlrlgdh eftlrafm, jlnalijh fnshmvlrsl, li praelr mucfr, mfs
jliuigafs jl gfrægtlr prhglsfm, jl ehjh qul sa sl jlgmfrf kuijfjh lm rlgursh phr lstf
gfusfm jlnlræ vlrakagfrsl lm rllivåh, ih tlialijh hnolth, li tfm gfsh, lm prhiuigafealith
rlsplgth f mf gfusfm sustfitavf.
Vuaith.- Li tfm slitajh, li su jliuigaf jl gfrægtlr prhglsfm ghitliajf li lm fpfrtfjh G)
lm rlgurrlitl fmlcf qul sl df vumilrfjh su jlrlgdh fm jlnajh prhglsh, phr gufith mf
slitligaf jl vastf ghitalil ui kfmmh lxtrf pltatf.
pltatf. Fm rlsplgth, jlnl aijagfrsl qul
lstfrlehs fitl ui kfmmh jl tfm gufmajfj gufijh lm ÷rcfih ourasjaggahifm hthrcf ui
jlrlgdh qul ih dfnåf sajh shmagatfjh li mf jlefijf. Li lm gfsh  sun lxfeail lxfeail,, lm
 jlefijfitl Olsÿs Krfsgulmh Gæglrls Glrvfitls shmagat÷ li su jlefijf qul sl ml hthrcul
mf tliligaf y gusthjaf jl su elihr daoh O. M. Z. G. W., f kai jl lolrglrmf li khref

6<7

lxgmusavf. Mulch, lklgtufjh lm lepmfzfealith jl mly f mf jlefijfjf, lstf li su lsgrath

jl khofs hgdlitf y uih, ih rlghivaih shmagatfijh slr lmmf quali lolrzf mf tliligaf
lxgmusavf2 sai lenfrch, efiaklst÷ qul fitl mf aephsanamajfj jl philrsl jl fgulrjh ghi
lm jlefijfitl, sl jagtfrf ui rácaeli jl tliligaf ghepfrtajf. Phr ghisacualitl, sl
fprlgaf qul, lklgtavfelitl, lm fj qule df
qule df leatajh ui kfmmh lxtrf pltatf,
pltatf, fm hthrcfr f mf
jlefijfjf mf tliligaf lxgmusavf jlm elihr daoh jl fenhs2 ls jlgar, sl df prhiuigafjh
li khref jastaitf f mh qul lstf dfnåf shmagatfjh fm fnshmvlr mf jlefijf (tliligaf
ghepfrtajf), aepmagfijh lmmh uif aikrfgga÷i fm jlnajh prhglsh.
Wlxth.-  Whnrl lm pfrtagumfr jlnl fihtfrsl qul mf tliligaf ghepfrtajf ls kfgtanml
uråjagfelitl, li ftliga÷i f mh prlvasth phr lm frtågumh 46 jlm G÷jach jl mhs Iaöhs y
prhpah  fj qule df jltlreaifjh li
Fjhmlsglitls2 eæs fÿi, sa sl talil li gulitf qul lm prhpah fj
mf rlgurrajf qul mfs ghijugtfs jl fenhs pfjrls jlm elihr ih ghistatuyli uif satufga÷i
jl ralsch pfrf lm jlsfrrhmmh aitlcrfm jlm easeh, li tfith qul fenhs lxprlsfi
slitaealiths jl fklgth dfgaf ám, y lstl fidlmf vavar
v avar ghi fenhs.
Wátaeh.- Li ghislguligaf, sl vlrakagf mf jliuigaf jl vumilrfga÷i jlm jlrlgdh fm jlnajh
 prhglsh jlm rlgurrlitl, li mhs táreaihs fitls jlsgraths, mh gufm ghimmlvf mf iumajfj jl mf
slitligaf rlgurrajf, li ftliga÷i f mh jaspulsth phr lm frtågumh 71;, aigash 6 jlm G÷jach
Prhglsfm
leatar Gavam,slitligaf,
iulvf ghrrlsphijalijh fm fj qule rlihvfr
jl ghikhreajfjqule
ghi rlihvfr lm fgth prhglsfm
mfs ghisajlrfgahils vagafjh, ls
prlvafelitl jlgar,
vlrtajfs.
Gfnl fcrlcfr qul, li ftliga÷i f mh lstfnmlgajh li lm ghisajlrfijh gufrth jl mf prlslitl
rlshmuga÷i gfrlgl jl hnolth prhiuigafrsl shnrl mf jliuigaf jl ghitliajh eftlrafm.
Phr mfs rfzhils fihtfjfs y li fpmagfga÷i jlm frtågumh 71; aigash 6 jlm G÷jach Prhglsfm
Gavam, jlgmfrfrhi? K\IJFJH  lm rlgursh jl gfsfga÷i aitlrpulsth phr Olsÿs Krfsgulmh
Gæglrls Glrvfitls f khofs trlsgaliths slslitf y hgdh2 phr ghisacualitl, GFWF^HI, mf
slitligaf jl vastf jl khofs trlsgaliths gaigulitf y uih, jl klgdf gfthrgl jl ihvalenrl
jl jhs eam gfthrgl, leatajf phr mf Praelrf Wfmf Gavam jl mf Ghrtl Wuplrahr jl Oustagaf jl
Maef Ihrtl2 li ghislguligaf, I\MF mf easef2 H^JLIF^HI f mf Wfmf Wuplrahr jl
su prhgljligaf leatf iulvf slitligaf, ghi frrlcmh f mly, y ghikhrel f mh lstfnmlgajh li
mhs ghisajlrfijhs prlgljlitls2 JAWP\WAL^HI  mf punmagfga÷i jl mf prlslitl
rlshmuga÷i
Olsÿs li lmGæglrls
Krfsgulmh jafrah hkagafm  Lm Plrufih
Glrvfitls Plrufih,, nfohWfyfs
ghitrf Hmcf rlsphisfnamajfj2 li mhs slcuajhs
Zhrh, shnrl Zliligaf phr 
y Gusthjaf
jl Elihr2 y mhs jlvhmvalrhi. Philitl Wlöhr Earfijf Ehmaif, Oulz Wuprleh.
WW.
ELIJH_F ^FEÅ^L_
^HEL^H JÅF_
GFNLMMH EFZFEFMF
EA^FIJF EHMAIF
QFQF _\EFLZF

<. Fpmagfga÷i
Fpmagfga÷i jlm praigapah
praigapah jl Aitlrás
Aitlrás Wuplrahr
Wuplrahr jlm
jlm Iaöh.
Iaöh. Gfsfga÷
Gfsfga÷i
i I¿ >701->06<-
>701->06<-
Maef Wur
^LW\ELI
 6<:

Lm Wuprleh Zranuifm, li lvfmufga÷i jlm gfsh li ghigrlth, lstfnmlgl qul mf slitligaf

jl vastf aigurra÷ li aikrfgga÷i jl ihrefs jlm jlnajh prhglsh l aikrfgga÷i ihreftavf
jlm frtågumh 613 jlm G÷jach Prhglsfm Gavam, frtågumh 46 jlm G÷jach jl mhs Iaöhs y
Fjhmlsglitls y lm fpfrtfealith aiehtavfjh jlm Zlrglr Pmlih Gfsfthrah Gavam. Mf
 prlslitl slitligaf ghisajlrf qul mf Wfmf Wuplrahr, fm hthrcfr tliligaf ghepfrtajf li
kfvhr jlm pfjrlqul
jlm prhcliathr y mfghimmlvf
efjrl, ih vfmhr÷
f qul mhs lm plratfol
iaöhs psaghm÷cagh
sl ligulitrli lijlnajfelitl,
guajfjh jl sulmfnulmf
dhrfrahy
su tåf2 tfephgh sl ghisajlr÷ qul mf efjrl talil fenalitls fjlgufjhs pfrf mhs iaöhs
y lm pfjrl gulitf ghi fenalitls ghepfrtajhs y, phr ÿmtaeh, mhs iaöhs jleulstrfi
fplch f su efjrl. Li ghislguligaf, lm Wuprleh Zranuifm, li fpmagfga÷i jlm
 praigapah jl Aitlrás Wuplrahr jlm Iaöh, sustlitæijhsl li mf vhmuitfj jl mhs elihrls,
li vartuj jl mh lstfnmlgajh phr mhs frtågumhs 46 y 4< jlm G÷jach jl mhs Iaöhs y
Fjhmlsglitls, jlgmfrfrhi kuijfjh lm rlgursh jl gfsfga÷i aitlrpulsth phr mf efjrl
jl mhs iaöhs.

K\IJFELIZH ^LML[FIZL

:.1.  Wl hnslrvf qul lm aitlrás suplrahr jlm iaöh ghistatuyl lm puith jl

rlklrligaf pfrf mf jamugajfga÷i jlm prlslitl gfsh, phr mh qul lstl Wuprleh
Zranuifm ghisajlrf qul jagdh praigapah aepmagf qul lm jlsfrrhmmh jlm elihr y
lm lolrgagah pmlih jl sus jlrlgdhs jlnli slr ghisajlrfjhs gheh gratlrahs
rlgthrls pfrf mf fpmagfga÷i jl mfs ihrefs li mh rlmftavh f mf vajf jlm iaöh2 eæs
fÿi sa lm prlæenumh jl mf Ghivliga÷i shnrl mhs Jlrlgdhs jlm Iaöh slöfmf qul
lstl rlqualrl jl guajfjhs lsplgafmls, jlnalijh eftazfrsl rfzhifnmlelitl lm 
fmgfigl jl mf pfrtagapfga÷i jlm iaöh li mhs prhgljaealiths qul sl ml sacfi, li
mf jltlreaifga÷i jl sus jlrlgdhs, ghi lm kai jl mhcrfr mf prhtlgga÷i lklgtavf jl
 su aitlrás suplrahr.

GH^ZL W\P^LEF JL O\WZAGAF JL MF ^LPßNMAGF WFMF GA[AM

PL^EFILIZL
GFWFGAHI I° >701->06<-MAEF W\^ 
[AWZF? mf gfusf iÿelrh jhs eam trlsgaliths iulvl ‗jhs eam quaigl2 li fujaligaf
 pÿnmagf mmlvfjf f gfnh li lm jåf jl mf klgdf, ghi mhs Wlöhrls Oulgls Wuprlehs? Zlmmh
Camfrja‗ Prlsajlitf, Jlm Gfrpah ^hjråculz, ^hjråculz Gdævlz, Gfmjlr÷i Pulrtfs y Jl
Mf Nfrrf Nfrrlrf2 mulch jl prhjugajf mf vltfga÷i ghi frrlcmh f mly, sl leatl mf sacualitl
slitligaf.

6. EFZ
EFZL^AF
L^AF JLM ^LG\^LG\^ ^WH?
WH?
Lm rlgursh jl gfsfga÷i aitlrpulsth phr mf jlefijfitl Efråf Bftdaf ^laihsh Ehcrhvloh,
jl klgdf jl
slitligaf 6< vastf
jl ouiah jl >06<,
jl klgdf hnrfitl
6< jl efyh f khmahs
jl >06<, guftrhgaliths
jl khmahs jalgaiulvl,
trlsgaliths hgdlitf yghitrf mf
slas, qul
 rlvhgf mf slitligaf fplmfjf jl klgdf 60 jl hgtunrl jl >06:, jl khmahs guftrh y

6<<

rlkhreæijhmf jlgmfrh kuijfjf li pfrtl mf gatfjf jlefijf2 li mhs slcuajhs ghitrf Gfrmhs
Liraqul Párlz Eljaif.

>. F\ZH
F\ZH GFMA
GFMAKA KAGF
GFZHZH^A^AH
H JL
JL GFW
GFWFGFGA×
A×I?
I?
Phr rlshmuga÷i jl klgdf 6: jl sltalenrl jl >06<, jl khmahs sltlitf y trls jlm gufjlriammh
jl gfsfga÷i khrefjh fitl lstf Wfmf Wuprlef, sl jlgmfr÷ prhgljlitl lm rlgursh jl
gfsfga÷i, phr mfs gfusfmls jl?
f) Aikrf
Aikrfgga÷i
gga÷i ihreftavf
ihreftavf jlm
jlm fr
frtågum
tågumhh 46 jlm G÷jach jl mhs
mhs I
Iaöhs
aöhs y Fj
Fjhmlsg
hmlsglitls
litls..
Mf rlgurrlitl frcuyl, qul mf Wfmf ih df ghisajlrfjh ia ghrrhnhrfjh lm lstfjh jl mhs
elihrls daohs jl mf fgthrf, qualils sl ligulitrfi klmagls y f custh ghi su efjrl,
fsaeaseh slöfmf qul shi mhs pfjrls qualils thefi mfs jlgasahils y ih qul mf fnulmf
y mf tåf pfrtagapli jl mf tliligaf ghepfrtajf2 ghi mh qul, mf Wfmf df vumilrfjh lm
jlrlgdh f mf aitlcrajfj kåsagf y elitfm, lm jlrlgdh f mf ljugfga÷i jl mhs trls
elihrls fm jlofr f mhs iaöhs phr trls jåfs fm guajfjh jl mf fnulmf, quali talil ui
lstfjh jl sfmuj jánam, gfeaif ghi nfst÷i jl gfjlrf y mf tåf qul talil jhs daohs
fjagahifmls2 plsl f qul mf fgthrf talil nfoh guajfjh f sus daohs, nali ljugfjhs y
sacualijh
jlnl tlilr mh
lilstfnmlgajh phr lm 1.7
gulitf lm frtågumh Oulzjljlmf Kfeamaf. Prlgasf
Ghivliga÷i shnrlqul,
mhs li lstl lxtrleh
Jlrlgdhs sl
jlm Iaöh
rftakagfjh phr lm Plrÿ, slcÿi lm gufm lm iaöh qul lstá slpfrfjh jl uih jl mhs pfjrls
talil jlrlgdh f efitlilr rlmfgahils plrshifmls ghi ám, sfmvh sa lmmh ls ghitrfrah fm
aitlrás jlm iaöh.
n) [umil
[umilrfga÷i
rfga÷i jl mmfs
fs ihrefs
ihrefs jlm jlnajh
jlnajh prhglsh
prhglsh l aikrfgga
aikrfgga÷i
÷i ihreftav
ihreftavff jlm
frtågumh 613 jlm G÷jach Prhglsfm Gavam. Mf rlgurrlitl frcuelitf, qul mf slitligaf
jl vastf ih df kuijfelitfjh mhs frcueliths phr mhs qul ghisajlrf qul jlnl tlilr 
tliligaf ghepfrtajf, mf gufm ih cufrjf rlmfga÷i ghi mf fgtufm ghivavligaf jl mf
efjrl ghi sus trls daohs, sai dfnlr shmagatfjh mfs vasatfs phr pfrtl jlm pfjrl y mfs
tlrfpafs psaghm÷cagfs qul sl mmlvfi f gfnh phr pfrtl jl mhs elihrls su efjrl, jlsjl
klnrlrh jl jhs eam quaigl y mfs karefs jl ghikhreajfj qul fgrljatfi qul lm pfjrl
mhs rlghcl ghi lxtlrifealith, jasphiaáijhsl uif tliligaf ghepfrtajf sai tlilr li
gulitf mf fgtufm satufga÷i jl mhs trls elihrls, qul vavli ghi mf efjrl, quali ghi ui
gfraöh ifturfm mls aepfrtl mf ljugfga÷i y guajfjh qul elrlgli sai plroujagfr mfs
vasatfs ghi lxtlrifealith qul rlfmazf lm pfjrl mhs jåfs valrils, qul ls lm ÿiagh jåf
qul sl ligulitrf manrl. Fghtf qul mf Wfmf jl efilrf ghitrfjagthraf aijagf qul mhs
 pfjrls jlnli ghepfrtar mf tliligaf sai qul iaicÿi pfjrl quljl plrakáragh rlsplgth
jl mf grafizf, sai lenfrch, sl ghitrfjagl fm aijagfr qul mf efjrl puljl vasatfr f mhs
elihrls mhs jåfs muils, efrtls y eaárghmls sai lxtlrifealith2 mh qul plroujagf f mhs
elihrls qualils ih sfnli lm ehtavh jl tfiths gfenahs. Fghtf qul mf slitligaf ih
sl ligulitrf jlnajfelitl ehtavfjf, fm ih dfnlrsl lxprlsfjh mf lxpmagfga÷i,
 oustakagfga÷i y frcuelitfga÷i pfrf fjhptfr uif tliligaf ghepfrtajf. Jl thjh mh
gufm sl ghigmuyl qul mf Wfmf ih df rlfmazfjh uif vfmhrfga÷i ghiouitf jl mf prulnf
 fphrtfjf, ghitrfvaialijh mh jaspulsth li mf ihref jliuigafjf.

6<;

g) Fpf
Fpfrtf
rtfeal
ealith
ith aieh
aiehtav
tavfjh
fjh jlm
jlm Zlrg
Zlrglr
lr Pmlih
Pmlih Gfsf
Gfsfthra
thrahh Gavam
Gavam. Jfjh qul, mf Wfmf
ih df tliajh li gulitf lm lklgth vaigumfitl jlm eligahifjh pmlih, rlklrlitl fm
gratlrah lquatftavh, plrh shnrl galrths lmleliths jl ghivagga÷i.

7. G\LW
G\LWZA
ZA×I
×I O\^Å
O\^ÅJA
JAGF
GF F JLNF
JLNFZA
ZA^?
^?

Mf ghitrhvlrsaf
 prhglsh, sl gaöl
mfs ihrefs li jltlreaifr
prhglsfmls rlklrajfssa fslmf dfi trfiscrljajh
vfmhrfga÷i mfs rlcmfs
prhnfthraf, jlm jlnajh
lm praigapah jlm
aitlrás suplrahr jlm iaöh, y sa dunh ui fpfrtfealith aiehtavfjh jlm Zlrglr Pmlih
Gfsfthrah Gavam.

:. K\IJFELIZHW?

:.6. Wlcÿi mh lstfnmlgajh li lm frtågumh 74: jlm G÷jach Prhglsfm Gavam, ls ehjakagfjh
 phr lm frtågumh 6 jl mf Mly I¿ >17;:, lm rlgursh jl gfsfga÷i talil phr kails
lsligafmls mf fjlgufjf fpmagfga÷i jlm jlrlgdh hnoltavh fm gfsh ghigrlth y mf
uiakhreajfj jl mf ourasprujligaf ifgahifm phr mf Ghrtl Wuprlef jl Oustagaf
(kaifmajfj ihehkamægtagf y uiakhreazfjhrf, rlsplgtavfelitl)2 prlgasfjh li mf
Gfsfga÷i I¿ :613->003/ Mf Manlrtfj y Gfsfga÷i I¿ ;6<- >004/Frlquapf2 phr tfith,
lstl Zranuifm Wuprleh sai ghistatuarsl li uif tlrglrf aistfigaf prhglsfm, jlnl
guepmar su jlnlr jl prhiuigafrsl fglrgf jl mhs kuijfeliths jlm rlgursh, phr mfs
gfusfmls jlgmfrfjfs prhgljlitls.

:.>. Walijh jlm gfsh fihtfr, qul lm jlrlgdh fm jlnajh prhglsh y mf tutlmf ourasjaggahifm
lklgtavf lstæi ghisfcrfjhs li lm frtågumh 671 aigash 7) jl mf Ghistatuga÷i Phmåtagf
jlm Lstfjh, y talili lstrlgdf vaigumfga÷i ghi lm jlrlgdh f mf ehtavfga÷i jl mfs
rlshmugahils oujagafmls, rlcumfjh phr lm aigash <) jlm gatfjh frtågumh, li tfith
cfrfitazf f mhs oustagafnmls qul mhs Oulgls gufmqualrf slf mf aistfigaf f mf qul
 plrtlilzgfi lxprlsli lm prhglsh m÷cagh qul mhs df mmlvfjh f jlgajar mf ghitrhvlrsaf,
fslcurfijh qul lm lolrgagah jl mf phtlstfj jl fjeaiastrfr oustagaf sl dfcf ghi
suolga÷i f mf Ghistatuga÷i y f mf Mly, plrh tfenaái ghi mf kaifmajfj jl kfgamatfr ui
fjlgufjh lolrgagah jlm jlrlgdh jl jlklisf2 fså gheh, mf lxacligaf jl uif fjlgufjf
vfmhrfga÷i jl mhs eljahs prhnfthrahs.

:.7. Vul, mf lxacligaf qul mfs rlshmugahils oujagafmls slfi ehtavfjfs, phr ui mfjh,
aikhref shnrl mf khref gheh sl lstæ mmlvfijh f gfnh mf fgtavajfj ourasjaggahifm, y,
 phr htrh, ghistatuyl ui jlrlgdh kuijfelitfm pfrf qul mhs oustagafnmls lolrzfi jl
efilrf lklgtavf su jlklisf. Aigmuyl li su æenath jl prhtlgga÷i lm jlrlgdh jl tlilr 
uif jlgasa÷i kuijfjf li Jlrlgdh. Lmmh suphil f jlgasa÷i lstá nfsfjf li ihrefs
ghepftanmls ghi mf Ghistatuga÷i, gheh li mlyls y rlcmfeliths vaclitls, væmajhs y
jl hnmacfthrah guepmaealith.

:.:. Fitls jl aicrlsfr f fifmazfr mfs gfusfml

gfusfmlss jl mf gfs
gfsfga÷i,
fga÷i, rlsumtf ilglsfrah tlilr 
 prlslitl mhs fitlgljlitls jlm gfsh, fså tlilehs?
f) Efråf Bftdaf
Bftdaf ^laihsh
^laihsh Ehcrhvloh aitlrphil
aitlrphil jlef
jlefijf
ijf shnrl tliligaf
tliligaf y gusthjaf
 jl sus elihrls daohs G. F., E. F. y E. K. P. ^., jl jalz y guftrh föhs jl ljfj,

6<3

rlsplgtavfelitl, jaracaáijhmf ghitrf Gfrmhs Liraqul Párlz Eljaif2 y qul kulrf

fepfrfjf eljafitl slitligaf jl klgdf 60 jl hgtunrl jl >06:, f khmahs
jhsgaliths gaigulitf y hgdh.
 n) Mf Wfmf Wuplrahr, eljafitl slitligaf jl vastf
v astf jl klgdf 6<
6 < jl
j l efyh jl >06<,
>0 6<, jl
khmahs trlsgaliths hgdlitf y slas, rlvhg÷ mf slitligaf fplmfjf, y rlkhreæijhmf
jlgmfr÷ kuijfjf li pfrtl mf gatfjf jlefijf, lstfnmlgalijh mf tliligaf
ghepfrtajf f kfvhr jl fenhs pfjrls.

:.<. Jl mh lxpulsth y jlm fiæmasas jl mfs gfusfmls ghi rlmfga÷i f mf slitl

slitligaf
igaf jl vastf, mhs
kuijfeliths qul mf shstalili lstæi jaracajhs f lstfnmlglr mf tliligaf jl mhs iaöhs G.
F. (60 föhs), E. F. (:) y E. K. P. ^. (:), salijh ilglsfrah pfrf mf shmuga÷i jl mf
ghitrhvlrsaf jlm prlslitl gfsh, lstfnmlglr guæm jl mhs prhcliathrls sl ligulitrf li
elohr fptatuj h prlslitf ghijagahils eæs kfvhrfnmls pfrf mf lolguga÷i jl mf
tliligaf li frfs fm jlsfrrhmmh y nalilstfr
n alilstfr aitlcrfm jl mhs iaöhs elihrls jl ljfj.

:.;. Nfoh lstl ghitlxth, mf tliligaf ghistatuyl uih jl mhs ftranuths qul ghikalrl mf pftraf
 phtlstfj, lsth ls, lm jlrlgdh jl mhs pfjrls fm guajfjh jl sus daohs, fslcurfijh mf
 prhtlgga÷i y jlsfrrhmmh jl mhs easehs2 y qul sl ligulitrf rlcumfjf li lm frtågumh 46
jlm G÷jach jl mhs Iaöhs y Fjhmlsglitls, qul lxprlsfelitl jasphil? ”Gufijh mhs
 pfjrls lstái slpfrfjhs jl dlgdh, mf tliligaf jl mhs iaöhs, iaöfs h fjhmlsglitls sl
jltlreaif jl gheÿi fgulrjh litrl lmmhs y thefijh li gulitf lm pfrlglr jlm iaöh,
iaöf h fjhmlsglitl. Jl ih lxastar fgulrjh h sa lstl rlsumtf plroujagafm pfrf mhs daohs,
mf tliligaf mf rlshmvlræ lm oulz lsplgafmazfjh jagtfijh mfs eljajfs ilglsfrafs pfrf
su guepmaealith, pujalijh jasphilr mf tliligaf ghepfrtajf, sfmvfcufrjfijh li
thjh ehelith lm aitlrás suplrahr jlm iaöh, iaöf h fjhmlsglitl―. y, li tfm slitajh,
slræ aijasplisfnml pfrf mf shmuga÷i jl lsths gfshs, ghisajlrfr kuijfelitfmelitl, lm
Praigapah jlm Aitlrás Wuplrahr jlm Iaöh, Iaöf h Fjhmlsglitl.

:.3. Gfnl prlgasfr, qul ghikhrel mh lstfnmlgl lm frtågumh AA jlm Zåtumh Prlmaeaifr jlm

G÷jach jl mhs
lsplgåkagf, phrIaöhs
mh quly jlnli
Fjhmlsglitls lm iaöh lscfrfitazfjhs
slr pmlifelitl suolth jl jlrlgdhs y jl prhtlgga÷i
li mf jlgasa÷i oujagafm,
tlialijh li gulitf qul li thjh prhglsh lm praigapah jlm aitlrás suplrahr jlm Iaöh ih
ls uif saepml jlgmfrfga÷i jl aitligahils, jl gfrægtlr fnstrfgth l aijltlreaifjh,
saih ghistatuyl uif ihref ouråjagf jl rlghihgaealith uiavlrsfm y jl hnmacfthrah
guepmaealith, qul aepmagf uif hnmacfga÷i jl mf kfeamaf, mf gheuiajfj, mf shgaljfj
y lm Lstfjh, pfrf qul li thjf jlgasa÷i qul sl fjhptl, sl mhcrl mf eæxaef
sftaskfgga÷i jl mhs jlrlgdhs jl iaöhs, iaöfs y fjhmlsglitls h, mf elihr rlstragga÷i h
fklgtfga÷i jl mhs easehs, eæs fÿi sa sl talil li gulitf qul mhs gfshs suolths f
rlshmuga÷i oujagafm h fjeaiastrftavf li mhs qul lstái aivhmugrfjhs iaöhs h
fjhmlsglitls jlnli slr trftfjhs gheh prhnmlefs duefihs, gheh fså mh lstfnmlgl lm
frtågumh T jlm Zåtumh Prlmaeaifr jlm G÷jach jl mhs Iaöhs y Fjhmlsglitls.

:.4. Fsaeaseh, ghi rlmfga÷i f mh fitls slöfmfjh, ls plrtailitl fihtfr qul lm ffrtågumh
rtågumh 4<
jlm G÷jach jl mhs Iaöhs y Fjhmlsglitls, lstfnmlgl qul? ”Lm oulz lsplgafmazfjh jlnl
 lsgugdfr mf hpaia÷i jlm iaöh y thefr li gulitf mf jlm fjhmlsglitl―, ihref jl

6<4

fpmagfga÷i hnmacfthraf, qul ligulitrf ghighrjfigaf ghi mh lstfnmlgajh phr lm

frtågumh 6> jl mf Ghivliga÷i shnrl mhs Jlrlgdhs jlm Iaöh, qul slöfmf? ”6. Mhs
Lstfjhs Pfrtls cfrfitazfræi fm iaöh qul lstá li ghijagahils jl khrefrsl ui ouagah
 prhpah lm jlrlgdh jl lxprlsfr su hpaia÷i manrlelitl li thjhs mhs fsuiths qul
fklgtfi fm iaöh, tliaáijhsl jlnajfelitl li gulitf mfs hpaiahils jlm iaöh, li
kuiga÷i jl mf ljfj y efjurlz jlm iaöh. >. Ghi tfm kai, sl jfræ li pfrtagumfr fm iaöh
hphrtuiajfj jl slr lsgugdfjh, li thjh prhgljaealith oujagafm h fjeaiastrftavh qul
fklgtl fm iaöh, yf slf jarlgtfelitl h phr eljah jl ui rlprlslitfitl h jl ui ÷rcfih
fprhpafjh, li ghishifigaf ghi mfs ihrefs jl prhgljaealith jl mf mly ifgahifm―.

:.1. Li lsl slitajh, sl hnslrvf qul lm aitlrás suplrahr jlm iaöh ghistatuyl lm puith jl
rlklrligaf pfrf mf jamugajfga÷i jlm prlslitl gfsh, phr mh qul lstl Wuprleh Zranuifm
ghisajlrf qul jagdh praigapah aepmagf qul lm jlsfrrhmmh jlm elihr y lm lolrgagah
 pmlih jl sus jlrlgdhs jlnli slr ghisajlrfjhs gheh gratlrahs rlgthrls pfrf mf
fpmagfga÷i jl mfs ihrefs li mh rlmftavh f mf vajf jlm iaöh2 eæs fÿi sa lm prlæenumh
jl mf Ghivliga÷i shnrl mhs Jlrlgdhs jlm Iaöh slöfmf qul lstl rlqualrl jl guajfjhs
lsplgafmls, jlnalijh eftazfrsl rfzhifnmlelitl lm fmgfigl jl mf pfrtagapfga÷i jlm
iaöh li mhs prhgljaealiths qul sl ml sacfi, li mf jltlreaifga÷i jl sus jlrlgdhs,
ghi lm kai jl mhcrfr mf prhtlgga÷i lklgtavf jl su aitlrás suplrahr.
:.60.Fså,
Fså, jlm lxfeli jl fuths, sl fjvalrtl qul lm Ghmlcafjh Wuplrahr ih the÷ li gulitf
mhs sacualitls kfgthrls?
a) Mhs elihrls
elihrls shi guajfjhs
guajfjhs y ftlijajhs
ftlijajhs phr kf
kfeamafr
eamafrls,
ls, ih tlialijh
tlialijh gheui
gheuiagfga
agfga÷i
÷i
ghi su prhcliathr phr plråhjhs prhmhicfjhs jl taleph, mh qul sl ghrrhnhrf ghi
lm Prhthghmh jl Plragaf Psaghm÷cagf I¿ 00007<->06:-PWG, rlfmazfjh fm elihr G.
F. P. ^., quali slöfmf rlsplgth fm jlefijfjh ”(...) ea pfpæ mmlcf f mfs 6> jl mf
ihgdl h 6 jl mf eföfif, yh ih mh vlh, plrh sfml f mfs 66 jl mf eföfif, mhs
sænfjhs y jheaichs tfenaái ls fså, gufijh ea pfpæ tlicf sus vfgfgahils ihs
vfehs f ar f mf pmfyf, y tfephgh mh vlh phrqul lsthy li lm ghmlcah, f eå el
guajf ea tåf, mhs oulvls mmlcf f mf 6 p.e.―, y lm Prhthghmh jl Plragaf Psaghm÷cagf
 I¿ 00007;->06:-PWG! prfgtagfjh fm iaöh E. F. P. ^., qul efiakalstf? ”(...) yh
lxtrföh f ea efeæ phrqul lmmf valil jl htrf gfsf (...) yh mh lxtrföh f ea pfpæ
 phrqul mmlcf jl ihgdl (...)―.
aa) Fsaeaseh, jl mf rlklrligafm nraijfjf phr lm daoh efyhr jl mhs oustagafnmls,
jurfitl mf ghitaiufga÷i jl fujaligaf ÿiagf jlm 64 jl klnrlrh jl >06:, slöfm÷ qul
lm dhrfrah jl su prhcliathr lrf? ”jlsjl mfs higl jl mf ihgdl dfstf mfs jhgl jl mf
ihgdl ghi lxglpga÷i jlm jåf oulvls qul lrf jlsjl mfs slas jl mf eföfif dfstf mfs
jhgl jlm elrajafih―.
aaa)Mhs Prhthghmhs jl Plragaf Psaghm÷cagf I¿ 00007<->06:-PWG, I° 00007;->06:-
PWG, y I° 0000;0->06:-PWG, prfgtagfjhs f mhs elihrls, ghigmuyli qul?
”gmåiagfelitl ih sl lvajligafi aijagfjhrls jl fklgtfga÷i lehgahifm
lehgahi fm ghepftanmls
 f efmtrfth psaghm÷cagh (phr pfrtl jl sus prhcliathrls) , prlgasfijh qul lxastl

6<1

”ajlitakagfga÷i ghi fenfs kacurfs pftlrifs―, y qul ”ih sl ligulitrfi

aijagfjhrls jl såijrhel jl fmalifga÷i pfrlitfm―.
av)Jl mhs Aikhrels Whgafmls I¿ 0<->06:-LE-ZW-7OZK-WOE, y I¿ 04->06:- LE-
ZW->OZK-WOE―, leatajhs phr mf Zrfnfofjhrf Whgafm jlm Lquaph
Eumtajasgapmaifrah prfgtagfjh tfith f mf jlefijfitl gheh fm jlefijfjh,
rlsplgtavfelitl, sl jltlreai÷ qul mf aepucifitl gulitf ghi jhs jhreathrahs,
uih lsplgafmelitl pfrf mhs iaöhs, ealitrfs qul lm lepmfzfjh ih gulitf ghi ui
fenalitl slpfrfjh, saih qul ghepfrtli dfnatfga÷i, fså, sus daohs elmmazhs RE.
F. y E. K., jl guftrh föhs jl ljfjU, julreli ghi su fnulmf pftlrif, ealitrfs
qul lm daoh efyhr RG. F.U, julrel ghi su pfjrl2 fsplgths qul så kulrhi
elratufjhs phr lm Ouzcfjh jl Praelrf Aistfigaf.

:.66.Phr
Phr mh qul,
qu l, lstfijh f mh lxpulsth prlgljlitlelitl, sl fgrljatf qul sa nali fenhs
 prhcliathrls sl ligulitrfi li acufmjfj jl ghijagahils kfvhrfnmls pfrf lolrglr mf
tliligaf jl mhs elihrls, sai lenfrch, ih sl puljl jlofr jl fjvlrtar qul lm taleph
jlm pfjrl sl vl maeatfjh phr su trfnfoh, mh gufm ih ml plreatl prlstfrml ui efyhr 
iavlm fklgtavh f sus daohs, y jl guajfjh aieljafth, elihs ftlijlr plrshifmelitl sus
ilglsajfjls ljugftavfs y jl khrefga÷i, y qul dfi sajh fsueajfs phr kfeamafrls jlm
gatfjh jlefijfjh, ealitrfs qul mf efjrl jasphil jlm taleph ilglsfrah pfrf gunrar 
tfmls ilglsajfjls jl efilrf plrshifm, nraijæijhmls slcurajfj, fsastligaf y
 prhtlgga÷i, y jl lstf efilrf fslcurfr lm jlsfrrhmmh aitlcrfm jl mhs elihrls.

:.6>.Lmmh,
Lmmh, fjleæs ligulitrf rlspfmjh li mh slöfmfjh li lm Prhthghmh jl Plragaf
Psaghm÷cagf I¿ 0007;<->06:-PWG-[K, rlfmazfjh f mf jlefijfitl, li lm gufm sl
lsplgakagf qul? ”(...), mf lxfeaifjf prlslitf ui våigumh fklgtavh jlsfrrhmmfjh ghi
sus daohs, sl prlhgupf phr lmmhs y su nalilstfr, lolrgl su rhm eftlrih li khref
 phsatavf, guajfijh nraijfrmls slcurajfj, fsastligaf y prhtlgga÷i. ^lghihgl li gfjf
uih jl lmmhs sus gfrfgtlråstagfs aijavajufmls y jlihtf lskulrzhs phr efitlilr lm
trfth lstrlgdh ghi mhs easehs f plsfr jl mfs garguistfigafs fgtufmls―, y li mf
vhmuitfj jl mhs elihrls, li vartuj jl mh lstfnmlgajh phr mhs frtågumhs 46 y 4< jlm
G÷jach jl mhs Iaöhs y Fjhmlsglitls, qualils ih dfi efiaklstfjh rlgdfzh fmcuih f
mf efjrl, phr lm ghitrfrah tfenaái dfi jlehstrfjh fplch dfgaf su prhcliathrf,
ghikhrel fså sl fprlgaf jl mfs jlgmfrfgahils nraijfjfs phr lsths, f khmahs hgdlitf f
hgdlitf y uih.

:.67.Li
Li ghislguligaf, fjvartaáijhsl vumilrfga÷i jl mfs gfusfmls jliuigafjfs,
ghrrlsphijl lstaefr lm rlgursh jl gfsfga÷i jl ghikhreajfj ghi lm frtågumh 71; jlm
G÷jach Prhglsfm Gavam.

<. JLGAWA×I
Phr tfmls ghisajlrfgahils, ghi mh lxpulsth li lm Jagtfeli leatajh phr mf slöhrf Kasgfm
Fjouitf Wuprlef
jlm frtågumh 71; jlmliG÷jach
mh Gavam, y lstfijh
Prhglsfm Gavam2f jlgmfrfrhi?
mf kfgumtfj ghiklrajf phr mf pfrtl plrtailitl
 6;0

<.
<.6.
6. K\IJ
K\IJFJ FJH H  lm rlgursh jl gfsfga÷i aitlrpulsth phr mf jlefijfitl Efråf Bftdaf
^laihsh Ehcrhvloh, f khmahs guftrhgaliths jalgaiulvl, jl klgdf 6< jl ouiah jl
>06<2 li ghislguligaf? I\MF  mf slitligaf jl vastf jl klgdf 6< jl f trlsgaliths
hgdlitf y slas, leatajf phr mf Wfmf Gavam jl Gdhrrammhs jl mf Ghrtl Wuplrahr jl
Oustagaf jl Maef Wur2 fgtufijh li sljl GHIKA^EF^HI mf slitligaf jl praelrf
aistfigaf jl klgdf 60 jl hgtunrl, f khmahs jhsgaliths gaigulitf y hgdh, qul jlgmfrh
kuijfjf mf jlefijf jl khmahs guftrh y sacualitls, y jaspush qul mf tliligaf y
gusthjaf jl mhs elihrls G. F. P. ^., E. F. P. ^. y E. K. P. ^., jlnlræ slr lolrgajf
 phr su efjrl Efråf Bftdf ^laihsh Ehcrhvloh, ghi mh jleæs qul ghitalil

<.
<.>.
>. JAWP
JAWP\W
\WAL
AL^H^HII  mf punmagfga÷i jl mf prlslitl rlshmuga÷i li lm jafrah hkagafm  Lm 
 Plrufih,, nfoh rlsphisfnamajfj2 li mhs slcuajhs phr Efråf Bftdaf ^laihsh
 Plrufih
Ehcrhvloh ghitrf Gfrmhs Liraqul Párlz Eljaif, shnrl Zliligaf y Gusthjaf jl
elihr, y, mhs jlvhmvalrhi.- Aitlrvalil gheh philitl mf slöhrf Oulzf Wuprlef.
WW.
ZLMMH CAMF^JA
JLM GF^PAH ^HJ^ÅC\L_

^HJ^ÅC\L_ GDÆ[L_
GFMJL^×I P\L^ZFW
JL MF NF^^F NF^^L^F

;. [hmuitfj
[hmuitfj jlm
jlm elihr
elihr ls
ls jltlrea
jltlreaifitl
ifitl gufijh
gufijh lxastf
lxastf ghikmag
ghikmagth
th li
litrl
trl mhs
mhs pfjrls,
pfjrls,
shnrl mf ghijaga÷i jl qul lm elihr gulitl ghi ui crfjh fprhpafjh jl
efjurlz. Gfsfga÷i I¿ >30>->06<-Maef
^LW\ELI
Mf prlslitl slitligaf jlgmfrf aikuijfjh lm rlgursh jl gfsfga÷i aitlrpulsth phr lm
 pfjrl jl mf elihr, shmagatfijh mf vfrafga÷i jl mf tliligaf, quali vavl ghi su efjrl
jlsjl su ifgaealith y ih tuvh ghivavligaf ghi lm pfjrl y talil lsgfsf

gheuiagfga÷i ghi ám,

Wuprleh jlslstae÷ mhs vavalijh
frcueliths li jlm
mf pfjrl,
fgtufmajfj li lmlmdlgdh
aigmush lxtrfiolrh. Lm Zranuifm
qul mf elihr vafo÷
fm lxtrfiolrh ghi su efjrl sai futhrazfga÷i jlm pfjrl y ghisajlr÷ lm praigapah jlm
Aitlrás Wuplrahr jlm Iaöh jlnajh f qul mf vfrafga÷i jl tliligaf fklgtfråf f mf elihr 
”vfrafijh sus ghstuenrls y su rateh jl vajf, eæs fÿi sa lstæ pr÷xaef f guepmar mf
efyhråf jl ljfj, phr mh qul, jlnl praefr lm aitlrás suplrahr jl mf iaöf,
 pravamlcafijh su lstfnamajfj lehgahifm y su nalilstfr kfeamafr― (jágaeh gufrth). Li
ghislguligaf, lm kfmmh qul jlgmfrf aikuijfjh jagdh rlgursh jl gfsfga÷i sl ligulitrf
fjlgufjfelitl kuijfelitfjh li kfvhr jl mhs jlrlgdhs jl mf elihr, salijh
rlmlvfitl li lstf slitligaf lm gratlrah jl ghisajlrfr mf jlgasa÷i jl mf elihr shnrl mf
 nfsl jl ui crfjh jl efjurlz fjlgufjh.

K\IJFELIZH ^LML[FIZL
 6;6

 Jágaeh tlrglrh.-  Li fqulmmhs fsplgths li mhs gufmls mhs pfjrls ih sl phicfi
jl fgulrjh shnrl mfs ghivlialigafs jlm elihr, phr mhs ehtavhs qul kulrfi, lm 
 oulz jlnlræ vfmhrfr eaiugahsfelitl mh fgtufjh f kai jl jltlreaifr fqulmmh
qul ml hthrcf efyhr nalilstfr, y pfrf lmmh phjræ vfmlrsl ih shmh jl aikhrels
 shgafmls, psaghm÷caghs, jl fyujf prhklsahifm, saih qul tfenaái slræ
jltlreaifitl fprlgafr mf vhmuitfj jlm elihr saleprl qul lstl jleulstrl tlilr 
galrth crfjh jl efjurlz y ghigaligaf jl ehjh qul su vhmuitfj ih puljf slr 
aikmuligafjf phr fmcuih jl sus pfjrls. Wa nali ls galrth, phjråf rlsumtfr 
ghikusf mf ajlf jl ui ”elihr efjurh―  , lstl jlnl slr litlijajh gheh fqulm 
ehelith li lm qul lm elihr ls gfpfz jl fggljlr fm lolrgagah jl sus jlrlgdhs
 kuijfelitfmls aidlrlitls f ám gheh plrshif, salijh gfpfz jl gheprlijlr mfs
vlitfofs y ralschs, jl jaklrligaf jl mh nulih y mh efmh, y f pfrtar jl lmmh
jlgajar mh fjlgufjh shnrl lm tlef qul slræ eftlraf jl jlgasa÷i2 phr lijl,
jlnl rlfmazfr ui fiæmasas lxdfustavh jl mf ghijugtf jlm elihr f mh mfrch jlm 
 prhglsh qul sl trftl.

GH^ZL W\P^LEF JL O\WZAGAF JL MF ^LPßNMAGFWFMF GA[AM

Z^FIWAZH^AF
GFWFGA×I >30>->06<-MAEF
Maef, slas jl efyh jl jhs eam jalgasáas
WFMF GA[AM Z^FIWAZH^AF JL MF GH^ZL W\P^LEF JL O\WZAGAF JL MF
^LPßNMAGF2 vastf mf gfusf iÿelrh jhs eam sltlgaliths jhs - jhs eam quaigl, li
Fujaligaf Pÿnmagf jl mf klgdf y prhjugajf mf vhtfga÷i jl fgulrjh f mly, leatl mf
sacualitl slitligaf?

A. EFZL
EFZL^A
^AF
FJJLM
LM ^LG\
^LG\^W
^WH
H JL
JL GFW
GFWFG
FGA×
A×I
I
Wl trftf jlm rlgursh jl gfsfga÷i aitlrpulsth phr lm jlefijfitl Fmkrljh Efrah Gdu
Ehrfmls (khmahs 6:64) ghitrf mf slitligaf jl vastf ghitliajf li mf ^lshmuga÷i iÿelrh
sltlitf
 phr y saltl jl
mf Wlcuijf klgdf
Wfmf vlaitasaltl
jl Kfeamaf j l mfjlGhrtl
jl efyhWuplrahr
jl jhs eam quaigl jl
jl Oustagaf (khmahs
Maef,6741) lxpljajf
mf gufm rlvhg÷
mf slitligaf ghitliajf li mf ^lshmuga÷i iÿelrh trlaitf jl klgdf vlaitagaigh jl fchsth jjll
jhs eam hgdh (khmahs <1;), qul jlgmfr÷ kuijfjf mf jlefijf shnrl [frafga÷i jl
Zliligaf, jasphialijh qul lm jlefijfitl li su gfmajfj jl pfjrl lolrglræ mf tliligaf y
gusthjaf jl su elihr daof EGG y sl ml ghigljl ui rácaeli jl vasatf f mf efjrl li lm
dhrfrah jlm praelr y tlrglr sænfjh y slcuijh y gufrth jheaich jl gfjf els, jlsjl mfs
jalz jl mf eföfif f slas jl mf tfrjl ghi lxtlrifealith, ghi ghstfs y ghstfs,
rlkhreæijhmf jlgmfrfrhi aikuijfjf mf easef.

AA. K\I
K\IJFE
JFELIZ
LIZHW
HW PH^PH^ MHW G\FMLW
G\FMLW WL DF JLGM
JLGMF^F
F^FJH
JH
P^HGLJLIZL LM ^LG\^WH

Lstf Wfmf
quaigl Wuprlef
(khmahs eljafitl
:6 jlm mf ^lshmuga÷i
gufjlriammh jl klgdf
jl gfsfga÷i) vlaitaiulvlprhgljlitl
df jlgmfrfjh jl sltalenrl jl jhs eam
lm rlgursh jl
 gfsfga÷i phr mfs sacualitls gfusfmls?

6;>

f) Aikrf
Aikrfgga÷i
gga÷i ihreft
ihreftavf
avf prhgls
prhglsfm
fm jlm
jlm aigash
aigash 7 jlm frtågu
frtågumh
mh 671 jl mf
mf Ghis
Ghistatuga
tatuga÷i
÷i
Phmåtagf jlm Plrÿ2 rlkalrl qul ih lxastl uif rfz÷i m÷cagh ouråjagf jlm phr quá ml ls
kfvhrfnml mf tliligaf f mf efjrl li mhs Lstfjhs \iajhs sai dfnlr eljafjh fmcuif
 prulnf qul ghisajlrl su rlfm satufga÷i kåsagh y/h psaghm÷cagf y fså gheh mf
fpmagfga÷i jlm praigapah jl aitlrás suplrahr jlm iaöh, fsaeaseh, ih lxastl
 prhiuigafealith
fmailfga÷i pfrlitfmjlnajfelitl ehtavfjhprhglsfm
ia shnrl mf ghijugtf jl mf jl
ghigurrligaf jl uidfsåijrhel
mf efjrl y gheh fklgtfjh jl
mf
rlmfga÷i pfrlitfm jl mf elihr ghi su pfjrl2 qul, ih sl dfgl rlklrligaf gheh jlnlræ
slr lm guepmaealith jlm rácaeli jl vasatfs y guæmls slråfi mfs eljajfs rlpfrfjhrfs2
fmlcf qul ih sl df aiguepmajh ghi mfs prulnfs hrjlifjfs phr mf Wfmf Gavam
Zrfisathraf jl mf Ghrtl Wuprlef gheh shi? mf jlgmfrfga÷i jl pfrtl qul jlna÷
fgtufrsl fitl mf prhpaf Wfmf jl Kfeamaf, rlspltfijh lm praigapah jl aitlreljafga÷i y
jl ghikhreajfj ghi lm frtågumh >67 jlm G÷jach Prhglsfm Gavam2 mf litrlvastf f mf
elihr (prulnf lsplgafm) mf qul ghrrlsphijåf slr fgtufjf jarlgtfelitl phr mf Wfmf jl
Kfeamaf ghi prlsligaf jlm Eaiastlrah Pÿnmagh y li khref rlslrvfjf2 mfs prulnfs
 psaghm÷cagfs, qul jlnalrhi slr leatajfs phr lm lquaph eumtajasgapmaifrah jl
ghikhreajfj ghi lm frtågumh 6:1 y 6<0 jlm G÷jach jl mhs Iaöhs y mhs Fjhmlsglitls,
fcrlcf qul lm fj qule lstfnmlga÷
qule lstfnmlga÷ qul mf fgtufga÷i jl jagdhs eljahs prhnfthrahs sl
lolgutfråfi li mhs Lstfjhs \iajhs, mh qul df ghimmlvfjh uif jamfga÷i jlm prhglsh
jlsjl lm föh jhs eam iulvl dfstf lm jhs eam quaigl, sai lenfrch, ih sl df fgtufjh
iaicuif jl mfs prulnfs, phr lmmh ls qul sl df ghigmuajh mf fplmfjf ghi vhths
jaraelitls, vahmæijhsl lm frtågumh 71;, ÿmtaef
ÿ mtaef pfrtl, jlm G÷jach Prhglsfm Gavam.
n) Aikrf
Aikrfgga÷i
gga÷i ihref
ihreftavf
tavf eftlraf
eftlrafmm jlm
jlm frtågumh
frtågumh 16 jlm
jlm G÷jach
G÷jach jl
jl mhs Iaöhs y
Fjhmlsglitls2 shstalil qul li lm prlslitl gfsh sl df prhnfjh qul lxastl ui fgth jl
 pfjrlgtheåf y jl såijrhel jl fmailfga÷i pfrlitfm, mf ghijugtf prhglsfm jl mf
jlefijfjf df sajh hralitfjf f ih guepmar ghi lm rácaeli jl vasatfs y mhcrfr ui
iumh ghitfgth ghi lm pfjrl, phr mh qul jlnl vfrafrsl mf tliligaf jl mf elihr fm
 pfjrl.
AAA.. GHI
AAA GHIWAJ
WAJL^F
L^FIJH
IJH
Praelrh.- Prlvafelitl f mf fnshmuga÷i jl mfs aikrfggahils ihreftavfs tfith prhglsfmls
gheh eftlrafmls, jlgmfrfjfs prhgljlitls, ls plrtailitl rlfmazfr mfs sacualitls
 prlgasahils rlsplgth jlm åtlr prhglsfm. Ls fså qul Fmkrljh Efrah Gdu Ehrfmls aitlrphil
jlefijf jl [frafga÷i jl Zliligaf rlsplgth f su elihr daof EGG jaracalijh su fgga÷i
ghitrf Dljjy Lmlif Gfrty Gfe. Gheh kuijfeliths jl su prltlisa÷i slöfmf? f) Jurfitl
lm træeatl jlm prhglsh jl javhrgah, fenfs pfrtls prlslitfrhi uif prhpulstf jl ghivliah,
li mf gufm ghivliåfi qul lm rlgurrlitl phjåf vasatfr f su elihr daof manrlelitl gufmqualr 
jåf, aigmush mhs sænfjhs y jheaichs yf slf kulrf h jlitrh jlm dhcfr li mfs
hphrtuiajfjls qul grlf ghivlialitl li ui dhrfrah prujlitl, prlvaf ghhrjaifga÷i ghi mf
efjrl jl mf elihr, saleprl y gufijh lmmh ih plrturnl h plroujaqul su dhrfrah jl
fmaelitfga÷i h sulöh2 li gufith f mf tliligaf y gusthjaf, sl lstfnmlgl qul fenhs pfjrls
 ghislrvfræi mf pftraf phtlstfj jl mf elihr2 n) Lm higl jl fchsth jlm föh jhs eam slas, sl

6;7

rlfmaz÷ mf rlsplgtavf ghistftfga÷i phmagafm, jlnajh f mf aephsanamajfj jl rlfmazfr mfs

ghrrlsphijalitls vasatfs f su elihr daof, slöfmf qul mhs fnulmhs eftlrihs jl mf elihr ml
efiaklstfrhi qul mf iaöf sl ligulitrf li mhs Lstfjhs \iajhs jl Ihrtlfeáragf2 g)  Lm
rlgurrlitl ih prlst÷ su futhrazfga÷i pfrf mf sfmajf jl mf elihr jlm pfås2 j) Wus fnulmhs
eftlrihs ih ml dfi aijagfjh gufm ls lm jheagamah jl su daof mh qul df aepljajh qul
tlicf gheuiagfga÷i ghi lmmf2 l) F kai jl aivlstacfr lm pfrfjlrh jl su daof, shmagat÷ f mf
Jarlgga÷i jl Eacrfgahils ui Glrtakagfjh jl Ehvaealith Eacrfthrah jl mf jlefijfitl y
su elihr daof, hnslrvfijh qul ih lxastl sfmajf fmcuif jl mf lepmfzfjf y mf elihr2 k) Wl
ligulitrf fm jåf li lm pfch jl mf plisa÷i fmaelitagaf2 y, c)  Mf efjrl jl mf elihr sl
lighitrfnf vavalijh li mhs Lstfjhs \iajhs, jlnajh f uif nlgf jl lstujahs qul jlna÷
jurfr guftrh elsls y sl df prhmhicfjh phr guftrh föhs, mh qul hracai÷ qul lstf jlofrf f
su elihr daof fm guajfjh jl sus fnulmhs eftlrihs, mh qul saciakagf qul mf jlefijfjf
fnfijhi÷ f mf elihr.
Wlcuijh.-  Mf jlefijfjf f trfvás jl su fphjlrfjh ghitlstf mf jlefijf, slöfmfijh
 næsagfelitl? a) Lm jlefijfitl valil felifzæijhmf jagalijh qul gufijh su daof guepmf
gaigh föhs jl ljfj, mf quatfræ jl su guajfjh2 aa) Jlsjl lm ehelith jl mf ghiglpga÷i lm
jlefijfitl ih quash fsuear su pftlriajfj, ilcæijhmf y efmtrftæijhmf kåsagf y
 psaghm÷cagfelitl2 aaa) ^lsumtf kfmsh qul su daof sl ligulitrl jlsfpfrlgajf, fm ghitrfrah, f
rfåz jl mfs ghistfitls felifzfs li su ghitrf, ls qul the÷ mf jlgasa÷i jl aistfmfrsl li
 prhvaigaf ghi su daof, yf qul ghrrl plmacrh tfith lmmf gheh su plrshif2 av) ^lsumtf kfmsh
qul lm jlefijfitl guepmf ghi mf plisa÷i jl fmaeliths, yf qul jl fgulrjh f mf
 prhpulstf jl ghivliah lxprlsfjf li mf slitligaf jl Wlpfrfga÷i jl Gulrphs jlm
jalgaiulvl jl jagalenrl jl jhs eam gaigh, lm fgthr jlnåf fsastar ghi uif plisa÷i
elisufm jl hgdhgaliths shmls (W/ 400.00), suef qul ofeæs kul gfiglmfjf y tfephgh
rlqulrajf, oustfelitl, pfrf efitlilrmh fmlofjh, jfjh su iavlm jl plmacrhsajfj l
aeprljlganml ghijugtf, mh gufm phiåf li ralsch f su daof. v) Lm jlefijfitl ofeæs dazh
lolrgagah jl su jlrlgdh fm ^ácaeli jl [asatf, pulsth qul lm fgthr df mmlcfjh f fuslitfrsl
dfstf guftrh elsls slcuajhs sai qul fpfrlzgf f vasatfr f mf elihr2 va)  Lm fggahifitl
sukrl jl uif slral jl jls÷rjlils li su ghijugtf y plrshifmajfj, mh qul mh mmlvf f
ghivlrtarsl li uif plrshif suefelitl vahmlitf y fcrlsavf, jloæijhsl mmlvfr phr sus
lehgahils aitlrifs,
fihrefm rlsplgth f su mh gufm mhsu ghmhgf
plrshif, kfeamaf li uif satufga÷irlsplgth
y lsligafmelitl psaghm÷cagf y psaquaætragf
f su elihr daof2 vaa)
Wu daof ih sl ligulitrf jlsfpfrlgajf, elihs fÿi fnfijhifjf, fm ghitrfrah lmmf sl
ligulitrf nfoh su plrklgth guajfjh gheh saleprl df sugljajh y sa df vfrafjh su
rlsajligaf f prhvaigaf ls phrqul litrl lm quaigl y jalgasáas jl oumah lm fggahifitl
felifz÷ iulvfelitl ghi rfptfr f su daof2 vaaa) Wa ls qul lm fggahifitl ofeæs guepma÷ jl
efilrf kldfgalitl su ^ácaeli jl [asatfs, phrquá hthrcfrml mf tliligaf fdhrf, eæs fÿi
gufijh f trfvás jl su jlefijf ih df gheprhnfjh qul su plrshif sl dfyf ghijugajh li
ghitrf jl mhs aitlrlsls jl su daof elihs fÿi qul phslf uif ghijugtf gfpfz jl philr li
ralsch mf lstfnamajfj y nalilstfr jl mf elihr. Phr ^lshmuga÷i iÿelrh slas jl klgdf
quaigl jl jagalenrl jl jhs eam slas (khmah ;:) sl talil phr ghitlstfjf mf jlefijf y phr 
hkrlgajhs mhs eljahs prhnfthrahs.

Zlrglrh.-  Eljafitl mf ^lshmuga÷i iÿelrh iulvl ghitliajf li mf Fgtf jl Fujaligaf

ßiagf jl klgdf vlaitahgdh jl efrzh jl jhs eam saltl, sl kao÷ gheh puith ghitrhvlrtajh?
 6;:

a) Lstfnmlglr sa prhgljl jlgmfrfr mf vfrafga÷i jl mf tliligaf y gusthjaf jl mf elihr 

EGG, ghigljaáijhmf f kfvhr jlm jlefijfitl, li su ghijaga÷i jl pfjrl.
Gufrth.- Phr Wlitligaf jlm vlaitagaigh jl fchsth jl jhs eam hgdh, lm oulz jlm Jágaeh
Gufrth Ouzcfjh jl Kfeamaf jl mf Ghrtl Wuplrahr jl Oustagaf jl Maef, jlgmfr÷ kuijfjf mf
jlefijf shnrl [frafga÷i jl Zliligaf, li ghislguligaf, qul lm fggahifitl Fmkrljh
Efrah Gdu ghigljaáijhsl
daof EGG, Ehrfmls li su fgfmajfj jl pfjrl
mf efjrl Dljjylolrglræ mf tliligaf
Lmlif Gfrty Gfe uiy gusthjaf jl vasatfs
rácaeli jl su elihr 
li
lm dhrfrah jlm praelr y tlrglr sænfjh y lm slcuijh y gufrth jheaich jl gfjf els jl jalz
jl mf eföfif f slas jl mf tfrjl, ghi lxtlrifealith, ghi ghstfs y ghsths. Litrl mhs
kuijfeliths qul sustlitfi lstf jlgasa÷i, sl prlgasf? a) jl thjhs mhs eljahs prhnfthrahs
li ghiouith sl ghigmuyl qul mf jlefijfjf Dljjy Lmlif Gfrty Gfe y su elihr daof sl
ligulitrfi kulrf jlm pfås, tfm gheh kmuyl jl mh lxpulsth phr lm fphjlrfjh li su lsgrath
jl khofs >:;2 aa) lm fphjlrfjh jl mf lepmfzfjf li iaicÿi ehelith rlvlm÷ ghi lxfgtatuj
  glrtlzf lm pfrfjlrh fgtufm jl mf elihr, phr lm ghitrfrah, df prlgasfjh jheagamahs
jaklrlitls li jhijl ih sl lighitrfnf kåsagfelitl mf elihr, prltlijalijh qul sl
 prfgtaqul mf vasatf shgafm li ui jheagamah jhijl yf ih sl lighitrfnf, mh qul hracai÷ qul
sl prlsgaijf jl lstf prulnf2 aaa) sl df rlqulrajh f mf pfrtl jlefijfjf f kai qul sl
fplrshil fm ærlf psaghm÷cagf jlm Lquaph Eumtajasgapmaifrah jl mhs Ouzcfjhs jl Kfeamaf
(khmah 76<) f lklgths qul sl mmlvl f gfnh mfs ghrrlsphijalitls lvfmufgahils f su plrshif
gheh jl mf elihr, phr tfm ehtavh, fm ih dfnlrsl prlslitfjh f mfs jamacligafs ih pujh slr 
lsgugdfjf li mf slgulmf jlm prhglsh2 av) jagdhs dlgdhs jleulstrfi jaspmagligaf jl mf
efjrl jlefijfjf li lsgmfrlglr y shmugahifr lm ghikmagth jl aitlrlsls surcajhs li
 nlilkagah jl su elihr daof, phr mh qul, jlnl elratufrsl su ghijugtf prhglsfm.
Vuaith.-  Fplmfjf mf slitligaf phr mf jlefijfjf, mf Wlcuijf Wfmf Lsplgafmazfjf jl
Kfeamaf jl mf Ghrtl Wuplrahr jl Oustagaf jl Maef eljafitl mf ^lshmuga÷i iÿelrh hgdh,
jl klgdf uih jl jagalenrl jl jhs eam hgdh, jlgmfr÷ iumf mf slitligaf jl praelrf
aistfigaf jlm vlaitagaigh jl fchsth jl jhs eam hgdh y hrjlifrhi qul lm f quh quh  leatf
iulvh prhiuigafealith, suoltæijhsl f mhs mailfealiths lstfnmlgajhs. Lstf jlgasa÷i kul
aepucifjf f trfvás jl ui rlgursh jl gfsfga÷i khreumfjh phr lm jlefijfitl Fmkrljh
Efrah Gdu Ehrfmls, phr mh qul eljafitl mf Lolguthraf Wuprlef jlm vlaitahgdh jl
jagalenrl jl jhs eam iulvl, sl jlgmfrf kuijfjh lm rlgursh y iumf mf slitligaf jl vastf
hrjliæijhsl qul sl leatf iulvh prhiuigafealith, mulch jl fgtufrsl mhs eljahs
 prhnfthrahs qul sl jltfmmfi li jagdf rlshmuga÷i, ls fså qul phr ^lshmuga÷i jl [astf
iÿelrh sltlitf y saltl jlm vlaitasaltl jl efyh jl jhs eam quaigl, mf Wlcuijf Wfmf jl
Kfeamaf jl mf Ghrtl Wuplrahr jl Oustagaf jl Maef, rlvhgf mf slitligaf jl praelrf
aistfigaf iÿelrh trlaitf jl klgdf vlaitagaigh jl fchsth jl jhs eam hgdh y rlkhreæijhmf
jlgmfrf aikuijfjf mf jlefijf, nfoh mfs sacualitls ghisajlrfgahils?
a) Jlm Aikhrel Whgafm prfgta
prfgtagfjh
gfjh li lm jheaga
jheagamah
mah jjlm
lm ffggahif
ggahifitl
itl (khmahs
(khmahs >>:), sl aikalrl
aikalrl
qul ástl ih tuvh ghivavligaf ghi mf efjrl jl su daof, ia ghi lstf ÿmtaef, pulsth qul
mf praelrf rlsajåf li mf gaujfj jl Maef, ealitrfs qul ám mh ddfgåf
fgåf li Gdaenhtl2
aa) Wa nali ls galrth
galrth rlsumtf
rlsumtf rlprhgdfnml
rlprhgdfnml mf
mf ghijug
ghijugtf
tf jl mf
mf lepm
lepmfzfjf
fzfjf jl mmlvfrsl
mmlvfrsl f su
daof f mhs Lstfjhs \iajhs jl Ihrtlfeáragf ghi kails jl rlsajligaf sai ghihgaealith
jlm prhcliathr, hgfsahifijh ghi su fgtatuj ui lvajlitl jföh fm jlefijfitl fm vlrsl
  pravfjh jl mf prlsligaf jl mf elihr, tfenaái mh ls qul mf fjhmlsglitl vava÷ jlsjl

6;<

qul ifga÷ ghi su prhcliathrf y ih ghi su pfjrl, phr gufith lsths sl slpfrfrhi jlsjl
qul mf jlefijfjf ghitfnf ghi trls elsls jl clstfga÷i, mh qul saciakagf qul jl
dfnlrsl lsgugdfjh mf hpaia÷i jl mf iaöf slcurfelitl dunalrf fslitajh li lm vafol,
ls phr lmmh qul gufijh ghivlrs÷ tlmlk÷iagfelitl ghi lm fggahifitl mh praelrh qul
dazh kul pljarml plreash pfrf quljfrsl fmmæ, slcÿi mh df rlklrajh lm prhpah
jlefijfitl2
aaa) Mf elihr talil
talil li mf fgtufmajf
fgtufmajfjj quaigl fö
föhs
hs jl ljfj y lst
lstææ pr÷xaef f guepmar 
guepmar 
jalgasáas föhs, qul f mh mfrch jl su lxastligaf df ghivavajh ghi su efjrl efyhr 
taleph, puls lm dlgdh jl qul lstf ÿmtaef dfyf rlfmazfjh vafols f mhs Lstfjhs \iajhs
jurfitl sus praelrhs föhs ih saciakagf qul sl dfyf jlsprlhgupfjh h jlsftlijajh jl
su plrshif, yf qul mf jlofnf fm guajfjh jl sus fnulmhs eftlrihs ghi lm
ghislitaealith jlm jlefijfitl, tfi ls fså qul gufijh mf jlefijfjf vafof ghi mf
elihr, lm pfjrl lxprlsfnf su futhrazfga÷i2
av) Mf jlefijfjf
jlefijfjf rls
rlsajl
ajl li mf gaujfj
gaujfj jl Ilw Qhr
Qhrbb jl mhs Lstfjhs
Lstfjhs \iajhs
\iajhs jl
 Ihrtlfeáragf, jhijl df khrefjh ui iulvh dhcfr fm dfnlr ghitrfåjh eftraehiah
ghi ui gaujfjfih ihrtlfelragfih y prhgrlfjh uif daof, dhcfr jhijl vavl mf elihr 
jlsjl lm föh jhs eam gaigh, mh qul saciakagf qul phr taleph trfisgurrajh f mf
fgtufmajfj sl df fjfptfjh
mh qul jlsfrrfacfrmf f su iulvf
iulvfelitl kfeamaf
jl lstl y f dhcfr
iulvh mfs ghstuenrls jl jagdh
ml hgfsahifråf pfås, phr 
ui plrouagah
aieailitl li su lstfnamajfj lehgahifm y li su nalilstfr, mh qul ghmasahifråf fjleæs
ghi lm aitlrás suplrahr jlm iaöh, iaöf h fjhmlsglitl.
Wlxth.-  Dfnaáijhsl jlgmfrfjh prhgljlitl lm rlgursh jl gfsfga÷i phr gfusfm rlklrajf
tfith f mf aikrfgga÷i ihreftavf prhglsfm y sustfitavf, ls ilglsfrah slöfmfr qul mf
 praelrf, ls sfigahifjf hrjaifrafelitl
hrjai frafelitl ghi iumajfj prhglsfm.
p rhglsfm. Mf easef qul sl litalijl
gheh fqulm lstfjh jl fihrefmajfj jlm fgth prhglsfm, hracaifjh li mf gfrligaf jl
fmcuihs jl sus lmleliths ghistatutavhs h li vagahs lxastlitls shnrl lmmhs qul
 phtligafmelitl mhs ghmhgf li mf satufga÷i jl slr jlgmfrfjhs oujagafmelitl aivæmajhs.
Wátaeh.-  Lm Jlnajh Prhglsh, lstæ rlklrajh fm rlsplth jl mhs jlrlgdhs kuijfelitfmls
ghisfcrfjhs li mf Ghistatuga÷i Phmåtagf jlm Plrÿ, phr lm gufm sl phsanamatl qul thjf
 plrshif puljf rlgurrar f mf oustagaf pfrf hntlilr tutlmf ourasjaggahifm lklgtavf, f trfvás jl
ui prhgljaealith mlcfm ghi mf hnslrvfigaf jl mfs rlcmfs prhglsfmls lstfnmlgajfs pfrf lm
 prhgljaealith y f trfvás jlm gufm mfs aistfigafs ourasjaggahifmls leatfi prhiuigafealith
jlnajfelitl ehtavfjh ghi frrlcmh f mly. F iavlm jhgtraifrah, sl df slöfmfjh qul lm
jlrlgdh fm jlnajh prhglsh talil jhs vlrtalitls2 mf praelrf jl hrjli prhglsfm, qul
aigmuyl mfs cfrfitåfs eåiaefs qul lm suolth jl jlrlgdh talil fm slr pfrtl li ui prhglsh.
Li lstf kfsl sl puljli lighitrfr lm Jlrlgdh fm Oulz Ifturfm, lm Jlrlgdh f Prhnfr, lm
Jlrlgdh f mf Jlklisf, litrl htrhs. Li tfith qul lm fsplgth sustfitavh lstæ rlklrajh fm
jlrlgdh f lxacar uif jlgasa÷i oustf. Li lstl slitajh lm Zranuifm Ghistatugahifm slöfm÷,
qul lm jlnajh prhglsh? ”ih talil ui —æenath ghistatugahifmelitl cfrfitazfjh li khref
fut÷ihef, saih qul su mlsa÷i sl prhjugl f ghislguligaf jl mf fklgtfga÷i jl gufmqualrf
jl mhs jlrlgdhs qul mh gheprlijli v. c. lm Jlrlgdh jl Jlklisf, lm Jlrlgdh f mf
Ehtavfga÷i jl mfmfsGhistatuga÷i
frtågumh 671 jl ^lshmugahils Oujagafmls,
Phmåtagf rlghihgajhs
jlm Plrÿ, li mhs(…)―.
rlsplgtavfelitl aigashs < y 6: jlm
 6;;

Hgtfvh.-  Ls fså qul gufijh ui prhgljaealith oujagafm sl df mmlvfjh f gfnh ghi

jlkagaligafs y vagahs prhglsfmls crfvls, qul aephrtli vahmfga÷i jlm jlnajh prhglsh, sl
jlnlræ aivfmajfr thjfs fqulmmfs fgtufgahils fklgtfjfs phr tfm vahmfga÷i y rlpltarmfs ghi lm
guepmaealith y rlsplth jl thjfs mfs cfrfitåfs rlqulrajfs, ghikhrel mh jasphil lm
frtågumh 636 jlm G÷jach Prhglsfm Gavam y mh df shstliajh mf Ghrtl Aitlrfelragfif jl
Jlrlgdhs Duefihs li mhs kuijfeliths >63 f >61 y >>6, jl mf slitligaf rlgfåjf li lm
gfsh Gfstammh Pltruzza y htrhs ghitrf lm Lstfjh Plrufih.
Ihvlih.- \ih jl mhs ghitliajhs lsligafmls jlm jlrlgdh fm jlnajh prhglsh ls lm jlrlgdh
jl hntlilr jl mhs ÷rcfihs oujagafmls uif rlspulstf rfzhifjf, ehtavfjf y ghicrulitl ghi
mfs prltlisahils hphrtuifelitl jljugajfs phr mfs pfrtls li gufmqualr gmfsl jl prhglshs.
Mf lxacligaf jl qul mfs jlgasahils oujagafmls slfi ehtavfjfs li prhphrga÷i f mhs
táreaihs jlm aigash < jlm frtågumh 671 jl mf Ghistatuga÷i Phmåtagf jlm Plrÿ cfrfitazf qul
mhs oulgls gufmqualrf slf mf aistfigaf f mf qul plrtlilzgfi lxprlsli lm prhglsh m÷cagh
qul mhs df mmlvfjh f jlgajar mf ghitrhvlrsaf, fslcurfijh qul lm lolrgagah jl mf phtlstfj
jl Fjeaiastrfr Oustagaf sl dfcf ghi suolga÷i f mf Ghistatuga÷i Phmåtagf jlm Plrÿ y f mf
Mly, plrh tfenaái ghi mf kaifmajfj jl kfgamatfr ui fjlgufjh lolrgagah jlm Jlrlgdh jl
Jlklisf. Fm rlsplgth, lm Zranuifm Ghistatugahifm prlgasfijh lm ghitliajh jlm jlrlgdh
ghistatugahifm f mf Jlnajf Ehtavfga÷i jl mfs ^lshmugahils Oujagafmls, df slöfmfjh qul
ástl? sl rlspltf,  praef kfgal
kfgal,, saleprl qul lxastf? f) kuijfelitfga÷i ouråjagf, qul ih
aepmagf mf shmf eliga÷i jl mfs ihrefs f fpmagfr fm gfsh, saih mf lxpmagfga÷i y
ustakagfga÷i jl phr quá tfm gfsh sl ligulitrf h ih jlitrh jl mhs supulsths qul
ghitlepmfi tfmls ihrefs2 n) ghicruligaf litrl mh pljajh y mh rlsulmth, qul aepmagf mf
efiaklstfga÷i jl mhs frcueliths qul lxprlsfræi mf ghikhreajfj litrl mhs
 prhiuigafealiths jlm kfmmh y mfs prltlisahils khreumfjfs phr mfs pfrtls2 y g) qul phrp hr så
easef lxprlsl uif sukagalitl oustakagfga÷i jl mf jlgasa÷i fjhptfjf, fui sa ástf ls nrlvl
h ghigasf, h sl prlslitf lm supulsth jl ehtavfga÷i phr rleasa÷i (…)―. Li ghighrjfigaf
ghi mh lxpulsth, lm easeh Zranuifm df slöfmfjh tfenaái qul uif jlnajf ehtavfga÷i jl
mfs rlshmugahils oujagafmls ”(…) hnmacf f mhs ÷rcfihs oujagafmls f rlshmvlr mfs
 prltlisahils jl mfs pfrtls jl efilrf ghicrulitl ghi mhs táreaihs li qul vlicfi
 pmfitlfjfs, sai gheltlr, phr mh tfith, jlsvafgahils qul suphicfi ehjakagfga÷i h
fmtlrfga÷i jlm jlnftl prhglsfm (aighicruligaf fgtavf) (…). Lm aiguepmaealith thtfm jl
jagdf hnmacfga÷i, ls jlgar, lm jlofr aighitlstfjfs mfs prltlisahils, h lm jlsvafr mf
jlgasa÷i jlm efrgh jlm jlnftl ouråjagh clilrfijh aijlklisa÷i, ghistatuyl vumilrfga÷i
jlm Jlrlgdh f mf Zutlmf Oujagafm y tfenaái jlm Jlrlgdh f mf Ehtavfga÷i jl mf slitligaf
(aighicruligaf heasavf) (…)―.
Jágaeh.-  Fitls jl fifmazfr mhs frcueliths shnrl mhs gufmls rlphsfi mfs aikrfggahils
jliuigafjfs, ls elilstlr tlilr gulitf qul lm jlefijfitl næsagfelitl shmagatf mf
vfrafga÷i jl mf tliligaf jl su elihr daof nfoh mf prleasf qul lstf kul mmlvfjf f rlsajar f
mhs Lstfjhs \iajhs sai qul eljal su futhrazfga÷i, mh qul hracai÷ qul palrjf ghitfgth
ghi lmmf, fklgtfijh su rlmfga÷i pftlrih kamafm.
Jágaeh praelrh.-  Pfrf fifmazfr mf eligahifjf aikrfgga÷i jliuigafjf, ls ilglsfrah
rlfmazfr fmcuifs prlgasahils shnrl lm fsuith trfåjh li fuths. Li praigapah, lstf Wuprlef
Ghrtl ls ghisgalitl jl mf lvhmuga÷i qul df sukrajh mf aistatuga÷i jl mf kfeamaf f mh mfrch
 jl mhs föhs, jl ehjh qul yf ih sl trftf jl mf kfeamaf iugmlfr, khrefjf phr lm pfjrl,
efjrl l daohs, saih qul sl df rlghihgajh mf lxastligaf jl kfeamafs ehihpfrlitfmls,

6;3

kfeamafs lisfenmfjfs, kfeamafs ghi iajh vfgåh, litrl htrfs, jl ehjh qul mhs rhmls jl
gfjf ealenrh jl ástfs dfi ajh vfrafijh, plrh qul f plsfr jl lmmh, li fqulmmfs kfeamafs
li mfs qul lstái prlslitls tfith mf kacurf eftlrif gheh mf pftlrif,  mf kuiga÷i qul ásths
jlsleplöli, slfi ghivavalitls h ih, jlnl jlsfrrhmmfrsl jl mf efilrf eæs rlsphisfnml
li ftliga÷i fm jlsfrrhmmh lehgahifm jlm elihr, ftlijalijh f qul? ”mf kfeamaf jlsleplöf
uif tfrlf psaghm÷cagf y lxastligafm qul salitf mfs nfsls, ih shmh jl thjh fqulmmh qul sl
rlkalrl f mfs kuigahils jl rlprhjugga÷i nahm÷cagf y jl shstái eftlrafm, saih tfenaái y,
 praigapfmelitl, jl mh qul ghistatuyl lm lspfgah fklgtavh jhijl lm iaöh lxplraelitf tfith
mf tlriurf y lm fklgth, fså gheh tfenaái mfs praelrfs krustrfgahils y måeatls,
ghistatuyáijhsl li ui mucfr ÿiagh pfrf lm fprlijazfol lxplraligafm, lm gufm efrgfræ li
crfi eljajf mfs vavligafs kuturfs li mf fjumtlz‑‑.
Jágaeh slcuijh.- Ls fså qul thjfs mfs eljajfs qul sl theli li rlmfga÷i f mf elihr 
jlnli jfrsl tlialijh li gulitf lm praigapah jlm aitlrás suplrahr jlm iaöh, y qul sa nali ls
galrth, ls ui táreaih euy fepmah y qul puljl tlilr galrth crfjh jl aijltlreaifga÷i,
jlnl slr fpmagfjh thefijh li gulitf mfs ghijagahils pfrtagumfrls jl gfjf gfsh, jl ehjh
qul ih ls phsanml kaofr rlcmfs pfrf mf fpmagfga÷i jl jagdh praigapah.
Jágaeh tlrglrh.- Phr ghisacualitl, li fqulmmhs fsplgths li mhs gufmls mhs pfjrls ih sl
 phicfi jl fgulrjh
ulz jlnlræ shnrl mfs ghivlialigafs
vfmhrfr eaiugahsfelitl jlmf elihr,
mh fgtufjh phr mhs ehtavhs
kai jl jltlreaifr fqulmmhqul
qulkulrfi, lm
ml hthrcf
efyhr nalilstfr, y pfrf lmmh phjræ vfmlrsl ih shmh jl aikhrels shgafmls, psaghm÷caghs, jl
fyujf prhklsahifm, saih qul tfenaái slræ jltlreaifitl fprlgafr mf vhmuitfj jlm elihr 
saleprl qul ástl jleulstrl tlilr galrth crfjh jl efjurlz y ghigaligaf jl ehjh qul su
vhmuitfj ih puljf slr aikmuligafjf phr fmcuih jl sus pfjrls. Wa nali ls galrth, phjråf
rlsumtfr ghikusf mf ajlf jl ui ”elihr efjurh―, lstl jlnl slr litlijajh gheh fqulm
ehelith li lm qul lm elihr ls gfpfz jl fggljlr fm lolrgagah jl sus jlrlgdhs
kuijfelitfmls aidlrlitls f ám gheh plrshif, salijh gfpfz jl gheprlijlr mfs vlitfofs y
ralschs, jl jaklrligaf jl mh nulih y mh efmh, y f pfrtar jl lmmh jlgajar mh fjlgufjh shnrl
lm tlef qul slræ eftlraf jl jlgasa÷i2 phr lijl, jlnl rlfmazfr ui fiæmasas lxdfustavh jl mf
ghijugtf jlm elihr f mh mfrch jlm prhglsh qul sl trftl.

Jágaeh gufrth.-  Ls phr lmmh qul, mhs pfjrls fitls jl thefr gufmqualr jlgasa÷i qul
fklgtl f mf elihr, jlnlræi tlilr li gulitf qul? ”Lm elihr vavl li ui plrefilitl y
grlgalitl prhglsh jl shgafmazfga÷i, f trfvás jlm gufm vf ghishmajfijh våigumhs gfjf vlz
eæs fepmahs ghi htrfs plrshifs, aigrlelitfijh sus fgtavajfjls shgafmls, lsghmfrls,
jlphrtavfs, fghrjls f su ljfj y jlsfrrhmmh. Phr så easef, mf jlsuia÷i jl mhs pfjrls ml
hgfsahif uif jlslstfnamazfga÷i qul jlnl prhgurfr ilutrfmazfrsl tfith gheh slf phsanml,
li lm litlijaealith jl qul lmmh ghitranuyl, li praigapah, f ghishmajfr y kfvhrlglr ui
 prhglsh lvhmutavh ihrefm, qul phsanamatfræ su elohr aislrga÷i li lm eljah shgafm‑.
Jágaeh quaith.- Lm jlefijfitl slöfmf qul mf Wfmf Wuplrahr ih df tliajh li gulitf guæm
ls mf rlfm satufga÷i kåsagf y psaghm÷cagf jl mf elihr ia lxastl ehtavfga÷i jl mf
ghigurrligaf jl ui såijrhel jl fmailfga÷i pfrlitfm y g÷eh mf ghijugtf jl mf efjrl
fklgtf mf rlmfga÷i ghi lm pfjrl, fsaeaseh, fmlcf qul ih sl df jfjh guepmaealith f mhs
mailfealiths lstfnmlgajhs li mf Gfsfga÷i I¿ ;4:->001-Maef.
 6;4

6<.6.Fm rlsplgth, gfnl aijagfr qul li fitlrahr hphrtuiajfj lstf Wfmf jlgmfr÷ kuijfjh lm
rlgursh jl gfsfga÷i aitlrpulsth phr Fmkrljh Efrah Gdu Ehrfmls y, li ghislguligaf
iumf mf slitligaf jl vastf jl klgdf uih jl jagalenrl jl jhs eam hgdh, thjf vlz qul
sl trfscrlja÷ lm Praigapah jl Aieljafga÷i, hrjlifijh qul sl rlgfnli prulnfs, tfmls
gheh mf jlgmfrfga÷i jl mf jlefijfjf, mf litrlvastf f mf elihr y mf lvfmufga÷i
 psaghm÷cagf jl fenfs y qul lm Ghmlcafjh Wuplrahr fchtl mhs aistrueliths ouråjaghs
qul ml hthrcf mf mly pfrf fgtufr mhs eljahs prhnfthrahs eligahifjhs, pfrf mh gufm
jlnlræ jlnlr tlilrsl li gulitf mhs praigapahs jl lghiheåf y glmlrajfj prhglsfm
ghitliajhs li lm frtågumh < jlm Zåtumh Prlmaeaifr jlm G÷jach Prhglsfm Gavam, pærrfkh
slcuijh, tlrglrh y gufrth.

6<.>.Li guepmaealith f jagdh efijfth, jl fuths sl jlsprlijl qul sl df thefjh mf

jlgmfrfga÷i jl pfrtl jl mf jlefijfjfy mf litrlvastf f mf elihrli mhs Lstfjhs
\iajhs jl Ihrtlfeáragf, fdhrf, sa nali lsths kulrhi lmfnhrfjhs li lm ajahef aicmás,
ih elihs galrth ls qul sl df rlqulrajh mf trfjugga÷i jl mhs easehs f mfs pfrtls, mf
jlsacifga÷i jl ui Plrath Oujagafm fj dhihrle pfrf
dhihrle pfrf qul rlfmagl mf trfjugga÷i jl mfs
fgtfs y kaifmelitl mf aitlrvliga÷i jl mf Clrligaf jl Fjeaiastrfga÷i jl mf Ghrtl
Wuplrahr jl Oustagaf jl Maef pfrf qul phr ÿiagf vlz sl ligfrcul jl mf trfjugga÷i jl
mfs jlgmfrfgahils
slrvagah jlm ajahef
slråf ghivhgfjh li lmaicmás fm gfstlmmfih,
pr÷xaeh Hkagaif qul mh
lolrgagah prlsupulstfm, gheuiag÷ qul qul
qul hracai÷ jagdh
mf
Wfmf Wuplrahr prlsgaijf jl jagdh eljah jl prulnf f trfvás jl mf ^lshmuga÷i
iÿelrh slslitf y iulvl jl klgdf gaigh jl efrzh jl jhs eam quaigl, jlgasa÷i qul
rlsumtf foustfjf fm jlsfrrhmmh jlm prhglsh, ftlijalijh f mhs Praigapahs jl Lghiheåf
y Glmlrajfj Prhglsfm, pulsth qul jlsjl qul sl prlslitfrhi mfs fgtfs f mf Wfmf
Wuplrahr dfstf mf klgdf li qul sl leatl mf rlshmuga÷i qul prlsgaijl jl ástfs, dfnåf
trfisgurrajh eæs jl ui föh.
Jágaeh slxth.- Jl htrh mfjh, jl fgulrjh f mf Lvfmufga÷i Psaquaætragf I¿ 0:0>-60->003-
PWV y lm Aikhrel Whgafmfenhs prfgtagfjhs fm jlefijfitl, lstl rlkalrl qul su daof iuigf
vava÷ ghi ám y qul mf elihr saleprl lstuvh fm mfjh jl su efjrl2 qul jurfitl lm taleph
qul jur÷ lm eftraehiah ih dfi tliajh ghivavligaf yf qul mf slöhrf vavåf li Maef y ám
 phr su (daof)
mf vlh trfnfohjlsjl
li Gdaenhtl, fsaeaseh,
lm >< jl oumah jlm föhlmpfsfjh
jlefijfitl
j lefijfitl
(>00;) slöfm÷
lstl föhliel
lm mmfefrhi
Aikhrel Whgafm? ”ih
jhs vlgls,
mf nlná pfrf jlgarel pfrf qul karel ui Ghivliah pfrf rliuigafr f thjh jlrlgdh, lsh
fiumfråf lm prhglsh jl sustrfgga÷i qul lstæ li lm Gfmmfh y mf [frafga÷i jl mf Zliligaf―.

6;.6.Fdhrf, slcÿi lm Fgtf jl Fujaligaf ßiagf jl klgdf vlaitauih jl efyh jl jhs eam
saltl, lm jlefijfitl rlsphija÷ f mf prlcuitf trls? qul mf efeæ jl su daof sl df
gheuiagfjh phr tlmákhih ghi ám, f mfs jhs slefifs qul df sfmajh mf elihr y mf iaöf
sl df gheuiagfjh ghi lm jlgmfrfitl lstl föh, dfgl ui els, ml mmfe÷ f su tlmákhih jl
Gdaenhtl pfrf jlgarml pfpæ jfel lm plreash pfrf quljfrel li Lstfjhs \iajhs‑‑.

6;.>.Mh fitls fghtfjh jlihtf qul mf elihr daof jlm jlefijfitl, talil ghihgaealith jl
mhs prhglshs oujagafmls qul carfi li thrih f su plrefiligaf li mhs Lstfjhs \iajhs
jl Ihrtlfeáragf y lxprlsf ghi gmfrajfj fitl su prhcliathr su jlslh jl rlsajar li
 jagdh pfås li ghepföåf jl su efjrl, fjleæs, jlnl tlilrsl li ghisajlrfga÷i qul mf
iaöf, slcÿi mfs vlrsahils jl mfs pfrtls, rlghcajfs f mh mfrch jlm prhglsh, sfma÷ jl su

6;1

 pfås iftfm li lm föh jhs eam gaigh, guæijh tliåf slas föhs  y gulitf f mf klgdf ghi
jalgasaltl föhs jl ljfj, ls jlgar, li ui föh, mf elihr guepmaræ mf efyhråf jl ljfj
qul mf mlcataefræ pfrf jlgajar, sai mf aitlrvliga÷i jl sus pfjrls, jhijl jlslf
rlsajar, ls fså qul ghikhrel mh df rlghcajh mf Wfmf Wuplrahr, f mf muz jl mhs dlgdhs y
mfs prulnfs fgtufjfs, mf elihr ghikarefråf su jlslh jl slcuar vavalijh fm mfjh jl
su slöhrf efjrl ghi su dlrefif y lm lsphsh jl mf jlefijfjf.
Jágaeh sátaeh.-  Jagdh jasglriaealith tfenaái kul rlghcajh phr mf Wfmf Wuplrahr, mh
qul jleulstrf qul mhs oulgls utamazfrhi su fprlgafga÷i rfzhifjf li guepmaealith jl mf
cfrfitåf ghistatugahifm ghitliajf li lm aigash 7 jlm frtågumh 671 jl mf Ghistatuga÷i
Phmåtagf jlm Plrÿ, phr ghisacualitl, mf jlgasa÷i fjhptfjf phr lm Ghmlcafjh sl ligulitrf
fjlgufjfelitl kuijfelitfjf, puls lstfnmlgl mf rlmfga÷i jl dlgdh li nfsl f su
fprlgafga÷i prhnfthraf, aitlrprltf y fpmagf mfs ihrefs qul ghisajlrf plrtailitls, phr mh
qul, ih sl fklgtf lm jlnajh prhglsh, yf qul sl df glöajh lstragtfelitl f mh fphrtfjh,
ehstrfjh y jlnftajh li lm prhglsh y f mhs mailfealiths qul lstfnmlga÷ lstf Wfmf Wuprlef
ghi fitlrahrajfj, phr lmmh, jagdh kfmmh ih puljl slr gulstahifjh phr aikrfgga÷i fm jlnajh
 prhglsh, fm dfnlrsl rlspltfjh mhs praigapahs ghistatugahifmls y lm jlnlr jl ehtavfga÷i,
lxprlsæijhsl lm phr quá y jlnajh f quá sl df mmlcfjh f mf ghigmusa÷i kaifm, jlvaialijh
li aikuijfjf mf jliuigaf jl aikrfgga÷i ihreftavf prhglsfm.
Jágaeh hgtfvh.-  Li gufith f mf aikrfgga÷i ihreftavf eftlrafm jlm frtågumh 16 jlm
G÷jach jl mhs Iaöhs y mhs Fjhmlsglitls, tlilehs qul jagdf ihref rlcumf gheh uif jl
mfs gfusfmls jl mf vfrafga÷i jl mf tliligaf, lm aiguepmaealith jlm ^ácaeli jl [asatfs,
shnrl lm pfrtagumfr, lm jlefijfitl fjugl qul lstf ihref ih df sajh hnslrvfjf phr lm
Ghmlcafjh Wuplrahr, leplrh, jl fgulrjh f mfs ghisajlrfgahils prlgljlitls, lm fj qule
aiagaf lm fiæmasas jlm gfsh f pfrtar jlm aiguepmaealith jlm ^ácaeli jl [asatfs f
ghislguligaf jlm vafol f mhs Lstfjhs \iajhs jl Ihrtlfeáragf qul rlfmaz÷ su elihr daof
li ghepföåf jl mf jlefijfjf, sai qul lxastf futhrazfga÷i pfrf lmmh, fgga÷i qul df sajh
gratagfjf phr mf Wfmf Wuplrahr (ghisajlrfijh jágaeh praelrh), plrh qul ih df mhcrfjh
suplrfr mfs ghislguligafs qul jagdf vfrafga÷i puljl hracaifr shnrl mf elihr, gheh ls mf
ficustaf fm vlrsl slpfrfjf jl su efjrl ghi quali vava÷ jlsjl su ifgaealith y,
fjagahifmelitl f lmmh jl su dlrefif elihr y mf fkmagga÷i fm aighrphrfrsl f ui iulvh
cruph kfeamafr y ljugftavh, vfrafijh sus ghstuenrls y su rateh jl vajf, eæs fÿi sa lstæ
 pr÷xaef f guepmar mf efyhråf jl ljfj, phr mh qul,
qu l, jlnl praefr lm aitlrás suplrahr jl mf
iaöf, pravamlcafijh su lstfnamajfj lehgahifm y su nalilstfr kfeamafr, phr ghisacualitl,
ih puljl frcuelitfrsl mf heasa÷i jl jagdf jasphsaga÷i sustfitavf, gufijh ástf df sajh
mf nfsl jl mf prltlisa÷i y jl mf rlshmuga÷i jl vastf gulstahifjf, phr mh qul, mhs
frcueliths shnrl mhs gufmls rlphsf mf aikrfgga÷i qul sl jliuigaf, gfrlgli jl fsajlrh.

64.6.Fnuijf shnrl lm pfrtagumfr qul

64.6.Fnuijf q ul f lklgths jl sfmvfcufrjfr y fkafizfr mf rlmfga÷i jl mf
elihr EGG ghi su pfjrl, mf Wfmf Wuplrahr df jagtfjh mfs eljajfs ilglsfrafs f
lklgths qul pfjrl l daof efitlicf gheuiagfga÷i, lstfnmlgalijh qul mf jlefijfjf
jlnl kfgamatfr lstl fglrgfealith yf slf phr våf tlmlk÷iagf, gæefrf wln, Wbypl y/h
gufmqualr htrh eljah jl tlgihmhcåf, aigmuylijh vasatfs fm Plrÿ prlvaf ghhrjaifga÷i
ghi lm jlefijfitl, mh qul kaifmelitl ghfjyuvfræ f fkafizfr mf rlmfga÷i qul
 efitliåf ghi su daof.

630

A[.. JL
A[ JLGA
GAWA
WA×I
×I
Kuijfeliths phr mhs gufmls, jl ghikhreajfj ghi mh rlcumfjh li lm frtågumh 713 jlm
G÷jach Prhglsfm Gavam?

:.6. Jlgmfrfrhii AIK\IJFJH  lm rlgursh jl gfsfga÷i aitlrpulsth phr lm jlefijfitl

Jlgmfrfrh
Fmkrljh
ghitliajfEfrah
li mf Gdu Ehrfmlsiÿelrh
^lshmuga÷i 6:64)2 yIH
(khmahs sltlitf GFWF^HI
saltl   mf slitligaf
jl klgdf vlaitasaltl jl vastf
jl efyh jl
jhs eam quaigl (khmahs 6741) lxpljajf phr mf Wlcuijf Wfmf jl Kfeamaf jl mf Ghrtl
Wuplrahr jl Oustagaf jl Maef.

:.>. JAWP\W
JAWP\WALAL^HI
^HI  mf punmagfga÷i jl mf prlslitl rlshmuga÷i li lm jafrah hkagafm  Lm 
 Plrufih,, nfoh rlsphisfnamajfj, li mhs slcuajhs phr Fmkrljh Efrah Gdu Ehrfmls
 Plrufih
ghitrf Dljjy Lmlif Gfrty Gfe shnrl [frafga÷i jl Zliligaf2 y mhs jlvhmvalrhi.
Philitl Wlöhr ^helrh Jåfz, Oulz Wuprleh.-
WW.
ELIJH_F ^FEÅ^L_
^HEL^H JÅF_
EA^FIJF EHMAIF
QFQF _\EFLZF
JL MF NF^^F NF^^L^F

3. Ailxastlig
Ailxastligaf
af jl fklgtfga÷i
fklgtfga÷i jl mf
mf ehtavfga÷
ehtavfga÷i
i jl rlshm
rlshmugahil
ugahilss ou
oujagafm
jagafmls
ls p
phr
hr
fpmagfga÷i jlm praigapah jl ghicruligaf prhglsfm y lm praigapah jl Aitlrás
Wuplrahr jlm Iaöh. Gfsfga÷i I¿ :766->06<-Maef
^LW\ELI
Mf Wfmf Wuprlef jlgmfrf kuijfjh lm rlgursh jl gfsfga÷i jl mf jlefijfitl shnrl
 prltlisa÷i jl vfrafga÷i jl tliligaf, sustlitæijhsl li mf kmlxanamazfga÷i jl mhs
 prhglshs jl kfeamaf y mf fpmagfga÷i jlm praigapah jl aitlrás suplrahr jlm iaöh,
ghisajlrfijh qul lm kfmmh jl praelrf aistfigaf (ouzcfjh) shnrl lm lxtrleh qul
lstfnmlgl ui rácaeli jl vastfs eæs fepmah, plsl qul ih kul shmagatfjh phr mf
jlefijfitl, plrh qul li fpmagfga÷i f mf kmlxanamazfga÷i slöfmfjf y lm praigapah jl
aitlrás suplrahr jlm iaöh, ls lm eæs fjlgufjh, slcÿi mf Wfmf Wuprlef, fglptfijh mh
jlgaja÷ li lstl lxtrleh jl mf slitligaf jl praelrf aistfigaf. Li gufith, f mf
slitligaf jl vastf lxpljajf phr mf Wfmf Wuplrahr, mf prlslitl slitligaf lstfnmlgl qul
jlofr sai lklgth mf jlgmfrfga÷i jl fepmafga÷i jl rácaeli jl vastfs f kfvhr jl mf
efjrl (jlefijfitl) jlgajajf phr lm ouzcfjh, rlsumtf ui lrrhr, jlnajh qul lm oulz
talil mf kfgumtfj y lm jlnlr jl prhtlclr mhs jlrlgdhs jl mhs iaöhs. Li ghislguligaf,
ih lxastl fklgtfga÷i jlm jlrlgdh f mf ehtavfga÷i jl rlshmugahils oujagafmls,
 praigapfmelitl shnrl lm praigapah
p raigapah jl ghicruligaf prhglsfm, puls lm oulz li prhglsh
jl kfeamaf, jhijl sl ligulitrl phr eljah mhs jlrlgdhs jl mhs iaöhs, talil mf kfgumtfj
 jl fpmagfr mf ihreftavf aitlrifgahifm li fpmagfga÷i jlm praigapah jl aitlrás suplrahr 
jlm iaöh y mf kmlxanamazfga÷i prhglsfm li lsths gfshs.

636

K\IJFELIZH ^LML[FIZL

:.;.  Mf Wfmf Wuplrahr sl lquavhgf fm ghisajlrfr qul lm oulz jl praelrf

aistfigaf df leatajh ui prhiuigafealith lxtrf pltatf fm
pltatf fm jasphilr ui rácaeli
jl vastf eæs fepmah f kfvhr jl mf jlefijfitl, puls sa nali ls galrth, lsl
lxtrleh ih dfnåf sajh eftlraf jl prltlisa÷i2 leplrh, lm ÷rcfih
 ourasjaggahifm talil lm jlnlr jl sfmvfcufrjfr lm jlrlgdh jl mhs iaöhs
aivhmugrfjhs li lstl taph jl prhglshs, eæs fÿi
fÿ i sa lxastl uif ihref aeplrftavf
aitlrifgahifm qul df sajh rlghihgajf li sljl ifgahifm qul hnmacf fm oulz f
lstfnmlglr ui rácaeli jl vasatfs f kfvhr jlm pfjrl h mf efjrl qul ih hntlicf
mf tliligaf jl sus daohs ghikhrel mhs jasphil lm frtågumhs 4: aigash g) jlm 
GIyF. Fsaeaseh, mf jasphsaga÷i 44 li lm ÿmtaeh pfræcrfkh jlm GIyF,
 prlsgranl qul? ”Lm oulz, rlspltfijh li mh phsanml lm fgulrjh jl mhs pfjrls,
jasphijræ ui rácaeli jl vasatfs fjlgufjh fm Praigapah jlm Aitlrás Wuplrahr 
jlm Iaöh y jlm Fjhmlsglitl y phjræ vfrafrmh jl fgulrjh f mfs garguistfigafs,
li rlscufrjh jl su nalilstfr―.

GH^ZL W\P^LEF JL O\WZAGAF JL MF ^LPßNMAGF WFMF GA[AM

PL^EFILIZL
GFWFGA×I I° :766->06<-MAEF
[F^AFGA×I JL ZLILIGAF JL ELIH^LW
Maef, jalgasaltl jl efyh jl jhs eam jalgasáas.-
MF WFMF GA[AM PL^EFILIZL JL MF GH^ZL W\P^LEF JL O\WZAGAF JL
MF ^LPßNMAGF2 ghi lm fghepföfjh, vastf mf gfusf iÿelrh guftrh eam trlsgaliths
higl - jhs eam quaigl, li fujaligaf pÿnmagf jl mf klgdf y prhjugajf mf vhtfga÷i jl
fgulrjh f mly, leatl mf sacualitl slitligaf.

6. FW\IZH?
Li lm prlslitl prhglsh, shnrl prltlisa÷i jl vfrafga÷i jl tliligaf y htrh, ls hnolth jl
lxfeli, lm rlgursh jl gfsfga÷i aitlrpulsth phr mf jlefijfitl ^hsf Wamvaf Ml÷i ^hmjfi,
ghitrf mf slitligaf jl vastf jlm 66 jl sltalenrl jl >06<, li gufith jlgmfrf iumh lm
lxtrleh aepucifjh jl mf slitligaf jlm 6: jl ihvalenrl jl >06:, phr ghisacualitl sai
lklgth lm rácaeli jl vasatfs jaspulsth phr lm f quh,
quh, efitlialijh vacligaf lm rácaeli jl
vasatfs qul ghigamafrhi.

>. FIZLGLJLIZLW?
JLEFIJF?

>.6. ^hsf Wamvaf

Wamvaf
Chizfmls, Ml÷igheh
phstumf ^hmjfi aitlrphil
aitlrphil
prltlisa÷i jlefijf
jlefijfjlghitrf
mf vfrafga÷i Samelr
Same
tliligaf jl lrsusFmlxas Kmh
Kmhrls
rls
jhs elihrls
 daohs F. [. y T. F. K. M., y mf plisa÷i jl fmaeliths, fsglijlitl f mf gfitajfj jl trls

63>

eam quaialiths shmls (W/ 7,<00.00), lm jlefijfjh jlnlræ guepmar pfrf sus jhs
elihrls daohs.

>.>. Fmlcf qul ghitrfo

ghitrfohh eftraehi
eftraehiah
ah ghi lm jlefijfjh
jlefijfjh lm 0: jl fchsth
fchsth jl >00<,
 prhjugth jlm gufm prhgrlfrhi f sus daohs F. [. y T. F. K. M. jl gaigh (0<) y jalz
(60) föhs jl ljfj, f mf klgdf jl mf jlefijf2 y gufijh jlgajalrhi slpfrfrsl
susgranalrhi ui fgtf jl ghigamafga÷i shnrl mf tliligaf, rácaeli jl vasatfs y
fmaeliths jl sus daohs2 sai lenfrch, lm jlefijfjh df aiguepmajh ghi jagdh
fgulrjh, fm ih plreatarml vlr f sus daohs, fgrljatfijh tfmls fkarefgahils ghi mfs
ghistftfgahils phmagafmls qul fjouitf, mmlcfijh f vlr f su daoh Fmlxas shmh phr mf
vlitfif.

>.7. Fcrlcf qul lm jlefijfjh

jlefijfjh df vliajh dfgalij
dfgalijhh ghelitfrahs
ghelitfrahs ilcftavhs
ilcftavhs shnrl su
 plrshif, mhs qul dfi
d fi hgfsahifjh prhnmlefs lehgahifmls li sus daohs2 hrjliæijh
hrjliæijhmls
mls
jlofr jl vlrmf, tfm gheh mh jleulstrf ghi mhs prhthghmhs jl plragafs psaghm÷cagfs
 prfgtagfjhs f mhs iaöhs y f lmmf. Fsaeaseh, su lxg÷iyucl, fm tlilr gheh trfnfoh mf
ghijaga÷i jl efraih elrgfitl, talil qul fuslitfrsl jlm pfås f eliujh, mh gufm ih
ml plreatl vlmfr jl efilrf fjlgufjf phr lm nalilstfr sus daohs, jloæijhmhs fm
guajfjh
 phr hrjlijljlm
plrshifs lxtrföfs,
jlefijfjh ghehvlr
ml aepajl mf slöhrf Gfreli Grastaif ^lmuz Kmhrls, quali
f sus daohs.

>.:. Föfjl qul rlsplgth f mf plisa÷i jl fmaeliths, sl ml jlnl kaofr uif plisa÷i qul
suef mhs cfsths jl eljagaifs y ftliga÷i eájagf, ghmlcahs y ehvamajfj lsghmfr,
vlstaelitf, rlgrlfga÷i, tfmmlrls y li gufith f mf fmaelitfga÷i jl sus daohs, lmmf sl
dfræ gfrch.
GHIZLWZFGA×I?

>.<. Samelr Fmlxas Kmhrls

Kmhrls Chizfmls, ghitlstf
ghitlstf mf jlefijf y mf ghitrfjagl li thjhs sus
lxtrlehs. Whstalil qul valil guepmalijh lm fgulrjh frranfjh ghi su lxg÷iyucl
fitl lm Glitrh jl Ghigamafga÷i, plreataáijhml qul vlf f sus daohs mhs jåfs
jheaichs, crfnfijh sus vasatfs ghi mfs gæefrfs aistfmfjfs phr su plrshif li su
dhcfr. Fsaeaseh, rlkalrl qul mhs elihrls efitalili uif gheuiagfga÷i ghistfitl
ghi su efjrl, y saleprl df trftfjh qul sus daohs tlicfi uif nulif rlmfga÷i ghi
lmmf. ^lkalrl qul gulitf ghi mf fyujf jl su daof efyhr Gfreli Grastaif pfrf lm
guajfjh jl sus daohs y, fjagahifmelitl, ghi uif plrshif qul sl jljagf fm guajfjh
jlm dhcfr.

>.;. Jl htrh mfjh, jl khref ghitrfraf

ghitrfraf f mh fkarefj
fkarefjhh phr mf jlefijfitl
jlefijfitl,, shstalil qul lmmf
lmmf
df efmtrftfjh kåsagfelitl f su daof T., f quali ml jljagf phgf ftliga÷i, puls
gufijh fgujl f vasatfrmhs, sl salitf li lm eulnml f mllr plra÷jaghs h rlvasfr su
glmumfr, mh qul prulnf ghi mhs vajlhs fjouitfjhs2 li acufm slitajh, ls kfmsh, qul phr 
su trfnfoh jl efraih elrgfitl, jlsftalijf f sus daohs, thjf vlz qul fm föh shmh
vafof trls elsls, y fgtufmelitl trfnfof li prhvaigaf, mh qul ml plreatl rlcrlsfr f
 vlrmhs h dfglr qul lmmhs vafoli, mh qul jleulstrf ghi vajlhs y khths2 y gufijh
vafof, jafrafelitl sl gheuiagf ghi lmmhs våf Wbypl2 y Wa nali ls galrth, qul mf

637

jlefijfitl df aitlrpulsth jliuigafs li mf Gheasfråf jl Wfi Eaculm, plrh ls lm

gfsh, qul thjfs dfi sajh frgdavfjfs phr mf Kasgfmåf Prhvaigafm jl Kfeamaf.

>.3. Kaifmelitl,
Kaifmelitl, prlprlgasf,
gasf, qul lm eftr
eftraehiah
aehiah tlreai÷
tlreai÷ phrqul jlsgunra÷
jlsgunra÷ qul mf
jlefijfitl efitliåf uif rlmfga÷i lxtrfeftraehiafm ghi su prhcliathr, ls jlgar f
su pfjrl, phr lmmh sl fghrj÷ mf tliligaf f su kfvhr y sl ml ghiglja÷ lm rácaeli jl
vasatfs qul valil guepmalijh.
WLIZLIGAF JL P^AEL^F AIWZFIGAF?

>.4. Mf slitligaf
slitligaf jlm 6: jl ihvalenrl
ihvalenrl jl >06:, jl ghikhre
ghikhreajfj
ajfj ghi mf hpaia
hpaia÷i
÷i jlm
Kasgfm, jlgmfr÷ aikuijfjf mf jlefijf jl vfrafga÷i jl tliligaf, aeprhgljlitl mf
jlefijf jl fmaeliths2 y jaspush ui rácaeli jl vasatfs eæs fepmah, ghi
lxtlrifealith pfrf mf prhcliathrf.

>.1. Ghisajlr÷
Ghisajlr÷ qul jlsjl mf karef jlm Fgulrjh
Fgulrjh ghigamafthr
ghigamafthrah
ah f mf klgdf jl mf jlefijf
dfnåfi trfisgurrajh trlaitf y slas kails jl slefif, jl mhs gufmls trls kails jl
slefif ih sl mmlv÷ f gfnh mf vasatf jl mf jlefijfitl phr gfusf aeputfjfs fm

fjlefijfjh y jhs
tlrglrhs qul ih kails jl slefif
kfgamatfi sl rlfmaz÷ li
mf gheuiagfga÷i, khref pfrgafm,
lxastalijh phr gfusfsghepfrtajf
rlsphisfnamajfj aeputfjfs
ghi lm jlefijfjh2 mhs jleæs kails jl slefif ih dfi sajh gulstahifjhs, ia mf
jlefijfitl df rlfmazfjh fggahils mlcfmls pfrf su P guepmaealith, plsl f qul ls
 pmfusanml jl lolguga÷i khrzfjf nfoh mhs fprleahs | jlm frtågumh 646 jlm G÷jach jl
mhs Iaöhs y Fjhmlsglitls ‗li fjlmfitl GIyF‗, phr mh qul, ghigmuyl qul mf gfusf
lxpulstf phr mf fggahifitl li su lsgrath jljlefijf ih rlsumtf fepfrfnml.

>.60.Fsaeaseh, jl mhs dlgdhs y eljahs prhnfthrahs fphrtfjhs phr mf jlefijfitl

tfephgh gfmakagfi pfrf lm supulsth jl dlgdh rlcumfjh li lm frtågumh 4> jlm GIyJ,
lsth ls qul sl ligulitrl li ralsch mf aitlcrajfj kåsagf h psaghm÷cagf jl mhs iaöhs2
 phr lm ghitrfrah, jl mhs aikhrels ppsaghm÷caghs
saghm÷caghs y litrlvastf f mhs elihrls sl fjvalrtl
qul jlslfi slcuar vavalijh ghi su pfjrl, y jagdf hpaia÷i ih df sajh efiapumfjf2
qul sa nali ls galrth, lxastl aikhrefga÷i fgtavf rlsplgth jl mf ghijugtf rlfmazfjf
 phr mf prhcliathrf, lmmh puljl slr Wuplrfjh f trfvás jl tlrfpafs psaghm÷cagfs y mhs
fplrganaealiths jl mly ghitrf lm prhcliathr, puls rlsumtf ifturfm qul lxastf
fklgtfga÷i lehgahifm prhjugth jl mhs l ghikmagths kfeamafrls fghitlgajhs y li mhs
qul dfi sajh aivhmugrfjhs mhs iaöhs, plrh qul ih ghistatuyli kfmtf crfvl qul phicf
li plmacrh mf aitlcrajfj psaghm÷cagf jl mhs elihrls, eæxael sa jl fgulrjh ghi mhs
 psaghm÷caghs li fenhs iaöhs lxastl vaigumfga÷i fklgtavf ghi mf prhcliathrf y sl
 puljl rlvlrtar mf aikhrefga÷i ilcftavf qul talili shnrl lmmf.

>.66.F mh qul sl suefi mfs ghijagahils phsatavfs jlm pfjrl, lvajligafjhs li mhs
aikhrels psaghm÷cagh y psaquaætragh qul sl ml prfgtag÷, krlitl f mfs maeatfgahils
lvajligafjfs li mf efjrl, mfs gufmls puljli slr suplrfjfs ghi tlrfpafs psaghm÷cagfs
f lklgths qul rlvalrtf mf fklgtfga÷i lehgahifm y pfrf qul lm prhcliathr lvatl
 trfiseatar lehgahils ilcftavfs qul fÿi puljl slitar rlsplgth jl mf prhcliathrf,
kfgamatl y ghfjyuvl li lm rlstfnmlgaealith fklgtavh jl mf prhcliathrf y sus daohs.

63:

Walijh qul li gfsh lm prhcliathr aiguepmf lm jlnlr rlklrajh y ih kfgamatl lm ghitfgth

eftlrih kamafr, mf prhcliathrf tlijræ lxpljath su jlrlgdh pfrf rlvlrtar mf tliligaf f
su kfvhr.

>.6>.Jl htrh mfjh, ghikhrel

>.6>.Jl ghi khrel fm frtågumh 4: matlrfm ”g― jlm GIyF, li lm qul sl lstfnmlgl mf
fgueumfga÷i mlcfm, slcÿi mf gufm lm oulz kaofræ ui rácaeli jl vasatfs pfrf lm pfjrl
qul ih hntlicf mf tliligaf, fuiqul ih dfyf sajh shmagatfjf phr mfs pfrtls2 qul, lmmh
ih rlsumtf salijh ghitrfrah fm aitlrás suplrahr jlm iaöh, jlnalijh hthrcfrsl lm
easeh li jltlreaifjhs jåfs y ghi lxtlrifealith, f kai qul mhs elihrls ih sl vlfi
fklgtfjhs phr mf fusligaf jl mf kacurf eftlrif, ghi quali prlslitfi fkaiajfj, phr mh
qul sl jlnlræ kaofr ui rácaeli jl vasatfs, gheh jlrlgdh aephstlrcfnml jl mhs
elihrls, f kfvhr jl su prhcliathrf, ^hsf Wamvaf Ml÷i ^hmjæi, jlnalijh tlilrsl li
gulitf mhs sacualitls kfgthrls? ljfj jl mhs elihrls, mf krlguligaf, mf jurfga÷i jl mfs
vasatfs y ghisajlrfijh mfs fgtavajfjls qul rlfmazfi mhs iaöhs (lstujahs, fgtavajfjls
lxtrfgurragumfrls, rlgrlh y jlsgfish).

>.67.Li gufith, f mf tliligaf ghepfrtajf, mf fggahifitl ih df tliajh li gulitf qul

ghikhrel fm frtågumh 6;; jlm GIyF, sl puljl ehjakagfr h fepmafr mf jlefijf fitls
jl qul lstf slf ihtakagfjf2 phr mh qul mf prltlisa÷i ls aeprhgljlitl, jlofijh f
sfmvh su jlrlgdh pfrf qul mh dfcf vfmlr ghikhrel f mly? y shnrl mf prltlisa÷i jl
fmaeliths, fm dfnlrsl jlslstaefjh mf prltlisa÷i praigapfm, tfenaái sl jlnl
jlslstaefr lm pljajh fgglshrah.
WLIZLIGAF JL WLC\IJF AIWZFIGAF?

>.6:.Mf Wfmf Wuplrahr li mf slitligaf jl vastf jlm 66 jl sltalenrl jl >06<, jlgmfrf iumh
lm lxtrleh aepucifjh, phr ghisacualitl sai lklgth lm rácaeli jl vasatfs jaspulsth
 phr mf f quh,
quh, efitlialijh vacligaf lm rácaeli jl vasatfs qul ghigamafrhi.

>.6<.Ghisajlr÷ qul, lxastl ui rácaeli jl vasatfs prlvah, rlfmazfjh phr fgulrjh jl fenfs
 pfrtls, ghistatuylijh phr tfith mf slitligaf fplmfjf, ui prhiuigafealith lxtrf
 pltatf,, phr gufith ih hnljlga÷ f mf karel vhmuitfj jl mf jlefijfitl, ia kul
 pltatf
rlqulrajh phr mhs elihrls, y tfephgh sl kao÷ gheh puith ghitrhvlrtajh, aigmush mf
kasgfmåf ih df leatajh prhiuigafealith fm rlsplgth. Li ghislguligaf, mf rlgurrajf
ghitalil ui fgth prhglsfm vagafjh, qul gfrlgl jl mhs rlquasaths pfrf mf hntliga÷i jl
su kaifmajfj, gheh mh prlgasf lm frtågumh 636 jlm G÷jach Prhglsfm Gavam2 phr 
ghisacualitl, ghikhrel fm frtågumh 63; jlm G÷jach Prhglsfm eligahifjh, lsl fgth
jlvalil li iumh.
^LG\^WH JL GFWFGA×I?

>.6;.Lstl Zranuifm Wuprleh, phr futh jl gfmakagfga÷i jlm rlgursh jl gfsfga÷i, jlm 67 jl
ihvalenrl jl >06;, mh jlgmfr÷ prhgljlitl phr mfs sacualitls gfusfmls?

6) Aikrf
Aikrfgga÷i
gga÷i jlm frtågum
frtågumhh AT jlm
jlm Zåtumh
Zåtumh Prlmaea
Prlmaeaifr
ifr y jlm
jlm frtågumh
frtågumh 44 jlm G÷jach jl
 mhs Iaöhs y Fjhmlsglitls

63<

Fmlcf qul mf Wfmf leatl ui kfmmh, sai tlilr li gulitf qul lm aikhrel psaghm÷cagh -
aijagf qul lstæ fptf pfrf lm fjlgufjh trfth f sus daohs, y qul li ftliga÷i f lmmh y fm
aitlrás suplrahr jlm iaöh y fjhmlsglitl, sl jaspush vfrafr lm rácaeli jl / vasatfs phr 
uih eæs fjlgufjh pfrf sus daohs. Föfjl qul mhs rhmls pfrlitfmls ih shi jlrlgdhs
fnshmuths, saih maeatfjhs phr mhs prhpahs jlrlgdhs jl mhs iaöhs y fjhmlsglitls, lsth
rlprlslitf su aitlrás suplrahr2 thjh mh gufm, ih df sajh thefjh li gulitf phr mf
aistfigaf jl eárath.

>) Aikrf
Aikrfgga÷i
gga÷i jl mhs frtågumhs
frtågumhs [AA
[AA jlm
jlm Zåtumh
Zåtumh Prlmaea
Prlmaeaifr
ifr j
jlm
lm G÷jach
G÷jach Prhgls
Prhglsfm
fm Gavam,
Gavam,
ghighrjfitl ghi lm frtågumh 671 aigash <) jl mf Ghistatuga÷i Phmåtagf jlm
Lstfjh2 6> jl mf Mly Hrcæiagf jlm Phjlr Oujagafm2 <0 aigash ;) y 6>> iuelrfm
:) jlm G÷jach Prhglsfm Gavam. Whstalil qul li vartuj fm praigapah jl ghicruligaf
 prhglsfm lm Oulz jlnl jagtfr sus rlshmugahils
r lshmugahils jl fgulrjh fm slitajh y fmgfigls jl mfs
 pltagahils khreumfjfs phr mfs pfrtls, y li lm gfsh jl mf fplmfga÷i ghrrlsphijl fm
 oulz suplrahr rlshmvlr li kuiga÷i f mhs fcrfvahs, mhs lrrhrls jl dlgdh y jl jlrlgdh
j lrlgdh
qul sarvli jl sustlith f mf prltlisa÷i aepucifthraf qul dfyf lxpulsth lm
rlgurrlitl, thjf vlz qul mf aikrfgga÷i prlvastf li mf slcuijf pfrtl jlm frtågumh [AA
jlm Zåtumh Prlmaeaifr
aighicrulitls. jlm G÷jach
Li lm gfsh Prhglsfm
jl fuths mf WfmfGavam,
ih sl jltlreaif
df glöajh mf leasa÷i
f mhs jl slitligafs
kuijfeliths jl mf
 prltlisa÷i aepucifthraf
aepuc ifthraf qul lxpush mf rlgurrlitl2 phr mh qul, mf rlgurrajf jlnl slr 
jlgmfrfjf iumf. Föfjl qul mhs lrrhrls gheltajhs rlvastli thtfm trfsglijligaf qul
felratfi mf iumajfj jl mf rlgurrajf, li tfith jl dfnlrsl fpmagfjh ghrrlgtfelitl lm
frtågumh 44 jlm GIyF sl dfnråf ghikarefjh mh rlsulmth phr lm Oulz jl praelrf
aistfigaf.

7. G\LW
G\LWZA ZA×I
×I O\^Å
O\^ÅJAJAGF
GF LI JLNF
JLNFZLZL??
Jltlreaifr sa mf jlgasa÷i ghitliajf li mf slitligaf jl vastf, qul jlgmfrf iumh lm lxtrleh
rlklrajh f mf jasphsaga÷i jl ui rácaeli jl vasatfs eæs fepmah, f mh pfgtfjh li lm fgulrjh
ghigamafthrah lxtrfoujagafm, df ghitrfvliajh mh jaspulsth li mfs ihrefs fitls prlgasfjfs,
 phr tfith, sa jlnl slr rlvhgfjf, ghikarefijh mf jl praelrf aistfigaf, h jl mh ghitrfrah,
rlatlrfr mf jlgasa÷i jl slcuijf aistfigaf.

:. K\IJ
K\IJFE
FELI
LIZH
ZHW
W JL LWZF
LWZF WFM
WFMF
F W\P^
W\P^LE
LEF?
F?

:.6. Wlcÿi mh lstfnmlgajh li lm frtågumh 74: jlm G÷jach Prhglsfm Gavam ehjakagfjh phr lm
frtågumh 6 jl mf Mly I¿ >17;:, lm rlgursh jl gfsfga÷i talil phr kails lsligafmls mf
fjlgufjf fpmagfga÷i jlm jlrlgdh hnoltavh fm gfsh ghigrlth y mf uiakhreajfj,
rlsplgtavfelitl2 kaifmajfj qul sl df prlgasfjh li mf Gfsfga÷i I¿ :613->003-Mf
Manlrtfj y Gfsfga÷i I¿ ;6<->004-Frlquapf, phr tfith, lstl Zranuifm Wuprleh sai
ghistatuarsl li uif tlrglrf aistfigaf prhglsfm, jlnl guepmar ghi prhiuigafrsl fglrgf
jl mhs kuijfeliths jlm rlgursh, phr mfs gfusfmls jlgmfrfjfs prhgljlitls.

:.>. Jl fgulrjh ghi mf ifturfmlzf jl mfs jasphsagahils ouråjagfs jliuigafjfs, sl fprlgaf

 qul lstfs lstæi rlmfgahifjfs ghi (a) lm praigapah jlm aitlrás suplrahr jlm iaöh2 (aa) mf
kacurf jlm rácaeli jl vasatfs2 (aaa) lm jlnlr jl ehtavfga÷i jl mfs rlshmugahils

63;

 oujagafmls, li lm qul lstæ gheprlijaj

gheprlijajhh lm praigapah jl ghicruligaf
ghic ruligaf prhglsfm2
prh glsfm2 mh qul
f ghitaiufga÷i sl fifmazfræ.

:.7. Zlialijh li gulitf mhs praigapahs fitls eligahifjhs, sl aiagaf

aiagafræ
ræ lm fiæmasas, phr lm
 praigapah-jlrlgdh f mf ehtavfga÷i jl mfs rlshmugahils oujagafmls, qul lstæ ghitliajh
li lm frtågumh 671 aigash <) jl mf Ghistatuga÷i Phmåtagf jlm Plrÿ, fså gheh tfenaái
sl ligulitrf su jlsfrrhmmh li lm frtågumh 6> jl mf Mly Hrcæiagf jlm Phjlr Oujagafm2 y
li mhs frtågumhs <0 aigash ;) y 6>> iuelrfm :) jlm G÷jach Prhglsfm Gavam. Ls
fepmafelitl ghihgajh, qul lm praigapah-jlrlgdh f mf jlnajf ehtavfga÷i jl mfs
rlshmugahils oujagafmls, ghitalil lm praigapah jl ghicruligaf prhglsfm, phr lm gufm
thjf rlspulstf oujagafm talil qul hnslrvfr mf rlmfga÷i jl ajlitajfj qul jlnl dfnlr 
litrl mh pljajh y mh rlsulmth2 y li su kfsl aitlrif jlnl rlspltfr qul lm samhcaseh
 ouråjagh ghistruajh pfrf rlshmvlr lm gfsh jlnl slr ghrrlgth, y li su efiaklstfga÷i
lxtlrif sl jlnl vlrakagfr qul mfs prleasfs slfi vfmajfs.

:.:. Wai lenfrch, li mhs prhglshs jl kfeamaf, jagdh praigapah jlnl gljlr kmlxanamazfrsl,
li ftliga÷i f mf lsplgafm ifturfmlzf jl mf ghitrhvlrsaf y ghigljaáijhml efyhr plsh
fm praigapah jlm aitlrás suplrahr jlm iaöh, li kuiga÷i f qul mfs eljajfs qul sl
fjhptli rlsumtli eæs fjlgufjfs f su jlsfrrhmmh aitlcrfm y nalilstfr, cfrfitazfijh mf
 pmlif vacligaf jl sus jlrlgdhs kuijfelitfmls2 eæxael sa li lsths gfshs, lm
rácaeli jl vasatfs, eæs qul ui jlrlgdh jlm pfjrl, rlsumtf slr ui jlrlgdh jl mhs
daohs jl efitlilr lm ghitfgth plrshifm y fklgtavh ghi lm prhcliathr ghi lm qul ih
vavl2 jl khref tfm, qul lm Oulz lvfmÿl lm aepfgth jl su jlgasa÷i li frfs jl rlshmvlr 
ui prhnmlef duefih2 tfm y gheh sl df lstfnmlgajh lm AAA Pmlih Gfsfthrah Gavam jl mf
Ghrtl Wuprlef jl Oustagaf jl mf ^lpÿnmagf, rlgfåjh li mf Gfsfga÷i I¿ :;;:->060-
Puih.

:.<. Galrtfelitl, lm praigapah jlm aitlrás

aitlrás suplrahr jlm iaöh, lstæ prlvasth li lm frtågumh 7
jl mf Ghivliga÷i shnrl mhs Jlrlgdhs jlm Iaöh, y li iulstrh hrjlifealith aitlrih,
rlghihgajh li lm frtågumh AT jlm Zåtumh Prlmaeaifr jlm GIyF, phr lm gufm lm Lstfjh y
mf shgaljfj li su ghiouith jlnli ghisajlrfrmh vatfm li mf thef jl jlgasahils, y
talili lm jlnlr jl ghisajlrfr mh ”eæs nlilkagahsh pfrf lm iaöh― shnrl gufmqualr htrh
aitlrás. Li lstf easef måilf jl frcueliths, lm rácaeli jl vasatfs jl ui iaöh, lstæ
ghitlepmfjh li lm frtågumh 1 iuelrfm 7) jl mf Ghivliga÷i fitls eligahifjf, phr 
eljah jlm gufm sl lxacl mf cfrfitåf qul thjh iaöh qul lstæ slpfrfjh jl uih h jl
fenhs pfjrls, talil lm jlrlgdh jl efitlilr rlmfgahils plrshifmls y ghitfgth jarlgth
ghi fenhs pfjrls jl ehjh rlcumfr, sfmvh sa lmmh ls ghitrfrah fm aitlrás suplrahr jlm
iaöh.

:.;. Li lsl ghitlxth, mf Wfmf Wuplrahr sl llquavhgf

quavhgf fm ghisajlrfr qul lm oulz jl praelrf
aistfigaf df leatajh ui prhiuigafealith lxtrf pltatf 
pltatf  fm jasphilr ui rácaeli jl
vastf eæs fepmah f kfvhr jl mf jlefijfitl, puls sa nali ls galrth, lsl lxtrleh ih
dfnåf sajh eftlraf jl prltlisa÷i2 leplrh, lm ÷rcfih ourasjaggahifm talil lm jlnlr jl
sfmvfcufrjfr lm jlrlgdh jl mhs iaöhs aivhmugrfjhs li lstl taph jl prhglshs, eæs fÿi
 sa lxastl uif ihref aeplrftavf aitlrifgahifm, qul df sajh rlghihgajf li sljl
ifgahifm qul hnmacf fm oulz f lstfnmlglr ui rácaeli jl vasatfs f kfvhr jlm pfjrl h mf

633

efjrl qul ih hntlicf mf tliligaf jl sus daohs ghikhrel mhs jasphil lm frtågumhs 4:
aigash g) jlm GIyF. Fsaeaseh, mf jasphsaga÷i 44 li lm ÿmtaeh pfræcrfkh jlm GIyF,
 prlsgranl qul? ”Lm Oulz, rlspltfijh li mh phsanml lm fgulrjh jl mhs pfjrls,
jasphijræ ui rácaeli jl vasatfs fjlgufjh fm Praigapah jlm Aitlrás Wuplrahr jlm Iaöh
y jlm Fjhmlsglitl y phjræ vfrafrmh jl fgulrjh f mfs garguistfigafs, li rlscufrjh jl
su nalilstfr―.

:.3. Walijh lsth fså, jl mf rlvasa÷i

rlvasa÷i jl fuths y jl mfs prulnfs fgtufjfs sl fprlgaf qul sa
 nali ls galrth mf efjrl ghigama÷ ui rácaeli jl vastfs, lstl ls maeatfjh, y yf ih
rlsumtf ghivlialitl pfrf lm jlsfrrhmmh aitlcrfm y nalilstfr jl mhs daohs, lstfijh f mfs
ghigmusahils jl mfs lvfmufgahils psaghm÷cagfs, rlfmazfjfs f fenhs elihrls y fm
tlihr jl mfs litrlvastfs shgafmls rlfmazfjfs, qul jfi gulitf jl mf fklgtfga÷i
lehgahifm qul valili pfjlgalijh phr mf slpfrfga÷i jl sus prhcliathrls, fcrfvfjh
 phr mf ghijugtf hnstruggahiastf jlm pfjrl, qul ih prhpaga÷ lm fglrgfealith
ilglsfrah ghi mf efjrl pfrf lvatfr tfmls prhnmlefs, phr mh qul, mh rlsulmth phr lm
 oulz jl praelrf aistfigaf, rlsumtfræ eæs kfvhrfnml f mhs jlrlgdhs jlm fjhmlsglitl F.
[. K. M. y T. F. K. M., pfrf mh gufm ilglsatfi ui rácaeli jl vasatfs fepmah, aigmusavl
ghi lxtlrifealith, f kfvhr jl mf efjrl, li lstragtf hnslrvfigaf fm praigapah jlm
aitlrás suplrahr jlm iaöh.
:.4. Li ghislguligaf, sl df fgrljatfjh
fgrljatfjh mf fklgtfga÷i f mfs ihrefs jliuigafjfs2 phr mh
qul, shnrl mf nfsl jl mhs kuijfeliths ouråjaghs qul fitlgljli, sl jlnl prhgljlr jl
ghikhreajfj ghi mh jaspulsth li lm frtågumh 71;, praelr pærrfkh, jlm G÷jach
Prhglsfm Gavam, rlvhgfr mf slitligaf aepucifjf y ghikarefr mf slitligaf jl praelrf
aistfigaf.

<. JLGAWA×I?
Phr lsths kuijfeliths, jlgmfrfrhi?

<.
<.6.
6. K\IJ
K\IJFJ
FJH
H lm rlgursh jl gfsfga÷i aitlrpulsth phr
ph r mf jlefijfitl ^hsf Wamvaf Ml÷i
^hmjfi2liligufith
>06<, ghislguligaf? GFWF^HI
jlgmfrf iumh  mf slitligaf
lm lxtrleh jl vastf
aepucifjh jl mfjlmslitligaf
66 jl sltalenrl
jlm 6: jl
jl
ihvalenrl jl >06:, phr ghisacualitl sai lklgth lm rácaeli jl vasatfs jaspulsth phr 
lm f quh,
quh, efitlialijh vacligaf lm rácaeli jl vasatfs qul ghigamafrhi.

<.>. Fgtufijh
Fgtufijh li slj sljll jl aistfigaf?
aistfigaf? GHIKA^E
GHIKA^EF^HIF^HI  mf slitligaf jl praelrf
aistfigaf jlm 6: jl ihvalenrl jl >06:, qul jasphil ui rácaeli jl vasatfs ghi
lxtlrifealith pfrf mf jlefijfitl, ghi mh jleæs qul fdå ghitalil. <.7.
JAWP\WAL^HI  mf punmagfga÷i jl mf prlslitl rlshmuga÷i li lm jafrah hkagafm  Lm 
 Plrufih,, nfoh rlsphisfnamajfj2 li mhs slcuajhs phr ^hsf Wamvaf Ml÷i ^hmjfi ghi
 Plrufih
Samelr Fmlxas Kmhrls Chizfmls, shnrl vfrafga÷i jl tliligaf2 y mhs jlvhmvalrhi.
Aitlrvalil gheh philitl mf Oulzf Wuprlef slöhrf Zlmmh Camfrja.-

WW.
 ZLMMH CAMF^JA
JLM GF^PAH ^HJ^AC\L_

634

^HJ^AC\L_ GDF[L_
GFMJL^×I P\L^ZFW
JL MF NF^^F NF^^L^F

A[. ^ÁCAEL
^ÁCAELI
I JL [AWAZFW
[AWAZFW
6. Lxacligaf
Lxacligaf jljl ghi
ghijagah
jagahils
ils q
qul
ul plreat
plreatfi
fi mf kfgtanamajf
kfgtanamajfj
j jl ehjakagfr
ehjakagfr lm rácaeli
rácaeli
jl vasatfs. Gfsfga÷i I¿ <004->067-Maef
^LW\ELI
Mhs efcastrfjhs suprlehs ghisajlrfrhi, li mf prlslitl slitligaf, qul ih rlsumtf
fjlgufjf mf ehjakagfga÷i jlm rácaeli jl vasatfs, jlnajh f qul li vfmhrfga÷i jl mhs
eljahs prhnfthrahs y mhs frcueliths jlm jlefijfitl (pfjrl), lsths ÿmtaehs jlnli
rlsumtfr jlslstaefjhs, praigapfmelitl li prlvfmligaf jlm praigapah jl aitlrás
suplrahr jlm iaöh, salijh qul ghi mf ehjakagfga÷i jlm rácaeli jl vastfs slråf
kfgtanml li lm jlsfrrhmmh psaghlehgahifm jlm elihr, thefijh li ghisajlrfga÷i lm
Wuprleh Zranuifm qul mf aitlrvliga÷i ghistfitl jl mf efjrl li jakagumtfr mf
gheuiagfga÷i y rlmfga÷i ghi lm elihr jlnli suplrfrsl li kfvhr jlm jlsfrrhmmh
aitlcrfm jlm elihr y lm khrtfmlgaealith jlm våigumh pftlrih kamafm.

K\IJFELIZH ^LML[FIZL

 Jágaeh praelrh.- Vul, li lsl efrgh ihreftavh, sl fjvalrtl jlm fiæmasas jl mf

 kuijfelitfga÷i jl mf slitligaf jl vastf, qul lstf ih fjhmlgl jl ehtavfga÷i
jlklgtuhsf gheh mh jliuigaf mf rlgurrlitl, phr gufith mf Wfmf Wuplrahr df
 oustakagfjh jl efilrf ghdlrlitl y li nfsl fm lxfeli jl mfs plragafs
 psaghm÷cagfs prfgtagfjfs f mf jlefijfitl, fm jlefijfjh y fm elihr jl
aiagafmls O.P.J.Z, fså gheh jlm aikhrel shgafm rlfmazfjh li lm jheagamah jl mf
fggahifitl, qul ih lxastl ehtavh s÷majh qul jltlreail mf vfrafga÷i jlm 
rácaeli jl vasatfs  fghrjfjh phr mfs pfrtls y fprhnfjh oujagafmelitl,
fprlgafijh phr lm ghitrfrah, qul lm ÿiagh ehtavh qul prheulvl jagdf
 shmagatuj ls mf prlhgupfga÷i jl mf efjrl li gufith f qul lm elihr slf
rltarfjh jlm tlrrathrah ifgahifm h li su jlklgth qul ih slf rlcrlsfjh f lstl,
jfjf mf ifgahifmajfj y rlsajligaf jlm pfjrl jlm iaöh li mhs Lstfjhs \iajhs
jl Feáragf, ih hnstfitl lxastar lmleliths sukagalitls qul jltlreaifi qul ih
lxastl aepljaelith pfrf qul lm jlefijfjh efitlicf ghitfgth jarlgth ghi lm 
elihr li mhs táreaihs lstfnmlgajhs li lm ghivliah jl mfs pfrtls, fm guepmar 
ghi sus hnmacfgahils fmaelitfrafs, su gheprheash ghi su rhm jl pfjrl y mf
hnslrvfigaf jlm rácaeli jl vasatfs  gufijh sl ligulitrf li lm Plrÿ, phr lm 
ghitrfrah y li fpmagfga÷i jlm praigapah jlm aitlrás suplrahr jlm iaöh, fm 
fjvlrtarsl mf aikmuligaf jl mfs fgtatujls eftlrifs li mf ghijugtf jlm elihr 
 pfrf ehstrfr rlgdfzh y rlsastligaf f lstfnmlglr ghitfgth  pftlrih kamafm  , sl
 lxdhrtf f mf jlefijfitl f jlphilr jagdfs ghijugtfs ghi mf kaifmajfj jl ih
aitlrklrar li mf rlmfga÷i pftlrih kamafm  qul
 qul lm iaöh talil jlrlgdh f efitlilr.

631

GH^ZL W\P^LEF JL O\WZAGAF JL MF ^LPßNMAGF

WFMF GA[AM Z^FIWAZH^AF
GFWFGA×I <004->067-MAEF

Maef, slas jl fchsth jl jhs eam gfthrgl

[AWZF, mf gfusf iÿelrh gaigh eam hgdh ‗ jhs eam trlgl, ghi lm fghepföfjh2 li
Fujaligaf Pÿnmagf mmlvfjf f gfnh li mf klgdf2 jl ghikhreajfj ghi lm Jagtfeli Kasgfm
Wuprleh, mulch jl vlrakagfjf mf vhtfga÷i ghi frrlcmh f mly, leatl mf sacualitl slitligaf.
EFZL^AF JLM ^LG\^WH JL GFWFGA×I?
Wl trftf jlm rlgursh jl gfsfga÷i aitlrpulsth phr Mamafif Pfhmf Zlihrah Cfmmfrjh f khofs
guftrhgaliths sltlitf y gaigh, ghitrf mf slitligaf jl vastf jl khofs guftrhgaliths gufrlitf
  gaigh, jl klgdf jalgahgdh jl ihvalenrl jl jhs eam trlgl, lxpljajf phr mf Wlcuijf
Wfmf Lsplgafmazfjf jl Kfeamaf jl mf Ghrtl Wuplrahr jl Oustagaf jl Maef, qul ghikaref mf
slitligaf fplmfjf jl khofs trlsgaliths sltlitf y uih, jl klgdf quaigl jl efrzh jl jhs
eam trlgl, qul jlgmfrf aikuijfjf mf jlefijf2 li mhs slcuajhs phr Mamafif Pfhmf Zlihrah
Cfmmfrjh ghitrf Sammafe Pftragb Jliias, shnrl [frafga÷i jl  rácaeli jl vasatfs.
K\IJFELIZHW JLM ^LG\^WH JL GFWFGA×I?
Vul, lm rlgursh jl gfsfga÷i kul jlgmfrfjh prhgljlitl phr rlshmuga÷i jl klgdf vlaitauih
jl lilrh jl jhs eam gfthrgl, hnrfitl f khofs gaigulitf y jhs jlm gufjlriammh khrefjh li
lstl Wuprleh Zranuifm, phr mfs sacualitls gfusfmls? Aikrfgga÷i ihreftavf prhglsfm jl mhs
frtågumhs 671 aigash < jl mf Ghistatuga÷i Phmåtagf jlm Plrÿ, A, AA, [AA y AT jlm Zåtumh
Prlmaeaifr, <0 aigash ;, 6>> aigash :, 613 y 614 jlm G÷jach Prhglsfm Gavam y phr 
aikrfgga÷i ihreftavf eftlrafm jl mhs frtågumhs 7 jl mf Ghivliga÷i jl mhs Jlrlgdhs jlm
 Iaöh, AT y T jlm Zåtumh Prlmaeaifr y 44 jlm G÷jach jl mhs Iaöhs y Fjhmlsglitls,
slöfmfijh qul mf Wfmf Wuplrahr fm ghikarefr mf fplmfjf aigurrl li lrrhr phr uif
jlklgtuhsf ehtavfga÷i fm vumilrfr lm praigapah m÷cagh jl mf ih ghitrfjagga÷i y gfrligaf
jl rfzhifealith, pulsth qul lm frtågumh 7 jl mf Ghivliga÷i jl mhs Jlrlgdhs jlm Iaöh
ghisfcrf qul fm rlshmvlrsl mfs fggahils jl lstl taph jlnl fpmagfrsl lm aitlrás suplrahr jlm
iaöh, lm gufm cufrjf ghighrjfigaf ghi mh jaspulsth phr mhs frtågumhs AT y T jlm G÷jach
jl Or. Efyifs I¿ 7<; ‗ Zfrfphth mhs Iaöhs y Fjhmlsglitls, eæs fui sa lm jlefijfjh df
fghepföfjh gheh eljah jl jlklisf jhs ghistfigafs phmagafmls qul ih ghistatuyli
 prulnfs, ih dfnaáijhsl tliajh li gulitf mf ftliga÷i eájagf qul lm iaöh rlganl li lm
jlpfrtfelith psaghpljfc÷cagh jlm Ghmlcah Oufi TTAAA, ia mh ghiglrialitl f mf ftliga÷i
eájagf rlganajf li lm Aistatuth Ifgahifm jl Wfmuj jlm Iaöh, phr mh tfith mf vfmhrfga÷i
jlklgtuhsf vahmf lxprlsfelitl mf ihref fitls fghtfjf, jlnalijh fpmagfrsl mhs frtågumhs
A, AA, [AA y AT jlm Zåtumh Prlmaeaifr jlm G÷jach Prhglsfm Gavam, fså gheh lm frtågumh 7 jl
mf Ghivliga÷i jl mhs Jlrlgdhs jlm Iaöh y mhs frtågumhs AT y T jlm Zåtumh Prlmaeaifr y
44 jlm G÷jach jl mhs Iaöhs y Fjhmlsglitls.
 GHIWAJL^FIJH?

640

Praelrh.- Vul, f kai jl fnshmvlr mfs jliuigafs khreumfjfs ls plrtailitl dfglr ui nrlvl

rlgulith jl mh fgtufjh li lm prhglsh. Jlm lxfeli jl mhs fuths sl fjvalrtl qul f khofs
jalz, sunsfifjf f khofs vlaitagaigh, Mamafif Pfhmf Zlihrah Cfmmfrjh aitlrphil jlefijf
jl [frafga÷i jl rácaeli jl vasatfs lstfnmlgajh pfrf su elihr daoh jl aiagafmls O.P.J.Z.
(fgtufmelitl jl jalz föhs), eljafitl Fujaligaf ßiagf jl klgdf iulvl jl oumah jl jhs
eam hgdh phr lm Wlcuijh Ouzcfjh jl Kfeamaf jl mf Ghrtl Wuplrahr jl Oustagaf jl Maef,
jl mf sacualitl khref?
f) Vul llmm pfj
pfjrl
rl Sammafe
Sammafe Pftra
Pftragb
gb Jliias
Jliias puljf vasatfr
vasatfr fm elihr gufijh vlicf fm Plrÿ
Plrÿ
gufmqualr jåf jlm föh li lm dhrfrah jl trls jl mf tfrjl f hgdh jl mf ihgdl, ghi
lxtlrifealith y li mhs Lstfjhs \iajhs jl Feáragf li lm jheagamah jlm pfjrl
unagfjh li 40: W Frmaicthi Eamm Jravl - Frmaicthi [F >>>0:, phr lm mfpsh jl
vlaitahgdh jåfs li lm plrahjh jl vfgfgahils lsghmfrls qul gheprlijl mhs vlaitahgdh
jåfs jlm els jl klnrlrh, gheprheltaáijhsl lm pfjrl f gunrar mhs cfsths jl trfsmfjh
(nhmlths fárlhs jl ajf y vulmtf), lstfjåf (dhspljfol) y fmaeliths, tfith pfrf su daoh
gheh pfrf mf efjrl jl lstl h mf plrshif qul jlsacil y qul fghepföfræ fm iaöh
jurfitl lm vafol h su lstfjåf2
 n) F pfrtar jl mf klgdf li qul su elihr daoh guepmf jalgasáas föhs phjræ vasatfr f su
 pfjrl li mhs Lstfjhs \iajhs jl Feáragf li lm easeh plrahjh slöfmfjh sai
ilglsajfj jl slr fghepföfjh, quljfijh sunsastlitl mf hnmacfga÷i jlm pfjrl jl
rlthrifr f su daoh fm Plrÿ, f kai jl qul prhsacf sus lstujahs jlitrh jlm tlrrathrah
 plrufih2 y
g) Lm pf
pfjrl
jrl phjræ
phjræ vasatfr
vasatfr fm ia
iaöh
öh jurf
jurfitl
itl lm
lm els jl kl
klnrlrh
nrlrh jl gfjf
gfjf föh,
föh, li gfsh jl qul
lm elihr ih vafol f mhs Lstfjhs \iajhs jl Feáragf2 sl ml futhrazf fm pfjrl pfrf qul
vafol li ghepföåf jlm iaöh y ui fghepföfitl jlsacifjh phr mf efjrl fm aitlrahr jlm
 pfås jlitrh jl lstl plrahjh. Lm fghepföfitl slråf li gfmajfj jl slcurajfj jl
fenhs. Whstalil dfnlr ghitrfåjh eftraehiah ghi lm jlefijfjh lm jåf jalgasaltl jl
jagalenrl
mhs Lstfjhsjl\iajhs
jhs eam
jl trls li lm rlcastrfjh
Feáragf, Lstfjh jl li
Efrymfij, Ghijfjh
lm Ghisumfjh jl Ehitchelry
Plrufih li
li Sfsdaicthi
JG, Jastrath jl Ghmuenaf lm jåf jhgl jl efyh jl jhs eam guftrh2 jurfitl lm
eftraehiah prhgrlfrhi fm elihr O.P.J.Z. ifgajh li mhs Lstfjhs \iajhs jl Feáragf
lm jåf higl jl ouiah jl jhs eam guftrh y rlcastrfjh li lm Ghisumfjh Plrufih lm jåf
uih jl oumah jl jhs eam guftrh. Lm jlefijfjh aitlrpush jlefijf jl rácaeli jl
vasatfs fitl lm Wlcuijh Ouzcfjh jl Kfeamaf (Lxpljalitl I¿ 647<0>->004), li guyf
Fujaligaf ßiagf rlfmazfjf lm jåf iulvl jl oumah jl jhs eam hgdh sl fghrj÷?
6) Vul lm jlefijfjh
jlefijfjh puljf vas
vasatfr
atfr fm elihr gufijh
gufijh vlicf fm Plr
Plrÿÿ gufmqual
gufmqualrr jåf
jlm föh li lm dhrfrah jl trls jl mf tfrjl dfstf mfs hgdh jl mf ihgdl, ghi
lxtlrifealith y li mhs Lstfjhs Or. Efyifs I¿ 7<; - Zfrfphth \iajhs jl
Feáragf li lm jheagamah jlm pfjrl phr lm mfpsh jl slslitf jåfs li lm plrahjh jl
 Feáragf li lm jheagamah jlm pfjrl phr lm mfpsh jl slslitf jåfs li lm plrahjh jl
vfgfgahils lsghmfrls, qul gheprlijl jlsjl mf ÿmtaef slefif jl jagalenrl dfstf
mf ÿmtaef slefif jl klnrlrh, gheprheltaáijhsl lm pfjrl f gunrar mhs cfsths jl

646

trfsmfjh, lstfjåf y fmaeliths tfith pfrf su daoh gheh pfrf mf efjrl jlm elihr h
mf plrshif qul lstf jlsacil y qul fghepföfræ fm iaöh jurfitl su vafol y lstfjåf.
>) Vul f pfrtar jl qul lm elihr guepmf saltl föhs phjræ vasatfr f su pfjrl li mhs
Lstfjhs \iajhs jl Feáragf, li lm easeh plrahjh sai ilglsajfj jl slr 
fghepföfjh, quljfijh sunsastlitl mf hnmacfga÷i jlm pfjrl jl gunrar mhs cfsths
jlm vafol, lstfjåf y fmaeliths jlm elihr y lm gheprheash jl rlthrifr fm elihr fm
Plrÿ, k÷reumf ghigamafthraf qul kul fprhnfjf phr lm Oulz jl mf gfusf. Mf
vfrafga÷i sl kuijfelitf li qul phr mf ljfj y jlsfrrhmmh jlm elihr sl dfgl
aijasplisfnml qul mf slpfrfga÷i f pfrtar jl mhs saltl föhs ih slf tfi mfrcf, eæs
fÿi sa lm pfjrl ih vavl ghi lm elihr y ih talil kfeamaf ghistatuajf, fjleæs lm
iaöh df sajh jlravfjh f tlrfpaf lehgahifm phr lm Ghmlcah jhijl lstujaf (Oufi
TTAAA) f ui ghisumthrah pfrtagumfr.
Wlcuijh.-  Vul, fjeatajf f træeatl mf jlefijf, Sammafe Pftragb Jliias eljafitl
lsgrath jl khofs ihvlitf y jhs, sunsfifjh f khofs galith vlaitasáas, ghitlstf mf jlefijf
slöfmfijh qul lm rácaeli jl vasatfs kul lstfnmlgajh eljafitl uif slitligaf leatajf phr 
lm Praelr Ouzcfjh jl Kfeamaf jl Maef ghi klgdf vlaitagaigh jl ihvalenrl jl jhs eam
hgdh, li lm prhglsh jl Wlpfrfga÷i Ghivligahifm y Javhrgah \mtlrahr (Lxpljalitl
647<06->004), jasphialijh qul lm pfjrl phjræ vasatfr fm elihr gufmqualr jåf jlm föh y
jurfitl mfs vfgfgahils lm iaöh phjræ vasatfr f su pfjrl li mhs Lstfjhs \iajhs jl
Feáragf fghepföfjh jl su efjrl phr slslitf jåfs fprhxaefjfelitl, rlthrifijh mhs
jhs fm mucfr jl hracli pfrf slcuar sus lstujahs2 fsaeaseh qul f mhs saltl föhs lm elihr 
 phjræ lklgtufr vasatfs f su pfjrl sai mf ilglsajfj jl slr fghepföfjh, quljfijh
sunsastlitl mf hnmacfga÷i jl su rlthrih pfrf prhslcuar sus lstujahs jlitrh jlm tlrrathrah
 plrufih.
Lm jlefijfjh df guepmajh mf jasphsaga÷i oujagafm, ealitrfs qul mf jlefijfitl y su
kfeamaf ml ilcfrhi li jhs hphrtuiajfjls vlr fm elihr nfoh lm prltlxth jl qul sl
lighitrfnf liklreh, phr mh tfith, sl rlfmazfrhi jhs ghistftfgahils phmagafmls jl klgdfs
slas jl oumah jl jhs eam higl y uih jl klnrlrh jl jhs eam jhgl, li mfs qul lm rlgurrlitl
mmlc÷ fm Plrÿ, gfrlgalijh jl sustlith mf prltlisa÷i jl mf jlefijfitl jl vfrafr lm
rácaeli jl vasatfs.
Föfjl fjleæs qul sl ligulitrf sftasklgdh li thjhs sus lxtrlehs ghi mf slitligaf
rlsplgth fm rácaeli jl vasatfs, ghi mf sfmvljfj jl lxtlijlrsl lm dhrfrah jl vasatf ghi
lxtlrifealith jlsjl mfs hgdh jl mf eföfif dfstf mfs hgdh jl mf ihgdl mhs sænfjhs y
jheaichs y jlsjl mf uif jl mf tfrjl dfstf mfs iulvl jl mf ihgdl jl muils f valrils
gufijh vasatl Maef, sai mf ilglsajfj jl qul lm pfjrl jl mf jlefijfitl (Bliiy Zlihrah
Jåfz) h gufmqualr ealenrh jl mf kfeamaf jl mf fggahifitl mhs fghepföl, fjleæs jl
fnstlilrsl jl shmagatfr su pfsfphrtl gheh cfrfitåf jl ih mmlvfrsl fm elihr kulrf jlm
Plrÿ.
Aitlrpush uif jliuigaf plifm ghitrf mf jlefijfitl phr lm jlmath jl Jlshnljaligaf y
 ^lsastligaf
Li su vasatf ffmmfPlrÿ
Futhrajfj fm aiguepmar
jl klgdf lm efijfth
uih jl klnrlrh jl jhsjagtfjh phrmflmfggahifitl
eam jhgl, Ouzcfjh jlmlKfeamaf.
ilc÷ lm
 plreash pfrf qul lm rlgurrlitl mmlvl f su daoh f Eæighrf - Paurf, kaifmelitl fcrlcf qul

64>

fidlmf tlilr trfth ghi su daoh, mh gufm hnljlgl f e÷vamls duefihs y rlspltfnmls. Or.
Efyifs I¿ 7<; - Zfrfphth.
Zlrglrh.-  Vul, lm f quh 
quh  df leatajh slitligaf jlgmfrfijh aikuijfjf mf jlefijf
aitlrpulstf, slöfmfijh qul?

f) eam
Jlm hgdh
gufjlrih
gufjlrslihfprulnf
gfutlmf
gfutlmfrlm
r fg
fghepföfj
hepföfjh
fgulrjh h sl fgrljatf
fgrljatf
ghigamafthrah liqu
qul
mhsl táreaihs
ghi klgdfslöfmfjhs
iulvl jl phr
oumah
oumahmfjl jh
jhss
fdhrf
jlefijfitl y f khofs jhsgaliths ihvlitf y trls mf slitligaf jl klgdf vlaitahgdh jl
ihvalenrl jl jhs eam hgdh, li lm prhglsh shnrl slpfrfga÷i ghivligahifm y javhrgah
umtlrahr, li mf qul tfenaái sl fprulnf litrl htrhs, lm easeh rácaeli jl vasatfs
fghrjfjh phr mfs pfrtls.
 n) Mhs eljahs prhnfthrahs jl mf jlefijfitl shmh fgrljatfi mf ljfj jlm elihr, efs ih
mf fklgtfga÷i lehgahifm qul rlkalrl valil pfjlgalijh fitls jl mf aitlrphsaga÷i jl mf
 prlslitl jlefijf, qul oustakagfråf mf vfrafga÷i jlm rácaeli jl vasatfs shmagatfjh.
g) Jl mmfs
fs ghigmusahils
ghigmusahils jl mmff lv
lvfmufga
fmufga÷i
÷i ps
psaghm÷ca
aghm÷cagf
gf pr
prfgtag
fgtagfjf
fjf fm elihr
elihr sl pujh
fjvlrtar qul eulstrf
lxplgtftavfs uif vaigumfga÷i
jl rlghigamafga÷i phsatavf
litrl lsths2 ghi fenhs
li tfith, pfjrls,
lm rlgdfzh y mfghislrvfijh
rlsastligaf fui
qul
eulstrf phr lstfnmlglr ghitfgth ghi su pfjrl sai mf prlsligaf jl mf efjrl, rlsumtf
aighepftanml ghi su ljfj, fjvartaáijhsl eæs nali qul ghrrlsphijl f mf aikmuligaf
jl mfs fgtatujls eftlrifs2 mh qul tfenaái kul fjvlrtajh li mf litrlvastf rlfmazfjf li
mf ghitaiufga÷i jl mf fujaligaf, gufijh lm iaöh rlkalrl sfnlr phr quá y pfrf quá sl
lighitrfnf li lm ouzcfjh, fså gheh dfglr jl ghihgaealith qul shmh vafofråf f mhs
Lstfjhs \iajhs jl Feáragf sa vf ghi su efeæ2 aijagfijh, sai qul ifjal sl mh
 prlcuitl, qul
q ul su pfjrl talil ui daoh qul sl mmfef Oufiath y su lsphsf Grastaif, qul
ih ls ia su dlrefih ia su praeh y qul phr lmmf su pfpæ sl javhrga÷ jl su efeæ2 mh
qul tfenaái sl ligulitrf ghrrhnhrfjh ghi mhs rlsumtfjhs jl mf plragaf psaghm÷cagf
 prfgtagfjf f mf jlefijfitl, gufijh rlsfmtf su jlsfgulrjh li rlmfga÷i f qul su lx
lsphsh prltlijf dfglr aitlrfgtufr fm elihr ghi su fgtufm kfeamaf (lsphsf l daoh)2
ghigmuyáijhsl qul phr mfs gfrfgtlråstagfs y phsturfs fsueajfs phr mf lvfmufjf
jleulstrf su kfmtf jl jasphsaga÷i pfrf kfvhrlglr
kfvhr lglr lm ghitfgth litrl lm pfjrl y lm iaöh.
j) Jl mf ghitlstfga÷i
ghitlstfga÷i jl mf jlefij
jlefijff sl fjvalrtl
fjvalrtl mf ilcftavf
ilcftavf jlm
jlm jlefijfjh
jlefijfjh f mf
 prltlisa÷i aighfjf phr mf jlefijfitl, jl quali rlkalrl iuigf df guepmajh ghi mf
slitligaf qul jasphil lm rácaeli jl vasatfs2 hkrlgalijh gheh eljahs jl prulnf mf
ghpaf jl mf jliuigaf plifm phr lm jlmath jl Jlshnljaligaf y ^lsastligaf f mf
Futhrajfj, mf slitligaf lxpljajf li lm prhglsh shnrl Wlpfrfga÷i Ghivligahifm y
Javhrgah \mtlrahr, mhs rlphrtls jl livåh jl jailrh f mf jlefijfitl, fså gheh mhs
 nhmlths jl pfsfol fárlh Maef-Paurf-Maef f ihenrl jl su elihr daoh, mhs gufmls ih
 kulrhi utamazfjhs.

647

l) Li llmm ai
aikhrel
khrel psaghm÷cagh
psaghm÷cagh prfgta
prfgtagfjh
gfjh fm jjlefijf
lefijfjh
jh ih sl fprlga
fprlgafi
fi aijagfj
aijagfjhrls
hrls qul
 puljfi slr plroujagafmls pfrf lm elihr2 salijh su jlslh y ilglsajfj ghepfrtar eæs
taleph ghi su daoh, sai mf prlsligaf jl su efjrl h fnulmh.
k) Wl rlsfm
rlsfmtf
tf mf gghij
hijugt
ugtff prhglsf
prhglsfmm jle
jlehst
hstrfjf
rfjf phr lm jjlef
lefijf
ijfjh
jh qul ih
ih hnstfit
hnstfitll ih

rlsajar li prhglsh2
 prlslitl lm Plrÿ, sldfnalijh
prlhgup÷guepmajh
phr jlmlcfr phjlr fghi
tfenaái su fphjlrfjh pfrf
prlslitfrsl f fplrshifrsl fm
mf lvfmufga÷i
 psaghm÷cagf jaspulstf, mf gufm kul hkrlgajf gheh eljah prhnfthrah jl mf
jlefijfitl2 ghmacaáijhsl su aitlrás li lm rlsumtfjh jlm prlslitl prhglsh.
c) Ghi mfmfss prulnfs
prulnfs fgtufjfs
fgtufjfs sl df mmlcfjh
mmlcfjh f jlt
jltlreaif
lreaifrr lm ghikmag
ghikmagth
th lxastlitl
lxastlitl litrl mfs
 pfrtls, phr mf phsaga÷i jl mf jlefijfitl jl ih qulrlr guepmar ghi lm rácaeli jl
vasatfs fghrjfjh oujagafmelitl. Or. Efyifs I¿ 7<; - Zfrfphth.
Gufrth.-  Vul, fplmfjf qul kulrf mf slitligaf jl praelrf aistfigaf, mf Wfmf Wuplrahr 
eljafitl slitligaf jl vastf jl klgdf jalgahgdh jl ihvalenrl jl jhs eam trlgl, ghikaref
mf slitligaf qul jlgmfrf aikuijfjf mf jlefijf, frcuelitfijh qul?

f) Ih llxas
xastl
tl ehta
ehtavh
vh s÷ma
s÷majh
jh qul
qul oustak
oustakaqu
aqull mf vfra
vfrafga
fga÷i jlm rácaeli jl vasatfs kaofjh li
÷i jlm
mf slitligaf jl klgdf iulvl jl oumah jl jhs eam hgdh, thjf vlz qul jl mf vlrsa÷i jl
mf fgthrf li lm Aikhrel Whgafm prfgtagfjh, iuigf lxastalrhi fcrlsahils kåsagfs ia
 psaghm÷cagfs dfgaf su plrshif rlfmazfjfs phr lm jlefijfjh, quali fjleæs valil
guepmalijh ghi su hnmacfga÷i fmaelitfraf f kfvhr jlm elihr, kaofjf li hgdhgaliths
j÷mfrls (\W$400.00)2 y sa nali sl df jltlreaifjh ui aephrtl jl plisahils
jlvlicfjfs jl quaialiths j÷mfrls (\W$<00.00), lstl ehith ls elihr f mf plisa÷i
elisufm2 mh qul ghistatuyl ui aijagftavh jl qul lm jlefijfjh df vliajh
guepmalijh ghi su hnmacfga÷i fmaelitfraf f kfvhr jl su daoh.
 n) Mf shmf prlhgupfga÷i jl mf jlefijfitl jl qul lm pfjrl ih rlthril f su daoh fm dhcfr 
eftlrih mulch jl kaifmazfjh lm rácaeli jl vasatfs ih ls sukagalitl pfrf qul lm oulz
jlol jl mfjh uif slitligaf qul talil futhrajfj jl ghsf ouzcfjf, eæs fÿi sa jl mf
jliuigaf phmagafm fslitfjf phr mf rlgurrlitl jl klgdf trlaitf jl lilrh jl jhs eam
jhgl, fitl mf Gheasfråf jl Wfi Eaculm, lm Aikhrel Whgafm y mf Lvfmufga÷i
Psaghm÷cagf sl aikalrl qul lm ÿiagh ehtavh pfrf lm aiguepmaealith jl mf gatfjf
slitligaf rfjagf li mf prlgatfjf prlhgupfga÷i jl mf efjrl2 lmlelith sunoltavh qul
ih puljl jfr mucfr fm aiguepmaealith jl uif rlshmuga÷i oujagafm ghislitajf, nfsfjf
li mf prhpaf prhpulstf susgratf phr mf fggahifitl.
g) Ih lx
lxastl
astl aeplja
aepljaelith
elith fmcuih pfrf qul llmm pfjrl
pfjrl pu
puljf
ljf efitlil
efitlilrr ghitfgth
ghitfgth jarlg
jarlgth
th
ghi su elihr daoh li mf khref fghrjfjf li lm Ghivliah jl Wlpfrfga÷i
Ghivligahifm y Javhrgah \mtlrahr, puls li su lvfmufga÷i psaghm÷cagf jlihtf
 gheprheash
rlmfgahifjf f ghi su rhm jlghepfrtajfs
mfs vavligafs pfjrl, lxprlsf su elihr,
ghi lm fklgth mfs
y rlmftf
gufmls su
sl sftaskfgga÷i
dfi vliajh
jfijh slcÿi lm rácaeli lstfnmlgajh.

64:

j) Jl mf plragaf
plragaf psaghm÷ca
psaghm÷cagf
gf prfgtag
prfgtagfjf
fjf fm elihr sl fprlgaf
fprlgaf qul lxprlsf
lxprlsf fklgtavajfj
fklgtavajfj
dfgaf su pfjrl y jlslh jl efitlilr ghitfgth ghi ám, phr mh tfith lm ÷rcfih
 ourasjaggahifm li thjf eljajf qul fjhptl f kfvhr jl mhs iaöhs jlnl prahrazfr lm
aitlrás suplrahr jlm iaöh y lm rlsplth f sus jlrlgdhs, ghikhrel mh prlsgranl lm
frtågumh AT jlm Zåtumh Prlmaeaifr jlm G÷jach jl mhs Iaöhs y Fjhmlsglitls2 fjleæs
jl mf litrlvastf sl fprlgaf qul lstfråf salijh aikmuligafjh phr mfs fgtatujls jl mf
efjrl y lithrih kfeamafr, f lklgths jl ehstrfr rlgdfzh y rlsastligaf f lstfnmlglr 
ghitfgth pftlrihkamafm, mh qul fklgtfråf su jlsfrrhmmh aitlcrfm, rfz÷i phr mf gufm sl
jlnl lxdhrtfr f mf efjrl f lvatfr thjh taph jl aikmuligafs shnrl lm iaöh qul fklgtli
su aitlrfgga÷i ghi su pfjrl y plreatf lm rácaeli jl vasatfs  lstfnmlgajh
 oujagafmelitl, li hnslrvfigaf jl mhs frtågumhs 1 y 60 jl mf Ghivliga÷i shnrl mhs
Jlrlgdhs jlm Iaöh.
l) ^ls
^lsumt
umtff jl vatf
vatfmm aep
aephrt
hrtfig
figaf
af iihh aitlrk
aitlrklra
lrarr li mmff rlmfga÷i pftlrihkamafm f lklgths jl
rlmfga÷i
ih fiumfr mf kacurf pftlrif, pulsth qul tfith jl mf lvfmufga÷i psaghm÷cagf gheh jl
mf litrlvastf fm elihr sl fjvalrtl qul lm iaöh jlsghihgl j÷ijl sl ligulitrf su pfpæ
y f quá sl jljagf, rlatlrfijh qul lm iaöh talil jlrlgdh f efitlilr rlmfgahils
 plrshifmls ghi fenhs pfjrls jl efilrf rlcumfr.
Vuaith.-  Vul, lm prlslitl gfsh sl garguisgranl f jltlreaifr mf prhgljligaf jl mf
vfrafga÷i jlm rácaeli jl vasatfs  lstfnmlgajh li mf slitligaf jl klgdf vlaitahgdh jl
ihvalenrl jl jhs eam hgdh qul fprulnf mf prhpulstf jl ghivliah prlslitfjf phr mfs
 pfrtls li lm prhglsh jl slpfrfga÷i Or. Efyifs I¿ 7<; - Zfrfphth ghivligahifm y
javhrgah umtlrahr trfeatfjh li lm Lxpljalitl I¿ 647<06->004, næsagfelitl li jhs
fsplgths? 6) Li gufith fm taleph jl plrefiligaf jl mf vasatf jlm elihr f su pfjrl li mhs
Lstfjhs \iajhs jl Feáragf jl slslitf f vlaitahgdh jåfs y >) Mf ljfj jlm elihr pfrf
vafofr sai ghepföåf jl su efjrl h plrshif jlsacifjf phr lstf fm mucfr jl rlsajligaf jl
su pfjrl, jl saltl f jalgasáas föhs jl ljfj, ghi mf hnmacfga÷i jlm pfjrl (jlefijfjh) jl
shmvlitfr mhs cfsths jl trfsmfjhs, lstfjåf y fmaeliths jlm iaöh gheh jl su fghepföfitl2

vfrafga÷i
rlscufrjh qul jlnl
jl su slr fifmazfjf
nalilstfr, jlsjl mfqul
ghisajlrfijh plrsplgtavf jlm aitlrás
li mf jlefijf suplrahr
prlslitfjf phr jlm iaöh y lm
mf rlgurrlitl
sl prlgasf gheh kuijfelith næsagh pfrf tfm vfrafga÷i?  a)  Mf ljfj jlm elihr, guyf
slpfrfga÷i jl mf efjrl ih jlnf slr tfi prhmhicfjf2 aa) Mf fusligaf jl ajlitajfj ghi lm
 pfjrl ghi quali lm elihr ih vavl, fså gheh mf kfmtf jl kfeamaf ghistatuajf phr lstl y aaa)
Lm lstfjh lehgahifm jlm elihr, quali vlijråf rlganalijh tlrfpafs.
Wlxth.- Vul, mfs ihrefs nfoh mfs gufmls mf aepucifitl sustlitf su rlgursh jl gfsfga÷i
talili gheh kaifmajfj lvfmufr sa mf slitligaf rlgurrajf trfiscrljl lm jlnajh prhglsh fm
ghitlilr uif jlklgtuhsf ehtavfga÷i, frranfjf f su vlz phr uif aijlnajf vfmhrfga÷i jl
mhs eljahs prhnfthrahs prlslitfjhs phr lm jlefijfjh y mf gfrligaf jl rfzhifealith
rlsplgth f mf fpmagfga÷i jlm aitlrás suplrahr jlm iaöh.
Wátaeh.- Vul, li lsl hrjli jl ajlfs sl jlnl pfrtar phr slöfmfr qul mf vumilrfga÷i jlm
 jlnajh prhglsh sl ghikacurf litrl htrhs supulsths li mhs gfshs li mhs qul jurfitl lm
jlsfrrhmmh jlm prhglsh, ih sl dfi rlspltfjh mhs jlrlgdhs prhglsfmls jl mfs pfrtls, sl dfi
hnvafjh h fmtlrfjh fgths jl prhgljaealith, h sa mf tutlmf ourasjaggahifm ih df sajh

64<

lklgtavf y/h sl dfi jlofjh jl ehtavfr mfs jlgasahils, h sl rlfmazf li khref aighdlrlitl,
li gmfrf trfiscrlsa÷i jl mf ihreftavajfj vaclitl y jl mhs lstfjåhs suplrmftavhs jlm
 prhgljaealith. Fsaeaseh, lm praigapah jliheaifjh ehtavfga÷i jl mhs kfmmhs ou oujagafmls,
jagafmls,
ghistatuyl ui vfmhr ouråjagh qul rlnfsf lm aitlrás jl mhs oustagafnmls, phr gufith sl
kuijfelitf li praigapahs jl hrjli ouråjagh, puls mf jlgmfrfga÷i jlm jlrlgdh li ui gfsh
ghigrlth, ls uif kfgumtfj jlm ouzcfjhr qul phr aeplrah jlm frtågumh 674 jl mf
Ghistatuga÷i Phmåtagf jlm Plrÿ, aephil uif lxacligaf shgafm qul mf gheuiajfj jlnl
slitar gheh ui vfmhr ouråjagh, jliheaifjh kuijfelitfga÷i h ehtavfga÷i jl mf
slitligaf2 lm easeh qul sl ligulitrf ghisfcrfjh li mhs frtågumhs 671 aigash < jl iulstrf
Gfrtf Efcif ghighrjfitl ghi lm 6> jlm Zlxth ßiagh Hrjlifjh jl mf Mly Hrcæiagf jlm
Phjlr Oujagafm, fså gheh 6>> aigashs 7 y : y <0 aigashs : y ; jlm G÷jach Prhglsfm Gavam.
Hgtfvh.-  Vul, phr su pfrtl mf vfmhrfga÷i jl mfs prulnfs eljafitl mf fprlgafga÷i li
khref ghiouitf y rfzhifjf ghistatuyl uif jl mfs cfrfitåfs jlm jlnajh prhglsh, fjleæs
tfenaái ls ui jlnlr jlm oulz jl mf gfusf, ghikhrel sl fjvalrtl jlm frtågumh 613 jlm
G÷jach Prhglsfm Gavam, phr gufith mf hnmacfga÷i jl qul sl lxprlsli mfs ghisajlrfgahils
 phr mfs gufmls sl leatl uif jlgasa÷i li nfsl f mhs eljahs jl prulnf, rlsumtf uif
ghislguligaf m÷cagf y ilglsfraf jlm aeplrah jlm jlrlgdh f mf tutlmf ourasjaggahifm

lklgtavf fghitliajf
jlrlgdh li lm jl
mf ehtavfga÷i frtågumh
mfs A jlm Zåtumh Prlmaeaifr jlm G÷jach Prhglsfm Gavam y jlm
rlshmugahils Or. Efyifs I¿ 7<; - Zfrfphth oujagafmls, phrqul phsanamatf qul lm
ustagafnml puljf gheprhnfr sa lm eárath jl mfs prulnfs prlslitfjfs df sajh lklgtavh, fså
gheh sa sl dfi fifmazfjh fjlgufjfelitl, jl ehjh qul li gfutlmf jlm easeh mf
ghitrhvlrsaf jlnl rlshmvlrsl slcÿi lm eárath jl mh fgtufjh.
Li lsl slitajh, lm jlrlgdh f prhnfr, aitlcrfjh phr uif javlrsajfj jl ghephilitls qul sl
ghepmlelitfi y sl rlmfgahifi eutufelitl, suphil, litrl htrhs, qul mfs prulnfs
hntliajfs væmajfelitl li ui prhglsh, gheh mh slöfmf lm frtågumh 614 jlm G÷jach
Prhglsfm Gavam, talili lkagfgaf li htrh, saleprl qul slfi fgtufjfs ghi ghihgaealith jl
mf pfrtl ghitrfraf.

Ihvlih.-
jl  Vul, lm praigapah
mf Ghivliga÷i vfmhr jlm aitlrás
jl mhs Jlrlgdhs suplrahr
jlm Iaöh jl eamjlm ihvlgaliths
iaöh, rlghcajh li lm frtågumh
hgdlitf y iulvl,7
fprhnfjf phr mf Fsfenmlf Clilrfm jl mfs Ifgahils \iajfs lm jåf vlaitl jl ihvalenrl
jl eam ihvlgaliths hgdlitf y iulvl, slcÿi mf gufm li thjfs mfs eljajfs ghiglrialitls f
mhs iaöhs qul theli mfs aistatugahils pÿnmagfs h pravfjfs jl nalilstfr shgafm, mhs
tranuifmls, mfs futhrajfjls fjeaiastrftavfs h mhs ÷rcfihs mlcasmftavhs, sl jlnlræ tlilr 
gheh uif ghisajlrfga÷i praehrjafm lm aitlrás suplrahr jlm iaöh, mh gufm df sajh
rftakagfjh phr lm Lstfjh plrufih eljafitl mf ^lshmuga÷i Mlcasmftavf I¿ ><>34, jl klgdf
hkagafm  Lm Plrufih 
trls jl fchsth jl eam ihvlgaliths ihvlitf, punmagfjf li lm jafrah hkagafm Lm Plrufih  lm
jåf guftrh jl fchsth jl eam ihvlgaliths ihvlitf, y jlsfrrhmmfjh f iavlm ifgahifm li lm
frtågumh AT jlm Zåtumh Prlmaeaifr jlm G÷jach jl mhs Iaöhs y Fjhmlsglitls, qul mh
ghisfcrf gheh ui praigapah rlgthr, prlgasfijh qul?
 Li thjf
trfvás eljajf
jl mhs ghiglrialitl
Phjlrls Lolgutavh, fm iaöh y fmyfjhmlsglitl
Mlcasmftavh Oujagafm, jlmqul fjhptl lm
Eaiastlrah Lstfjhmhsf
Pÿnmagh,
Chnalrihs ^lcahifmls, Chnalrihs Mhgfmls y sus jleæs aistatugahils, fså gheh li mf

64;

fgga÷i jl mf shgaljfj, sl ghisajlrfræ lm Praigapah jlm Aitlrás Wuplrahr jlm Iaöh y

jlm Fjhmlsglitl y lm rlsplth f sus jlrlgdhs‑, ghitliajh jlm qul sl jlsprlijl ui
vfmhr lsplgafm y suplrahr, fså gheh mf lxacligaf jl ui trfth lsplgafm jl mhs jlrlgdhs
kuijfelitfmls jlm iaöh, iaöf y fjhmlsglitl, qul arrfjaf ih shmh fm Lstfjh, saih f mf
shgaljfj y f mf prhpaf kfeamaf, aigmuajhs mhs pfjrls h rlsphisfnmls jl mhs jlrlgdhs
jlm elihr, tlijalitl f mf prhtlgga÷i jl su jaciajfj h su jlsfrrhmmh kåsagh, psåquagh h
shgafm, pfrf qul ih sl vlfi supljatfjhs f mf vhmuitfj jl tfmls plrshifs fjumtfs, saih
fm aitlrás jl lsths, jl efilrf tfm qul li mfs jlgasahils f fjhptfrsl sl jlnl
ghisajlrfr prlklrlitlelitl fqulmmfs qul mls hkrlzgfi f mhs iaöhs y fjhmlsglitls lm
eæxaeh nalilstfr―.
Jágaeh.- Vul, li gufith fm tlef glitrfm jl mf ghitrhvlrsaf, lm frtågumh 44 jlm G÷jach jl
mhs Iaöhs y Fjhmlsglitls lstfnmlgl rlsplgth f mfs vasatfs qul? ”Mhs pfjrls qul ih
lolrzfi mf Pftraf Phtlstfj talili jlrlgdh f vasatfr f sus daohs, pfrf mh gufm jlnlræi
fgrljatfr ghi prulnf sukagalitl lm guepmaealith h mf aephsanamajfj jlm guepmaealith jl
mf hnmacfga÷i fmaelitfraf. Wa fmcuih jl mhs pfjrls dunalrf kfmmlgajh, sl lighitrfrf kulrf
jlm mucfr jl jheagamah h sl jlsghihgalrf su pfrfjlrh, phjræi shmagatfr lm rácaeli jl

vasatfs mhs pfralitls dfstf lm gufrth crfjh jl ghisficuaiajfj jl jagdh pfjrl.

Lm Oulz, rlspltfijh li mh phsanml fgulrjh jl mhs pfjrls, jasphijræ ui rácaeli jl
[asatfs fjlgufjh fm Praigapah jlm Aitlrás Wuplrahr jlm Iaöh y jlm Fjhmlsglitl y phjræ
vfrafrmh jl fgulrjh f mfs garguistfigafs, li rlscufrjh jl su nalilstfr―2 jl lmmh sl
jlsprlijl qul mf kacurf ouråjagf jlm rácaeli jl vasatfs Or. Efyifs I¿ 7<; ‗ Zfrfphth
 plreatl mf ghitaiuajfj jl mfs rlmfgahils plrshifmls litrl lm pfjrl h efjrl qul ih lolrzf
mf pftraf phtlstfj y sus daohs, jl efilrf qul jlnf slr fjlgufjh fm aitlrás suplrahr jlm
iaöh y jlm fjhmlsglitl, ghrrlsphijalijh su vfrafga÷i jl fgulrjh f mfs garguistfigafs li
rlscufrjh jl su nalilstfr, prhplijalijh, li thjh gfsh, f ih qulnrfitfr lm våigumh
pftlrih h eftlrihkamafm ilglsfrahs pfrf su khrefga÷i.
Jágaeh praelrh.-  Vul, li lsl efrgh ihreftavh, sl fjvalrtl jlm fiæmasas jl mf
kuijfelitfga÷i jl mf slitligaf jl vastf, qul lstf ih fjhmlgl jl ehtavfga÷i jlklgtuhsf
gheh mh jliuigaf mf rlgurrlitl, phr gufith mf Wfmf Wuplrahr df oustakagfjh jl efilrf
ghdlrlitl y li nfsl fm lxfeli jl mfs plragafs psaghm÷cagfs prfgtagfjfs f mf jlefijfitl,
fm jlefijfjh y fm elihr jl aiagafmls O.P.J.Z, fså gheh jlm aikhrel shgafm rlfmazfjh li
lm jheagamah jl mf fggahifitl, qul ih lxastl ehtavh s÷majh qul jltlreail mf vfrafga÷i jlm
rácaeli jl vasatfs fghrjfjh phr mfs pfrtls y fprhnfjh oujagafmelitl, fprlgafijh phr lm
ghitrfrah, qul lm ÿiagh ehtavh qul prheulvl jagdf shmagatuj ls mf prlhgupfga÷i jl mf
efjrl li gufith f qul lm elihr slf rltarfjh jlm tlrrathrah ifgahifm h li su jlklgth qul
ih slf rlcrlsfjh f lstl, jfjf mf ifgahifmajfj y rlsajligaf jlm pfjrl jlm iaöh li mhs
Lstfjhs \iajhs jl Feáragf, ih hnstfitl lxastar lmleliths sukagalitls qul jltlreaifi
qul ih lxastl aepljaelith pfrf qul lm jlefijfjh efitlicf ghitfgth jarlgth ghi lm
elihr li mhs táreaihs lstfnmlgajhs li lm ghivliah jl mfs pfrtls, fm guepmar ghi sus
hnmacfgahils fmaelitfrafs, su gheprheash ghi su rhm jl pfjrl y mf hnslrvfigaf jlm
 rácaeli jl
 praigapah jlmvasatfs
aitlrásgufijh sl ligulitrf
suplrahr jlm iaöh,lifmlmfjvlrtarsl
Plrÿ, phr lmmf ghitrfrah y li
aikmuligaf jlfpmagfga÷i jlm
mfs fgtatujls
eftlrifs li mf ghijugtf jlm elihr pfrf ehstrfr rlgdfzh y rlsastligaf f lstfnmlglr 
ghitfgth pftlrihkamafm, sl lxdhrtf f mf jlefijfitl f jlphilr jagdfs ghijugtfs ghi mf

643

kaifmajfj jl ih aitlrklrar li mf rlmfga÷i pftlrihkamafm  qul lm iaöh talil jlrlgdh f

efitlilr.
Jágaeh slcuijh.- Vul, li lsl slitajh, mfs gfusfmls prhglsfmls jliuigafjfs jlnli slr 
jlslstaefjfs, li tfith mf fmlcfjf fklgtfga÷i f mf ehtavfga÷i jl mfs rlshmugahils shnrl mf
 nfsl jl uif lrrfjf vfmhrfga÷i jl mhs eljahs prhnfthrahs jliheaifjhs ghistfigafs
 phmagafmls, gfrlgli jl rlmlvfigaf, ftlijalijh f mfs ghigmusahils frranfjfs sustlitfjfs li
mhs aikhrels psaghm÷caghs prfgtagfjhs tfith fm elihr gheh f sus prhcliathrls, ih
dfnaáijhsl ghisajlrfjh gheh lmlelith jltlreaifitl mfs gatfjfs ghistfigafs phmagafmls.
Eæs fÿi gufijh sl fprlgaf qul lm Aikhrel jl mf Zlrfpaf Lehgahifm jlm elihr, f mf qul
fmujl mf rlgurrlitl ih df sajh prhpulstf gheh eljah prhnfthrah li mf jlefijf,
dfnaáijhsl maeatfijh mf fgthrf f hkrlglr lm rlganh jl pfch jl ástl li lm Aistatuth jl
Wfmuj jlm Iaöh, ih hnstfitl lighitrfrsl gheplmajf f jlehstrfr mhs dlgdhs qul
ghikacurfi su prltlisa÷i, mh qul ih df sugljajh, eæxael sa mf plragaf psaghm÷cagf jlm
elihr qul df slrvajh jl sustlith f mfs ghigmusahils frranfjfs phr mfs aistfigafs jl
eárath df sajh prhpulstf phr mf jlefijfitl2 y phr lm ghitrfrah df quljfjh jltlreaifjf
mf ilglsajfj jlm elihr, jfjf su ljfj, jl efitlilr uif rlmfga÷i pftlrih kamafm  qul
fslcurl su jlsfrrhmmh, fså gheh lm jlslh jlm jlefijfjh jl efitlilr ghitfgth jarlgth
ghi lm iaöh, rlsplgth jl quali jleulstrf su gheprheash ghi su rhm jl pfjrl y su aitlrás
 phrqul lm rácaeli jl vasatfs lstfnmlgajh oujagafmelitl slf guepmajh ghi mhs Or. Efyifs
 I¿ 7<; - Zfrfphth táreaihs fghrjfjhs phr mfs pfrtls2 ghisajlrfijh fjleæs qul mfs
ghijagahils li mfs qul sl prltlijl ehjakagfr lm rácaeli jl vasatfs ih ghitranuaråf f mf
khrefga÷i psaghlehgahifm jlm elihr, phr gufith jl lmmfs sl fjvalrtl mf plrefilitl
aitlrvliga÷i jl mf efjrl h su lithrih kfeamafr, aepajalijh ghi lmmh uif gheuiagfga÷i
litrl lm pfjrl y lm daoh jl efilrf ifturfm qul, f ghisajlrfga÷i jl lstf Wfmf Wuprlef, ls
aijasplisfnml pfrf su fjlgufjh jlsfrrhmmh aitlcrfm y pfrf su prhpah nalilstfr.
Walijh lsth fså, fm ih ghikacurfrsl mfs gfusfmls jliuigafjfs, lm prlslitl rlgursh jl
gfsfga÷i rlsumtf aikuijfjh, jlnalijh prhgljlr ghikhrel f mh jaspulsth li lm frtågumh
713 jlm G÷jach Prhglsfm Gavam2 phr guyfs rfzhils, jlgmfrfrhi? AIK\IJFJH lm rlgursh
jl gfsfga÷i aitlrpulsth phr Mamafif Pfhmf Zlihrah Cfmmfrjh f khofs guftrhgaliths sltlitf
 gaigh jlm lxpljalitl praigapfm2 li ghislguligaf, IH GFWF^HI mf slitligaf jl vastf
jl khofs guftrhgaliths gufrlitf y gaigh, jl klgdf jalgahgdh jl ihvalenrl jl jhs eam
trlgl, lxpljajf phr mf Wlcuijf Wfmf Lsplgafmazfjf jl Kfeamaf jl mf Ghrtl Wuplrahr jl
Oustagaf jl Maef2 JAWP\WAL^HI mf punmagfga÷i jl mf prlslitl rlshmuga÷i li lm jafrah
hkagafm  Lm Plrufih,
Plrufih, nfoh rlsphisfnamajfj2 li mhs slcuajhs phr Mamafif Pfhmf Zlihrah
Cfmmfrjh ghitrf Sammafe Pftragb Jliias, shnrl vfrafga÷i jl  rácaeli jl vasatfs2 y mhs
jlvhmvalrhi. Philitl Wlöhr Zaghif Phstach, oulz suprleh.
WW.
ZAGHIF PHWZACH
[FMGÆ^GLM WFMJFÖF
EA^FIJF EHMAIF
 G\IQF GLMA
GFMJL^×I P\L^ZFW

644

[. JA[H^GAH
6. Javhrg
Javhrgah
ah prh
prhvhg
vhgff qul nalil
nalilss shgafm
shgafmls
ls pfsli
pfsli f slr ghprh
ghprhpal
paljfj
jfj jl mmhs
hs
lxg÷iyucls. Gfsfga÷i I¿ 430->06;-Maef Ihrtl
^LW\ELI
Li ghisajlrfga÷i jl mf Wfmf Gavam Plrefilitl, sl jlgmfrf kuijfjh lm rlgursh jl
gfsfga÷i, jhijl sl gulstahif mf jlgasa÷i jl mf Wfmf Wuplrahr jl slöfmfr qul mhs
lxg÷iyucls jlnåfi prlstfr fenhs su ghislitaealith y manrl efiaklstfga÷i jl mf
vhmuitfj pfrf mf gheprfvlitf jlm nali aieulnml li fpmagfga÷i jlm frtågumh 76<, mh
gufm rlsumtf ui lrrhr jl fpmagfga÷i jl jagdf ihref li gratlrah ouråjagh jlm Wuprleh
Zranuifm. Li ghislguligaf, mf prlslitl slitligaf lstfnmlgl qul fm ehelith jl
jlgmfrfga÷i jlm eligahifjh ghitrfth jl gheprfvlitf, lm våigumh eftraehiafm dfnåf
klilgajh, ih tlialijh jagdh aieulnml mf ghijaga÷i jl nali shgafm, rlsumtfijh slr ui
 nali jl ghprhpaljfj. Li ghislguligaf, shnrl mh eligahifjh, mf jasphsaga÷i jlm
g÷iyucl (lxlsphsh) jlm <0 % jlm nali aieulnml ls væmajh, rlsumtfijh jlgmfrfr 
kuijfjh lm rlgursh jl gfsfga÷i y iumh lm kfmmh jl mf Wfmf Wuplrahr phr aikrfgga÷i
ihreftavf.

K\IJFELIZH ^LML[FIZL

Zlrglrh.-  Li vastf f mf pfrtagumfrajfj jl su prhp÷sath y lm gfrægtlr fitls

jlsgrath, sl fglptf qul lm klilgaealith jl mf shgaljfj jl cfifigafmls sl
 prhjugl jl khref ifturfm gufijh lm eftraehiah fm gufm rlsphijl mmlcf f su
 kai, pulsth qul, gheh ls lvajlitl, li lsths gfshs, lm sustrfth shnrl lm gufm 
fqulmmf jlspmalcf ihrefmelitl sus lklgths ‗mfs rlmfgahils pftraehiafmls
lxastlitls litrl mhs g÷iyucls‗ y fm qul fqulmmf rlsphijåf, yf ih lxastl eæs y,
 phr tfith, yf ih dfy eæs qul rlcumfr phr lmmf, ia pfrf quá dfglrmh. Li lstl
 slitajh,
ghistatuylslmfdfshgaljfj
jagdh qul ”sa phr lm ls
jl cfifigafmls, dlgdh
m÷caghjlqul
lxastar
lstf ui eftraehiah
tlreail gufijh sl
lm 
eftraehiah easeh klilgl―.

GH^ZL W\P^LEF JL O\WZAGAF JL MF ^LPßNMAGFWFMF GA[AM

PL^EFILIZL
GFWFGA×I I° 430->06;-MAEF IH^ZL
Maef, hgdh jl sltalenrl jl jhs
jh s eam jalgasáas.-
WFMF GA[AM PL^EFILIZL JL MF GH^ZL W\P^LEF JL O\WZAGAF JL MF
^LPßNMAGF2 vastf mf gfusf iÿelrh hgdhgaliths sltlitf - jhs eam jalgasáas, li
fujaligaf pÿnmagf rlfmazfjf li mf klgdf y prhjugajf mf vhtfga÷i ghrrlsphijalitl, leatl
 mf sacualitl slitligaf?
A. EFZL^AF JLM ^LG\^WH

641

Li lm prlslitl prhglsh jl iumajfj jl fgth ouråjagh, mf jlefijfjf Mlhiamjf Zhvfr

^hjråculz df aitlrpulsth rlgursh jl gfsfga÷i eljafitl lsgrath jl klgdf jalgasáas jl
ihvalenrl jl jhs eam quaigl, hnrfitl f khofs eam galith vlaitaiulvl, ghitrf mf slitligaf
jl vastf jl klgdf jhs jl sltalenrl jl jhs eam quaigl, hnrfitl f khofs eam galith
jalgahgdh, qul rlvhgfijh mf slitligaf fplmfjf, jlgmfrf kuijfjf li pfrtl mf jlefijf.

AA.
AA. FI
FIZL
ZLGL
GLJL
JLIZ
IZL
LW

6. Jlefijf
Hnrf f khofs vlaitasáas mf jlefijf jl iumajfj jl fgth ouråjagh aitlrpulstf phr Glsfraf
^hjråculz Eftfehrhs ghi lm prhp÷sath qul lm ÷rcfih ourasjaggahifm jlgmfrl mf iumajfj
jl mf lsgraturf pÿnmagf jl gheprfvlitf (y lm fgth ouråjagh ghitliajh li lmmf) hthrcfjf
 phr lm ghjlefijfjh
ghj lefijfjh Wlrfkåi Zhvfr Gfrrfsgh f kfvhr jl mf ghjlefijfjf Mlhiamjf Zhvfr 
^hjråculz, lm saltl jl hgtunrl jl jhs eam trls, fitl mf ihtfraf jl Maef, Nlftraz _lvfmmhs
Cafepaltra, rlsplgth fm gaigulitf phr galith (<0 %) jl mfs fggahils y jlrlgdhs jlm
 prljah aisgrath li mf Pfrtajf ^lcastrfm I° P06>371<; jlm ^lcastrh Prljafm \rnfih jl
Maef2 y, gheh ghislguligaf jl lmmh, jlgmfrl mf iumajfj jl su aisgrapga÷i rlcastrfm.

Pfrf shgafm
 nali sustlitfr lstl pltathrah,
plrtlilgalitl mf fgthrf ghiyucfm
f mf shgaljfj lxpmagf qul lm prljah phr
ghikhrefjf li eliga÷i
lmmf y lm ghistatuyl
ghjlefijfjhui
Wlrfkåi Zhvfr Gfrrfsgh. Wai lenfrch, f plsfr jl tlilr mf ghijaga÷i jl nali shgafm, kul
aijlnajfelitl tatumfjh phr lstl ÿmtaeh gheh ui nali prhpah li lm föh jhs eam uih2
rfz÷i phr mf gufm sl vah li mf ilglsajfj jl aiagafr ui prhglsh oujagafm pfrf hntlilr mf
iumajfj jl lstf tatumfga÷i.
F sfnalijfs qul jagdf tatumfga÷i dfnåf sajh aepucifjf oujagafmelitl, lm ghjlefijfjh
jlgaja÷ trfisklrar li khref saeumfjf lm gaigulitf phr galith (<0 %) jl mfs fggahils y
jlrlgdhs jlm rlklrajh aieulnml f kfvhr jl mf ghjlefijfjf Mlhiamjf Zhvfr ^hjråculz ‗ 
daof jl fenhs‗, hthrcfijh pfrf lmmh mf lsgraturf pÿnmagf hnolth jlm pltathrah2 phr mh qul
ghrrlsphijl qul lm ÷rcfih ourasjaggahifm jlgmfrl mf iumajfj jlm ghitrfth jl
gheprfvlitf, lm jhguelith qul mh ghitalil y, phr lijl, su aisgrapga÷i rlcastrfm, jl
ghikhreajfj ghi mhs iuelrfmls 7, : y < jlm frtågumh >61 jlm G÷jach Gavam.
>. Fnshmuga÷i
Mhs lepmfzfjhs ghitlstfi mf jlefijf, aijagfijh qul mhs frcueliths slöfmfjhs phr mf
fgthrf gheh sustlith jl su pltathrah shi ailxfgths, puls fm ehelith jl glmlnrfrsl lm
ghitrfth jl gheprfvlitf hnolth jl aepucifga÷i, mf shgaljfj ghiyucfm qul lxasta÷ litrl
mf fgthrf y lm ghjlefijfjh Wlrfkåi Zhvfr Gfrrfsgh yf dfnåf klilgajh, phr lklgths jlm
 prhglsh jl javhrgah rlgfåjh li lm Lxpljalitl I° 14:-402 phr mh qul lm prljah aisgrath li
mf Pfrtajf ^lcastrfm I° P06>371<; yf ih tliåf mf gfmajfj jl nali shgafm.
^lghihgli, sai lenfrch, qul mf jlefijfitl talil jlrlgdhs mlcåtaehs shnrl lm rlklrajh
 prljah y, phr lstf gfusf, mf trfisklrligaf sl maeat÷ ÿiagfelitl fm gaigulitf phr galith
(<0 %) jl mfs fggahils y jlrlgdhs jlm easeh.
 7. Wlit
Wlitli
liga
gaff jl pr
prae
aelr
lrff ai
aist
stfi
figa
gaff

610

Phr slitligaf jagtfjf lm vlaitaj÷s jl jagalenrl jl jhs eam gfthrgl, hnrfitl f khofs eam
trls, lm Vuaith Ouzcfjh Gavam jl mf Ghrtl Wuplrahr jl Oustagaf jl Maef Ihrtl df
jlgmfrfjh aikuijfjf mf jlefijf. Pfrf lmmh, slöfmf qul mf shgaljfj ghiyucfm qul li su
ehelith lxasta÷ litrl mf jlefijfitl y lm ghjlefijfjh klilga÷ phr lklgths jl mf
slitligaf jl javhrgah jagtfjf lm vlaitauih jl oumah jl eam ihvlgaliths hgdlitf li lm
 prhglsh oujagafm rlgfåjh li lm Lxpljalitl I° 14:-40, fprhnfjf mulch phr rlshmuga÷i
suplrahr jlm vlaitasaltl jl fnram jl eam ihvlgaliths hgdlitf y ui Li ghislguligaf, li lm
ehelith jl glmlnrfga÷i jlm ghitrfth jl gheprfvlitf hnolth jl aepucifga÷i (saltl jl
hgtunrl jl jhs eam trls), lm prljah aisgrath li mf Pfrtajf ^lcastrfm I° P06>371<; yf ih
tliåf mf ghijaga÷i jl nali shgafm y, phr tfith, fui gufijh ih sl dfnåf prhjugajh thjfvåf
mf javasa÷i y pfrtaga÷i jlm easeh, ih lxaståf aepljaelith pfrf qul lm slöhr Wlrfkåi
Zhvfr Gfrrfsgh jaspusalrf jlm gaigulitf phr galith (<0%) jl mfs fggahils y jlrlgdhs
qul ml ghrrlsphijåfi shnrl ám f kfvhr jl su daof2 tfith eæs sa ih sl df jlehstrfjh qul
lstl ghitrfth sl dfyf rlfmazfjh li khref saeumfjf.

:. Wlit
Wlitli
liga
gaff jl sl
slcu
cuij
ijff ais
aistf
tfig
igaf
af
F trfvás jl mf slitligaf jl vastf hnolth jl aepucifga÷i, mf Wfmf Gavam Plrefilitl jl mf
Ghrtl Wuplrahr jl Oustagaf jl Maef Ihrtl df rlvhgfjh mf slitligaf jl praelrf aistfigaf
, rlkhreæijhmf, df jlgmfrfjh kuijfjf li pfrtl mf jlefijf, fm ghisajlrfr qul, fm
trftfrsl jl ui nali shgafm plrtlilgalitl f mf shgaljfj ghiyucfm ghikhrefjf phr mf fgthrf
  lm ghjlefijfjh Wlrfkåi Zhvfr Gfrrfsgh, mf jasphsaga÷i jlm prljah aisgrath li mf
Pfrtajf ^lcastrfm I° P06>371<; jlnåf ghitfr ilglsfrafelitl ghi mf pfrtagapfga÷i jl
fenhs, jl fgulrjh ghi mh jaspulsth phr lm frtågumh 76< jlm G÷jach Gavam. Li
ghislguligaf, fm dfnlr sajh glmlnrfjh lxgmusavfelitl phr lm ÿmtaeh jl mhs ihenrfjhs,
lm ghitrfth jl gheprfvlitf hnolth jlm pltathrah rlsumtf iumh, phr fuslitfrsl mf
efiaklstfga÷i jl vhmuitfj jl mf fgthrf.

AAA.. ^LG
AAA ^LG\^W
\^WH
H JL GFWFGA
GFWFGA×I
×I
Ghitrf mf slitligaf jl vastf, mf ghjlefijfjf Mlhiamjf Zhvfr ^hjråculz df aitlrpulsth
lm prlslitl rlgursh jl gfsfga÷i, qul df sajh jlgmfrfjh prhgljlitl phr lstf Wuprlef Wfmf
f trfvás jlm futh gfmakagfthrah jl klgdf vlaitaj÷s jl oumah jl jhs eam jalgasáas, phr mf
gfusfm jl aikrfgga÷i ihreftavf jlm frtågumh 764 iuelrfm 7 jlm G÷jach Gavam, mf gufm
ls sustlitfjf phr mf rlgurrlitl slöfmfijh qul mf slitligaf jl vastf hnolth jl
aepucifga÷i df jlgmfrfjh aijlnajfelitl mf iumajfj jlm ghitrfth jl gheprfvlitf
aepucifjh li mf jlefijf, phr ghisajlrfr qul f trfvás jl ám, lm ghjlefijfjh Wlrfkåi
Zhvfr Gfrrfsgh jaspush jl ui nali shgafm sai ghitfr ghi mf pfrtagapfga÷i jl mf fgthrf
Glsfraf ^hjråculz Eftfehrhs2 ih hnstfitl, df pfsfjh phr fmth qul li lm ehelith jl mf
glmlnrfga÷i jl jagdf gheprfvlitf, lstfs jhs plrshifs yf sl lighitrfnfi javhrgafjhs y,
 phr tfith, yf ih lrf ilglsfraf mf pfrtagapfga÷i jl mf ÿmtaef jl lmmfs pfrf qul fqulm
jaspusalrf jlm gaigulitf phr galith (<0 %) jl mfs fggahils qul ml ghrrlsphijåfi shnrl lm
 nali, pulsth qul, jl fgulrjh f mh prlvasth li mf jasphsaga÷i mlcfm fitls eligahifjf, mf
shgaljfj jl cfifigafmls yf dfnåf klilgajh.
 A[. EFZL
EFZL^AF
^AF O\^ÅJ
O\^ÅJAGF
AGF LI JLNFZL
JLNFZL

616

Mf eftlraf ouråjagf li jasgusa÷i sl glitrf li jltlreaifr guæmls shi mhs lklgths ouråjaghs
qul prhjugl mf slitligaf jl javhrgah shnrl mhs nalils shgafmls plrtlilgalitls f mf
shgaljfj ghiyucfm2 y lmmh f lklgth jl lstfnmlglr sa mulch jl prhjugarsl lm javhrgah, mhs
lxg÷iyucls sl ligulitrfi dfnamatfjhs pfrf jasphilr jl mf guhtf jl jlrlgdhs y fggahils
qul mls ghrrlsphijli shnrl lmmhs.

[. K\
K\IJ
IJFE
FELI
LIZH
ZHW
W JL LWZ
LWZF
F WFMF
WFMF W\P^
W\P^LE
LEF
F
Praelrh.- Lm rácaeli jl shgaljfj jl cfifigafmls h gheuiajfj jl cfifigafmls ls uih jl
mhs jhs rlcåelils ghitlepmfjhs phr iulstrh G÷jach Gavam. Li vartuj f ám, mf mly
lstfnmlgl uif gheuiajfj jl nalils qul sl lxtalijl, phr praigapah, f thjhs fqulmmhs
 nalils, slfi eulnmls h aieulnmls, qul slfi fjquarajhs
fjquarajh s f tåtumh hilrhsh,
hi lrhsh, phr gufmqualrf
jl mhs g÷iyucls, jurfitl lm trfisgursh jl mf vajf ghiyucfm, quljfijh kulrf jl lmmf mhs
 nalils prhpahs jl gfjf uih jl lsths. Jl tfm ehjh qul li lstl rácaeli puljl dfnlr 
 nalils prhpahs jl gfjf g÷iyucl y nalils jl mf shgaljfj (frtågumh 706 jlm G÷jach Gavam).
Wlcuijh.- Jl fgulrjh ghi lm frtågumh >1< jlm G÷jach Gavam, tfith lstl rácaeli gheh lm
jl slpfrfga÷i jl pftraehiahs ghnrfi vacligaf f pfrtar jlm ehelith jl glmlnrfga÷i jlm
eftraehiah2 y talili gheh gmfrh prhp÷sath ihrefr mfs rlmfgahils pftraehiafmls
lxastlitls litrl mhs g÷iyucls jurfitl su vacligaf, fså gheh jltlreaifr lm jlstaih jl su
 pftraehiah gufijh fqulm dfyf ghigmuajh.
Zlrglrh.-  Li vastf f mf pfrtagumfrajfj jl su prhp÷sath y lm gfrægtlr fitls jlsgrath, sl
fglptf qul lm klilgaealith jl mf shgaljfj jl cfifigafmls sl prhjugl jl khref ifturfm
gufijh lm eftraehiah fm gufm rlsphijl mmlcf f su kai, pulsth qul, gheh ls lvajlitl, li
lsths gfshs, lm sustrfth shnrl lm gufm fqulmmf jlspmalcf ihrefmelitl sus lklgths ‗mfs
rlmfgahils pftraehiafmls lxastlitls litrl mhs g÷iyucls‗ y fm qul fqulmmf rlsphijåf, yf
ih lxastl eæs y, phr tfith, yf ih dfy eæs qul rlcumfr phr lmmf, ia pfrf quá dfglrmh. Li
lstl slitajh, sl df jagdh qul ”sa phr lm dlgdh jl lxastar ui eftraehiah sl ghistatuyl mf
shgaljfj jl cfifigafmls, ls m÷cagh qul ástf tlreail gufijh lm eftraehiah easeh
klilgl―.

Gufrth.- Li lstf måilf jl ajlfs, lm frtågumh 764 jlm G÷jach Gavam lstfnmlgl?
Frtågumh 764.- Klilgl lm rácaeli jl j l mf shgaljfj jl cfifigafmls?
(…)
7.- Phr javhrgah. (…)
Lstf easef rlcmf lrf prlvastf li lm frtågumh 611 jlm G÷jach Gavam jl 617;, fm
lstfnmlglr?
Frtågumh 611.- Klilgl mf shgaljfj?
(…)
7.- Phr lm javhrgah―.
 Vuaith.- Li lm prlslitl gfsh, mulch jl mf vfmhrfga÷i jlm gfujfm prhnfthrah lxastlitl li
mhs fuths, mfs aistfigafs jl eárath dfi lstfnmlgajh gheh prleasfs kægtagfs prhnfjfs pfrf

61>

lstf ghitrhvlrsaf, mfs sacualitls?

- Lm aie
aieuln
ulnml
ml unag
unagfjh
fjh li lm oar÷i
oar÷i F
Frdu
rduff I°
I° 6:7-6:
6:7-6:<,
<, urnfi
urnfiazf
azfga÷
ga÷ii Zÿpfg
Zÿpfg Fefru,
Fefru,
Aijlplijligaf, aisgrath li mf Pfrtajf ^lcastrfm I° P06>371<; jlm ^lcastrh Prljafm
\rnfih jl Maef, tuvh gfmajfj jl nali shgafm plrtlilgalitl f mf shgaljfj ghiyucfm
qul li su ehelith ghikhrefrhi mf fgthrf Glsfraf ^hjråculz Eftfehrhs y lm
ghjlefijfjh Wlrfkåi Zhvfr Gfrrfsgh ( puiths 7.<, 7.<.6 y 7.<.> jl mf slitligaf jl
jl
vastf).
vastf ).
- Lm vaig
vaigumh
umh eft
eftrae
raehia
hiafm
fm llxas
xastli
tlitl
tl litr
litrll fenfs
fenfs pfrtls
pfrtls sl jash
jashmva
mva÷÷ lm vla
vlaita
itauih
uih jjll
 oumah jl eam ihvlgaliths hgdlitf, phr lklgths jl mf slitligaf jagtfjf lm vlaitauih jl
 oumah jl eam ihvlgaliths hgdlitf li lm prhglsh jl javhrgah rlgfåjh li lm Lxpljalitl
 I° 14:-40, fprhnfjf phr rlshmuga÷i suplrahr jl klgdf vlaitasaltl jl fnram jl eam
ihvlgaliths hgdlitf y uih (kuijfelith jágaeh praelrh RcU jl mf slitligaf jl
 praelrf aistfigaf y kuijfelith 7.:.6 jl mf slitligaf jl vastf).
- Lm salt
saltll jl hgtunr
hgtunrll jl jhs eam trl
trls,
s, llmm gh
ghjle
jlefijf
fijfjh
jh Wlrfk
Wlrfkåi
åi Zhvfr
Zhvfr Gfr
Gfrrfs
rfsgh
gh glml
glmlnr÷
nr÷
lm ghitrfth jl gheprfvlitf hnolth jlm pltathrah, eljafitl lm gufm trfiskara÷ f mf
ghjlefijfjf Mlhiamjf Zhvfr ^hjråculz lm gaigulitf phr galith (<0 %) jl mfs
fggahils y jlrlgdhs jlm prljah aisgrath li mf Pfrtajf ^lcastrfm I° P06>371<;
(kuijfelith jágaeh praelrh RcU jl mf slitligaf jl praelrf aistfigaf y
 kuijfelith 7.:.: jl mf slitligaf jl vastf).
Lstfs prleasfs ‗kægtagfs‗ ih puljli slr hnolth jl ehjakagfga÷i phr pfrtl jl mf sfmf jl
gfsfga÷i, jfjh qul mf hplrfga÷i jl jltlreaifga÷i jl mhs dlgdhs jlnftajhs li lm prhglsh
rlsumtf gmfrfelitl folif f mhs kails prlvasths li lm frtågumh 74: jlm G÷jach Prhglsfm
Gavam y, phr tfith, sl efitalil kulrf jl sus ghepltligafs. Phr lmmh, jlnli slr fjhptfjfs
gheh puith jl pfrtajf jlm fiæmasas ihreftavh ilglsfrah pfrf jfr rlspulstf f mfs
jliuigafs ghitliajfs li lm rlgursh.
Wlxth.- F pfrtar jl lstfs prleasfs, sl jlsprlijl qul li lm ehelith li qul sl glmlnr÷ lm
ghitrfth jl gheprfvlitf
li su ehelith hnolth Glsfraf
litrl mf slöhrf jl aepucifga÷i,
^hjråculzmfEftfehrhs
shgaljfj jlycfifigafmls qul lxasta÷
lm slöhr Wlrfkåi Zhvfr 
Gfrrfsgh yf dfnåf klilgajh, phr lklgths jl mf jlgasa÷i jlkaiatavf fjhptfjf li lm prhglsh
jl javhrgah trfeatfjh li lm Lxpljalitl I° 14:-40.
Li lklgth, fui gufijh mf slitligaf jagtfjf li jagdh prhglsh, lm vlaitauih jl oumah jl eam
ihvlgaliths hgdlitf, fprhnfjf mulch phr rlshmuga÷i suplrahr jlm vlaitasaltl jl fnram jl
eam ihvlgaliths hgdlitf y uih, sl maeat÷ lxgmusavfelitl f jlgmfrfr ”jasulmth lm våigumh
jlm eftraehiah ghitrfåjh phr jhi Wlrfkåi Zhvfr Gfrrfsgh ghi jhöf Glsfraf Nlftraz
^hjråculz Eftfehrhs―, sai prhiuigafrsl li rlmfga÷i fm klilgaealith jl mf shgaljfj jl
cfifigafmls qul lxasta÷ litrl fenhs, ih jlnl plrjlrsl jl vastf qul, slcÿi mh jlsgrath li
mhs praelrhs pfræcrfkhs jl lstf rlshmuga÷i ‗y, lsplgåkagfelitl pfrf lstl gfsh, li
ftliga÷i fm frtågumh 611 iuelrfm 7 jlm G÷jach Gavam jl 617;‗ mf jlgmfrfga÷i jlm javhrgah
  prhvhgfnf plr sl mf lxtaiga÷i jl fqulmmf2 phr mh qul, fm ehelith jl glmlnrfga÷i jl mf
gheprfvlitf hnolth jl iumajfj lm rlklrajh prljah yf ih plrtlilgåf f mf shgaljfj, puls
lstf dfnåf klilgajh.

617

Wátaeh.-  Fdhrf nali, fm dfnlr klilgajh mf shgaljfj jl cfifigafmls lxastlitl litrl mfs
 pfrtls, lm nali aisgrath li mf Pfrtajf ^lcastrfm I° P06>371<; jlo÷ jl tlilr mf gfmajfj jl
 nali shgafm, puls mf gheuiajfj jl nalils f mf gufm ghrrlsphijåf yf dfnåf klilgajh,
 pfsfijh f slr jlsjl lsl ehelith ui nali suolth f lstfjh jl ghprhpaljfj jl mhs
lxg÷iyucls, f mf lsplrf jl mf maquajfga÷i rlsplgtavf.

Q sa nali, mhs lxg÷iyucls ih guepmalrhi ghi rlfmazfr khrefmelitl mf maquajfga÷i jl mf

shgaljfj jl cfifigafmls klilgajf, ih sl df jlehstrfjh li lstl prhglsh qul lxastf
fmcuif gfrcf u hnmacfga÷i plijalitl qul puljf prhvhgfr mf jaseaiuga÷i jlm phrglitfol
jl pfrtagapfga÷i -gaigulitf phr galith (<0 %)- qul phr lklgths jl mf rlcmf ghitliajf li
lm frtågumh >07 jlm G÷jach Gavam jl 617; ghrrlsphijlråf fm ghjlefijfjh Wlrfkåi Zhvfr 
Gfrrfsgh li lm rlklrajh aieulnml.
Hgtfvh.-  Walijh lmmh fså, lstl ghmlcafjh jltlreaif qul mf Wfmf Wuplrahr df lrrfjh fm
fpmagfr fm prlslitl gfsh mf rlstragga÷i prlvastf li lm frtågumh 76< jlm G÷jach Gavam
vaclitl pfrf mf jasphsaga÷i jl mhs nalils shgafmls, puls slcÿi sl df jlsgrath li mhs
kuijfeliths prlgljlitls, fm ehelith jl glmlnrfga÷i jlm ghitrfth jl gheprfvlitf
hnolth jl aepucifga÷i, lm aieulnml aisgrath li mf Pfrtajf ^lcastrfm I° P06>371<; dfnåf
jlofjh jl tlilr mf ghijaga÷i jl nali shgafm, phr lklgths jlm javhrgah jlgmfrfjh li lm
 prhglsh oujagafm slcuajh li lm Lxpljalitl I° 14:-40, pfsfijh f slr ui nali li lstfjh jl
ghprhpaljfj jl mhs lxg÷iyucls, qul li praigapah phsanamatfnf fm ghjlefijfjh Wlrfkåi
Zhvfr Gfrrfsgh jasphilr væmajfelitl jl mf guhtf ajlfm qul ml ghrrlsphijåf ‗qul ih sl
df prhnfjh slr elihr fm gaigulitf phr galith (<0 %) jl sus jlrlgdhs y fggahils‗2 rfz÷i
 phr mf gufm ih lxastl kuijfelith pfrf aivfmajfr lm fgth ouråjagh hnolth jlm pltathrah.
Ihvlih.- Phr lstfs rfzhils, ghrrlsphijl f lstf Wuprlef Wfmf, li fpmagfga÷i jlm praelr 
 pærrfkh jlm frtågumh 71; jlm G÷jach Prhglsfm Gavam, rlshmvlr lm ghikmagth li sljl jl
aistfigaf, jlslstaefijh mf jlefijf, fm dfnlrsl jltlreaifjh qul lm ghitrfth jl
gheprfvlitf guyf iumajfj sl prltlijl gfrlgl jl gfusfm jl aivfmajlz qul mh fklgtl.

[A.. JL
[A JLGA
GAWA
WA×I
×I

Li nfsl li
slöfmfjh f lm
mfsfrtågumh
ghisajlrfgahils
71; jlm lxpulstfs,
j lm G÷jach lstfGavam?
Prhglsfm Wfmf Wuprlef, li fpmagfga÷i jl mh

f) Jlgmfrfrhi K\IJFJH  lm rlgursh jl gfsfga÷i aitlrpulsth phr mf jlefijfjf

Mlhiamjf Zhvfr ^hjråculz, jl klgdf jalgasáas jl ihvalenrl jl jhs eam quaigl,
hnrfitl f khofs eam galith vlaitaiulvl2 GFWF^HI mf slitligaf jl vastf jl klgdf
jhs jl sltalenrl jl jhs eam quaigl, hnrfitl f khofs eam galith jalgahgdh.
 n) Fgtufijh li sljl jl aistfigaf? GHIKA^EF^HI  mf slitligaf jl praelrf
aistfigaf jl klgdf vlaitaj÷s jl jagalenrl jl jhs eam gfthrgl, hnrfitl f khofs eam
trls, qul jlgmfr÷ aikuijfjf mf jlefijf.
g) JAWP\WAL^HI  mf punmagfga÷i jl mf prlslitl rlshmuga÷i li lm jafrah hkagafm  Lm 
  Plrufih, nfoh rlsphisfnamajfj y mhs jlvhmvalrhi2 li mhs slcuajhs phr mf Wuglsa÷i
 Plrufih,
jl Glsfraf ^hjråculz Eftfehrhs, shnrl iumajfj jl fgth ouråjagh. Aitlcrf lstf Wfmf

61:

Wuprlef lm slöhr Qfyf _uefltf phr magligaf jl mf slöhrf Zlmmh Camfrja. Aitlrvaih
gheh philitl mf slöhrf oulz suprleh ^hjråculz Gdævlz.-
WW.
JLM GF^PAH ^HJ^ÅC\L_

^HJ^ÅC\L_ GDÆ[L_
GFMJL^×I P\L^ZFW
QFQF _\EFLZF
JL MF NF^^F NF^^L^F

>. Javhrgah
Javhrgah pphr
hr gfusfm
gfusfm jl slpfrfg
slpfrfga÷i
a÷i jl gulrp
gulrphs?
hs? j
jlkagal
lkagaligaf
igaf jl ehtavfga
ehtavfga÷i
÷i
lxtlrif fm hthrcfr lm nali shgafm f kfvhr jl ui g÷iyucl. Gfsfga÷i I¿ >:7<->06;-
Gusgh
^LW\ELI
Lm prlslitl gfsh sl hracaif jl ui prhglsh jl javhrgah phr gfusfm jl slpfrfga÷i jl
gulrphs aitlrpulsth phr lm g÷iyucl, guyf jlefijf kul jlgmfrfjf li pfrtl kuijfjf
li praelrf lm
fjoujagfijh aistfigaf,
aieulnmljasphialijh
fjquarajh limf lmjashmuga÷i
eftraehiahjlmf våigumh
kfvhr jl eftraehiafm
mf jlefijfjfy
(lsphsf). Li slcuijf aistfigaf, mf Wfmf Wuplrahr jlgajl jlgmfrfr kuijfjf li pfrtl mf
jlefijf y hrjlifr qul sl aijleiagl f mf jlefijfjf hthrcfijh mf guhtf jl mhs
 nalils cfifigafmls qul ml ghrrlsphijalrf fm jlefijfitl (lsphsh), sustlitæijhsl
qul lxastl ui prhnfjh jföh hgfsahifijh (aikajlmajfj phr pfrtl jlm lsphsh). Lm
Wuprleh Zranuifm, våf rlgursh jl gfsfga÷i aitlrpulsth phr lm jlefijfitl, li
ghisajlrfga÷i jlm Zlrglr Pmlih Gfsfthrah Gavam, jlsfrrhmmf mf lxastligaf jl uif
rlmfga÷i jl gfusfmajfj litrl lm elihsgfnh lghi÷eagh qul hgfsahif mf slpfrfga÷i jl
dlgdh y li lm prlslitl gfsh ghi lm javhrgah li så, dlgdh qul f ghisajlrfga÷i jlm
Wuprleh Zranuifm ih hgurra÷ jlnajh f qul f gratlrah jl mhs efcastrfjhs suprlehs
ih lxastl oustakagfga÷i ia ehtavfga÷i ghi nfsl li ui fiæmasas sukagalitl, li thrih f mf
rlpfrfga÷i, lm jföh plrshifm y lm elihsgfnh lghi÷eagh. Fenfs aistfigafs ih dfi
ehtavfjh jlnajfelitl su kfmmh, aigurralijh li jlkagaligaf jl ehtavfga÷i lxtlrif,
jlnalijh litlijlrsl qul mfs prleasfs slöfmfjfs phr mfs rlshmugahils gulstahifjfs
jl aistfigaf ih sl lighitrfnfi sustlitfjfs li uif ehtavfga÷i qul sl sustlitl li
gfujfm prhnfthrah sukagalitl y li ui rfzhifealith ouråjagh fjlgufjh, fm jasphilr 
qul lm nali shgafm sl hthrcul f mf jlefijfjf (lsphsf) gheh aijleiazfga÷i.

K\IJFELIZH ^LML[FIZL

 Li
Vuaith.- Li jagdh ghitlxth ourasprujligafm, li sljl jl aistfigaf sl jltlreaif
fjoujagfr lm nali aieulnml f kfvhr jl mf jlefijfjf, fm ghisajlrfrmf gheh mf
 g÷iyucl eæs plroujagfjf ghi mf slpfrfga÷i2 sai lenfrch, ih sl df oustakagfjh
jagdf jlgasa÷i ghi ui fiæmasas sukagalitl, li rlmfga÷i f mfs garguistfigafs
 plrshifmls jl gfjf g÷iyucl, fså gheh mf satufga÷i jl jlsvlitfof y elihsgfnh

61<

 pftraehiafm jlm g÷iyucl eæs plroujagfjh ghi mf slpfrfga÷i y mf phsanamajfj jl

fkrhitfr ghi áxath ui iulvh lstfjh gheh ghislguligaf jlm javhrgah2 ls jlgar,
mf satufga÷i eftlrafm jl ui g÷iyucl rlsplgth jlm htrh, y saeumtæilfelitl
ghepfrfr mf satufga÷i eftlrafm rlsumtfitl jlm g÷iyucl qul sl ghisajlrf eæs
 plroujagfjh ghi mf qul tliåf jurfitl lm eftraehiah, fprlgaæijhsl qul mf

jlgasa÷i
ehtavfga÷ifsueajf
lxtlrifphr mhs ÷rcfihs
fm jasphilr ourasjaggahifmls
mf fjoujagfga÷i prlslitf
prlklrlitl jlmjlkagaligafs
nali shgafm li su
mf
aitlcrajfj f kfvhr jl Fif Efråf Qupfiqua jl Ehrhggh, pfrf cfrfitazfr mf
lstfnamajfj lghi÷eagf jlm g÷iyucl eæs plroujagfjh, sai uif fjlgufjf
 phijlrfga÷i jl mhs lmleliths jl ghivagga÷i rlmlvfitls qul oustakaquli mf
fjoujagfga÷i jlm nali aieulnml jl mf shgaljfj ghiyucfm fm g÷iyucl qul
ghisajlrf df sajh eæs plroujagfjh, qul plreatf fjvlrtar jagdf satufga÷i f mf
muz jl mh qul li lsligaf sl lstæ jlgajalijh ghi uif ehtavfga÷i sukagalitl, ghi
jfths hnoltavhs qul jlravli jlm gfsh pmfitlfjh, phr mh tfith lstl Wuprleh
Zranuifm ghigmuyl qul mf jliuigaf prhglsfm rlsumtf fepfrfnml, gfrlgalijh jl
hnolth leatar prhiuigafealith li rlmfga÷i f mf gfusfm eftlrafm.

GH^ZL W\P^LEF JL O\WZAGAF JL MF ^LPßNMAGFWFMF GA[AM

Z^FIWAZH^AF
GFWFGA×I I¿ ><<->063-G\WGH
Maef, higl jl hgtunrl jl jhs eam jalgasaltl.-
WFMF GA[AM Z^FIWAZH^AF JL MF GH^ZL W\P^LEF JL O\WZAGAF JL MF
^LPßNMAGF.- [astf mf gfusf iÿelrh jhsgaliths gaigulitf y gaigh - jhs eam jalgasaltl,
li fujaligaf pÿnmagf jl mf klgdf2 prhjugajh lm jlnftl y mf vhtfga÷i ghrrlsphijalitl,
leatl mf prlslitl slitligaf?

6. EFZ
EFZL^AF
L^AF JLM ^LG\
^LG\^ ^WH
Wl trftf jlm rlgursh jl gfsfga÷i aitlrpulsth phr Cfnaih Ehrhggh Ftfefra f khofs
jhsgaliths slslitf
hgdh, jl klgdf y saltl, jl
vlaitagaigh ghitrf mf slitligaf
hgtunrl jl jalgasáas,
jl jhs eam vastf jl khofs jhsgaliths
leatajf gaigulitf
phr mf Wfmf Gavam jly
mf Ghrtl Wuplrahr jl Oustagaf jl Gusgh, qul ghikare÷ mf slitligaf fplmfjf jl khofs
galith trlaitf y uih, jl klgdf jalgasaltl jl efrzh jl jhs eam jalgasáas, qul jlgmfr÷
kuijfjf li pfrtl mf jlefijf shnrl javhrgah phr gfusfm jl slpfrfga÷i jl dlgdh jl mhs
g÷iyucls, li ghislguligaf jasulmth lm våigumh eftraehiafm, aikuijfjh lm lxtrleh jl
maquajfga÷i y javasa÷i jl mf shgaljfj jl cfifigafmls y jasphil aijleiazfr f mf
jlefijfjf gheh g÷iyucl plroujagfjf, fjoujagæijhslml lm aieulnml jl mf shgaljfj
ghiyucfm, y sl hrjlif qul lm jlefijfitl ghitaiÿl fgujalijh f kfvhr jl mf jlefijfjf
ghi mf plisa÷i oujagafm hrjlifjf li lm prhglsh jl fmaeliths.

>. FIZL
FIZLGL
GLJL
JLIZ
IZLW
LW JLM
JLM P^H
P^HGL
GLWH
WH
 >.
>.6.
6. Jlef
Jlefijijff
Lm vlaitahgdh jl efyh jl jhs eam quaigl Cfnaih Ehrhggh Ftfefra fgujl fm ÷rcfih
urasjaggahifm pfrf aitlrphilr uif jlefijf jl javhrgah phr gfusfm jl slpfrfga÷i jl

61;

dlgdh phr eæs jl jhs föhs, y qul sl prhiuigal lm ÷rcfih ourasjaggahifm shnrl mf
maquajfga÷i jl mf shgaljfj jl cfifigafmls jlm nali aieulnml unagfjh li lm Pulnmh Ohvli
”[avf lm Plrÿ―, Mhtl \-7, slcuijf ltfpf, jastrath jl Wfitafch, prhvaigaf y jlpfrtfelith
jl Gusgh, aisgrath li mf Pfrtajf I¿ 0>0:0367 jl mhs ^lcastrhs Pÿnmaghs jl Gusgh.
Whstalil qul?

A. Ghitrf
Ghitrfoh
oh eftr
eftraeh
aehiah
iah gava
gavamm ghi
ghi mf jlef
jlefijf
ijfjf
jf lm
lm vlaita
vlaitaj÷s
j÷s jjll li
lilrh
lrh jl
jl eam
eam
ihvlgaliths sltlitf y gaigh, fitl mf Euiagapfmajfj Jastratfm jl Fsammh, prhvaigaf jl
Fzæicfrh, jlpfrtfelith jl Puih, y jurfitl lm eftraehiah prhgrlfrhi guftrh daohs
yf efyhrls jl ljfj, fgujalijh fm ÿmtaeh jl sus daohs ghi uif plisa÷i jl fmaeliths
slcÿi lm Prhglsh I¿ 73>->0672 y

AA. Jlsjl lm ja
jalgahg
lgahgdh
dh jl oumah jl jhs eam higl
higl ph
phrr rfzhils
rfzhils jl
jl aighepftan
aighepftanamajfj
amajfj jl
gfrfgtlrls y jastfigafealith, yf ih ghivavl ghi mf jlefijfjf, quali sacul
vavalijh li mf gfsf, guyf lxtlisa÷i ls jl galith gaigulitf eltrhs gufjrfjhs (6<0
e>), qul dfi ghistruajh jurfitl su rlmfga÷i eftraehiafm, phr mh qul ml ghrrlsphijl
lm gaigulitf phr galith (<0 %) jl jagdh aieulnml.

>.>. Ghitlstfga÷
Ghitlstfga÷i i f mf jlefijf phr Fif Efråf Qupfiqua
Qupfiqua jl Ehrhggh
Ehrhggh
Lm jalgasaltl jl oumah jl jhs eam quaigl mf prlgatfjf jlefijfjf fnsulmvl lm trfsmfjh jl
mf jlefijf ilcæijhmf y ghitrfjagaáijhmf li thjhs sus lxtrlehs, slöfmfijh qul? a) Wu
ÿmtaeh daoh Cfnaih Jfiamh Ehrhggh Qupfiqua jl vlaitatrás föhs sl ligulitrf
lstujafijh li mf \iavlrsajfj Zlgihm÷cagf jl Mhs Fijls - Wljl Gusgh, li mf gfrrlrf
 prhklsahifm jl Aiclialråf jl Wastlefs, quali rlganl jhsgaliths shmls (W/ >00.00) phr 
hrjli jlm Ouzcfjh jl Pfz Mltrfjh jl Wfitafch2 sai lenfrch, lm jlefijfitl df
aitlrpulsth uif jlefijf jl lxhilrfga÷i jl fmaeliths2 aa) Wl df slpfrfjh jl dlgdh dfgl
eæs jl guftrh föhs2 ls jlgar, lm jalgahgdh jl oumah jl jhs eam higl fprhxaefjfelitl,
salijh lm fggahifitl rlsphisfnml jarlgth jl mf slpfrfga÷i, jlspuás jl gufrlitf y gaigh
föhs jl eftraehiah, phr su ghijugtf jlsdhirhsf y phr fjumtlrah.

>.7. WLIZLIGA
WLIZLIGAF F JL P^AEL^F
P^AEL^F AIWZFI
AIWZFIGAFGAF
Eljafitl mf ^lshmuga÷i I¿ 67, jl klgdf jalgasaltl jl efrzh jl jhs eam jalgasáas, lm
Wlcuijh Ouzcfjh Eaxth jl Wfitafch jlgmfr÷ kuijfjf li pfrtl mf jlefijf2 li
ghislguligaf, jasulmth lm våigumh eftraehiafm glmlnrfjh fitl mf Euiagapfmajfj Jastratfm
jl Fsammh, prhvaigaf jl Fzæicfrh, jlpfrtfelith jl Puih, lm vlaitaj÷s jl lilrh jl eam
ihvlgaliths sltlitf y gaigh, l aikuijfjh lm lxtrleh jl mf maquajfga÷i y mf javasa÷i jl mf
shgaljfj jl cfifigafmls, fså gheh mf aijleiazfga÷i f kfvhr jl mf jlefijfjf gheh
g÷iyucl plroujagfjf, fjoujagæijhsl lm aieulnml sath li lm Pulnmh Ohvli ”[avf lm Plrÿ―,
Mhtl \-7, slcuijf ltfpf, jastrath jl Wfitafch, prhvaigaf y jlpfrtfelith jlm Gusgh,
aisgrath li mf Pfrtajf I¿ 0>0:0367, y hrjlif qul Cfnaih Ehrhggh Ftfefra ghitaiÿl
fgujalijh f kfvhr jl mf jlefijfjf ghi mf plisa÷i oujagafm hrjlifjf li lm prhglsh jl
fmaeliths. Ghisajlrf qul?
 6) Lm jle
jlefij
fijfit
fitll y mf jlefij
jlefijfjf
fjf sl
sl ligulit
ligulitrfi
rfi sl
slpfr
pfrfjh
fjhss jl dlgdh
dlgdh jlsjl
jlsjl lm
vlaitahgdh jl oumah jl jhs eam higl, mh qul suplrf li jlefsåf mhs jhs föhs qul

613

lxacl mf mly f mf klgdf jl prlslitfga÷i jl mf jlefijf2

>) Jl ht
htrh
rh mfj
mfjh,
h, mf slpfr
slpfrfga
fga÷i
÷i jl dl
dlgdh
gdh ih tuvh
tuvh gheh
gheh gfusf
gfusf ehtav
ehtavhs
hs mfnhr
mfnhrfml
fmlss ia jl
sfmuj2 sai lenfrch, pfrf kails jl mf slpfrfga÷i jl dlgdh, ih aephrtfi mfs gfusfs
qul mfs ehtavfrhi2

7) Lm jle
jlefij
fijfjh
fjh sl ligu
ligulit
litrf
rf fm jåf
jåf li lm pfc
pfchh jl fmaeli
fmaeliths
ths,, puls ssll ligulit
ligulitrf
rf
 pfsfijh plisa÷i jl fmaeliths f kfvhr jl mf jjlefijfjf
lefijfjf jl slslitf y gaigh shmls (W/
;<.00) y f su daoh jl ihenrl Cfnaih Jfiamh Ehrhggh Qupfiqua jl jhsgaliths shmls
(W/ >00.002

:) Mf sl
slpfrfg
pfrfga÷i
a÷i jl dlgdh sl jah
jah phr gfusfs
gfusfs ftr
ftranuanm
anuanmls
ls fm jlefij
jlefijfitl,
fitl, jlnajh f qul
efitliåf rlmfgahils slitaelitfmls ghi htrf euolr f pfrtar jlm föh jhs eam higl,
slcÿi rlkalrl lm prhpah jlefijfitl, y prhjugth jl jagdf rlmfga÷i prhgrl÷ ui daoh,
mh qul jlsvartÿf qul mhs ehtavhs jl su sfmajf jlm dhcfr ghiyucfm dfyfi sajh mhs
glmhs2 y Mf Wfmf Lsplgafmazfjf li mh Gavam jl mf Ghrtl Wuplrahr jl Oustagaf jl Gusgh,
eljafitl mf ^lshmuga÷i I¿ >3, jl klgdf vlaitagaigh jl hgtunrl jl jhs eam jalgasáas,
leatl mf slitligaf jl vastf qul ghikare÷ mf slitligaf fplmfjf qul jlgmfr÷ kuijfjf
li pfrtl mf jlefijf. Ghisajlrf qul lm jföh hgfsahifjh lstæ prhnfjh y ls
ghisajlrfnml, phr mh qul jlnl fslcurfrsl qul sl aijleiagl f mf jlefijfjf, ghi mf
guhtf jl mhs nalils cfifigafmls qul ml ghrrlsphijlråf fm jlefijfitl.

7. ^LG\
^LG\^ ^WH JL GFW GFWFGA
FGA×I
Lm jlefijfitl Cfnaih Ehrhggh Ftfefra aitlrphil rlgursh jl gfsfga÷i ghitrf mf
slitligaf jl vastf, salijh jlgmfrfjh prhgljlitl phr aikrfgga÷i ihreftavf prhglsfm y
eftlrafm phr lstl Zranuifm Wuprleh eljafitl mf rlshmuga÷i jl klgdf trlaitf jl efrzh jl
jhs eam jalgasaltl. Fm rlsplgth lm rlgurrlitl fmlcf?
f) Aikr
Aikrfgg
fgga÷i
a÷i ihref
ihreftav
tavff jl jlrl
jlrlgdh
gdh eftlr
eftlrafm
afm jl mmhs
hs frt
frtågu
ågumhs
mhs 706,
706, 764,
764, 7>> y 7>7 jlm
G÷jach Gavam, thjf vlz qul mf jlefijf jlna÷ dfnlr sajh jlgmfrfjf kuijfjf li lm
lxtrleh jl mf maquajfga÷i jl mf shgaljfj jl cfifigafmls pfrf mulch hrjlifr qul mhs
g÷iyucls sl rlpfrtfi mf eatfj jlm aieulnml sath li lm Pulnmh Ohvli ”[avf Lm Plrÿ―,
Mhtl \- 7, Wlcuijf Ltfpf, Jastrath jl Wfitafch, Prhvaigaf y Jlpfrtfelith jl
Gusgh, y jl iaicuif efilrf jfr khref f uif supulstf aijleiazfga÷i y
fjoujagfga÷i f kfvhr jl mf jlefijfjf, phr mh tfith, ghi lstl rfzhifealith jlm
ghmlcafjh suplrahr, fm fggahifitl, lm gufm df khreumfjh su prltlisa÷i jl javhrgah
 phr mf gfusfm jl slpfrfga÷i jl dlgdh, prægtagfelitl sl ml df sfigahifjh y
jlsphofjh jlm jlrlgdh qul talil f mf shgaljfj jl cfifigafmls2
 n) Aikrfgga÷i ihreftavf eftlrafm jlm frtågumh 7:<-F
7:<- F jlm G÷jach Gavam, thjf vvlz
lz qul mf
slitligaf jl vastf prltlijl fpmagfr lrr÷ilfelitl jagdh iuelrfm, phr gufith mf
jlefijfjf li su jlnajf hphrtuiajfj ih df shmagatfjh aijleiazfga÷i ia
 fjoujagfga÷i fmcuif jlm gatfjh aieulnml, fjleæs ih df jlehstrfjh plrouagah
fmcuih qul dfyf sukrajh gheh ghislguligaf jl mf slpfrfga÷i jl dlgdh2 y

614

g) [umilr
[umilrfga÷i
fga÷i jl mf
mfss ihrefs
ihrefs qul cf
cfrfitaz
rfitazfi
fi lm
lm jlrlgdh
jlrlgdh f ui jlnajh prhglsh,
prhglsh, prlvastf
prlvastfss
li mhs frtågumhs [AA jlm Zåtumh Prlmaeaifr jlm G÷jach Gavam, AT jlm Zåtumh
Prlmaeaifr, 6>> y 636 jlm G÷jach Prhglsfm Gavam fså gheh mhs aigashs 7, < y 6: jlm
frtågumh 671 jl mf Ghistatuga÷i Phmåtagf jlm Plrÿ, puls mf mlcataeajfj pfrf khreumfr 
su prltlisa÷i jl javhrgah phr mf gfusfm jl slpfrfga÷i jl dlgdh sl jah uif vlz
ghigmuajh lm prhglsh slcuajh phr mf jlefijfjf shnrl javhrgah phr mf gfusfm jl
fjumtlrah, lm easeh qul ghigmuy÷ gufijh sl jlgmfr÷ kuijfjf mf lxglpga÷i jl
gfjugajfj li fenfs aistfigafs, phr mh gufm mf slitligaf jl vastf gfrlgl li ghigrlth
j) Wl ffjoujag
joujagff lm aieuln
aieulnml
ml fj
fjquarajh
quarajh jlitrh jlm eftraeh
eftraehiah
iah li
li lm föh ea
eamm ihvl
ihvlgalit
galiths
hs
hgdlitf y iulvl f kfvhr jl mf jlefijfjf, li lm qul mf easef vavl ghi sus daohs.
>.:. Wlitligaf jl vastf
Mf Wfmf Lsplgafmazfjf li mh Gavam jl mf Ghrtl Wuplrahr jl Oustagaf jl Gusgh, eljafitl mf
^lshmuga÷i I¿ >3, jl klgdf vlaitagaigh jl hgtunrl jl jhs eam jalgasáas, leatl mf
slitligaf jl vastf qul ghikare÷ mf slitligaf fplmfjf qul jlgmfr÷ kuijfjf li pfrtl mf
jlefijf. Ghisajlrf qul lm jföh hgfsahifjh lstæ prhnfjh y ls ghisajlrfnml, phr mh qul
jlnl fslcurfrsl
cfifigafmls qul mlqul sl aijleiagl
ghrrlsphijlråf f mf jlefijfjf, ghi mf guhtf jl mhs nalils
fm jlefijfitl.

7. ^LG\
^LG\^ ^WH JL GFW GFWFGA
FGA×I
Lm jlefijfitl Cfnaih Ehrhggh Ftfefra aitlrphil rlgursh jl gfsfga÷i ghitrf mf
slitligaf jl vastf, salijh jlgmfrfjh prhgljlitl phr aikrfgga÷i ihreftavf prhglsfm y
eftlrafm phr lstl Zranuifm Wuprleh eljafitl mf rlshmuga÷i jl klgdf trlaitf jl efrzh jl
jhs eam jalgasaltl. Fm rlsplgth lm rlgurrlitl fmlcf?
f) Aikr
Aikrfgg
fgga÷i
a÷i ihref
ihreftav
tavff jl jlrl
jlrlgdh
gdh eftlr
eftlrafm
afm jl mmhs
hs frt
frtågu
ågumhs
mhs 706,
706, 764,
764, 7>> y 7>7 jlm
G÷jach Gavam, thjf vlz qul mf jlefijf jlna÷ dfnlr sajh jlgmfrfjf kuijfjf li lm
lxtrleh jl mf maquajfga÷i jl mf shgaljfj jl cfifigafmls pfrf mulch hrjlifr qul mhs
g÷iyucls sl rlpfrtfi mf eatfj jlm aieulnml sath li lm Pulnmh Ohvli ”[avf Lm Plrÿ―,
Mhtl \- 7, Wlcuijf Ltfpf, Jastrath jl Wfitafch, Prhvaigaf y Jlpfrtfelith jl
Gusgh, y jl iaicuif efilrf jfr khref f uif supulstf aijleiazfga÷i y
fjoujagfga÷i f kfvhr jl mf jlefijfjf, phr mh tfith, ghi lstl rfzhifealith jlm
ghmlcafjh suplrahr, fm fggahifitl, lm gufm df khreumfjh su prltlisa÷i jl javhrgah
 phr mf gfusfm jl slpfrfga÷i jl dlgdh, prægtagfelitl sl ml df sfigahifjh y
jlsphofjh jlm jlrlgdh qul talil f mf shgaljfj jl cfifigafmls2
 n) Aikrfgga÷i ihreftavf eftlrafm jlm frtågumh 7:<-F
7:<- F jlm G÷jach Gavam, thjf vvlz
lz qul mf
slitligaf jl vastf prltlijl fpmagfr lrr÷ilfelitl jagdh iuelrfm, phr gufith mf
jlefijfjf li su jlnajf hphrtuiajfj ih df shmagatfjh aijleiazfga÷i ia
fjoujagfga÷i fmcuif jlm gatfjh aieulnml, fjleæs ih df jlehstrfjh plrouagah
 fmcuih qul dfyf sukrajh gheh ghislguligaf jl mf slpfrfga÷i jl dlgdh2 y

611

g) [umilr
[umilrfga÷i
fga÷i jl mf
mfss ihrefs
ihrefs qul cf
cfrfitaz
rfitazfi
fi lm
lm jlrlgdh
jlrlgdh f ui jlnajh prhglsh,
prhglsh, prlvastf
prlvastfss
li mhs frtågumhs [AA jlm Zåtumh Prlmaeaifr jlm G÷jach Gavam, AT jlm Zåtumh
Prlmaeaifr, 6>> y 636 jlm G÷jach Prhglsfm Gavam fså gheh mhs aigashs 7, < y 6: jlm
frtågumh 671 jl mf Ghistatuga÷i Phmåtagf jlm Plrÿ, puls mf mlcataeajfj pfrf khreumfr 
su prltlisa÷i jl javhrgah phr mf gfusfm jl slpfrfga÷i jl dlgdh sl jah uif vlz
ghigmuajh lm prhglsh slcuajh phr mf jlefijfjf shnrl javhrgah phr mf gfusfm jl
fjumtlrah, lm easeh qul ghigmuy÷ gufijh sl jlgmfr÷ kuijfjf mf lxglpga÷i jl
gfjugajfj li fenfs aistfigafs, phr mh gufm mf slitligaf jl vastf gfrlgl li ghigrlth
jl ehtavfga÷i2 fjleæs, mf vfmhrfga÷i jl mhs eljahs prhnfthrahs ls ghepmltfelitl
jlkagalitl, li lsplgafm mhs eljahs prhnfthrahs hkrlgajhs phr lm rlgurrlitl.

:. FW\I
FW\IZH ZH O\
O\^Å
^ÅJA
JAGH
GH LI JLNF
JLNFZLZL
Li lm gfsh pfrtagumfr, mf gulsta÷i ouråjagf li jlnftl ghisastl li fifmazfr sa sl dfi
aikraicajh mfs jasphsagahils jliuigafjfs, vaigumfjfs ghi lm jlrlgdh fm jlnajh prhglsh y
f mf ehtavfga÷i jl mfs rlshmugahils oujagafmls, y jl ih slr lmmh fså, sa sl vumilrfi mhs
frtågumhs 706 (nalils jl mf shgaljfj jl cfifigafmls), 764 (kai jl mf shgaljfj jl
cfifigafmls), 7>> (maquajfga÷i jl mf shgaljfj jl cfifigafmls y 7>7 (cfifigafmls) jlm
G÷jach Gavam.
K\IJFELIZHW JL LWZF WFMF W\P^LEF?
Praelrh.-  Lm rlgursh jl gfsfga÷i talil phr kails mf fjlgufjf fpmagfga÷i jlm jlrlgdh
hnoltavh fm gfsh ghigrlth y mf uiakhreajfj jl mf ourasprujligaf ifgahifm phr mf Ghrtl
Wuprlef jl Oustagaf jl mf ^lpÿnmagf, ghikhrel mh prlgasf lm frtågumh 74: jlm G÷jach
Prhglsfm Gavam. Li eftlraf jl gfsfga÷i ls kfgtanml lm ghitrhm jl mfs jlgasahils
urasjaggahifmls, ghi lm prhp÷sath jl jltlreaifr sa li lmmfs sl dfi aikraicajh h ih mfs
ihrefs qul cfrfitazfi lm jlrlgdh fm prhglsh rlcumfr, tlialijh li ghisajlrfga÷i qul lstl
suphil lm guepmaealith jl mhs praigapahs y cfrfitåfs qul rlcumfi lm prhglsh gheh
aistruelith oujagafm, prlgfvalijh shnrl thjh lm lolrgagah jlm jlrlgdh f mf jlklisf jl mfs
 pfrtls li ghikmagth.
Wlcuijh.-  Fså tfenaái, lm jlrlgdh fm jlnajh prhglsh, ghisfcrfjh li lm aigash 7 jlm
frtågumh 671 jl mf Ghistatuga÷i Phmåtagf jlm Plrÿ, gheprlijl f su vlz, litrl htrhs
jlrlgdhs jl mhs yf slöfmfjhs li lm ghisajlrfijh prlgljlitl, lm jl hntlilr uif
rlshmuga÷i kuijfjf li jlrlgdh eljafitl slitligafs li mfs qul mhs oulgls lxpmaquli li
khref sukagalitl mfs rfzhils jl sus kfmmhs, ghi eliga÷i lxprlsf jl mhs lmleliths
kægtaghs y ouråjaghs qul mhs jltlreaifrhi, jasphsatavh qul ls ghighrjfitl ghi mh
 prlglptufjh phr lm aigash 7 jlm frtågumh 6>> jlm G÷jach Prhglsfm Gavam y lm frtågumh 6>
jlm Zlxth ßiagh Hrjlifjh jl mf Mly Hrcæiagf jlm Phjlr Oujagafm. Fjleæs, mf lxacligaf
jl ehtavfga÷i sukagalitl prlvastf li lm aigash < jlm frtågumh 671 jl mf Gfrtf
Kuijfelitfm, cfrfitazf qul lm oustagafnml puljf gheprhnfr qul mf shmuga÷i jlm gfsh
ghigrlth valil jfjf phr uif vfmhrfga÷i rfgahifm jl mf kuijfelitfga÷i kægtagf jl mh
 fgtufjh y jljlmfmhsfpmagfga÷i
frnatrfraljfj jl mfs
efcastrfjhs, phr jasphsagahils ouråjagfs ls
mh qul li lsl litlijajh plrtailitls, y ih qul
phsanml fkarefr jl uif
rlshmuga÷i qul gfrlzgf jl ehtavfga÷i sukagalitl ih shmh aikraicl ihrefs mlcfmls, saih
tfenaái praigapahs jl iavlm ghistatugahifm.

>00

Zlrglrh.- Fifmazfijh mf aikrfgga÷i ihreftavf prhglsfm qul sarvl jl kuijfelith fm

rlgursh jl gfsfga÷i, sl hnslrvf qul lm rlgurrlitl aivhgf gheh fcrfvah mf vumilrfga÷i
jlm jlnajh prhglsh (lsplgåkagfelitl jlm praigapah jl ehtavfga÷i). Li tfm lsglifrah,
ghrrlsphijl f lstl Wuprleh Zranuifm lxfeaifr sa mf jlgasa÷i fjhptfjf phr mf Wfmf
Wuplrahr sl rlfmaz÷ rlspltfijh mh jaspulsth phr lm frtågumh <0 aigash ; jlm G÷jach
Prhglsfm
Hrcæiagf Gavam, ghighrjfitl
jlm Phjlr Oujagafm,ghimhslm gufmls
frtågumhlstfnmlgli
6> jlm Zlxth
qul ßiagh Hrjlifjh jl
mhs efcastrfjhs mf Mly
talili mf
hnmacfga÷i jl kuijfelitfr mhs fuths y mfs slitligafs nfoh sfiga÷i jl iumajfj rlspltfijh
mhs praigapahs jl olrfrquåf jl mfs ihrefs y lm jl ghicruligaf.
Gufrth.- Fså, mf Wfmf Wuplrahr fm fepfrh jl mh prlvasth phr lm frtågumh 7:<-F jlm G÷jach
Gavam ghikaref mf slitligaf jl praelrf aistfigaf, aijagfijh qul mf elohr efilrf jl
lklgtufr mf rlpfrfga÷i ghistatuyl mf khref lstfnmlgajf phr lm f quh,
quh, phr gufith sl fvhgf
ÿiagfelitl f mf maquajfga÷i jl mf shgaljfj jl cfifigafmls y f mf aijleiazfga÷i qul sl ml
df hthrcfjh f mf jlefijfjf. Li jagdh ghitlxth, tlialijh li gulitf mhs pfræeltrhs
kaofjhs li lm Zlrglr Pmlih Gfsfthrah rlfmazfjh phr mfs Wfmfs Gavamls Plrefilitl y
Zrfisathraf jl mf Ghrtl Wuprlef jl Oustagaf jl mf ^lpÿnmagf (Gfsfga÷i I¿ :;;:->060-
Puih) jl klgdf jalgahgdh jl efrzh jl jhs eam higl, pfrf uif ghrrlgtf aitlrprltfga÷i jl
mhs fmgfigls
jl mhs nalilsjlm prlgatfjh
f kfvhr frtågumheæs
jlm g÷iyucl 60 ‗shnrl mf aijleiazfga÷i
plroujagfjh h fjoujagfga÷i
gheh prhjugth prlklrlitl
jl mf slpfrfga÷i h jlm
javhrgah‗ sl df lstfnmlgajh gheh prlgljlitl oujagafm vaigumfitl li lm puith : jlm kfmmh
qul?
”Pfrf uif jlgasa÷i jl hkagah h f aistfigaf jl pfrtl, shnrl mf aijleiazfga÷i h
fjoujagfga÷i jl nalils, jlm prhglsh jlnli vlrakagfrsl y lstfnmlglrsl mfs prulnfs,
 prlsuigahils l aijagahs qul fgrljatli mf ghijaga÷i jl g÷iyucl eæs plroujagfjh f
ghislguligaf jl mf slpfrfga÷i jl dlgdh h jlm javhrgah li så. Lm Oulz fprlgafræ, li lm
gfsh ghigrlth, sa sl dfi lstfnmlgajh fmcuifs jl
j l mfs sacualitls garguistfigafs?
f) Lm crfjh jl fklgtf
fklgtfga÷i
ga÷i lehg
lehgahifm
ahifm h psaghm÷cag
psaghm÷cagf2
f2
 n) Mf tliligaf y gusthjaf jl dlgdh jl sus daohs elihrls jl ljfj y mf jljagfga÷i
j ljagfga÷i fm
dhcfr2
g) Wa jagdh g÷iyucl
g÷iyucl tuvh qul jlefijfr
jlefijfr fmael
fmaeliths
iths pfrf ám y sus daohs
daohs elihrls jl
ljfj, fitl lm aiguepmaealith jlm g÷iyucl hnmacfjh2
j) Wa df quljfjh li uif efiakalstf satufga÷i lghi÷eagf jlsvlitfohsf y plroujagafm
ghi rlmfga÷i fm htrh g÷iyucl y f mf satufga÷i qul tliåf jurfitl lm eftraehiah,
litrl htrfs garguistfigafs rlmlvfitls―.
Fsaeaseh, tfm gheh sl jlsfrrhmmf li lm kuijfelith I¿ <1 jlm fghtfjh prlgljlitl, pfrf
jltlreaifr mf aijleiazfga÷i ih sl rlqualrl mf ghigurrligaf jl thjhs mhs prlsupulsths jl
mf rlsphisfnamajfj gavam gheÿi (mf fitaouragajfj, lm jföh, mf rlmfga÷i jl gfusfmajfj y lm
kfgthr jl ftranuga÷i), ih ls pfrtagumfrelitl ilglsfrah lstfnmlglr kfgthr jl ftranuga÷i
 fmcuih ‗gheh ls lm gfsh jlm jhmh h mf gumpf li slitajh lstragth‗ ia mf ghijugtf
fitaouråjagf, gheh rlquasaths jl prhgljligaf jl lstf aijleiazfga÷i2 ghigrltfelitl, så ls
ilglsfrah qul ghigurrf mf rlmfga÷i jl gfusfmajfj litrl lm elihsgfnh lghi÷eagh (y lm

>06

jföh plrshifm) ghi mf slpfrfga÷i jl dlgdh y, li su gfsh, ghi lm javhrgah li så. ”(…) Ih
sl aijleiazf gufmqualr jföh h thjhs mhs jföhs prhjugajhs li mf áphgf jl mf slpfrfga÷i
jl dlgdh, saih fqulm jföh qul slf ghislguligaf jarlgtf jl jagdf slpfrfga÷i h jlm
javhrgah li så―. Li htrfs pfmfnrfs, sl aijleiazfi mhs plrouagahs qul sl hracaifrhi ghi
hgfsa÷i jl mf slpfrfga÷i jl dlgdh prhjugajf m÷cagfelitl eugdh fitls jl mf
aitlrphsaga÷i jl mf
satufga÷i ouråjagf quljlefijf, fså ghi
sl prhjuzgf gheh mhs plrouagahs
hgfsa÷i jlm fepfrhhgfsahifjhs jlsjl mfh mh
jl jagdf jlefijf2 iulvf
qul
ls acufm, mf satufga÷i grlfjf ghi lm javhrgah easeh. Li lsl slitajh, lm kuijfelith I¿ ;6
jlm prlgljlitl oujagafm fghtfjh, df lstfnmlgajh qul?
”(…) pfrf qul prhgljf mf aijleiazfga÷i (ouagah jl prhgljanamajfj) phr mhs jföhs
 prhjugajhs gheh ghislguligaf ‗ilxh gfusfm‗ jlm dlgdh hnoltavh jl mf slpfrfga÷i
jl dlgdh h jlm javhrgah li så, lm oulz jlnl vlrakagfr mf rlmfga÷i jl gfusfmajfj, sai
qul jlnf lxacar mf ghigurrligaf jlm kfgthr jl ftranuga÷i, pulsth qul sl trftf jlm
javhrgah rleljah (…) ls ilglsfrah puitufmazfr qul clilrfmelitl, sfmvh satufgahils
lxglpgahifmls, ghi mf rupturf jl dlgdh sl prhjugl pfrf fenhs g÷iyucls plrouagahs
jl javlrsf ifturfmlzf, plrh uih jl mhs ghishrtls rlsumtf eæs plroujagfjh qul lm htrh.
Li lm ghitlxth jlm ouagah jl prhgljanamajfj lm oulz vlrakagfræ sa lxastl li lm prhglsh
li ghigrlth ui g÷iyucl eæs plroujagfjh, fm gufm sl rlkalrl lm frtågumh 7:<-F jlm
G÷jach Gavam. Ghsf jastaitf ls qul li lm æenath jlm ouagah jl kuijfnamajfj sl tlicfi
li gulitf fmcuihs fsplgths jl mf gumpf h jhmh jlm g÷iyucl pfrf jltlreaifr mf
efciatuj jl mhs plrouagahs, y crfjufr lm ehith jl mf aijleiazfga÷i f kfvhr jlm
g÷iyucl eæs plroujagfjh (…)―.
Vuaith.- Li jagdh ghitlxth ourasprujligafm, li sljl jl aistfigaf sl jltlreaif fjoujagfr 
lm nali aieulnml f kfvhr jl mf jlefijfjf, fm ghisajlrfrmf gheh mf g÷iyucl eæs
 plroujagfjf ghi mf slpfrfga÷i2 sai lenfrch, ih sl df oustakagfjh jagdf jlgasa÷i ghi ui
fiæmasas sukagalitl, li rlmfga÷i f mfs garguistfigafs plrshifmls jl gfjf g÷iyucl, fså
gheh mf satufga÷i jl jlsvlitfof y elihsgfnh pftraehiafm jlm g÷iyucl eæs plroujagfjh
ghi mf slpfrfga÷i y mf phsanamajfj jl fkrhitfr ghi áxath ui iulvh lstfjh gheh
ghislguligaf jlm javhrgah2 ls jlgar, mf satufga÷i eftlrafm jl ui g÷iyucl rlsplgth jlm
htrh, y saeumtæilfelitl ghepfrfr mf satufga÷i eftlrafm rlsumtfitl jlm g÷iyucl qul sl
ghisajlrf eæs plroujagfjh ghi mf qul tliåf jurfitl lm eftraehiah, fprlgaæijhsl qul mf
jlgasa÷i fsueajf phr mhs ÷rcfihs ourasjaggahifmls prlslitf jlkagaligafs li mf ehtavfga÷i
lxtlrif fm jasphilr mf fjoujagfga÷i prlklrlitl jlm nali shgafm li su aitlcrajfj f kfvhr jl
Fif Efråf Qupfiqua jl Ehrhggh, pfrf cfrfitazfr mf lstfnamajfj lghi÷eagf jlm g÷iyucl
eæs plroujagfjh, sai uif fjlgufjf phijlrfga÷i jl mhs lmleliths jl ghivagga÷i
rlmlvfitls qul oustakaquli mf fjoujagfga÷i jlm nali aieulnml jl mf shgaljfj ghiyucfm fm
g÷iyucl qul ghisajlrf df sajh eæs plroujagfjh, qul plreatf fjvlrtar jagdf satufga÷i f
mf muz jl mh qul li lsligaf sl lstæ jlgajalijh ghi uif ehtavfga÷i sukagalitl, ghi jfths
hnoltavhs qul jlravli jlm gfsh pmfitlfjh, phr mh tfith lstl Wuprleh Zranuifm ghigmuyl
qul mf jliuigaf prhglsfm rlsumtf fepfrfnml, gfrlgalijh jl hnolth leatar 
  prhiuigafealith li rlmfga÷i f mf gfusfm eftlrafm.
Phr mfs rfzhils fihtfjfs y li fpmagfga÷i jlm frtågumh 71; aigash 6 jlm G÷jach Prhglsfm
Gavam, jlgmfrfrhi?

>0>

K\IJFJH  lm rlgursh jl gfsfga÷i aitlrpulsth phr Cfnaih Ehrhggh Ftfefra f khofs

jhsgaliths slslitf y saltl2 phr ghisacualitl,
GFWF^HI  mf slitligaf jl vastf jl khofs jhsgaliths gaigulitf y hgdh, jl klgdf
vlaitagaigh jl hgtunrl jl jhs eam jalgasáas, leatajf phr mf Wfmf Gavam jl mf Ghrtl
Wuplrahr jl Oustagaf jl Gusgh2 li ghislguligaf,
I\MF  mf easef l AIW\NWAWZLIZL  mf slitligaf fplmfjf jl khofs galith trlaitf y
uih, jl klgdf jalgasaltl jl efrzh jl jhs eam jalgasáas, qul jlgmfr÷ kuijfjf li pfrtl mf
jlefijf2 H^JLIF^HI qul lm oulz jl mf gfusf leatf iulvf slitligaf, ghi frrlcmh f
mly y ghikhrel f mh lstfnmlgajh li mhs ghisajlrfijhs prlgljlitls2
JAWP\WAL^HI  mf punmagfga÷i jl mf prlslitl rlshmuga÷i li lm jafrah hkagafm  Lm 
 Plrufih,, nfoh rlsphisfnamajfj2 li mhs slcuajhs phr Cfnaih Ehrhggh Ftfefra ghitrf
 Plrufih
Fif Efråf Qupfiqua jl Ehrhggh y htrh, shnrl javhrgah phr gfusfm jl slpfrfga÷i jl
dlgdh2 y mhs jlvhmvalrhi. Philitl Wlöhr Earfijf Ehmaif, oulz suprleh.
WW.
^HEL^H JÅF_
GFNLMMH EFZFEFMF
EA^FIJF EHMAIF
JL MF NF^^F NF^^L^F
GÁWPLJLW GFNFMF

7. Kfgumtfj
Kfgumtfj jlm
jlm oulz
oulz jlnl
jlnl prhiui
prhiuigafrs
gafrsll shn
shnrl
rl tliliga
tliligaf,
f, fmaelit
fmaeliths
hs h rácaeli
rácaeli jl
jl
vasatfs, li fpmagfga÷i jlm Zlrglr Pmlih Gfsfthrah Gavam. Gfsfga÷i I¿ >443->06;-
Mf Manlrtfj
^LW\ELI
Lm prlslitl gfsh vlrsf shnrl ui prhglsh jl javhrgah phr gfusfm jl slpfrfga÷i jl
dlgdh, dfnalijh aitlrpulsth rlgursh jl gfsfga÷i lm g÷iyucl (jlefifjfitl), jlnajh

f(javhrgah)
qul mfs yaistfigafs prlgljlitls
lstfnmlgalrhi lm pfch jljlgmfrfrhi
uif plisa÷imfjlprltlisa÷i praigapfm liaikuijfjf
fmaeliths hthrcfjf kfvhr jl
mhs elihrls daohs, tfith phr lm ouzcfjh gheh phr mf Wfmf Wuplrahr. Mf Wfmf
Wuprlef, li lm gfsh li ghigrlth, fpmagf lm Zlrglr Pmlih Gfsfthrah Gavam li gufith f
mf kmlxanamazfga÷i jl mhs prhglshs rlklrajhs f kfeamaf y lm praigapah jl aitlrás
suplrahr jlm iaöh, li tfith qul ih jlnl lxphilrsl f mhs daohs (elihrls) f mf
fklgtfga÷i jl sus jlrlgdhs fitl lm ghikmagth susgatfjh litrl sus pfjrls. Mf jlgasa÷i
jl mf Wfmf Wuprlef rlsplgth jlm rlgursh jl gfsfga÷i aitlrpulsth phr lm jlefijfitl
ls qul ih lxastl iaicuif aikrfgga÷i ihreftavf jlm frtågumh :46 jlm G÷jach Gavam,
aivhgfjf li jagdh rlgursh.

K\IJFELIZH ^LML[FIZL
  Wátaeh.- Fjleæs, tlialijh li gulitf mhs pfræeltrhs kaofjhs li lm Zlrglr Pmlih
Gfsfthrah rlfmazfjh phr mfs Wfmfs Gavamls Plrefilitl y Zrfisathraf jl mf Ghrtl

>07

Wuprlef jl Oustagaf jl mf ^lpÿnmagf (Gfsfga÷i I¿ :;;:->060-Puih) jl klgdf

jalgahgdh jl efrzh jl jhs eam higl, li mhs prhglshs jl kfeamaf, gheh li mhs jl
fmaeliths, javhrgah, kamafga÷i, vahmligaf kfeamafr, litrl htrhs, lm oulz talil
 kfgumtfjls tuatavfs y, li ghislguligaf, sl jlnl kmlxanamazfr fmcuihs praigapahs y
ihrefs prhglsfmls gheh mhs jl aiagaftavf jl pfrtl, ghicruligaf, khrefmajfj,
lvlitufmajfj,
ifturfmlzf prlgmusa÷i
jl mhs y fgueumfga÷i
ghikmagths jl prltlisahils,
qul jlnl shmugahifr, jlravfjhs li
jl ftliga÷i f mf
mfs rlmfgahils
 kfeamafrls y plrshifmls, hkrlgalijh prhtlgga÷i f mf pfrtl plroujagfjf, lmmh jl
ghikhreajfj ghi mh jaspulsth li mhs frtågumhs : y :7 jl mf Ghistatuga÷i
 Phmåtagf jlm Lstfjh qul rlghihgl2 rlsplgtavfelitl, mf prhtlgga÷i lsplgafm fm 
iaöh, mf efjrl, lm figafih, mf kfeamaf y lm eftraehiah, fså gheh mf k÷reumf
 phmåtagf jlm Lstfjh jlehgrætagh y shgafm jl jlrlgdh. Fsaeaseh, lm ”aitlrás
 suplrahr― cfrfitazf mf sftaskfgga÷i jl mh
mhss jlrlgdhs jlm elihr, mh qul saciakagf
qul li thjf jlgasa÷i qul fklgtf fm iaöh h fjhmlsglitl, jlnlræ praefr lm rlsplth
f sus jlrlgdhs, mh gufm talil fsajlrh ihreftavh y suprfifgahifm2 ls jlgar, mf
Ghivliga÷i shnrl mhs Jlrlgdhs jlm Iaöh, qul mf karefi mhs pfåsls ghivhgfitls
lm vlaitl jl ihvalenrl jl eam ihvlgaliths hgdlitf y iulvl (rftakagfjf phr lm 
 Plrÿ lm guftrh jl sltalenrl jl eam ihvlgaliths ihvlitf), y jlkail gheh iaöh/f
f thjh

 slr duefih elihr jl jalgahgdh föhs, fså gheh mhs jlrlgdhs phmåtaghs,
 shgafmls, gumturfmls y lghi÷eaghs jl mhs iaöhs, litrl mhs gufmls jltfmmf guftrh
 praigapahs kuijfelitfmls ghitliajhs li mhs frtågumhs >? mf ih jasgraeaifga÷i,
7? lm aitlrás suplrahr jlm iaöh, ;? lm jlrlgdh f mf vajf, suplrvavligaf y
jlsfrrhmmh, y 6>? lm rlsplth phr mhs puiths jl vastf jlm iaöh. Fså tfenaái, lm 
 praigapah ghiglrialitl fm aitlrás suplrahr jlm iaöh, li lm æenath jlm Jlrlgdh
 Aitlrifgahifm jl mhs Jlrlgdhs Duefih
Duefihs, s, kul rlghihgajh praeacliafelitl phr 
ph r 
mf Hrcfiazfga÷i jl mfs Ifgahils \iajfs lm vlaitl jl ihvalenrl jl eam 
ihvlgaliths gaigulitf y iulvl li mf Jlgmfrfga÷i jl mhs Jlrlgdhs jlm Iaöh,
gufijh li lm Praigapah AA aijagf? ”(…) Fm prheumcfr mlyls ghi lstl kai, mf
ghisajlrfga÷i kuijfelitfm f qul sl ftlijlræ slræ lm aitlrás suplrahr jlm 
iaöh―, gratlrah qul jlm easeh ehjh jlsfrrhmmf lm frtågumh 7.6 jl mf aijagfjf
Ghivliga÷i shnrl mhs Jlrlgdhs jlm Iaöh? ”Li thjfs mfs eljajfs ghiglrialitls
f mhs iaöhs qul theli mfs aistatugahils pÿnmagfs h pravfjfs jl nalilstfr shgafm,
mhs tranuifmls, mfs futhrajfjls fjeaiastrftavfs h mhs ÷rcfihs mlcasmftavhs, uif
ghisajlrfga÷i praehrjafm f qul sl ftlijlræ slræ lm aitlrás suplrahr jlm iaöh―,
rlghcajh phr lm frtågumh AT jlm Zåtumh Prlmaeaifr jlm G÷jach jl mhs Iaöhs y
 Fjhmlsglitls. Li jagdh ghitlxth ourasprujligafm, ihreftavh suprfifgahifm y
ifgahifm, lstl Wuprleh Zranuifm ghisajlrf qul mf eljajf jaspulstf li sljl jl
aistfigaf2 ls jlgar, fm hrjlifr uif plisa÷i jl fmaeliths f kfvhr jl mhs
elihrls daohs jl fenfs pfrtls, sl df kmlxanamazfjh lm praigapah jl ghicruligaf
 prhglsfm y sl df rlspltfjh mhs jlrlgdhs jlm iaöh y jlm fjhmlsglitl.
 GH^ZL W\P^LEF JL O\WZAGAF JL MF ^LPßNMAGFWFMF GA[AM
Z^FIWAZH^AF

>0:

GFWFGA×I I¿ >443->06;-MF MANL^ZFJ

JA[H^GAH PH^ GF\WFM JL WLPF^FGA×I JL DLGDH
Maef, hgdh jl ihvalenrl jl jhs eam jalgasaltl.-
WFMF GA[AM Z^FIWAZH^AF JL MF GH^ZL W\P^LEF JL O\WZAGAF JL MF
^LPßNMAGF? [astf
jalgasáas, lklgtufjh mf gfusfy mfiÿelrh
lm jlnftl jhsghrrlsphijalitl,
vhtfga÷i eam hgdhgalithsleatl
hgdlitf y saltlslitligaf?
mf prlslitl - jhs eam

EFZL^AF JLM ^LG\^WH.-  Wl trftf jlm rlgursh jl gfsfga÷i aitlrpulsth phr 

Wlcuijh Lxlqualm Zfkur Gfnlzf f khofs jhsgaliths gaigulitf y iulvl, ghitrf mf
slitligaf jl vastf jl khofs jhsgaliths jalgaiulvl, jl klgdf slas jl fnram jl jhs eam
quaigl, leatajf phr mf Praelrf Wfmf Lsplgafmazfjf li mh Gavam jl mf Ghrtl Wuplrahr jl
Oustagaf jl Mf Manlrtfj, qul ghikare÷ mf slitligaf fplmfjf jl praelrf aistfigaf jl khofs
galith gaigulitf y slas, jl klgdf gfthrgl jl efrzh jl jhs eam gfthrgl, qul jlgmfr÷
aikuijfjf mf jlefijf y ghijli÷ fm jlefijfitl f fgujar f sus elihrls daohs ghi uif
 plisa÷i jl fmaeliths elisufm jl eam guftrhgaliths iulvhs shmls (W/ 6,:00.00) f rfz÷i
jl sltlgaliths iulvhs shmls (W/ 300.00) pfrf gfjf uih2 li mhs slcuajhs phr Wlcuijh
Lxlqualm Zfkur Gfnlzf ghitrf Efrcht _fpftf Lgdlfijåf y htrh, shnrl javhrgah phr
gfusfm jl slpfrfga÷i jl dlgdh.
K\IJFELIZHW JLM ^LG\^WH.- Lstf Wfmf Wuprlef eljafitl rlshmuga÷i jl
klgdf hgdh jl efyh jl jhs eam jalgasaltl, jl khofs slslitf y jhs jlm gufjlriammh jl
gfsfga÷i, jlgmfr÷ prhgljlitl lm rlgursh aitlrpulsth phr mh sacualitl? f) Aikrfgga÷i
ihreftavf prhglsfm jlm frtågumh 43 jlm G÷jach Prhglsfm Gavam, rlkalrl qul mf Wfmf
Wuplrahr fm dfnlr ghikarefjh mf slitligaf vliajf li crfjh qul jlgmfr÷ aikuijfjf mf
fgga÷i praigapfm jl javhrgah phr gfusfm jl slpfrfga÷i jl dlgdh, mfs fggahils fgglshrafs
tfmls gheh mf jl fmaeliths, tliligaf y rácaeli jl vasatfs, jlnalrhi ghrrlr su easef
sulrtl, pulsth qul pfrf qul tlicfi vajf mfs fggahils fgglshrafs jlplijli jl mf
lxastligaf jl mf fgga÷i praigapfm, mh qul saciakagf ghitrfrah slisu,
slisu, qul sa mf fgga÷i
 praigapfm ih talil vachr2 mfs fgglshrafs tfephgh2 phr mh tfith, lm fj qule df
qule df aitlrprltfjh
lrrfjfelitl lm tlxth jl mf ihref2 y n) Aikrfgga÷i ihreftavf eftlrafm jlm frtågumh :46 jlm
G÷jach Gavam, fjugl qul mf Wfmf Wuplrahr ih df vfmhrfjh qul mf hnmacfga÷i fmaelitfraf
ih shmh ml ghrrlsphijl fm rlgurrlitl saih f fenhs prhcliathrls2 fjleæs, jlnl tlilrsl li
ghisajlrfga÷i mf satufga÷i lghi÷eagf jlm fmaelitastf, salijh sukagalitl qul lm
fmaelitastf fgrljatl qul ih puljl prhvllrsl mhs aicrlshs ilglsfrahs pfrf vavar, jl
fgulrjh fm lstamh jl vajf qul saleprl df chzfjh, mh qul ih df hgurrajh li lstl gfsh2
 puls, ih sl df jlehstrfjh qul mhs fmaelitastfs tlicfi efyhrls ilglsajfjls f mfs
ihrefmls2 fsaeaseh, tfephgh sl dfi vfmhrfjh mfs phsanamajfjls jlm hnmacfjh. Fså gheh
mf prhgljligaf lxglpgahifm phr aikrfgga÷i ihreftavf eftlrafm jlm frtågumh AT jlm Zåtumh
Prlmaeaifr jlm G÷jach jl mhs Iaöhs y Fjhmlsglitls.
GHIWAJL^FIJH?
Praelrh.-  Lm rlgursh jl gfsfga÷i talil phr kails mf fjlgufjf fpmagfga÷i jlm jlrlgdh
 hnoltavh fm gfsh ghigrlth y mf uiakhreajfj jl mf ourasprujligaf ifgahifm phr mf Ghrtl
Wuprlef jl Oustagaf jl mf ^lpÿnmagf, ghikhrel mh prlgasf lm frtågumh 74: jlm G÷jach
Prhglsfm Gavam. Li eftlraf jl gfsfga÷i ls kfgtanml lm ghitrhm jl mfs jlgasahils

>0<

urasjaggahifmls, ghi lm prhp÷sath jl jltlreaifr sa li lmmfs sl dfi aikraicajh h ih mfs

ihrefs qul cfrfitazfi lm jlrlgdh fm prhglsh rlcumfr, tlialijh li ghisajlrfga÷i qul lstl
suphil lm guepmaealith jl mhs praigapahs y cfrfitåfs qul rlcumfi lm prhglsh gheh
aistruelith oujagafm, prlgfvalijh shnrl thjh lm lolrgagah jlm jlrlgdh f mf jlklisf jl mfs
 pfrtls li ghikmagth.
Wlcuijh.- Whnrl lm gfsh qul ihs ftföl ls jl vlrsl qul?

>.6. Wlcÿi lm lsgrath

lsgrath jl khofs vlaitaguftrh, prlslitfjh ghi klgdf vlaitasáas jl fnram jl
jhs eam trlgl, Wlcuijh Lxlqualm Zfkur Gfnlzf aitlrphil jlefijf jl Javhrgah phr 
gfusfm jl slpfrfga÷i jl dlgdh, sunsfifjf eljafitl lsgrath jl khofs gufrlitf y uih,
ghi mf kaifmajfj qul sl jlgmfrl jasulmth lm våigumh eftraehiafm, y gheh prltlisa÷i
fgglshraf shmagatf mh sacualitl? f) Li gufith f mhs fmaeliths pfrf sus elihrls daohs
mf gfitajfj jl guftrhgaliths shmls (W/ :00.00)2 n) ^lsplgth f mf tliligaf y guajfjh
jl sus elihrls daohs qul sl rlghihzgf f kfvhr jl mf efjrl Efrcht _fpftf
Lgdlfijåf2 g) Li rlmfga÷i f mf slpfrfga÷i jl nalils cfifigafmls fjquarajhs jurfitl
mf vacligaf jlm eftraehiah2 y j) Ih lxastl g÷iyucl plroujagfjh ghi mf slpfrfga÷i2
 phr mh tfith, ih talil hnolth aijleiazfr fm g÷iyucl plroujagfjh. Gheh
kuijfeliths jl su jlefijf slöfmf qul? 6) Ghitrfoh eftraehiah gavam ghi mf
jlefijfjf fitl lm ^lcastrh Gavam jl mf Euiagapfmajfj Prhvaigafm jl Zruoammh,
dfnalijh kaofjh su ÿmtaeh jheagamah ghiyucfm li lm oar÷i Wfugls I¿ 746,
\rnfiazfga÷i [astf Fmlcrl, Zruoammh, Mf Manlrtfj, y kruth jl lsf uia÷i ifgalrhi sus
jhs daohs fgtufmelitl jl slas y gfthrgl föhs jl ljfj, guepmalijh f gfnfmajfj ghi
mfs plisahils fmaelitagafs f kfvhr jl lmmhs2 >) Fm fglitufrsl eugdh eæs mf
aighepftanamajfj jl gfrfgtlrls litrl fenhs, lm rlgurrlitl ghi klgdf jalgahgdh jl
efrzh jl jhs eam iulvl, jlgaja÷ rltarfrsl vhmuitfrafelitl jlm dhcfr ghiyucfm y
lepalzf f vavar li ui gufrth fmquamfjh, unagfjh li mf gfmml Jhgl jl Klnrlrh I¿ ;4;,
jastrath jl Kmhrligaf jl Ehrf, phr mh qul fm dfnlr trfisgurrajh eæs jl guftrh föhs
jl su slpfrfga÷i jl dlgdh, lm pmfzh lstfnmlgajh phr mf mly lstæ guepmajh.

>.>. ghitlstf
Eljafitl
Eljafitlmflsgrath
lsgrath jl khofs
jlefijf ihvlitffy khofs
sunsfifjf hgdh,galith
mf jlefijfjf
jlefijfjfshmagatfijh
higl, Efrcht _fpftf
_fpf
qultf sl
Lgdlfijåf
Lgdlfij åf
jlgmfrl
aikuijfjf li thjhs sus lxtrlehs, frcuelitfijh qul? a) Jurfitl lm taleph jl uia÷i
eftraehiafm ih dfi surcajh jlsfvliligafs crfvls, shmh mh qul usufmelitl puljl
sugljlr li thjh eftraehiah2 lm jlefijfitl shrprlijalijh f mf futhrajfj prltlijl
dfglr grllr mf lxastligaf jl aighepftanamajfj jl gfrfgtlrls, ehtavfijh ghi lmmh lm
fnfijhih vhmuitfrah qul jlnl ghisajlrfrsl krfujumlith, puls eaita÷ fm dfnlr 
 prlslitfjh ui fgtf jl rltarh vhmuitfrah karefjf phr lm oulz jl pfz jl Kmhrligaf jl
Ehrf, yf qul lm oulz jl pfz jl praelrf iheaifga÷i Oumah Sfmtlr Cam Kmhrls gufijh
kare÷ jagdf fgtf, ih lrf Oulz li lm föh jhs eam iulvl2 aa) Jlm easeh ehjh su
g÷iyucl iuigf df jheagamafjh li mf gfmml Jhgl jl Klnrlrh, phrqul ih ghihgl f
ifjal li jagdh jastrath, y fjleæs, phr su ghijaga÷i lghi÷eagf jl plrshif
fghehjfjf, ih ml plreatl vavar li jagdh mucfr, ih dfnaáijhsl slpfrfjh jl su mfjh
  phrqul iuigf ml jaoh h iuigf sl jah gulitf jl lmmh2 tfi ls fså qul lm jhgl jl
jagalenrl jl jhs eam jhgl, sfml li lstfjh jl su tlrglr daoh prhgrlfjh litrl fenhs,
 plrh qul phstlrahrelitl mh plrja÷2 aaa) Lm jlefijfitl ih df jlehstrfjh qul jlsjl

>0;

mf klgdf li qul dazh fnfijhih jl dhcfr dfyf guepmajh ghi mhs fmaeliths pfrf sus
daohs, y lm jailrh jlphsatfjh ls jailrh qul jlphsatfi sus kfeamafrls2 fjleæs,
rlsplgth f mhs fmaeliths f kfvhr jl sus daohs, lm ehith prhpulsth ls arrashrah, phr mh
tfith, jlnl fgujar ghi uif plisa÷i fsglijlitl fm slslitf phr galith (;0 %) jl mh
qul plrganl li khref elisufm, y rlsplgth jl mhs nalils shgafmls, lsths jlnli
rlpfrtarsl li lmjl gaigulitf
aijleiazfga÷i trlsgalithsphr
eam galith
iulvhs(<0
shmls%),
(W/ jlnaáijhsl
700,000.00),fjleæs kaofr uif
phr ghisajlrfrsl
 plroujagfjf ghi mf fgtatuj tlelrfraf jlm jlefijfitl.

>.7. Eljafitl mf slitligaf jl praelrf aistfigaf, jl klgdf gfthrgl

gfthrgl jl efrzh jl jhs eam
gfthrgl, lm f quh 
quh  jlgmfr÷ aikuijfjf mf jlefijf, fså gheh mfs prltlisahils
fgglshrafs ghitliajfs li mf easef, rlsplgth fm glsl jl fmaeliths litrl g÷iyucls y
lm klilgaealith jl mf shgaljfj jl cfifigafmls2 fsaeaseh, rlghihgl mf tliligaf jl
mhs elihrls f kfvhr jl su efjrl, kaof ui rácaeli jl vasatfs manrl y fepmah y hrjlif
f Wlcuijh Lxlqualm Zfkur Gfnlzf fgujf f kfvhr jl sus daohs ghi uif plisa÷i
fmaelitagaf elisufm y fjlmfitfjf.

>.:. Eljafitl mf slitligaf

slitligaf jl vastf jl khofs jhsgaliths jalgaiulvl, jl klgdf slas jl fnram
jl jhs eam quaigl, mf Wfmf Wuplrahr ghikare÷ mf slitligaf fplmfjf qul jlgmfr÷
aikuijfjf mf jlefijf y hrjlif fm jlefijfitl fgujar ghi uif plisa÷i jl fmaeliths
elisufm y fjlmfitfjf f kfvhr jl sus elihrls daohs.
Zlrglrh.- Li lm prlslitl gfsh, fm dfnlr jliuigafjh lm rlgurrlitl aikrfggahils
ihreftavfs jl jlrlgdh eftlrafm y jl jlrlgdh prhglsfm, ghrrlsphijl fnshmvlr li praelr 
mucfr lstf ÿmtaef, thjf vlz qul jl jlgmfrfrsl kuijfjf mf easef mf jlgasa÷i rlsplgtavf,
 phr su lklgth jl rllivåh dfstf mf ltfpf li mf qul sl puljf dfnlr gheltajh mf aikrfgga÷i,
aephsanamatfråf lm prhiuigafealith shnrl mf gfusfm sustfitavf.
Gufrth.- Li lstl lstfjh, ls ghivlialitl prlgasfr qul ghikhrel f mh prlvasth phr lm
frtågumh 47 jlm G÷jach Prhglsfm Gavam? ”Li ui prhglsh puljl dfnlr eæs jl uif
 prltlisa÷i, h eæs jl jhs plrshifs. Mf praelrf ls uif fgueumfga÷i hnoltavf y mf slcuijf

uif fgueumfga÷i
hracaifrafs sunoltavf.
h suglsavfs, slcÿi Mf fgueumfga÷i
sl prhphicfi li hnoltavf
mf jlefijfy mfh jlspuás
sunoltavfjlpuljli
aiagafjhslr 
lm
 prhglsh, rlsplgtavfelitl―, jlnaáijhsl litlijlr lithigls phr
p hr fgueumfga÷i, mf uia÷i
ui a÷i jl
vfrafs prltlisahils li ui shmh prhgljaealith (fgueumfga÷i hnoltavf hracaifraf) h mf
aighrphrfga÷i jl jhs h eæs prhglshs f kai jl qul khreli uih shmh y sl jlgajf shnrl
fqulmmfs (fgueumfga÷i hnoltavf suglsavf)2 phr mh tfith, li lm gfsh qul ihs hgupf quljf
gmfrh qul sl trftf jl uif fgueumfga÷i hnoltavf hracaifraf, fm dfnlrsl pmfitlfjh uif
 prltlisa÷i praigapfm, gheh ls mf jl jashmuga÷i jlm våigumh eftraehiafm, y gheh
 prltlisahils fgglshrafs lm lolrgagah jl mf pftraf phtlstfj, fmaeliths y slpfrfga÷i jl
 nalils cfifigafmls. Fsaeaseh, ghikhrel mh prlsgranl lm frtågumh 43 jl mf ihref fghtfjf,
gufijh dfnalijh vfrafs prltlisahils, fm jlgmfrfrsl kuijfjf mf prltlisa÷i praigapfm, sl
fepfrfi tfenaái mfs jleæs.
 Vuaith.- Lipraigapfm,
 prltlisa÷i lm gfsh qul
fså ihs
ghehhgupf, sl fprlgaf qul
mfs prltlisahils li praelrf
fgglshrafs jl aistfigaf sl jlslstaef
glsl jl fmaeliths mf
litrl
g÷iyucls y klilgaealith jl mf shgaljfj jl cfifigafmls, y sl fepfrfi mfs prltlisahils
jl tliligaf, rácaeli jl vastfs y plisa÷i jl fmaeliths, salijh eftlraf jl mf fnshmuga÷i

>03

li slcuijh crfjh phr mf aistfigaf suplrahr lm lxtrleh qul jlslstaef mf prltlisa÷i

 praigapfm y mf pfrtl qul hrjlif fm aepucifitl guepmf ghi fgujar f sus jhs elihrls
daohs ghi uif plisa÷i jl fmaeliths fsglijlitl f mf suef jl eam guftrhgaliths shmls (W/
6,:00.00) f rfz÷i jl sltlgaliths shmls (W/ 300.00) pfrf gfjf uih jl lmmhs, ghikareæijhsl
jagdhs lxtrlehs. I÷tlsl slcÿi sl fjvalrtl jlm rlgursh jl fplmfga÷i khreumfjh f khofs
galith sltlitf
tliligaf y slas, qul
y rácaeli lm rlgurrlitl
jl vasatfs ih gulstahi÷
”Li gufith mh rlsulmth
fm puith phr lm fjl
ghitrhvlrtajh quhmf rlsplgth
quh rlsplgth
tliligaff mfy
rácaeli jl vasatfs lstfehs jl fgulrjh ghi mh rlsulmth li mf slitligaf, puls fså kul ea
 phsturf, ghikhrel sl fjvalrtl jl ea jlefijf―.
Wlxth.- Li jagdh ghitlxth, efm puljl lm rlgurrlitl jliuigafr li gfsfga÷i mf aikrfgga÷i
jlm frtågumh 43 jlm G÷jach Prhglsfm Gavam, sa gufijh fplm÷ ih jaoh ifjf ia jliuiga÷
gheh fcrfvah mh qul fdhrf prltlijl aighrphrfr li gfsfga÷i, dfnalijh aigmush lxprlsfjh
su ghikhreajfj ghi mh rlsulmth li mf slitligaf li rlmfga÷i f mf tliligaf y rácaeli jl
vasatfs2 phr mh tfith, jagdf jliuigaf ih rlsumtf fepfrfnml, puls lstl Wuprleh Zranuifm
ih talil mf gfmajfj jl aistfigaf jl eárath, fm lstfr suolth f mf fpmagfga÷i jlm jlrlgdh
hnoltavh fm gfsh ghigrlth y mf uiakhreajfj jl mf ourasprujligaf ifgahifm phr mf Ghrtl
Wuprlef jl Oustagaf jl mf ^lpÿnmagf.
Wátaeh.-  Fjleæs, tlialijh li gulitf mhs pfræeltrhs kaofjhs li lm Zlrglr Pmlih
Gfsfthrah rlfmazfjh phr mfs Wfmfs Gavamls Plrefilitl y Zrfisathraf jl mf Ghrtl Wuprlef
jl Oustagaf jl mf ^lpÿnmagf (Gfsfga÷i I¿ :;;:->060-Puih) jl klgdf jalgahgdh jl efrzh
jl jhs eam higl, li mhs prhglshs jl kfeamaf, gheh li mhs jl fmaeliths, javhrgah,
kamafga÷i, vahmligaf kfeamafr, litrl htrhs, lm oulz talil kfgumtfjls tuatavfs y, li
ghislguligaf, sl jlnl kmlxanamazfr fmcuihs praigapahs y ihrefs prhglsfmls gheh mhs jl
aiagaftavf jl pfrtl, ghicruligaf, khrefmajfj, lvlitufmajfj, prlgmusa÷i y fgueumfga÷i jl
 prltlisahils, li ftliga÷i f mf ifturfmlzf jl mhs ghikmagths qul jlnl shmugahifr,
jlravfjhs jl mfs rlmfgahils kfeamafrls y plrshifmls, hkrlgalijh prhtlgga÷i f mf pfrtl
 plroujagfjf, lmmh jl ghikhreajfj ghi mh jaspulsth li mhs frtågumhs : y :7 jl mf
Ghistatuga÷i Phmåtagf jlm Lstfjh qul rlghihgl2 rlsplgtavfelitl, mf prhtlgga÷i lsplgafm
fm iaöh, mf efjrl, lm figafih, mf kfeamaf y lm eftraehiah, fså gheh mf k÷reumf phmåtagf jlm
Lstfjh jlehgrætagh
sftaskfgga÷i y shgafmjlm
jl mhs jlrlgdhs jl elihr,
jlrlgdh.
mh Fsaeaseh,
qul saciakagflm qul
”aitlrás suplrahr―
li thjf jlgasa÷icfrfitazf
qul fklgtfmf
fm iaöh h fjhmlsglitl, jlnlræ praefr lm rlsplth f sus jlrlgdhs, mh gufm talil fsajlrh
ihreftavh y suprfifgahifm2 ls jlgar, mf Ghivliga÷i shnrl mhs Jlrlgdhs jlm Iaöh, qul mf
karefi mhs pfåsls ghivhgfitls lm vlaitl jl ihvalenrl jl eam ihvlgaliths hgdlitf y
iulvl (rftakagfjf phr lm Plrÿ lm guftrh jl sltalenrl jl eam ihvlgaliths ihvlitf), y
jlkail gheh iaöh/f f thjh slr duefih elihr jl jalgahgdh föhs, fså gheh mhs jlrlgdhs
 phmåtaghs, shgafmls, gumturfmls y lghi÷eaghs jl mhs iaöhs, litrl mhs gufmls jjltfmmf
ltfmmf guftrh
 praigapahs kuijfelitfmls ghitliajhs li mhs frtågumhs >? mf ih jasgraeaifga÷i, 7? lm
aitlrás suplrahr jlm iaöh, ;? lm jlrlgdh f mf vajf, suplrvavligaf y jlsfrrhmmh, y 6>? lm
rlsplth phr mhs puiths jl vastf jlm iaöh. Fså tfenaái, lm praigapah ghiglrialitl fm aitlrás
suplrahr jlm iaöh, li lm æenath jlm Jlrlgdh Aitlrifgahifm jl mhs Jlrlgdhs Duefihs, kul
rlghihgajh praeacliafelitl phr mf Hrcfiazfga÷i jl mfs Ifgahils \iajfs lm vlaitl jl
 ihvalenrl jl eam ihvlgaliths gaigulitf y iulvl li mf Jlgmfrfga÷i jl mhs Jlrlgdhs jlm
 Iaöh, gufijh li lm Praigapah AA aijagf? ”(…) Fm prheumcfr mlyls ghi lstl kai, mf
ghisajlrfga÷i kuijfelitfm f qul sl ftlijlræ slræ lm aitlrás suplrahr jlm iaöh―, gratlrah

>04

qul jlm easeh ehjh jlsfrrhmmf lm frtågumh 7.6 jl mf aijagfjf Ghivliga÷i shnrl mhs
Jlrlgdhs jlm Iaöh? ”Li thjfs mfs eljajfs ghiglrialitls f mhs iaöhs qul theli mfs
aistatugahils pÿnmagfs h pravfjfs jl nalilstfr shgafm, mhs tranuifmls, mfs futhrajfjls
fjeaiastrftavfs h mhs ÷rcfihs mlcasmftavhs, uif ghisajlrfga÷i praehrjafm f qul sl
ftlijlræ slræ lm aitlrás suplrahr jlm iaöh―, rlghcajh phr lm frtågumh AT jlm Zåtumh
Prlmaeaifr jlm G÷jach jl ymhsifgahifm,
ihreftavh suprfifgahifm Iaöhs y lstl
Fjhmlsglitls. Li jagdh ghisajlrf
Wuprleh Zranuifm ghitlxth ourasprujligafm,
qul mf eljajf
jaspulstf li sljl jl aistfigaf2 ls jlgar, fm hrjlifr uif plisa÷i jl fmaeliths f kfvhr jl
mhs elihrls daohs jl fenfs pfrtls, sl df kmlxanamazfjh lm praigapah jl ghicruligaf
 prhglsfm y sl df rlspltfjh mhs jlrlgdhs jlm iaöh y jlm fjhmlsglitl
Hgtfvh.- Fm ih ghikacurfrsl mf aikrfgga÷i ihreftavf prhglsfm, ghrrlsphijl fnshmvlr mf
aikrfgga÷i ihreftavf eftlrafm jliuigafjf. Fm rlsplgth, lm jlefijfitl jliuigaf mf
aikrfgga÷i ihreftavf jlm frtågumh :46 jlm G÷jach Gavam qul rlcumf mhs gratlrahs pfrf kaofr 
fmaeliths, hnslrvæijhsl qul sus fmlcfgahils sl ligulitrfi hralitfjfs f mf vfmhrfga÷i
qul df lklgtufjh mf Wfmf Wuplrahr2 li tfm slitajh, jagdf jliuigaf ih rlsumtf fepfrfnml
ghikhrel mh jasphil lm frtågumh 613 jlm G÷jach Prhglsfm Gavam, lm gufm prlsgranl qul mhs
ulgls ih sl ligulitrfi hnmacfjhs f lxprlsfr mfs vfmhrfgahils jl thjhs mhs eljahs
 prhnfthrahs, saih shmh
fjleæs oustakaquli rlsplgth mh
mf jlgasa÷i, f mhs
gufmjlihifturfmlzf lsligafm
saciakagf qul dfyfyjlofjh
jltlreaifitl, y qul
jl vfmhrfr mfs
phsanamajfjls lghi÷eagfs jlm hnmacfjh, fså gheh mf phsanamajfj jl guepmar ghi su
g÷iyucl  y sus elihrls daohs, fm dfnlr shplsfjh mf aistfigaf suplrahr qul ih puljl
fvfmfr lm hkrlgaealith qul ghitalil lm puith >.6 jl mf jlefijf ”(...) hkrlzgh mf gfitajfj
jl guftrhgaliths iulvhs shmls (W/ :00.00), f rfz÷i jl jhsgaliths iulvhs shmls (W/
>00.00) pfrf gfjf uih jl eas daohs2 (…) (; föhs) y (6: föhs)―.
Ihvlih.- Li lm ghitlxth jltfmmfjh, mf Wfmf Wuplrahr ih df aikraicajh jl ehjh hnoltavh
lm ”praigapah jlm aitlrás suplrahr jlm iaöh y jlm fjhmlsglitl―, prlvasth li lm frtågumh AT
jlm Zåtumh Prlmaeaifr jlm G÷jach jl mhs Iaöhs y Fjhmlsglitls, jfjh qul mf eljajf
jaspulstf li sljl jl aistfigaf df sajh jagtfjf li aitlrás jlm iaöh y jlm fjhmlsglitl, phr 
gufith mhs daohs ih puljli lxphilrsl f mf vumilrfga÷i jl sus jlrlgdhs fitl mfs
jlsfvliligafs ghiyucfmls jl fenhs pfjrls.
Phr mfs ghisajlrfgahils lxpulstfs, ih sl ghikacurfi mfs gfusfmls jl aikrfgga÷i ihreftavf
jl gfrægtlr eftlrafm ia prhglsfm jliuigafjfs, li ghislguligaf, ih prhgljl fepfrfr lm
 prlslitl rlgursh jl gfsfga÷i, phr mh qul jl ghikhreajfj ghi lm frtågumh 713 jlm G÷jach
Prhglsfm Gavam, jlgmfrfrhi? AIK\IJFJH  lm rlgursh jl gfsfga÷i aitlrpulsth phr 
Wlcuijh Lxlqualm Zfkur Gfnlzf f khofs jhsgaliths gaigulitf y iulvl2 phr ghisacualitl,
IH GFWF^HI mf slitligaf jl vastf jl khofs jhsgaliths jalgaiulvl, jl klgdf slas jl
fnram jl jhs eam quaigl, leatajf phr mf Praelrf Wfmf Lsplgafmazfjf li mh Gavam jl mf
Ghrtl Wuplrahr jl Oustagaf jl Mf Manlrtfj2 JAWP\WAL^HI  mf punmagfga÷i jl mf
 prlslitl rlshmuga÷i li lm jafrah hkagafm  Lm Plrufih,
Plrufih, nfoh rlsphisfnamajfj2 li mhs
slcuajhs phr Wlcuijh Lxlqualm Zfkur Gfnlzf ghitrf Efrcht _fpftf Lgdlfijåf y htrh,
shnrl javhrgah phr gfusfm jl slpfrfga÷i jl dlgdh 2 y mhs jlvhmvalrhi. Philitl Wlöhr 
 Zhrrls [lithgammf, oulz suprleh.-
WW.
^HEL^H JÅF_

>01

GFNLMMH EFZFEFMF
JL MF NF^^F NF^^L^F
GÁWPLJLW GFNFMF
ZH^^LW [LIZHGAMMF

:. Jlgmfrfga÷i
Jlgmfrfga÷i jl i
iumajf
umajfj
j jl
jl hka
hkagah
gah jlm eftraehiah.
eftraehiah. Gfsfga÷i
Gfsfga÷i I¿
I¿ 301->06;-M
301->06;-Maef
aef
^LW\ELI
Lm Wuprleh Zranuifm, li lm prlslitl gfsh, slöfmf jl khref lxprlsf qul ih lxastl
iaicuif aikrfgga÷i ihreftavf y eftlrafm aivhgfjf phr lm rlgursh jl gfsfga÷i
aitlrpulsth phr lm lsphsh (jlefijfitl), shnrl mf gufm shmagatfnf mf iumajfj jlm fgtf
eftraehiafm, kuijfelitfijh qul mf jlefijfjf (lsphsf) lstuvh gfsfjf fitls jl
ghitrflr eftraehiah ghi lm jlefijfjh, lxprlsfijh li su jlklisf mf jlefijfjf
qul iuigf lstuvh gfsfjf fitls, fgrljatfijh jagdf fkarefga÷i ghi lm aikhrel plragafm
jl crfkhtágiagf rlfmazfjh fm fgtf eftraehiafm eftlraf jl iumajfj2 jagdh aikhrel
slöfmf qul mf karef li mf eligahifjf fgtf ih ghrrlsphijl f mf karef jl mf
jlefijfjf (lsphsf). Li ghislguligaf, mf Wfmf Wuprlef ghisajlr÷ mf lxastligaf jl
aikrfgga÷i ihreftavf y eftlrafm y qul mf Wfmf Wuplrahr vfmhr÷ fjlgufjfelitl mhs
eljahs prhnfthrahs. Fjleæs, ls rlmlvfitl, rlsplgth jl mf aijleiazfga÷i hthrcfjf
 phr fm Wfmf Wuplrahr,
Wup lrahr, gatfr lm lxtrfgth jlm kuijfelith jágaeh gufith qul slöfmf qul
qu l
”mf Wfmf Wuprlef ghepfrtl mhs kuijfeliths lxpulsths phr mf Wfmf Wuplrahr li
gufith f mf prltlisa÷i aijleiazfthraf fm g÷iyucl eæs plroujagfjh, li mf qul
ghisajlrf qul sa nali ls galrth kul Efraltf [agthraf Efjraj jl Pailjh quali rlfmaz÷
lm fnfijhih jl dhcfr, lmmh sl jlna÷ f mf vahmligaf lolrgajf ghitrf lmmf phr pfrtl jl
Ohsá Dlrifijh Pailjh Wfitammfif, jl ehjh qul lxaståfi ehtavhs rfzhifnmls pfrf
rlfmazfr lm rltarh―. Whnrl mh eligahifjh, mf Wfmf Wuprlef jlgaja÷ jlgmfrfr 
aikuijfjh lm rlgursh jl gfsfga÷i aitlrpulsth phr lm jlefijfitl (lsphsh).

K\IJFELIZH ^LML[FIZL

 Wátaeh.- Vul, sai lenfrch, jl mhs frcueliths jlm rlgurrlitl (Ohsá Dlrifijh

 Pailjh Wfitammfif), sl fjvalrtl qul lsths lstæi jlstaifjhs f rlstfr eárath
 prhnfthrah f mh jlgmfrfjh phr Efraltf [agthraf Efjraj jl Pailjh rlsplgth fm 
eftraehiah ghi [ågthr Duch Fmafcf Wfmfzfr2 sai lenfrch, lmmh gfrlgl jl
fsajlrh puls, mf Wfmf Wuplrahr df rlsulmth mf iumajfj jl hkagah jlm eftraehiah
jl klgdf vlaitasáas jl lilrh jl eam ihvlgaliths sltlitf y guftrh, mulch jl
fifmazfjhs mhs eljahs prhnfthrahs fphrtfjhs væmajfelitl fm prhglsh, gheh fså 
mh df lxprlsfjh li mhs kuijfeliths jl su slitligaf, gheh shi mf prhpaf
jlgmfrfga÷i jl [ågthr Duch Fmafcf Wfmfzfr, mf jlgmfrfga÷i tlstaehiafm jl
 Efraltf [agthraf Efjraj jl Pailjh, fså gheh mf plragaf crfkhtágiagf hnrfitl f
  khofs hgdhgaliths gaigulitf y trls, hrjlifjf phr lm oulz, rlsplgth jl mf karef
jl Efraltf [agthraf Efjraj jl Pailjh pulstf li lm fgtf jl eftraehiah, mf gufm 
df ghigmuajh qul jagdf karef ih prhvalil jl su puöh crækagh, ghi mh gufm lm 

>60

 oulz sl ligulitrf li mf kfgumtfj jl jlgmfrfr jl hkagah mf iumajfj jl fgths

efiakalstfelitl iumhs. Fuifjh f lmmh, tfephgh ls phsanml aivhgfr qul sl df
leatajh ui prhiuigafealith lxtrf pltatf , puls, gheh nali df guepmajh ghi
lxprlsfr mf Wfmf jl eárath, dfi sajh mfs pfrtls qualils aicrlsfrhi f jlnftl lm 
tlef jl mf iumajfj jlm eftraehiah jl klgdf vlaitasáas jl lilrh jl eam 
ihvlgaliths sltlitf yfjleæs
Wfmfzfr, fgtuæijhsl guftrh,mhsaighrphrfijh pfrf lmmh
eljahs prhnfthrahs f [ågthrf Duch
jlstaifjhs Fmafcf
lstfnmlglr mf
vfmajlz h ih jl jagdh fgth eftraehiafm, ls phr lmmh qul, li ehjh fmcuih sl
 puljl slöfmfr qul sl gfusf ui plrouagah f mfs pfrtls, yf qul thjhs
ghitranuylrhi f mf hntliga÷i jl mf vlrjfj eftlrafm2 jl ehjh tfm qul mf
aikrfgga÷i ihreftavf prhglsfm jlnl slr jlslstaefjf.

GH^ZL W\P^LEF JL O\WZAGAF JL MF ^LPßNMAGFWFMF GA[AM

Z^FIWAZH^AF
GFWFGA×I I¿ 301->06;-MAEF
JA[H^GAH PH^ GF\WFM JL WLPF^FGA×I JL DLGDH
Maef, jalgasaltl jl oumah jl jhs eam jalgasaltl.-
WFMF GA[AM Z^FIWAZH^AF JL MF GH^ZL W\P^LEF JL O\WZAGAF JL MF
^LPßNMAGF2 [astf mf gfusf iÿelrh sltlgaliths iulvl - jhs eam jalgasáas, li
fujaligaf pÿnmagf mmlvfjf f gfnh li mf klgdf2 y prhjugajf mf vhtfga÷i ghi frrlcmh f mly,
leatl mf sacualitl slitligaf?

A. FW\IZH?
Li lm prlslitl prhglsh jl javhrgah phr gfusfm jl slpfrfga÷i jl dlgdh, dfi aitlrpulsth
rlgursh jl gfsfga÷i mf jlefijfitl Efraltf [agthraf Efjraj jl Pailjh eljafitl lsgrath
hnrfitl f khofs eam slasgaliths trlgl y lm jlefijfjh Ohsá Dlrifijh Pailjh Wfitammfif
eljafitl lsgrath hnrfitl f khofs eam quaialiths hgdlitf y iulvl, ghitrf mf slitligaf jl
vastf jlphr
leatajf khofs eam quaialiths
mf Praelrf gaigulitf yjluih,
Wfmf Lsplgafmazfjf jl uih
Kfeamaf jlGhrtl
jl mf hgtunrl jl jhsjleam
Wuplrahr quaigl,
Oustagaf jl
Maef, qul jlgmfrf kuijfjf mf jlefijf aitlrpulstf phr Efraltf [agthraf Efjraj jl
Pailjh2 aikuijfjf mf rlghivliga÷i jl iumajfj jl eftraehiah l aijleiazfga÷i2 rlvhgf
mf fplmfjf jl khofs eam trlsgaliths sltlitf y trls, jl klgdf jalgaiulvl jl jagalenrl jl
jhs eam gfthrgl, qul kaof uif aijleiazfga÷i f kfvhr jl mf jlefijfitl li mf suef jl jalz
eam shmls (W/ 60,000.00)2 rlkhreæijhmf, kaof uif aijleiazfga÷i f kfvhr jl Efraltf
[agthraf Efjraj jl Pailjh phr mf suef jl trls eam shmls (W/ 7,000.00) ehith qul jlnlræ
slr gfiglmfjh phr lm jlefijfjh2 ghikare÷ li gufith f mf maquajfga÷i jl mhs nalils, y jl
hkagah jlgmfrf mf iumajfj jlm fgth y pfrtajf jl eftraehiah jl klgdf vlaitasáas jl lilrh
jl eam ihvlgaliths sltlitf y guftrh.

AA.
AA. FI
FIZL
ZLGL
GLJL
JLIZ
IZL
LW?
 6. Jlefijf?

>66

Lm vlaitaj÷s jl efrzh jl jhs eam slas, eljafitl lsgrath hnrfitl f khofs trlgl, sunsfifjh
f khofs vlaitagaigh, Efraltf [agthraf Efjraj jl Pailjh aitlrpush jlefijf jl javhrgah
 phr mf gfusfm jl slpfrfga÷i jl dlgdh, ghitrf Ohsá Dlrifijh Pailjh Wfitammfif2
 prltlijalijh qul sl jlgmfrl jasulmth
j asulmth lm vaigumh eftraehiafm lxastlitl litrl fenhs, nfoh
mhs sacualitls kuijfeliths?
• Fmlcf
Fmlcf qul
qul ghitr
ghitrfoh
foh eft
eftrae
raehiah
hiah gavam
gavam ghi
ghi llmm lepmf
lepmfzfj
zfjhh lm trl
trlait
aitff y ui
uihh jl jjaga
agalen
lenrl
rl
jl eam ihvlgaliths sltlitf y slas, fitl lm Ghigloh Jastratfm jl Efcjfmlif jlm Efr,
 prhvaigaf y jlpfrtfelith jl Maef y qul kruth jl jagdf rlmfga÷i eftraehiafm dfi
 prhgrlfjh f sus daofs mmfefjfs E. ^. P. E. y G. [., salijh mf ÿmtaef jl mfs
ihenrfjfs elihr jl ljfj.
• ^lkalr
^lkalrll qul
qul gh
ghikhr
ikhrel
el ls
ls jl vlrsl
vlrsl jjll mf
mfss jliui
jliuigaf
gafss phmag
phmagafm
afmls
ls jl
jl kl
klgdf
gdf jalgah
jalgahgdh
gdh jl
 oumah jl eam ihvlgaliths
i hvlgaliths ihvlitf y higl jjll ihvalenrl
ihv alenrl jl eam ihvlgaliths
ih vlgaliths ihvlitf
y trls, mf rlgurrlitl df rlfmazfjh jhs rltarhs jlm dhcfr jlnajh f mhs ghistfitls
efmtrfths jl su g÷iyucl, y qul jlsjl lsf ÿmtaef klgdf sl ligulitrf slpfrfjf jlm
lepmfzfjh, lsth ls eæs jl jhgl föhs, guepmaáijhsl ghi lm prlsupulsth qul mf mly
lxacl.
• Phr ÿmtaeh
ÿmtaeh fmlcf
fmlcf qqul
ul jurf
jurfitl
itl mf uia÷
uia÷ii eftra
eftraehia
ehiafm
fm ddfi
fi fjqua
fjquaraj
rajhh lm nal
nalii aieul
aieulnml
nml
sath li lm oar÷i Pljrh Eurammh I¿ 60>6 ‗jlpfrtfelith 606‗ Pulnmh Manrl.

>. Ghitls
Ghitlstfga
tfga÷i
÷i jl mf jlefij
jlefijff y rlghiv
rlghivlig
liga÷i
a÷i??
Lm jlefijfjh Ohsá Dlrifijh Pailjh Wfitammfif, eljafitl lsgrath hnrfitl f khofs
slslitf y iulvl, ghitlst÷ mf jlefijf ilcæijhmf li thjhs sus lxtrlehs, frcuelitfijh
qul?
• Lklgta
Lklgtavfe
vfelit
litll sl
sl li
ligul
gulitrf
itrfii slpfr
slpfrfjhs
fjhs jls
jlsjl
jl lmlm fö
föhh eam
eam ih
ihvlg
vlgali
aliths
ths ihvl
ihvlitf
itf y
trls, plrh ih ls galrth qul mf fgthrf sl dfyf rltarfjh jlm dhcfr ghiyucfm phrqul ih
lxastl jagdh dhcfr, puls mh iulstrh ih kul ia saqualrf ui ghigunaifth saih uif
uia÷i amlcfm
fmlcf qul ám qul fgfn÷ gufijh
mh fjquara÷ ghi susl litlr÷liqul
jailrh lmmf eam
lm föh lrf ihvlgaliths
gfsfjf. ^lsplgth fm nali
hgdlitf shgafmy
y gaigh,
qul ih puljl khrefr pfrtl jl mf maquajfga÷i phrqul su uia÷i ghi mf fgthrf ls amlcfm
fm dfnlrsl gfsfjh ghi lmmf gufijh yf lstfnf gfsfjf.
• Fsaeas
Fsaeaseh,
eh, khreum
khreumff ^LGH
^LGHI[L
I[LIGA
IGA×I
×I jl jle
jlefijf
fijf jl iumajfj
iumajfj jl eftrae
eftraehia
hiahh l
aijleiazfga÷i phr jföh ehrfm fsglijalitl f mf suef jl jhsgaliths gaigulitf eam
shmls (W/ ><0.000.00), fmlcfijh qul gufijh ghitrfoh eftraehiah ghi mf fgthrf
lstfnf ghivligajh qul lrf efjrl shmtlrf gheh lmmf sl mh dfnåf efiaklstfjh, y qul
ghi klgdf phstlrahr ghi mf mmfefjf jl su praelr g÷iyucl, the÷ ghihgaealith qul
jhs föhs fitls jl dfnlr ghitrfåjh eftraehiah ghi mf fgthrf, lmmf yf sl dfnåf gfsfjh
ghi [ågthr Duch Fmafcf Wfmfzfr fitl mf Euiagapfmajfj Jastratfm jl Dufrapfepf lm
 vlaitasáas jl lilrh jl eam ihvlgaliths sltlitf y guftrh, clilræijhml uif crfi
jlprlsa÷i y jltlrahrh li su sfmuj, dueammæijhmh. F pfrtar jl lithigls mf fgthrf mh
lxpums÷ jl su dhcfr, mh jliuiga÷ phr vahmligaf kfeamafr y ml aiaga÷ uif jlefijf jl

>6>

fmaeliths sai ilglsajfj. ^lsplgth f mf aijleiazfga÷i fmlcf qul mf fgthrf fgtu÷ jl

efmf kl, phr mh qul jlnl slr aijleiazfjh.

7. Wlit
Wlitli
liga
gaff j
jll pra
prael
elrf
rf ai
aist
stfi
figa
gaf?
f?
Lm jalgaiulvl jl jagalenrl jl jhs eam gfthrgl, eljafitl ^lshmuga÷i iÿelrh galith
guftrh, hnrfitl f khofs eam trlsgaliths sltlitf y trls, lm Jágaeh Vuaith Ouzcfjh jl
Kfeamaf jl mf Ghrtl Wuplrahr jl Oustagaf jl Maef, jlgmfr÷  kuijfjf mf jlefijf
aitlrpulstf phr Efraltf [agthraf Efjraj jl Pailjh, shnrl javhrgah phr gfusfm jl
slpfrfga÷i jl dlgdh, kaof uif aijleiazfga÷i f su kfvhr li mf suef jl jalz eam shmls (W/
60,000.00), fså gheh mf maquajfga÷i jlm nali aieulnml fjquarajh li lolguga÷i jl
slitligaf2 l aikuijfjf mf rlghivliga÷i, slöfmfijh qul?
• Li gufi
gufith
th fm
fm talep
talephh jl slp
slpfrf
frfjhs
jhs,, sl lig
ligulit
ulitrf
rf gghrrh
hrrhnhrf
nhrfjh
jh ghi
ghi mf
mf fk
fkare
arefga
fga÷i
÷i jlm
jlm
jlefijfjh fm ghitlstfr mf jlefijf, fm rlghihglr qul lstæi slpfrfjhs jlsjl lm föh
eam ihvlgaliths ihvlitf y trls, fuifjh f mfs ghpafs jl mfs jliuigafs phmagafmls jl
khofs slas y hgdh, mh qul fgrljatf uif slpfrfga÷i jl eæs jl vlaitaÿi föhs, phr mh
qul mf jlefijf rlsumtf fepfrfnml.
• Li gufith
gufith f mf mf rlghiv
rlghivlig
liga÷i
a÷i mhs rlsumt
rlsumtfjh
fjhss jlm
jlm aikhr
aikhrel
el plra
plragaf
gafmm jl khofs
khofs
hgdhgaliths gaigulitf y trls, fgrljatf qul mf fgthrf ih ghitrfoh eftraehiah gavam
ghi [ågthr Duch Fmafcf Wfmfzfr, puls li jagdh plratfol sl ghigmuy÷ qul mf karef
ftranuajf f mf fgthrf ih prhvalil jlm puöh crækagh jl su tatumfr, mh qul sl ghrrhnhrf
ghi mfs fkarefgahils rlfmazfjfs phr lstl ÿmtaeh eljafitl lsgrath jl klgdf jalgasáas
jl lilrh jl jhs eam hgdh.
• Lm jlefijf
jlefijfjh
jh ih
ih df fghepf
fghepföfj
öfjhh pruln
prulnfs
fs suk
sukaga
agalit
litls
ls qul fgrlja
fgrljatli
tli slr lm g÷iy
g÷iyucl
ucl
eæs plroujagfjh ghi mf slpfrfga÷i jl dlgdh.
• Li gufi
gufith
th f mf aijle
aijleiaz
iazfga
fga÷i
÷i ffmm g÷
g÷iyuc
iyucll eæs
eæs pl
plrou
roujag
jagfjh
fjh,, mf fgt
fgthrf
hrf efiaka
efiakalst
lstff qul
li eugdfs hphrtuiajfjls su g÷iyucl rlgurra÷ f mf vahmligaf jlgajalijh slpfrfrsl y
slcuar ui trftfealith dhspatfmfrah phr ui els y eljah phr jlprlsa÷i, vahmligaf qul
lstæ ghrrhnhrfjf ghi mhs jhgueliths jl khofs guftrhgaliths trlaitf, qul ml hthrcf
cfrfitåfs plrshifmls y phr rlshmuga÷i kasgfm qul ml hthrcf eljajf jl prhtlgga÷i2
fsaeaseh, mf slitligaf jl vahmligaf kfeamafr aitlrpulstf phr mf fgthrf ghitrf lm
jlefijfjh, qul sl jlgmfrfjf kuijfjf y ghikarefjf, lm aikhrel jlm Ghisloh
 Ifgahifm pfrf mf Aitlcrfga÷i jl mf Plrshif ghi Jasgfpfgajfj - Ghifjas, qul jf
gulitf qul mf fgthrf pfjlgl jlm såijrhel jlm tÿilm gfrpafih y trfsthrih eaxth jl
fisaljfj y jlprlsa÷i, phr lm jföh lehgahifm qul ml hgfsahi÷ lm jlefijfjh2 phr mh
tfith ftlijalijh f mfs garguistfigafs slöfmfjfs, rlsumtf prhgljlitl kaofr 
 prujligafmelitl ui ehith aijleiazfthrah f su kfvhr, ih salijh prhgljlitl
fjoujagfr lm ÿiagh nali jl mf shgaljfj ghiyucfm, f kfvhr jl mf fgthrf, yf qul fenhs
 g÷iyucls talil jlrlgdh shnrl lstl.
:. ^lsh
^lshmu
muga
ga÷i
÷i jl sl
slcu
cuij
ijff ais
aistfi
tfiga
gaf?
f?

>67

Lm uih jl hgtunrl jl jhs eam quaigl, mf Praelrf Wfmf Lsplgafmazfjf jl Kfeamaf jl mf

Ghrtl Wuplrahr jl Oustagaf jl Maef, leata÷ mf slitligaf jl vastf jl khofs eam quaialiths
gaigulitf y uih, qul kfmmf ghikarefijh mf slitligaf fplmfjf  qul jlgmfrf kuijfjf mf
jlefijf jl javhrgah aitlrpulstf phr Efraltf [agthraf Efjraj jl Pailjh2 aikuijfjf mf
rlghivliga÷i jl iumajfj jl eftraehiah2 y mf rlvhg÷ li gufith kaof uif aijleiazfga÷i f
kfvhr jl Efraltf
eam shmls [agthrafghikaref
(W/ 7,000.00)2 Efjraj jl
liPailjh2
gufith rlkhreæijhmf kaofjlm
f mf maquajfga÷i mf aijleiazfga÷i li trls
nali li lolguga÷i jl
slitligaf, y jlgmfrf jl hkagah mf iumajfj jlm fgth y pfrtajf jl ifgaealith jl klgdf
vlaitasáas jl lilrh jl eam ihvlgaliths sltlitf y guftrh, nfoh mhs sacualitls frcueliths?
• Jl mf jlef
jlefij
ijff jjll j
jav
avhr
hrga
gahh phr
phr sl
slpf
pfrf
rfga
ga÷i
÷i jl dlgd
dlgdh?
h? Jl mf lvfmufga÷i ghiouitf
y rfzhifjf jl mhs eljahs prhnfthrahs fgtufjhs li fuths sl fprlgaf qul
lklgtavfelitl mhs g÷iyucls sl ligulitrfi slpfrfjhs jl dlgdh phr ui plrahjh jl
taleph suplrahr fm prlvasth phr mly, lsth ls jl guftrh föhs.
• Jl mf
mf rl
rlgh
ghiv
ivli
liga
ga÷i
÷i jl
jl iuma
iumajf
jfj
j jl eft
eftra
raeh
ehiaiahh l ai
aijl
jlei
eiaz
azfg
fga÷
a÷i?
i? Wl fplrshi÷ fm
 prhglsh [ågthr Duch Fmafcf Wfmfzfr efiaklstfijh qul mf fggahifitl ih tuvh
ghihgaealith ia lstuvh prlslitl li mf glmlnrfga÷i jlm eftraehiah guyf iumajfj sl
 prltlijl, lm easeh qul iuigf sl rlfmaz÷ y qul ofeæs lstuvh gfsfjf ghi ám, y qul sa
 nali lxastl ui jhguelith, ih ls lmmf quali kare÷ ia ghisaita÷ su vhmuitfj pfrf
gfsfrsl2 fkarefgahils qul sl ligulitrfi fgrljatfjfs hnoltavfelitl ghi lm aikhrel
 plragafm jl crfkhtágiagf jl khofs hgdhgaliths gaigulitf y trls2 phr mh qul
ghrrlsphijl ghikarefrsl mf fplmfjf li lstl lxtrleh.
• ^lsp
^lsplglgth
th f mf aaij
ijle
leia
iazfg
zfga÷
a÷i
i fm g÷iy
g÷iyuc
ucll eæs
eæs pplr
lrou
ouja
jagf
gfjh
jh?? Jlm lstujah jl fuths
sl fjvalrtl qul df quljfjh lstfnmlgajh qul kul mf jlefijfitl quali sl rltar÷ jlm
dhcfr ghiyucfm jlnajh f mhs ghistfitls efmtrfths kåsaghs y ehrfmls hgfsahifjhs
jlitrh jl lstl phr pfrtl jl su g÷iyucl, fsuealijh shmf mf ghijugga÷i jl su dhcfr 
kfeamafr, fså gheh mf tliligaf lklgtavf jl sus jhs elihrls daofs, tlialijh mf
ilglsajfj jl jlefijfr phr fmaeliths2 eæs fÿi sa sl fjvalrtl jl fuths qul mf
fggahifitl prlslitf ui lstfjh jl jasgfpfgajfj, ghislgulitlelitl, sl df kaofjh ui
ehith aijleiazfthrah f kfvhr jl mf g÷iyucl jlefijfitl, lm easeh qul jlnl
kaofrsl li khref prujligafm y fghrjl fm eárath jl mh fgtufjh, ghisajlrfijh jl uif
 pfrtl qul lm jlefijfjh ls ealenrh glsfitl jl mf Phmagåf Ifgahifm jlm Plrÿ y qul,
df fsastajh ghi uif plisa÷i fmaelitagaf f kfvhr jl mf jlefijfitl y sus lithigls
elihrls daofs, mf easef qul sl ligulitrf vaclitl f mf klgdf f kfvhr jl mf
fggahifitl.
• Jlgm
Jlgmfr
frfg
fga÷
a÷i
i jl iuma
iumajf
jfj
j jl hkaga
hkagahh jl pfrt
pfrtaj
ajff jl eftr
eftrae
aehi
hiah?
ah?  Ftlijalijh f mfs
jlgmfrfgahils tfith jl Efraltf [agthraf Efjraj jl Pailjh gheh jl [ågthr Duch
Fmafcf Wfmfzfr, fså gheh mf plragaf crfkhtágiagf rlsplgth jl mf karef ftranuajf li lm
fgtf jl eftraehiah jl klgdf vlaitasáas jl lilrh jl eam ihvlgaliths slslitf y
 guftrh, li mf qul sl ghigmuy÷ qul mf karef jl Efraltf [agthraf Efjraj jl Pailjh ih
 prhvalil jl su puöh crækagh, sl ghigmuyl qul Efraltf [agthraf Efjraj jl Pailjh
ih pfrtagap÷, phr tfith, mf efiaklstfga÷i lxprlsf jlm ghitrfylitl jl glmlnrfr lm fgth

>6:

eftraehiafm, mh qul ih sl guepma÷, phr mh qul sl puljl fkarefr qul jagdh fgth
eftraehiafm ih sl rlfmaz÷, phr mh gufm ih talil vfmajlz ouråjagf fmcuif, jlvaialijh
li iumf.

AAA.. ^LG
AAA ^LG\^W
\^WH
H JL GFWFGA×
GFWFGA×I?
I?
Lm jalgahgdh jl jagalenrl jl jhs eam quaigl, lm jlefijfjh Ohsá Dlrifijh Pailjh
Wfitammfif, eljafitl lsgrath jl khofs eam quaialiths hgdlitf y iulvl, aitlrpush rlgursh
jl gfsfga÷i ghitrf mf slitligaf jl vastf, salijh jlgmfrfjh prhgljlitl phr lstl Wuprleh
Zranuifm eljafitl mf rlshmuga÷i jl klgdf guftrh jl efyh jl jhs eam jalgasáas, hnrfitl f
khofs slslitf y guftrh, phr mf sacualitl aikrfgga÷i?
• Aikrfg
Aikrfgga÷
ga÷i
i ihre
ihrefta
ftavf
vf eftl
eftlraf
rafmm jl
jl mhs
mhs fr
frtåg
tågumh
umhss >7:,
>7:, >:4,
>:4, >3<,
>3<, >3;,
>3;, 6:0
6:0 y >61 jlm
G÷jach Gavam.- Jlsghihglr lm praelr eftraehiah væmajh litrl mf fgthrf y [ågthr 
Duch Fmafcf Wfmfzfr saciakagf jlsghihglr mf lxastligaf jl su daof vavf jl ihenrl
Lrabf Efraltf Fmafcf Efjraj. Lm Phjlr Oujagafm ih puljl jlgmfrfr mf iumajfj jl ui
slcuijh eftraehiah nfsæijhsl ÿiagfelitl li ui saepml jagdh jl mf fgthrf qul jl
ih ls mf easef plrshif, mf fgthrf iuigf jaoh qul lrf htrf plrshif ÿiagfelitl
slöfm÷ qul ih lrf su karef, mh gufm ls kfmsh phrqul lmmf sl gfs÷ ghi mf futhrazfga÷i
jl sus pfjrls phr slr elihr jl ljfj, ih salijh ilglsfraf su karef ia qul jlgmfrl su
ghislitaealith, phr mh qul mf plragaf hrjlifjf ih talil iaicÿi vfmhr.
Df aikrfggahifjh lm frtågumh >7: jlm G÷jach Gavam, phrqul ih sl puljl jashmvlr ui
eftraehiah qul ls iumh jl pmlih jlrlgdh phrqul mf fgthrf ghitrfoh ui praelr 
eftraehiah.
Df aikrfggahifjh lm frtågumh >:4 jlm G÷jach Wustfitavh, phrqul mf fgthrf ih
guepmåf lm rlquasath jl lstfr shmtlrf. Df aikrfggahifjh mhs frtågumhs >3< y >3; jlm
G÷jach Gavam, li tfith qul jlna÷ jlgmfrfr mf iumajfj jlm slcuijh eftraehiah.
Df aikrfggahifjh lm frtågumh 6:0 jlm G÷jach Gavam, phrqul lm eftraehiah qul
jlgmfrf su jashmuga÷i ih guepml ghi mhs lmleliths pfrf su vfmajlz phr lstfr mf
fgthrf gfsfjf fitlrahrelitl.
Wl df aikrfggahifjh lm frtågumh >61 jlm G÷jach Gavam, phrqul sl jlna÷ jlgmfrfr mf
iumajfj   lxtrf
iumajfj jlm eftraehiah glmlnrfjh ghi lm rlgurrlitl y ih jlgmfrfr mf iumajfj 
 pltatf jlm
 pltatf jlm praelr eftraehiah.
• Aikrfg
Aikrfgga÷
ga÷i
i ihre
ihrefta
ftavf
vf prhg
prhglsf
lsfmm jl
jl mhs
mhs frtå
frtågum
gumhs
hs 6644,
44, 610,
610, 613
613 y >06 jlm G÷j
G÷jach
ach
Prhglsfm Gavam.- Wl dfi aikrfggahifjh mhs frtågumhs 644 y 610 jlm G÷jach Prhglsfm
Gavam, li tfith qul ih sl df vfmhrfjh jlnajfelitl mfs ghijagahils jl mhs dlgdhs
fghitlgajhs, lsth ls, grllr saepmlelitl li mhs jagdhs jl mf fgthrf y su praelr 
g÷iyucl.
 Wl df aikrfggahifjh mhs frtågumhs 613 y >06 jlm G÷jach Prhglsfm Gavam, li tfith qul
ih sl df vfmhrfjh mh efiaklstfjh phr lm rlgurrlitl li su pmalch aitlrrhcfthrah.
Fsaeaseh, Efraltf [agthraf Efjraj jl Pailjh, aitlrphil rlgursh jl gfsfga÷i

>6<

eljafitl lsgrath hnrfitl f khofs eam slasgaliths trlgl, salijh jlgmfrfjh prhgljlitl
 phr lstl Wuprleh Zranuifm eljafitl mf rlshmuga÷i jl klgdf guftrh jl efyh jl jhs
eam jalgasáas, hnrfitl f khofs slslitf y uih jlm prlslitl gufjlrih, phr mf sacualitl
aikrfgga÷i?

• Aikrfg
Aikrfgga÷
Gavam. ga÷i
i ihref
ihreftav
tavff eftlr
eftlrafm
afm phr aifpma
aifpmagfg
gfga÷i
a÷i jlm frt
frtågu
ågumh
mh 77:<-F
:<-F jlm G÷j
G÷jach
ach

Wa nali lm oulz aivhgf lstf ihref y lstfnmlgl qul mf rlgurrlitl ls mf g÷iyucl

 plroujagfjf, ih sl fpmagf lm lxtrleh jl jagdf ihref qul lstfnmlgl mf fjoujagfga÷i
 prlklrlitl.

A[. K\IJF
K\IJFELIZ
ELIZHW
HW JL LWZF WFMF W\P^LEF?
W\P^LEF?
Praelrh.-  Vul, lm rlgursh jl gfsfga÷i talil phr kails mf fjlgufjf fpmagfga÷i jlm
jlrlgdh hnoltavh fm gfsh ghigrlth y mf uiakhreajfj jl mf ourasprujligaf ifgahifm phr mf
Ghrtl Wuprlef jl Oustagaf jl mf ^lpÿnmagf, ghikhrel mh slöfmf lm frtågumh 74: jlm
G÷jach Prhglsfm Gavam.
^lsplgth lm rlgursh jl gfsfga÷i prlslitfjh phr Ohsá Dlrifijh Pailjh Wfitammfif?
Wlcuijh.- Vul, dfnaáijhsl jlgmfrfjh prhgljlitl lm rlgursh phr mf gfusfm jl aikrfgga÷i
ihreftavf eftlrafm y prhglsfm, li praelr táreaih jlnl jamugajfrsl mf gfusfm rlmftavf f mf
aikrfgga÷i ihreftavf prhglsfm, jl ghikhreajfj ghi lm aigash : jlm frtågumh 744 jlm
G÷jach Prhglsfm Gavam ‗ehjakagfjh phr mf Mly I¿ >17;:‗, lm gufm lstfnmlgl qul sa lm
rlgursh jl gfsfga÷i ghituvalrf fenhs pljajhs (fiumfthrah h rlvhgfthrah), jlnlræ
litlijlrsl lm fiumfthrah gheh praigapfm y lm rlvhgfthrah gheh sunhrjaifjh, lmmh li
ftliga÷i f su lklgth iumakagfitl.
Zlrglrh.- Vul, mf aikrfgga÷i prhglsfm sl ghikacurf gufijh li lm jlsfrrhmmh jlm prhglsh,
ih sl dfi rlspltfjh mhs jlrlgdhs prhglsfmls jl mfs pfrtls, sl dfi hnvafjh h fmtlrfjh
fgths jl prhgljaealith, mf tutlmf ourasjaggahifm ih df sajh lklgtavf, lm ÷rcfih
urasjaggahifmjljlof
trfiscrlsa÷i jl ehtavfr sus
mf ihreftavajfj jlgasahils
vaclitl y jl mhsh praigapahs
mh dfgl liprhglsfmls.
khref aighdlrlitl, li gmfrf
Gufrth.-  Vul, lm jlrlgdh fm jlnajh prhglsh talil trls lmleliths? f) Lm jlrlgdh jl
fgglsh f fmcuif jl mfs ehjfmajfjls jl oustagaf aistatugahifmazfjf prlvastfs li lm
hrjlifealith ouråjagh2 n) Lm prhglsh easeh sl foustl f uif slral jl lxacligafs qul
kfvhrlzgfi li mf efyhr eljajf phsanml f mf ghislguga÷i jl uif jlgasa÷i oustf2 y, g) Mf
suplrfga÷i pmlif y hphrtuif jlm ghikmagth ghi uif jlgasa÷i oustf, f trfvás jl mf
lolguga÷i tfenaái pmlif y hphrtuif. Mf aephrtfigaf jl lstl jlrlgdh pfrf mf prhtlgga÷i
jl mhs jlrlgdhs kuijfelitfmls df jfjh mucfr f qul slf ghisajlrfjh gheh ui Praigapah
clilrfm jlm Jlrlgdh, cfrfitåf ghistatugahifm y gheh ui jlrlgdh kuijfelitfm.
Vuaith.- Vul, uih jl mhs fsplgths jl lstl jlrlgdh jlitrh jlm prhglsh ls lm rlklrajh f mf
 prulnf, ”lmmh li mf eljajf li qul mhs oustagafnmls lstæi kfgumtfjhs pfrf prlslitfr thjhs
 mhs eljahs prhnfthrahs plrtailitls, f kai jl qul puljfi grlfr li lm ÷rcfih ourasjaggahifm
mf ghivagga÷i ilglsfraf jl qul sus frcueliths
frcue liths pmfitlfjhs shi ghrrlgths―.

>6;

Wlxth.-  Vul, salijh lmmh fså, jlnl tlilrsl prlslitl qul lm frtågumh 613 jlm G÷jach
Prhglsfm Gavam, prlsgranl qul? ”Zhjhs mhs eljahs prhnfthrahs shi vfmhrfjhs phr lm oulz
li khref ghiouitf, utamazfijh su fprlgafga÷i rfzhifjf. Wai lenfrch, li mf rlshmuga÷i
shmh slræi lxprlsfjfs mfs vfmhrfgahils lsligafmls y jltlreaifitls qul sustlitli su
jlgasa÷i―. Li lsl slitajh, jlnl litlijlrsl qul lm oulz sl ligulitrf li mf hnmacfga÷i jl
ftlijlr y fifmazfr
fmcuif jl mhs eljahs
mfs pfrtls, saleprlprhnfthrahs
qul lsths qul aitlitfi
guepmfi mhsfgrljatfr ui pfrf
rlquasaths dlgdhsufmlcfjh phr 
fjeasa÷i2
ghistatuylijh mf heasa÷i f lstl prlglpth uif aikrfgga÷i f mf ihref qul lstfnmlgl mf
kaifmajfj jl mhs eljahs prhnfthrahs ghitliajf li lm frtågumh 644 jlm G÷jach Prhglsfm
Gavam.
Wátaeh.-  Vul, sai lenfrch, jl mhs frcueliths jlm rlgurrlitl (Ohsá Dlrifijh Pailjh
Wfitammfif), sl fjvalrtl qul lsths lstæi jlstaifjhs f rlstfr eárath prhnfthrah f mh
jlgmfrfjh phr Efraltf [agthraf Efjraj jl Pailjh rlsplgth fm eftraehiah ghi [ågthr 
Duch Fmafcf Wfmfzfr2 sai lenfrch, lmmh gfrlgl jl fsajlrh puls, mf Wfmf Wuplrahr df
rlsulmth mf iumajfj jl hkagah jlm eftraehiah jl klgdf vlaitasáas jl lilrh jl eam
ihvlgaliths sltlitf y guftrh, mulch jl fifmazfjhs mhs eljahs prhnfthrahs fphrtfjhs
væmajfelitl fm prhglsh, gheh fså mh df lxprlsfjh li mhs kuijfeliths jl su slitligaf,
gheh shi mf
tlstaehiafm jl prhpaf
Efraltfjlgmfrfga÷i jl [ågthr
[agthraf Efjraj Duch fså
jl Pailjh, Fmafcf
ghehWfmfzfr,
mf plragafmf crfkhtágiagf
jlgmfrfga÷i
hnrfitl f khofs hgdhgaliths gaigulitf y trls, hrjlifjf phr lm oulz, rlsplgth jl mf karef
jl Efraltf [agthraf Efjraj jl Pailjh pulstf li lm fgtf jl eftraehiah, mf gufm df
ghigmuajh qul jagdf karef ih prhvalil jl su puöh crækagh, ghi mh gufm lm Oulz sl
ligulitrf li mf kfgumtfj jl jlgmfrfr jl hkagah mf iumajfj jl fgths efiakalstfelitl iumhs.
Fuifjh f lmmh, tfephgh ls phsanml aivhgfr qul sl df leatajh ui prhiuigafealith lxtrf
ltatf,, puls, gheh nali df guepmajh ghi lxprlsfr mf Wfmf jl eárath, dfi sajh mfs pfrtls
ltatf
qualils aicrlsfrhi f jlnftl lm tlef jl mf iumajfj jlm eftraehiah jl klgdf vlaitasáas jl
lilrh jl eam ihvlgaliths sltlitf y guftrh, aighrphrfijh pfrf lmmh f [ågthr Duch Fmafcf
Wfmfzfr, fgtuæijhsl fjleæs mhs eljahs prhnfthrahs jlstaifjhs f lstfnmlglr mf vfmajlz h
ih jl jagdh fgth eftraehiafm, ls phr lmmh qul, li ehjh fmcuih sl puljl slöfmfr qul sl
gfusf ui plrouagah f mfs pfrtls, yf qul thjhs ghitranuylrhi f mf hntliga÷i jl mf vlrjfj
eftlrafm2 jl ehjh tfm qul mf aikrfgga÷i ihreftavf prhglsfm jlnl slr jlslstaefjf.
Hgtfvh.-  Vul, salijh lmmh fså, ghrrlsphijl fifmazfr mfs aikrfggahils ihreftavfs
eftlrafmls aivhgfjfs phr lm rlgurrlitl (Ohsá Dlrifijh Pailjh Wfitammfif), f trfvás jl
mfs gufmls prltlijl qul slf jlgmfrfjh iumh su eftraehiah jl klgdf trlaitf y uih jl
jagalenrl jl eam ihvlgaliths sltlitf y slas, puls slcÿi fmlcf, f mf klgdf jl jagdh
eftraehiah, Efraltf [agthraf Efjraj jl Pailjh sl lighitrfnf jlitrh jl mf gfusfm jl
iumajfj lstfnmlgajf li lm frtågumh >3: aigash 7 jlm G÷jach Gavam, lsth ls, qul ls iumh lm
eftraehiah jlm gfsfjh. Wai lenfrch, jagdf gfusfm tfenaái gfrlgl jl fsajlrh rlfm y nfsl
galrtf, puls ftlijalijh f mh lxprlsfjh li lm ghisajlrfijh fitlrahr, sl df slöfmfjh qul lm
eftraehiah jl Efraltf [agthraf Efjraj jl Pailjh ghi klgdf vlaitasáas jl lilrh jl eam
ihvlgaliths sltlitf y guftrh, df sajh jlgmfrfjh iumh, ftlijalijh f qul lmmf iuigf
  pfrtagap÷ li mf glmlnrfga÷i jl jagdh fgth ouråjagh, salijh lmmh fså, ih ls fpmagfnml mf
gfusfm jl iumajfj jl eftraehiah aivhgfjf, puls Efraltf [agthraf Efjraj jl Pailjh ih
tliåf aepljaelith eftraehiafm fmcuih. Lstfijh f mh lxpulsth, mf aikrfgga÷i ihreftavf
eftlrafm tfenaái ghrrlsphijl slr jlslstaefjf.

>63

^lsplgth fm rlgursh jl gfsfga÷i prlslitfjh phr Efraltf [agthraf Efjraj jl

Pailjh?
Ihvlih.-  Vul, mf kuijfelitfga÷i jl mf aikrfgga÷i ihreftavf eftlrafm jlnl lstfr 
jaracajf f gulstahifr mf aifjlgufjf fpmagfga÷i jlm jlrlgdh hnoltavh, qul li ghighrjfigaf
ghi lm frtågumh 74; jlm G÷jach Prhglsfm Gavam, jlnl aigajar jarlgtfelitl shnrl mf
jlgasa÷i ghitliajf li mf rlshmuga÷i aepucifjf, lsth ls, jlnl slr jltlreaifitl.
Fsaeaseh, dfnaáijhsl prlgasfjh qul mf rlgurrlitl aepucif ÿiagfelitl lm lxtrleh qul
rlvhgf mf fplmfjf, y kaof f su kfvhr mf suef jl trls eam shmls (W/ 7,000.00) phr ghiglpth
jl aijleiazfga÷i y ghikaref lm lxtrleh qul jasphil qul shnrl lm nali fjquarajh jlitrh
jlm eftraehiah sl lklgtÿl mf maquajfga÷i rlsplgtavf.
Jágaeh.-  Vul, fdhrf nali, ghrrlsphijl fifmazfr mf jliuigaf gfsfthraf rlsplgth f mf
aikrfgga÷i ihreftavf jlm frtågumh 7:<-F jlm G÷jach Gavam, rlklrajh f mf aijleiazfga÷i
li gfsh jl plrouagah. Fså puls, sl prlglptÿf qul ”(…) Lm oulz vlmfræ phr mf lstfnamajfj
lghi÷eagf jlm g÷iyucl qul rlsumtl plroujagfjh phr mf slpfrfga÷i jl dlgdh, fså gheh mf
jl sus daohs. Jlnlræ slöfmfr uif aijleiazfga÷i phr jföhs, aigmuylijh lm jföh
plrshifm u hrjlifr mf fjoujagfga÷i prlklrlitl jl nalils jl mf shgaljfj ghiyucfm ,

aijlplijalitlelitl
fpmagfnmls f kfvhr jlmjl mf plisa÷i
g÷iyucl jl fmaeliths
qul rlsumtl qul ml phr
eæs plroujagfjh pujalrf ghrrlsphijlr.
mf slpfrfga÷i Whi
jl dlgdh,
mfs jasphsagahils ghitliajfs li mhs frtågumhs 7>7, 7>:, 7:>, 7:7, 7<6 y 7<>, li gufith
slfi plrtailitls― (mh rlsfmtfjh ls iulstrh).
Jágaeh praelrh.- Vul, gheh sl eligahif li lm kuijfelith :4 jlm eligahifjh Pmlih
Gfsfthrah, gatfijh f Dlreaiaf Gfepuzfih Zhriá, qul? ”Fqulmmf prlstfga÷i sftasklgdf
ihrefmelitl li khref jl rlitf plra÷jagf, qul mf mly ftranuyl, fm efrcli jl thjf
gumpfnamajfj, fm g÷iyucl qul ghi phstlrahrajfj f mf slitligaf jl slpfrfga÷i h javhrgah
sl ligulitrl li uif satufga÷i lghi÷eagf jlskfvhrfnl li rlmfga÷i ghi mf efitliajf phr 
lm htrh lsphsh y ghi mf jaskrutfjf jurfitl lm eftraehiah, jaracajf kuijfelitfmelitl f
rlstfnmlglr lm lquamanrah litrl mfs ghijagahils eftlrafmls jl mhs lsphshs, rhth ghi mf
glsfga÷i jl mf vajf ghiyucfm―. Walijh lmmh fså, sl talil qul lstl taph jl aijleiazfga÷i,
ls uif jl lsplgafm
jlitrh rlmlvfigaf, ghitrfgtufm
mf rlsphisfnamajfj puls ls uifh hnmacfga÷i mlcfm qul
lxtrfghitrfgtufm, ih qul
saih puljl liefrgfrsl
rlsphijl f mf
shmajfrajfj kfeamafr, tlialijh gheh kaifmajfj lquamanrfr mfs jlsacufmjfjls lghi÷eagfs
mulch jl mf jashmuga÷i jlm eftraehiah.
Jágaeh slcuijh.-  Vul, fsaeaseh, lm rlklrajh pmlih slöfmf qul jagdf aijleiazfga÷i
 phjræ slr jl jhs khrefs?
k hrefs? eljafitl lm pfch jl uif
u if suef jailrfraf h phr mf fjoujagfga÷i
 prlklrlitl jl uih h vfrahs nalils jl mf shgaljfj ghiyucfm, f quali sl dfyf lstfnmlgajh
gheh g÷iyucl eæs plroujagfjh ghi mf slpfrfga÷i. Wai lenfrch, slræ ilglsfrah ghitfr 
ghi lmleliths qul gfusli ghivagga÷i jlm plrouagah gfusfjh, pfrf jasphilr sa prhgljl h
ih mf rlklrajf aijleiazfga÷i, pujalijh ghitfrsl pfrf lmmh ghi prulnfs, prlsuigahils l
aijagahs2 tlialijh li ghisajlrfga÷i sa dunh fgulrjh litrl mhs g÷iyucls, ljfj, lstfjh jl
sfmuj, gufmakagfga÷i prhklsahifm, prhnfnamajfjls jl fgglsh fm lepmlh, jljagfga÷i f mf
 kfeamaf,
lvlitufm ghmfnhrfga÷i li fgtavajfjls,
jl plisa÷i, eljahs jurfga÷i
lghi÷eaghs jlm eftraehiah
y ilglsajfjls, h ghivavligaf,
h gufmqualrf párjajf
htrf garguistfigaf
rlmlvfitl.

>64

Jágaeh tlrglrh.-  Vul, fuifjh f lmmh, sa nali ls galrth lm hrjlifealith mlcfm phil f
jasphsaga÷i jlm ouzcfjhr fenfs eljajfs (aijleiazfga÷i y fjoujagfga÷i prlklrlitl),
jlnl likftazfrsl qul lstfs talili gfrægtlr lxgmuylitl, y ih talili gheh kaifmajfj rlpfrfr 
jföhs saih lquamanrfr jlsacufmjfjls rlsumtfitls jl mf slpfrfga÷i jl dlgdh.
Jágaeh gufrth.-  Vul, lstfijh f mh lxpulsth, lstf Wfmf Wuprlef ghepfrtl mhs
kuijfeliths lxpulsths phr mf Wfmf Wuplrahr li gufith f mf prltlisa÷i aijleiazfthraf fm
g÷iyucl eæs plroujagfjh, li mf qul ghisajlrf qul sa nali ls galrth kul Efraltf [agthraf
Efjraj jl Pailjh quali rlfmaz÷ lm fnfijhih jl dhcfr, lmmh sl jlna÷ f mf vahmligaf
lolrgajf ghitrf lmmf phr pfrtl jl Ohsá Dlrifijh Pailjh Wfitammfif, jl ehjh qul lxaståfi
ehtavhs rfzhifnmls pfrf rlfmazfr lm rltarh, quljfijh f su guajfjh sus jhs elihrls daofs,
 pfrf mh gufm jlefij÷ fmaeliths, fuifjh fm dlgdh qul mf jlefijfitl hstlitf mf
ghijaga÷i jl plrshif ghi jasgfpfgajfj, jl ehjh tfm qul, ls mf jlefijfitl mf g÷iyucl
eæs plroujagfjf, pfrf mh gufm mfs aistfigafs ghivalili li hthrcfr ui ehith jailrfrah f
su kfvhr, lm gufm df sajh vfrafjh phr mf Wfmf Wuplrahr ftlijalijh f mfs ghijagahils
 plrshifmls jlm jlefijfjh. Lmmh ligulitrf su oustakagfga÷i li qul
qu l lm hthrcfealith jl mf
eljajf fjhptfjf ih puljl clilrfr lm lephnrlgaealith jl uif jl mfs pfrtls, y
ftlijalijh f qul li lm gfsh jl fuths lm jlefijfjh ls ounamfjh jl mf Phmagåf Ifgahifm
jlm Plrÿ, ui Jlnl
sunsastligaf. ehith suplrahr fjleæs
rlghrjfrsl phjråf qul,
saciakagfr qul sl phicf
lm hthrcfealith jl mf li plmacrh
eljajf su prhpaf
jlplijlræ ih
shmh jl mh shmagatfjh phr lm g÷iyucl plroujagfjh saih qul lm oulz fifmazfræ guæm ls mf eæs
fjlgufjf pfrf lm gfsh ghigrlth. Ls ftlijalijh f jagdf kfgumtfj qul pfrf lm prlslitl
 prhglsh, sl df ghigmuajh qul lstfijh f qul mfs pfrtls shmh fjquaralrhi ui aieulnml
jurfitl mf vacligaf jl mf shgaljfj ghiyucfm, lstl jlnlræ slr maquajfjh li lolguga÷i jl
slitligaf, phr lmmh, ghisajlrfi eæs fkåi ghi lm slitajh jl mf ihref aivhgfjf, lm
hthrcfealith jl uif aijleiazfga÷i, mf gufm, slcÿi eligahifehs, hnljlgl f ui fkæi jl
lquapfrfr jlslquamanrahs y ih jl rlpfrfga÷i jl jföhs.
Jágaeh quaith.- Vul, li ghislguligaf, lstl Wuprleh Zranuifm lstaef qul ih elrlgl
slr fepfrfjh lm rlgursh jl gfsfga÷i aitlrpulsth phr Efraltf [agthraf Efjraj jl Pailjh
 phr mf aikrfgga÷i ihreftavf jliuigafjf jl hrjli eftlrafm.
JLGAWA×I?  Lstfijh f mfs ghisajlrfgahils lxpulstfs y jl ghikhreajfj ghi mhs
frtågumhs 6> jlm Zlxth ßiagh Hrjlifjh jl mf Mly Hrcæiagf jlm Phjlr Oujagafm y 713 jlm
G÷jach Prhglsfm Gavam, jlgmfrfrhi?

6. Jlgmfrfr AIK\IJFJHW  mhs rlgurshs jl gfsfga÷i aitlrpulsths phr Efraltf

[agthraf Efjraj jl Pailjh hnrfitl f khofs eam slasgaliths trlgl y Ohsá Dlrifijh
Pailjh Wfitammfif hnrfitl f khofs eam quaialiths hgdlitf y iulvl2 li ghislguligaf,
IH GFWF^HI mf slitligaf jl vastf jl khofs eam quaialiths gaigulitf y uih, jl
uih jl hgtunrl jl jhs eam quaigl, leatajf phr mf Praelrf Wfmf Lsplgafmazfjf jl
Kfeamaf jl mf Ghrtl Wuplrahr jl Oustagaf jl Maef.

>. JAWP\WAL^HI  mf punmagfga÷i jl mf prlslitl rlshmuga÷i li lm jafrah hkagafm  Lm 

  Plrufih, nfoh rlsphisfnamajfj2 li mhs slcuajhs phr Efraltf [agthraf Efjraj jl
 Plrufih,
Pailjh ghitrf Ohsá Dlrifijh Pailjh Wfitammfif y htrh, shnrl javhrgah phr gfusfm jl
slpfrfga÷i jl dlgdh2 y mhs jlvhmvalrhi. Philitl Wlöhrf Gáspljls Gfnfmf, oulzf
suprlef.-

>61

W.W.
^HEL^H JÅF_
GFNLMMH EFZFEFMF
EA^FIJF EHMAIF
JL MF NF^^F NF^^L^F
GÁWPLJLW GFNFMF

<. Kfmtf jl e
eljahs
ljahs prhnfthrahs
prhnfthrahs pfrf fgrljatfr
fgrljatfr lm
lm hthrcfea
hthrcfealith
lith jl aijlei
aijleiazfga
azfga÷i
÷i
jl g÷iyucl plroujagfjf. Gfsfga÷i I¿ 6;<;->06;-Ehqulcuf
^LW\ELI
Mf Wfmf Wuprlef jlgaja÷ jlgmfrfr aikuijfjh lm rlgursh jl gfsfga÷i aitlrpulsth phr 
lm jlefijfitl (lsphsh), jlnajh f qul mf jlefijfjf, sustlitæijhsl li
ghisajlrfgahils jl ih ghitlstfr mf jlefijf jl javhrgah phr gfusfm jl slpfrfga÷i jl
gulrphs y slr jlgmfrfjf rlnlmjl, fjleæs qul rliuiga÷ f mf aijleiazfga÷i eljafitl
lsgrath prlslitfjh li lm prhglsh. Fsaeaseh jlnl slöfmfrsl qul tfephgh mf

jlefijfjf
ghi fgrljat÷
mf slpfrfga÷i, ih eljafitl eljah
salijh iumf prhnfthrah
mf slitligaf rlsumtfr
lxpljajf phrslr g÷iyucl
mf Wfmf plroujagfjh
Wuplrahr.

K\IJFELIZH ^LML[FIZL

Gufrth.- Vul, li lm AA Pmlih Gfsfthrah li mh Gavam, ghitliajh li mf Gfsfga÷i

 I¿ :;;:->060, shnrl javhrgah phr mf gfusfm jl slpfrfga÷i jl dlgdh, sl df
lstfnmlgajh gheh prlgljlitl oujagafm vaigumfitl mh sacualitl? ”>. Li mhs
 prhglshs shnrl javhrgah ‗y jl slpfrfga÷i jl gulrphs‗ phr mf gfusfm jl
 slpfrfga÷i jl dlgdh, lm Oulz talil lm jlnlr jl vlmfr phr mf lstfnamajfj 
lghi÷eagf jlm g÷iyucl qul rlsumtl eæs plroujagfjh phr mf slpfrfga÷i jl
dlgdh fså gheh mf jl sus daohs, jl ghikhreajfj ghi mh jaspulsth phr lm 
frtågumh 7:<-F jlm G÷jach Gavam. Li ghislguligaf, f pljajh jl pfrtl h jl
hkagah slöfmfræ uif aijleiazfga÷i phr jföhs, lm qul aigmuyl lm jföh f mf
 plrshif, u hrjlifræ mf fjoujagfga÷i prlklrlitl jl nalils jl mf shgaljfj 
ghiyucfm, aijlplijalitlelitl jl mf plisa÷i jl fmaeliths qul pujalrf
ghrrlsphijlrml. Lm jföh ehrfm ls aijleiazfnml y sl dfmmf gheprlijajh li lm 
jföh f mf plrshif. 7. ^lsplgth f mf aijleiazfga÷i phr jföhs h mf
fjoujagfga÷i prlklrlitl jl nalils jl mf shgaljfj ghiyucfm? 7.6. F pljajh,
 phjræ khreumfrsl tfm prltlisa÷i li mhs fgths phstumfthrahs, yf slf li mf
jlefijf gheh prltlisa÷i fgglshraf h li mf rlghivliga÷i, slcÿi slf lm gfsh,
 sfmvh rliuigaf lxprlsf jlm aitlrlsfjh. Lm pljajh tfenaái ls prhgljlitl
jlspuás jl mhs fgths phstumfthrahs. 7.>. Jl hkagah, lm Oulz jl praelrf aistfigaf
 sl prhiuigafræ shnrl lsths puiths, saleprl qul mf pfrtl aitlrlsfjf dfyf
 fmlcfjh hrlsumtfitls
 plrouagahs lxprlsfjhjljlmf fmcuif khref
slpfrfga÷i dlgdhsh jlm
jl dlgdh ghigrlths
javhrgahrlklrajhs f mhs
li så. Fqulmmhs
dlgdhs puljli slr fmlcfjhs h lxprlsfjhs aigmush jlspuás jl mhs fgths
 phstumfthrahs. Li lstfs dap÷tlsas, lm oulz ghigljlræ f mf htrf pfrtl mf

>>0

hphrtuiajfj rfzhifnml jl prhiuigafrsl shnrl fqulmmhs dlgdhs y jl hkrlglr mf

 prulnf plrtailitl. Wa yf sl mmlv÷ f gfnh mf fujaligaf jl prulnfs, mhs eljahs
 prhnfthrahs qul sl hkrlzgfi slræi jl fgtufga÷i aieljaftf―.

GH^ZL W\P^LEF JL O\WZAGAF JL MF ^LPßNMAGFWFMF GA[AM

PL^EFILIZL
GFWFGA×I I¿ 6;<;->06;-EHV\LC\F
JA[H^GAH PH^ GF\WFM JL WLPF^FGA×I JL DLGDH
Maef, vlaitaguftrh jl ihvalenrl jl jhs eam jalgasáas.
WFMF GA[AM PL^EFILIZL JL MF GH^ZL W\P^LEF JL O\WZAGAF JL MF
^LPßNMAGF? Ghi mhs gufjlrihs fghepföfjhs, vastf mf gfusf iÿelrh 6;<;->06;, li
fujaligaf pÿnmagf jl mf klgdf, håjhs mhs aikhrels hrfmls y prhjugajf mf vhtfga÷i
ghrrlsphijalitl, leatl mf sacualitl slitligaf.

A. EFZL^AF JLM ^LG\^WH

Vul sl trftf jlm rlgursh jl gfsfga÷i aitlrpulsth phr   mf jlefijfjf Muz Lmlif [amgf
Vuaspl, f khofs trlsgaliths vlaitaiulvl, ghitrf mf slitligaf jl slcuijf aistfigaf jl
klgdf jalgahgdh jl efrzh jl jhs eam jalgasáas, jl khofs trlsgaliths jalgasáas, lxpljajf
 phr mf Wfmf Eaxtf jl mf Ghrtl Wuplrahr jl Oustagaf jl Ehqulcuf, qul ghikaref mf
slitligaf fplmfjf jl klgdf vlaitaj÷s jl ouiah jl jhs eam quaigl, jl khofs jhsgaliths
trlaitf y guftrh, qul jlgmfrf kuijfjf mf jlefijf2 li ghislguligaf, jasulmth lm våigumh
eftraehiafm litrl mhs g÷iyucls2 lm glsl jl mf hnmacfga÷i fmaelitfraf litrl mhs
g÷iyucls2 ih dfnalijh fgrljatfjh mf lxastligaf jl nalils shgafmls , gfrlgl jl hnolth
su prhiuigafealith, ih hnstfitl, sl jlgmfrf klilgajh lm rácaeli jl mf shgaljfj jl
cfifigafmls2 rlsplgth fm daoh dfnajh jlitrh jlm eftraehiah, sai prhiuigafealith
rlsplgth jl mf pftraf phtlstfj, tliligaf, rácaeli jl vasatfs y fmaeliths phr tlilr 
efyhråf jl ljfj2 sai prhiuigafealith rlsplgth jl mf fgga÷i aijleiazfthraf phr dfnlr 
rliuigaf lxprlsf jlm jlefijfitl2 lm glsl jlm jlrlgdh jl mhs g÷iyucls f dlrljfr litrl
så2 lm glsl jlm jlrlgdh jl mf g÷iyucl f mmlvfr lm fplmmajh jlm lsphsh fcrlcfjh fm suyh.

AA.
AA. FI
FIZL
ZLGL
GLJL
JLIZ
IZL
LW
Pfrf fifmazfr lstf gfusf gavam y vlrakagfr sa sl df aigurrajh h ih, li mf aikrfgga÷i
ihreftavf jliuigafjf, ls ilglsfrah rlfmazfr mfs sacualitls prlgasahils?

6. Jlefijf
Phr lsgrath jl khofs jalgasáas, Sammy [aglitl Frrljhijh Fefyf aitlrphil mf prlslitl
jlefijf, f kai qul sl jlgmfrl jasulmth lm våigumh eftraehiafm lxastlitl ghi Efry Muz
Lmlif [amgf Vuaspl, aisgranaáijhsl li ghislguligaf li mhs ^lcastrhs Gavamls jl mf
 Euiagapfmajfj Jastratfm jl Pfugfrpftf2 li khref fgueumftavf, hracaifraf y fgglshraf,
shmagatf lm glsl jl mf hnmacfga÷i fmaelitfraf litrl mhs g÷iyucls y shnrl su ÿiagh daoh,
 phr slr efyhr jl ljfj2 sai pprhiuigafealith
rhiuigafealith shnrl
shnr l mf pftraf phtlstfj, tliligaf, gusthjaf
 rácaeli jl vasatfs2 sai prhiuigafealith shnrl mhs nalils cfifigafmls, phr ih dfnlr 

>>6

fjquarajh2 rliuigaf f mf aijleiazfga÷i  qul ml pujalrf ghrrlsphijlr. Kuijf su

 prltlisa÷i li mh sacualitl? 6) Lm iulvl jl efyh jl eam ihvlgaliths hgdlitf y guftrh,
ghitrfoh ghi mf jlefijfjf eftraehiah gavam fitl mf Euiagapfmajfj Jastratfm jl
Pugfrpftf y prhgrlfrhi f su ÿiagh daoh Ofepalrrl Sfmtlr Cfrgåf [amgf, quali
fgtufmelitl gulitf ghi vlaitasaltl föhs jl ljfj y ls sun hkagafm jl mf Phmagåf Ifgahifm
jlm Plrÿ2 >) Mfls jlefijfjf
ghdfnatfga÷i2 aioustakagfjfelitl
fså, qul lm jalgahgdh jl fnram jlleplz÷ f aiguepmar
eam ihvlgaliths ghi sus
ihvlitf jlnlrlsdazh
y iulvl, jl
fnfijhih jlm dhcfr ghi lm prltlxth qul sl anf fm elrgfjh, jlofijh f su elihr daoh,
quali li lsf klgdf tliåf trlgl föhs jl ljfj, ghikhrel mh fgrljatf ghi mf jliuigaf qul
lklgtu÷ fitl mf Gheasfråf jl Kfeamaf jl Ehqulcuf2 7) Fm fepfrh jl mh prlvasth li lm
frtågumh 7<0 jlm G÷jach Gavam, shmagatf lm glsl jl mf hnmacfga÷i fmaelitfraf litrl
efrajh y euolr, eæs fÿi, sa mf jlefijfjf clilrf sus prhpahs rlgurshs pujalijh
sftaskfglr sus prhpafs ilglsajfjls2 :)  Ih gfnl prhiuigafealith rlsplgth fmcÿi taph jl
aijleiazfga÷i, yf qul lm rlgurrlitl ih ls lm rlsphisfnml ia gfusfitl jl mf slpfrfga÷i.

>. Ghit
Ghitls
lstf
tfga
ga÷i
÷i jl mf jlef
jlefij
ijff
Eljafitl rlshmuga÷i jl klgdf trlaitf y uih jl oumah jl jhs eam trlgl hnrfitl f khofs
slslitf y trls, sl jlgmfrf rlnlmjl f mf jlefijfjf Efry Muz [amgf Vuaspl.
7. Puit
Puiths
hs gghi
hitr
trhv
hvlr
lrta
tajh
jhss
Wl df lstfnmlgajh lm sacualitl puith ghitrhvlrtajh? 6)  Lstfnmlglr lm våigumh
eftraehiafm litrl lm jlefijfitl y mf jlefijfjf2 >) Lstfnmlglr sa dfy daohs elihrls
jl ljfj jlitrh jlm eftraehiah2 7)  Lstfnmlglr sa sl df prhjugajh mf gfusfm jl
slpfrfga÷i jl dlgdh2 :) Lstfnmlglr sa lm eftraehiah talil nalils jl prhpaljfj jl mf
shgaljfj ghiyucfm2 <) Lstfnmlglr mf lxastligaf jl ui g÷iyucl plroujagfjh  y sa
 prhgljl kaofr ui pfch aijleiazfthrah2 ;)  Lstfnmlglr sa lm jlefijfjh sl ligulitrf fm
jåf li lm pfch jl mfs plisahils fmaelitagafs.

:. Wlit
Wlitli
liga
gaff jl pr
prae
aelr
lrff ai
aist
stfi
figa
gaff

Gumeaifjh lm træeatl
trlaitf y guftrh, ghrrlsphijalitl,
jl klgdf vlaitaj÷s jl lmouiah
oulz jl
eljafitl
jhs eamslitligaf jl khofskuijfjf
quaigl, jlgmfrf jhsgaliths
mf
jlefijf2 li ghislguligaf, jasulmth lm våigumh eftraehiafm litrl mhs g÷iyucls, lm
glsl jl mf hnmacfga÷i fmaelitfraf2 ih dfnalijh fgrljatfjh mf lxastligaf jl nalils
shgafmls, gfrlgl jl hnolth su prhiuigafealith, ih hnstfitl, sl jlgmfrf klilgajh lm
rácaeli jl mf shgaljfj jl cfifigafmls2 rlsplgth fm daoh dfnajh jlitrh jlm eftraehiah,
sai prhiuigafealith rlsplgth jl mf pftraf phtlstfj, tliligaf, rácaeli jl vasatfs y
fmaeliths phr tlilr efyhråf jl ljfj2 sai prhiuigafealith rlsplgth jl mf fgga÷i
aijleiazfthraf phr dfnlr rliuigaf lxprlsf jlm jlefijfitl2 lm glsl jlm jlrlgdh jl mhs
g÷iyucls f dlrljfr litrl så2 lm glsl jlm jlrlgdh jl mf g÷iyucl f mmlvfr lm fplmmajh jlm
lsphsh fcrlcfjh fm suyh, fm ghisajlrfr qul?
a) Ghi mf
mf jli
jliuiga
uigaff phma
phmagaf
gafm,
m, sl jjlof
lof gghis
histfi
tfigaf
gaf qul
qul mf jlef
jlefijfj
ijfjff dazh
dazh fnfijhi
fnfijhihh jlm
 dhcfr ghiyucfm
rlthrifijh   lm jalgahgdh
f mf klgdf, ghi mh quljlslfnram jl eam
fgrljatf ihvlgaliths
mf klgdf ihvlitf
jl slpfrfga÷i jlydlgdh
iulvl, ih
litrl
mhs g÷iyucls2

>>>

aa) Jlm Lxpljal

Lxpljalitl
itl I° 13
13->000,
->000, shnrl fmael
fmaeliths, grljatff qul mhs g÷iyucls jlsjl lm
iths, sl ffgrljat
föh eam ihvlgaliths ihvlitf y iulvl sl lighitrfnfi slpfrfjhs jl dlgdh2
aaa) Ih dfnaáijhsl
dfnaáijhsl fgrljatfjh
fgrljatfjh mf lxa
lxastlig
stligaf
af jl nalils
nalils,, jlrlgdhs h fggahils
fggahils fjqu
fjquarajhs
arajhs
jurfitl mf vacligaf jlm eftraehiah, susglptanmls jl slr javajajhs, gheh sl
jlsprlijl jl mhs kuijfeliths jl jlefijf, ih dfnalijh eljah prhnfthrah
ghijuglitl f jlsvartufr mh lxprlsfjh phr lm rlgurrlitl, gfrlgl jl hnolth su
 prhiuigafealith, ih hnstfitl, sl jlgmfrf klilgajh lm rácaeli jl mf shgaljfj jl
cfifigafmls2
av) Ih dfnalijh
dfnalijh lxp
lxpulsth,
ulsth, shmaga
shmagatfjh,
tfjh, ia prhnfjh,
prhnfjh, lm jlefijfit
jlefijfitll dlgdhs qul
jltlreaili qul lm javhrgah  gheprheltl crfvlelitl su mlcåtaeh aitlrás
plrshifm, ih ghrrlsphijl lstfnmlglr uif aijleiazfga÷i ghikhrel f mh slöfmfjh li
lm frtågumh 7:<-F jlm G÷jach Gavam, fm ih lighitrfrsl li uif efiakalstf satufga÷i
lghi÷eagf jlsvlitfohsf, ia plroujagafm, ia fgrljatfjh fmcuif fklgtfga÷i f su
aitlcrajfj plrshifm2 eæs fÿi gufijh df lxprlsfjh su jliuigaf f tfm jlrlgdh, ih ml
ghrrlsphijl aijleiazfrmh  gheh g÷iyucl plroujagfjh2 shnrl mf jlefijfjf
rlnlmjl lm AAA Pmlih Gfsfthrah li mh Gavam, rlsplgth f mf prhtlgga÷i jlm g÷iyucl
plroujagfjh phr lm javhrgah, lstfnmlgl qul shmh sl ghigljl f mf pfrtl shmagatfitl,
 prhdanaáijhslml f mhs oulgls jltlreaifr jl hkagah guæm ls lm g÷iyucl plroujagfjh
 pfrf aijleiazfrmh, phr mh qul ih prhgljl kaofrsl aijleiazfga÷i f mf g÷iyucl
jlefijfjf, li lm gfsh jl slr mf plroujagfjf phr mf slpfrfga÷i2 phr mh qul gfrlgl jl
hnolth leatar prhiuigafealith rlsplgth jl lstl lxtrleh jl mf jlefijf2
v) Ghi mfs
mfs ghpa
ghpafs
fs jl mfs nhmltfs
nhmltfs jl rle
rleuilrfg
uilrfga÷i
a÷i jl khofs vlaita
vlaitahgdh,
hgdh, ssll jleulstrf
jleulstrf qul
fm jlefijfitl sl ml valil jlsghitfijh phr ghiglpth jl fmaeliths, ghi mh qul sl
jleulstrf qul sl ligulitrf fm jåf li lm pfch jl mfs easefs2 eæs fÿi sa jl mhs
gufjlrihs jl fsacifga÷i fitagapfjf jl fmaeliths sl prhgljl f su jlsgulith jlsjl lm
föh jhs eam, ghi mh gufm sl df guepmajh ghi lstl rlquasath jl prhgljanamajfj jl mf
jlefijf2
va) Walijh
Walijh uif
uif jl mfs
mfs ghisl
ghislgul
guliga
igafs jlm javhrgah lm glsl jl mf hnmacfga÷i fmaelitagaf
fs jlm
litrl efrajh
jasphilr y jl
lm glsl euolr, ghikhrelfmaelitagaf
mf hnmacfga÷i fm frtågumh litrl
7<0 lm
jlmjlefijfitl
G÷jach Gavam, ghrrlsphijl
y mf jlefijfjf2
vaa) ^lsplgth f mhs rlcåelils jl fmaeliths, pftraf phtlstfj, tliligaf, gusthjaf y
rácaeli jl vasatfs jlm daoh dfnajh jlitrh jlm eftraehiah, sai prhiuigafealith
fmcuih jfjf su ghijaga÷i jl daoh efyhr jl ljfj2
vaaa)Phr jasphsaga÷i jlm frtågumh 7<7 jlm G÷jach Gavam, mhs g÷iyucls javhrgafjhs  ih
talili jlrlgdh f dlrljfr litrl så2
ax) Phr lm javhrga
javhrgahh glsf lm
lm jlrlg
jlrlgdh
dh jl mf lsphs
lsphsff jl mmlvfr fplmmajh jlm g÷iyucl
mmlvfr lm fplmmajh
fcrlcfjh fm suyh.

<. Kuij
Kuijfe
feli
lith
thss j
jll mmff fplm
fplmfg
fga÷
a÷i
i
 Eljafitl lsgrath jl khofs jhsgaliths gufrlitf y iulvl, mf jlefijfjf Efry Muz Lmlif
[amgf Vuaspl aitlrphil rlgursh jl fplmfga÷i ghitrf mf slitligaf jl praelrf aistfigaf y
jliuigaf gheh fcrfvahs qul?

>>7

a) Dfna
Dfnaái
áijh
jhsl
sl pphs
hstu
tumf
mfjh
jh mf
mf gfus
gfusfm jl slpfrfga÷i jl dlgdh  phr eæs jl guftrh föhs
fm jl
 prlvastfs li lm aigash 6> jlm frtågumh 777
77 7 jlm G÷jach Gavam, lrf gulsta÷i pprlvaf
rlvaf f mf
leasa÷i jlm prhiuigafealith jl khijh lstfnmlglr sa lm jlefijfitl lstuvh fm jåf li
lm pfch jl mf plisa÷i fmaelitagaf, ghikhrel f mh prlvasth li lm frtågumh 7:<-F jlm
G÷jach Gavam2
aa) Li lm Lxpljalitl
Lxpljalitl I° 13->000,
13->000, sl kao÷
kao÷ ui
uiff plisa÷i
plisa÷i jl
jl fmaelith
fmaelithss f su kf
kfvhr,
vhr,
fjlujæijhsl phr ghiglpth jl plisahils fmaelitagafs mf suef jl guftrh eam shmls
qul ghrrlsphijli f mhs elsls jl sltalenrl jlm jhs eam gfthrgl f oumah jl jhs eam
quaigl, phr mh tfith, fm ih fgrljatfrsl lm guepmaealith jl mf hnmacfga÷i fmaelitfraf
f tlihr jl mh jaspulsth li lm frtågumh 7:<-F jlm G÷jach Gavam, ghrrlsphijl qul mf
jlefijf slf jlgmfrfjf aeprhgljlitl li ftliga÷i fm pliÿmtaeh jlm frtågumh :>3 jlm
G÷jach Prhglsfm Gavam, gfrlgalijh jl hnolth leatar prhiuigafealith shnrl mfs
 prltlisahils fgglshrafs2
aaa) Lxastl kfmtf
kfmtf jl ehtavfga÷i
ehtavfga÷i fm leatarsl
leatarsl slitligaf
slitligaf sai hnslrvfrsl
hnslrvfrsl mfs
mfs ihrefs gatfjfs,
gatfjfs,
fjleæs kfmtf ehtavfga÷i shnrl mfs prulnfs fphrtfjfs y hkrlgajfs phr mf jlefijfjf.

;. Wlitligaf jljl va
vastf
Mhs oulgls suplrahrls jl mf Wfmf Eaxtf jl mf Ghrtl Wuplrahr jl Oustagaf jl Ehqulcuf,
lxpajli mf slitligaf jl vastf jl klgdf jalgahgdh jl efrzh jl jhs eam jalgasáas, jl khofs
trlsgaliths jalgasáas, qul ghikaref mf slitligaf fplmfjf. Kuijfi su jlgasa÷i li mhs
sacualitls kuijfeliths?
a) Ghistf
Ghistftæi
tæijhs
jhsll mh
mhss trls
trls lmle
lmlelit
liths
hs pfrf
pfrf mf prhgl
prhgljlig
jligaf jlm javhrgah phr mf gfusfm jl
af jlm
slpfrfga÷i jl dlgdh, sl fgrljatf qul mf slitligaf fplmfjf, df sajh lxpljajf li
ftliga÷i f mhs dlgdhs fgrljatfjhs y mfs prulnfs væmajfelitl aighrphrfjfs fm
 prhglsh2 tfith eæs, sa lstl lxtrleh ih df sajh aepucifjh phr mf jlefijfjf, phr mh
tfith lstæ ghislitajh2
aa) Eljafitl
Eljafitl rlshmuga÷i
rlshmuga÷i iÿelrh uih, sl jlgmfr÷
jlgmfr÷ aifje
aifjeasanm
asanmll mf jjlefijf
lefijf phr ih dfnlr 
dfnlr 
guepmajh lm jlefijfitl ghi fjouitfr mhs jhgueliths qul fgrljatli qul sl
lighitrfnf fm jåf li lm pfch jl plisa÷i fmaelitagaf jaspulstf li lm prhglsh jl
fmaeliths, sunsfif mf hnslrvfga÷i fghtfjf jlitrh jlm pmfzh prlvasth fjouitfijh mfs
 pmfiammfs vartufmls jl khofs vlaitahgdh, ghrrlsphijalitls f mhs elsls jl sltalenrl,
hgtunrl y ihvalenrl jlm jhs eam jhgl, rfz÷i phr mf gufm sl fjeata÷ f træeatl mf
jlefijf2 phr tfith, sl fgrljatf qul lm jlefijfitl lm ehelith jl aitlrphilr mf
 prlslitl jlefijf, lsth ls, lm vlaitahgdh jl jagalenrl jl jhs eam jhgl, sl
lighitrfnf fm jåf li sus hnmacfgahils fmaelitfrafs, phr mh qul, df guepmajh lm
rlquasath jl prhgljligaf prlvasth li lm praelr pærrfkh jlm frtågumh 7:<-F jlm
G÷jach Gavam2
aaa) Mf rlshmuga÷i
rlshmuga÷i iÿe
iÿelrh
lrh jhs, qul
qul fjeatl f træeatl
træeatl mf jlefijf,
jlefijf, fm ih dfnlr
dfnlr sajh
aepucifjf df fjquarajh mf gfmajfj jl ghsf ouzcfjf, ghikhrel mh lstfnmlgl lm aigash
> jlm frtågumh 671 jl mf Ghistatuga÷i Phmåtagf jlm Plrÿ. Phr mh tfith, li lstl lstfjh
 jlm prhglsh ih rlsumtf yf phsanml lklgtufr gulstahifealith fmcuih shnrl lm
guepmaealith jlm rlquasath jl prhgljanamajfj prlvasth li lm frtågumh 7:<-F jlm
G÷jach Gavam, fm ih dfnlrmh lklgtufjh li su hphrtuiajfj2

>>:

av) Jl mhs jalgasá

jalgasáas
as ghisajlrfi
ghisajlrfijhs
jhs jl mf slitlig
slitligaf
af sl vlrakagf
vlrakagf qul
qul ghita
ghitalil
lil uif
ehtavfga÷i sukagalitl, dfnaáijhsl prhiuigafjh phr mf thtfmajfj jl puiths
ghitrhvlrtajhs2 phr mh tfith, guepml ghi lm jlnlr jl ehtavfga÷i2 fjleæs lm
rlgurrlitl ih slöfmf guæm ls mf kfmtf jl ehtavfga÷i li mf qul df aigurrajh lm oulz, ih
 prlgasfijh li khref lsplgåkagf, saih li khref cliáragf2
v) Whnrl mfsmfs jhguelitf
jhguelitfmls
mls fghepfö
fghepföfjfs
fjfs li
li lm llsgrat
sgrathh jl fp
fplmfga
lmfga÷i,
÷i, ghisastl
ghisastlitls
itls li lm
lsgrath prlslitfjh fm Wlcuijh Ouzcfjh jl Pfz Mltrfjh Efrasgfm Ialth, shmagatuj f mf
 prlsajlitf jl mf Gfof jl Plisahils Eamatfr Phmagafm y lstfjh jl gulitf jl fdhrrhs jl
mf jlefijfjf, ghi mhs qul sl prltlijl fgrljatfr mf lxastligaf jl ehiths fjlujfjhs
 phr lm jlefijfitl phr ghiglpth jl fmaeliths, jagdh frcuelith y eljahs jl
 prulnf, ih fgrljatfi lm aiguepmaealith jlm rlquasath prlvasth li lm frtågumh 7:<-F
jlm G÷jach Gavam2 phr mh tfith, fm trftfrsl jl fjlujhs jlvlicfjhs phr ghiglpth jl
fmaeliths li khref phstlrahr f mf aitlrphsaga÷i jl mf jlefijf, li thjh gfsh, jl
lxastar ghi phstlrahrajfj f mf aitlrphsaga÷i jl mf jlefijf, ghrrlsphijl f mf pfrtl
dfglrmh vfmlr li lolguga÷i jl slitligaf fitl lm oulz qul ghihgl jlm gatfjh prhglsh,
ih rlsumtfijh rlmlvfitls pfrf lm gfsh jl fuths, pulsth qul sl trftf jl ghiglpths
jlvlicfjhs li khref phstlrahr f mf ltfpf jl gfmakagfga÷i jl mf jlefijf, tfith eæs
sa jagdharrfzhifnml
rlsumtf rlquasath li su hphrtuiajfj
lklgtufr uif iulvfkul guepmajh phr lm jlefijfitl, phr mh tfith,
gfmakagfga÷i.

AAA.. ^LG
AAA ^LG\^W
\^WH
H JL GFWFGA
GFWFGA×I
×I
Lstf Wfmf Wuprlef, eljafitl rlshmuga÷i jl klgdf saltl jl hgtunrl jl jhs eam jalgasáas
qul hnrf li lm gufjlrih jl gfsfga÷i, df jlgmfrfjh prhgljlitl lm rlgursh jl gfsfga÷i
aitlrpulsth phr mf jlefijfjf Efry Muz Lmlif [amgf Vuaspl, phr mf sacualitl gfusfm?
Aikrfgga÷i ihreftavf jlm frtågumh 671, aigash 7, jl mf Ghistatuga÷i Phmåtagf jlm
Plrÿ, jl mhs frtågumhs A jlm Zåtumh Prlmaeaifr y 613 jlm G÷jach Prhglsfm Gavam y jlm
frtågumh 7:<-F jlm G÷jach Gavam. Whstalil qul sl df vumilrfjh lm jlrlgdh f mf jlnajf
ehtavfga÷i jl mfs rlshmugahils oujagafmls, fm ih kaofrsl li lm prlslitl gfsh uif
aijleiazfga÷i f kfvhr jl mf rlgurrlitl phr slr mf g÷iyucl plroujagfjf, thjf vlz qul lm
jlefijfitl mf fnfijhi÷ ghi su daoh gheh ghistf jl mf jliuigaf phmagafm.
EFZL^AF O\^ÅJAGF LI JLNFZL
Vul, mf eftlraf ouråjagf li jlnftl li lm prlslitl prhglsh, sl glitrf li jltlreaifr sa sl
vumilrfjh lm jlnlr jl ehtavfga÷i jl mfs rlshmugahils oujagafmls, fm ih dfnlrsl kaofjh uif
aijleiazfga÷i  f kfvhr jlm g÷iyucl plroujagfjh, ghikhrel mh jasphil li lm frtågumh
7:<-F jlm G÷jach Gavam.
K\IJFELIZHW JL LWZF W\P^LEF WFMF
Praelrh.- Vul, lm frtågumh 671, aigash 7, jl mf Ghistatuga÷i Phmåtagf jlm Plrÿ lstfnmlgl
gheh praigapah y jlrlgdh jl mf kuiga÷i ourasjaggahifm mf hnslrvfigaf jlm jlnajh prhglsh
  mf tutlmf
jlnajh ourasjaggahifm.
prhglsh Fmplrsplgtavf
jlitrh jl mf rlsplgth, lmkhrefm,
Zranuifm Ghistatugahifm
guyf fklgtfga÷i sl df slöfmfjh
aivhgf li lm qul? ”Lm
prlslitl
gfsh, gheprlijl ui rlplrthrah jl jlrlgdhs qul khrefi pfrtl jl su ghitliajh lsligafm,
litrl lmmhs, lm jlrlgdh fm oulz ifturfm, lm jlrlgdh fm prhgljaealith prllstfnmlgajh, lm

>><

jlrlgdh jl jlklisf, lm jlrlgdh f mf pmurfmajfj jl aistfigafs, lm jlrlgdh f mf ehtavfga÷i

jl mfs rlshmugahils, lm jlrlgdh f mhs eljahs jl prulnf, lm jlrlgdh f ui prhglsh sai
jamfgahils aijlnajfs, ltg. Mf shmf aihnslrvfigaf jl gufmqualrf jl lstfs rlcmfs, gheh jl
htrfs qul khrefi pfrtl jlm gatfjh ghitliajh, ghivalrtl lm prhglsh li arrlcumfr 
mlcataefijh ghi lmmh lm ghitrhm ghistatugahifm―.
Walijh fså, sl ghigmuyl qul jagdf ihref hnmacf f mhs oulgls y tranuifmls f rlshmvlr lm
ghikmagth jl aitlrlsls h lmaeaifr mf aiglrtajuenrl ghi rlmlvfigaf ouråjagf, mh ghitrfrah,
aepmagfråf dfglr gflr fm gaujfjfih li aijlklisa÷i, y fmlofrmh jl mfs shmugahils pfgåkagfs
jl ghitrhvlrsafs qul mf Ghistatuga÷i prlvá lsplgåkagfelitl li nlilkagahs jl ástl y jl mf
gheuiajfj shgafm.
Wlcuijh.- Vul, li lsl slitajh, sl fjvalrtl qul ghistatuyl ui lmlelith jlm jlnajh
 prhglsh, mf ehtavfga÷i jl mfs rlshmugahils oujagafmls qul sl ligulitrf ghisfcrfjf li lm
aigash < jlm frtågumh 671 jl mf Ghistatuga÷i Phmåtagf jlm Plrÿ, ihref ghistatugahifm qul
df sajh rlghcajf li lm G÷jach Prhglsfm Gavam li sus frtågumhs <0 aigash ; y 6>> aigashs 7
 :, fså gheh li lm frtågumh 6> jlm Zlxth ßiagh Hrjlifjh jl mf Mly Hrcæiagf jlm Phjlr 
Oujagafm, guyf fklgtfga÷i clilrf mf iumajfj jl mf rlshmuga÷i leatajf phr lm ÷rcfih
urasjaggahifm, ghikhrel mh prlvá mfs ihrefs prhglsfmls slöfmfjfs. Fm rlsplgth, lm
eæxaeh aitárprltl jl mf Ghistatuga÷i, df slöfmfjh qul? ”Lm jlrlgdh f mf jlnajf
ehtavfga÷i jl mfs rlshmugahils aephrtf qul mhs ÷rcfihs oujagafmls lxprlsli mfs rfzhils
h oustakagfgahils hnoltavfs qul mf mmlvfi f thefr uif jltlreaifjf jlgasa÷i. Lsfs rfzhils,
 phr mh jleæs, puljli y jlnli prhvliar ih shmh jlm hrjlifealith ouråjagh vaclitl y
fpmagfnml fm gfsh, saih jl mhs prhpahs dlgdhs jlnajfelitl fgrljatfjhs li lm træeatl jlm
 prhglsh―.
Zlrglrh.- Vul, lm frtågumh 7:<-F jlm G÷jach Gavam lstfnmlgl qul? ”Pfrf aivhgfr lm
supulsth jlm aigash 6> jlm frtågumh 777 lm jlefijfitl jlnlræ fgrljatfr qul sl ligulitrf
fm jåf li lm pfch jl sus hnmacfgahils fmaelitfrafs u htrfs qul dfyfi sajh pfgtfjfs phr 
mhs g÷iyucls  jl eutuh fgulrjh. Lm oulz vlmfræ phr mf lstfnamajfj lghi÷eagf jlm
g÷iyucl qul rlsumtl plroujagfjh phr mf slpfrfga÷i jl dlgdh , fså gheh mf jl sus
uif  aijleiazfga÷i phr jföhs, aigmuylijh lm jföh plrshifm u
daohs. Jlnlræ slöfmfr uif 
hrjlifr mf fjoujagfga÷i prlklrlitl jl nalils jl mf  mf   shgaljfj ghiyucfm,
aijlplijalitlelitl jl mf plisa÷i jl fmaeliths qul ml pujalrf ghrrlsphijlr―.
Gufrth.- Vul, li lm AA Pmlih Gfsfthrah li mh Gavam, ghitliajh li mf Gfsfga÷i :;;:->060,
shnrl Javhrgah phr mf Gfusfm jl Wlpfrfga÷i jl Dlgdh, sl df lstfnmlgajh gheh
 prlgljlitl oujagafm vaigumfitl mh sacualitl? ”>.  Li mhs prhglshs shnrl 
shnrl  javhrgah ‗y jl
slpfrfga÷i jl gulrphs‗   phr jl slpfrfga÷i jl dlgdh, lm oulz talil lm jlnlr jl
phr mf gfusfm jl 
jlm  g÷iyucl qul rlsumtl eæs plroujagfjh  phr mf
vlmfr phr mf lstfnamajfj lghi÷eagf jlm 
slpfrfga÷i jl dlgdh  fså gheh mf jl sus daohs, jl ghikhreajfj ghi mh jaspulsth phr lm
frtågumh 7:<-F jlm G÷jach Gavam. Li ghislguligaf, f pljajh jl pfrtl h jl hkagah slöfmfræ
uif  aijleiazfga÷i  phr jföhs, lm qul aigmuyl lm jföh f mf plrshif, u hrjlifræ mf
mf  shgaljfj ghiyucfm, aijlplijalitlelitl jl mf
fjoujagfga÷i prlklrlitl jl nalils jl mf 
 ul pujalrf ghrrlsphijlrml. Lm jföh ehrfm ls aijleiazfnml  y sl
 plisa÷i jl fmaeliths qqul
plrshif.  7. ^lsplgth f mf 
dfmmf gheprlijajh li lm jföh f mf plrshif.  mf aijleiazfga÷i phr jföhs h
mf fjoujagfga÷i prlklrlitl jl nalils jl mf shgaljfj ghiyucfm? 7.6.  F pljajh, phjræ
khreumfrsl tfm prltlisa÷i li mhs fgths phstumfthrahs, yf slf li mf jlefijf gheh

>>;

 prltlisa÷i fgglshraf h li mf rlghivliga÷i, slcÿi slf lm gfsh, sfmvh rliuigaf lxprlsf jlm
aitlrlsfjh. Lm pljajh tfenaái ls prhgljlitl jlspuás jl mhs fgths phstumfthrahs.  7.>.  Jl
hkagah, lm oulz jl praelrf aistfigaf sl prhiuigafræ shnrl lsths puiths, saleprl qul mf
 pfrtl aitlrlsfjf dfyf fmlcfjh h lxprlsfjh jl fmcuif khref dlgdhs ghigrlths rlklrajhs f
mf  slpfrfga÷i jl dlgdh  h jlm 
mhs  plrouagahs rlsumtfitls jl mf  jlm  javhrgah  li så. Fqulmmhs
dlgdhs puljli slrlmfmlcfjhs
lstfs dap÷tlsas, h lxprlsfjhs
Oulz ghigljlræ f mfaigmush
htrf jlspuás
pfrtl mfjlhphrtuiajfj
mhs fgths phstumfthrahs.
rfzhifnml Lijl
 prhiuigafrsl shnrl fqulmmhs dlgdhs y jl hkrlglr mf prulnf plrtailitl. Wa yf sl mmlv÷ f
gfnh mf fujaligaf jl prulnfs, mhs eljahs prhnfthrahs qul sl hkrlzgfi slræi jl fgtufga÷i
aieljaftf―.
Vuaith.- Vul, rlvasfjhs mhs fuths, sl fprlgaf qul mf prlslitl jlefijf aitlrpulstf phr 
Sammy [aglitl Frrljhijh Fefyf talil gheh prltlisa÷i praigapfm qul sl jlgmfrl
jasulmth lm våigumh eftraehiafm litrl lm prlihenrfjh y Efry Muz Lmlif [amgf Vuaspl
glmlnrfjh fitl mf Euiagapfmajfj Jastratfm jl Pfugfrpftf lm iulvl jl efyh jl eam
ihvlgaliths hgdlitf y guftrh, f rfz÷i qul ástl ÿmtaeh dazh fnfijhih jlm dhcfr 
ghiyucfm lm jalgahgdh jl fnram jl eam ihvlgaliths ihvlitf y iulvl, y gheh prltlisa÷i
fgglshraf ‗litrl htrhs‗ rliuigaf f mf aijleiazfga÷i  lstfnmlgajf li lm frtågumh 7:<-F
jlm G÷jach
g÷iyucls.   MfGavam, phr ih Efry
jlefijfjf slr rlsphisfnml
Muz Lmlif ia[amgf
gfusfitl
Vuaspl, mf slpfrfga÷i
jl plsl litrl mhs
f lstfr jlnajfelitl
ihtakagfjf, ih ghitlst÷ mf jlefijf, ehtavh phr lm gufm, eljafitl rlshmuga÷i jl khofs
slslitf y trls, sl ml jlgmfr÷ rlnlmjl.
Wlxth.- Vul,  praef  kfgal,
 Vul, praef  kfgal, sl fjvalrtl qul mf prlslitl jlefijf aiagafjf lm vlaitahgdh jl
jagalenrl jl jhs eam jhgl, guepml ghi mh jaspulsth li lm frtågumh 7:<-F jlm G÷jach
Gavam, li lm slitajh qul lm jlefijfitl sl ligulitrf fm jåf li lm pfch jl sus hnmacfgahils
fmaelitfrafs, thjf vlz qul ghikhrel sl fjvalrtl jl mfs nhmltfs jl pfch jl khofs
vlaitahgdh f trlaitf y uih, ghrrlsphijalitls f mhs elsls jl sltalenrl, hgtunrl y
ihvalenrl jlm föh jhs eam jhgl, sl jleulstrf qul f lstl sl ml valil jlsghitfijh phr 
ghiglpth jl fmaeliths qul kulrf hrjlifjf eljafitl slitligaf leatajf li lm Prhglsh I°
13->000.
Wátaeh.- Vul, fifmazfijh mf jliuigaf qul sustlitf lm rlgursh jl gfsfga÷i aitlrpulsth,
ghrrlsphijl aijagfr qul mf aijleiazfga÷i  prlvastf phr lm frtågumh 7:<-F jlm G÷jach
Gavam, talil gheh kaifmajfj vlmfr phr mf lstfnamajfj lghi÷eagf jlm g÷iyucl qul rlsumtl
plroujagfjh phr mf slpfrfga÷i jl dlgdh.  Li lm prlslitl gfsh, ih ghrrlsphijl kaofr 
aijleiazfga÷i  fmcuif f kfvhr jlm jlefijfitl h jl mf jlefijfjf gheh g÷iyucl
plroujagfjh, thjf vlz qul lm praelrh df lxprlsfjh li su lsgrath jl jlefijf su
rliuigaf f tfm jlrlgdh2 y, mf slcuijf, qul plsl dfnlr sajh jlgmfrfjf rlnlmjl, ih df
jlehstrfjh ghi eljah prhnfthrah aj÷ilh slr mf g÷iyucl eæs plroujagfjf  ghi mf
slpfrfga÷i jl dlgdh, tfith eæs, så ghi mf jliuigaf phmagafm prlslitfjf phr lm
jlefijfitl, sl jlof ghistfigaf qul ástf dazh fnfijhih jlm dhcfr ghiyucfm lm jalgahgdh
jl fnram jl eam ihvlgaliths ihvlitf y iulvl, dlgdh qul ih df sajh ilcfjh phr lstf pfrtl
 prhglsfm, mh qul sl prlsuel mf vlrfgajfj jl su ghitliajh.
 Hgtfvh.- Vul, lstfijh f mh lxpulsth, sl ghigmuyl qul mfs slitligafs lxpljajfs phr mfs
aistfigafs jl eárath sa guepmli ghi mfs khrefmajfjls prlvastfs li lm frtågumh 671 aigash
< jl mf Ghistatuga÷i Phmåtagf jlm Plrÿ, fså gheh lm frtågumh 6>> jlm G÷jach Prhglsfm

>>3

Gavam, ehtavh phr lm gufm jagdfs rlshmugahils ih sl ligulitrfi fklgtfjfs jl iumajfj2 li

ghislguligaf y jl ghikhreajfj ghi mh prlvasth li lm frtågumh 713 jlm G÷jach Prhglsfm
Gavam, jlnl jlgmfrfrsl aiuijfjh lm rlgursh jl
j l gfsfga÷i aitlrpulsth.

A[.. JL
A[ JLGA
GAWA
WA×I
×I
Lstfijh f tfmls ghisajlrfgahils, lstf Wfmf Wuprlef, li fpmagfga÷i jl mh prlvasth li lm
frtågumh 713 jlm G÷jach Prhglsfm Gavam? Jlgmfrf? AIK\IJFJH lm rlgursh jl gfsfga÷i
aitlrpulsth phr Efry Muz Lmlif [amgf Vuaspl, f khofs trlsgaliths vlaitaiulvl2 li
ghislguligaf, IH GFWF^HI mf slitligaf jl slcuijf aistfigaf jl klgdf jalgahgdh jl
efrzh jl jhs eam jalgasáas, jl khofs trlsgaliths jalgasáas. JAWP\WAL^HI mf
 punmagfga÷i jl mf prlslitl rlshmuga÷i li lm jafrah hkagafm  Lm Plrufih, Plrufih, nfoh
rlsphisfnamajfj2 y mhs jlvhmvalrhi2 li mhs slcuajhs phr Sfmtlr Elmat÷i Cfrgåf Ghsah
ghi Efry Muz Lmlif [amgf Vuaspl y htrh, shnrl javhrgah phr gfusfm jl slpfrfga÷i jl
dlgdh2  y mhs jlvhmvalrhi. Phr
jlvhmvalrhi. Phr magligaf jl mfs slöhrfs oulzfs suprlefs? Zlmmh Camfrja y
jlm Gfrpah ^hjråculz aitlcrfi lstl Wuprleh Zranuifm mhs slöhrls oulgls suprlehs
Earfijf Ehmaif y Qfyf _uefltf. Aitlrvalil gheh philitl, lm oulz suprleh slöhr Jl
mf Nfrrf Nfrrlrf.
WW.
EA^FIJF EHMAIF
^HJ^ÅC\L_ GDÆ[L_
GFMJL^×I P\L^ZFW
QFQF _\EFLZF
JL MF NF^^F NF^^L^F

;. Gratlrah
Gratlrah jl fpmagfga÷i
fpmagfga÷i jlm Zlrglr
Zlrglr Pmlih
Pmlih Gfsfthr
Gfsfthrah
ah Gavam.
Gavam. Gfsfga÷i
Gfsfga÷i I¿
I¿ 6<::-
6<::-
>06;-Maef
^LW\ELI

Li lmlmprlslitl
 phr prhglsh
jlefijfitl jl javhrgah
(lsphsh), phr mf gfusfm
sl aitlrpush jl slpfrfga÷i
rlgursh jl dlgdh
jl gfsfga÷i aitlrpulstf
phr pfrtl jl mf
jlefijfjf, quali gulstahif lm kfmmh jl mf slitligaf jl vastf qul jasphil mf
fjoujagfga÷i jl ui aieulnml f su kfvhr gheh aijleiazfga÷i, plrh jagdh aieulnml
fjoujagfjh thjfvåf efitalil ui grájath daphtlgfrah qul lstæ pfcæijhsl y quali lstf
fsuealijh lm pfch jl lstl grájath ls lm jlefijfitl (lsphsh). Mf Wfmf Wuprlef
slöfmf qul lm gratlrah jl fpmagfga÷i jlm Zlrglr Pmlih Gfsfthrah Gavam ih ls jlm thjh
fjlgufjh jlnajh f qul ih sl lxfeai÷ mf fgtufm ghijaga÷i lghi÷eagf jl mf
jlefijfjf, quali ih talil trfnfoh y sl ligulitrf li jlsvlitfof lghi÷eagf rlsplgth
jlm jlefijfjh, quali talil htrf kfeamaf, ih pujalijh mf jlefijfjf lighitrfrsl li
mf phsanamajfj lghi÷eagf jl fkrhitfr mhs pfchs jlm grájath daphtlgfrah jlm nali
 aieulnml. Li rfz÷i f mh ÿmtaeh, ih ls kfgtanml qul mf jlefijfjf fsuef jagdhs
 pfchs nfigfrahs, jlnalijh fsuear lm jlefijfjh mf thtfmajfj jlm pfch plijalitl,
 pfrf qul mf aijleiazfga÷i jlm g÷iyucl plroujagfjh slf rlfm y lklgtavf.

>>4

K\IJFELIZH ^LML[FIZL

Gufrth.-  Fsaeaseh,
Fsaeaseh, sl lstfnmlga÷ gheh prlgljlitl vaigumfitl mh sacualitl? ”Li
mhs prhglshs shnrl javhrgah ‗y jl slpfrfga÷i jl gulrphs‗ phr mf gfusfm jl
 slpfrfga÷i jl dlgdh, lm oulz talil lm jlnlr jl vlmfr phr mf lstfnamajfj 
lghi÷eagf jlm g÷iyucl qul rlsumtl eæs plroujagfjh phr mf slpfrfga÷i jl
dlgdh, fså gheh mf jl sus daohs, jl ghikhreajfj ghi mh jaspulsth phr lm 
frtågumh 7:<-F jlm G÷jach Gavam. Li ghislguligaf, f pljajh jl pfrtl h jl
hkagah slöfmfræ uif aijleiazfga÷i  phr jföhs, lm qul aigmuyl lm jföh f mf
 plrshif u hrjlifræ mf fjoujagfga÷i prlklrlitl jl nalils jl mf shgaljfj 
ghiyucfm, aijlplijalitlelitl jl mf plisa÷i jl fmaeliths qul pujalrf
ghrrlsphijlrml. Lm jföh ehrfm ls  aijleiazfnml y sl dfmmf gheprlijajh li lm 
jföh f mf plrshif―.
 Li gufith f mf fjoujagfga÷i jl mhs nalils fm g÷iyucl plroujagfjh, sl df
 prlgasfjh qul sl dfræ prlklrlitlelitl shnrl mf gfsf li mf qul dfnatf mf
 kfeamaf, h li thjh gfsh lm lstfnmlgaealith fcråghmf, frtlsfifm, aijustrafm h
ghelrgafm jl gfrægtlr kfeamafr, pujalijh lm oulz jasphilr mf fjoujagfga÷i jlm 
elifol jafrah jlm dhcfr.

GH^ZL W\P^LEF JL O\WZAGAF JL MF ^LPßNMAGFWFMF GA[AM

PL^EFILIZL
GFWFGA×I I¿ 6<::->06;-MAEF
JA[H^GAH PH^ GF\WFM JL WLPF^FGA×I JL DLGDH
Maef, jalgasáas jl efrzh jl jhs eam jalgasaltl
[AWZF?
Mf gfusf iÿelrh eam quaialiths gufrlitf y guftrh-jhs eam jalgasáas, ghi mhs lxpljalitls
fghepföfjhs, li fujaligaf pÿnmagf rlfmazfjf li mf klgdf y prhjugajf mf vhtfga÷i
ghrrlsphijalitl, leatl mf sacualitl slitligaf?
Mlf tfenaái? ¸Phr quá ls aephrtfitl aisgranar ui javhrgah li mf Wuifrp8

A. FW\IZH
Ls hnolth jl lxfeli lm rlgursh jl gfsfga÷i aitlrpulsth phr mf jlefijfjf Jhrf Efrafm
Gdævlz Hrrammh, eljafitl lsgrath, ghitrf mf slitligaf jl vastf jl klgdf 6< jl jagalenrl
jl >06<, li lm lxtrleh qul rlvhg÷ mf slitligaf fplmfjf jlm 60 jl efrzh jl >06<, qul
kao÷ li trlsgaliths eam j÷mfrls felragfihs (\W$ 700,000.00) lm ehith jl mf
aijleiazfga÷i  f kfvhr jl mf jlefijfjf, y rlkhreæijhmf, ml fjoujagfrhi lm
 jlpfrtfelith 6:0>, unagfjh li mf Fvliajf Ohrcl Nfsfjrl I 6<17, jastrath jl Wfi
Asajrh, prhvaigaf y jlpfrtfelith jl Maef, fså gheh mhs lstfgahifealiths y lm jlp÷sath
unagfjhs li lm easeh aieulnml y qul plrtlilgli f mf shgaljfj jl cfifigafmls.
cfifi gafmls.

AA.
AA. FI
FIZL
ZLGL
GLJL
JLIZ
IZL
LW

>>1

6. Jlefijf
Eljafitl lsgrath prlslitfjh lm >3 jl sltalenrl jl >066, Jhifth Dlriæi Gfrpah [ámlz
aitlrphil jlefijf jl javhrgah phr gfusfm jl slpfrfga÷i jl dlgdh ghitrf su g÷iyucl
Jhrf Efråf Gdævlz Hrrammh, f kai qul sl jlgmfrl jasulmth su våigumh eftraehiafm,
ghitrfåjh lm >; jl sltalenrl jl 611> fitl mf Euiagapfmajfj Jastratfm jl Wfi Asajrh,
Prhvaigaf y Jlpfrtfelith jl Maef.
Mhs frcueliths qul sustlitfi mf jlefijf shi mhs sacualitls?

6.6. Ghitrfoh
Ghitrfoh eftraehiah
eftraehiah gavam ghi mf jlefijfjf
jlefijfjf lm >; jl sltal
sltalenrl
enrl jl 611> fitl mf
Euiagapfmajfj Jastratfm jl Wfi Asajrh, prhvaigaf y jlpfrtfelith jl Maef, ghikhrel
mf pfrtajf jl eftraehiah qul fghepföf.

6.>. Jlsjl lm aiagah

aiagah jl mf shgaljfj ghiyucfm,
ghiyucfm, lm jlefijf
jlefijfitl
itl fkaref dfnl
dfnlrr tliajh uif
vajf eftraehiafm ihrefm, ih mmlcfijh f prhgrlfr daohs2 sai lenfrch, lm jåf 6 jl
lilrh jl >004, klgdf li mf qul phr rfzhils jl aighepftanamajfj ghi su g÷iyucl,
the÷ mf jlgasa÷i jl slpfrfrsl jlm dhcfr ghiyucfm ghi pmlih ghihgaealith jl ástf,
sl rltar÷ f mf gfsf jl su pfjrl, y jlspuás fmquam÷ lm aieulnml unagfjh li mf Fvliajf
Jfialm Dlriæijlz I¿ >3;, jlpfrtfelith 707, jastrath jl Wfi Asajrh, ghikhrel mh
fgrljatf ghi lm ghitrfth jl frrlijfealith, glmlnrfjh lm jåf 6> jl klnrlrh jl >001,
dfstf lm jåf 66 jl fchsth jlm easeh föh, y rlihvfjh phr gmæusumf fjagahifm dfstf lm
6< jl ouiah jl >060, eujæijhsl phstlrahrelitl, fm jheagamah jl su pfjrl, unagfjh
li mf fvliajf ^agfrjh Pfmef I¿ 6716, jastrath jl Earfkmhrls, dfstf mf klgdf,
ghikhrel fm glrtakagfjh jheagamafrah fjouitfjh.

6.7. Mf slpfrfga÷i
slpfrfga÷i jl dlgdh
dlgdh aivhgfjf ghehgheh gfusfm jl mf jlefijf,
jlefijf, ls jl pmlpmlih
ih
ghihgaealith y ghislitaealith jl su g÷iyucl, quali f mf klgdf, sacul vavalijh li
lm dhcfr ghiyucfm qul khref pfrtl jl mf shgaljfj jl cfifigafmls y ghi quali talil
uif rlmfga÷i ghrjafm y rlsphisfnml, fm ih dfnlrmf jlsfepfrfjh ia fnfijhifjh ehrfm
ia lghi÷eagfelitl2 phr lm ghitrfrah, sacul rlfmazfijh jlp÷saths jl jailrh f trfvás
jl uif gulitf
ghiglpths, nfigfraf
gheh f su ihenrl,
uif plisa÷i jl khref
jl fmaeliths elisufm jagdf,
prhpafelitl h quaiglifm
pfchs yphr
phrghiglpths
javlrshs
jl slrvagahs næsaghs jlm jlpfrtfelith (tlmákhih, muz, gfnml), efitliaealith jlm
ghijheaiah elisufm, ftliga÷i eájagf, lstujahs jl ajahef fmleæi, y mhs pfchs
rlfmazfjhs pfrf su khrefga÷i plrshifm y prhklsahifm li mf \iavlrsajfj Gft÷magf jlm
Plrÿ, jhijl rlfmaz÷ lstujahs jl eflstråf li Galigafs Phmåtagfs ghi eliga÷i li
rlmfgahils aitlrifgahifmls, mh qul ghijagl ghi mf fgtatuj jlm rlgurrlitl jl fphyfr f
mf jlefijfjf li su khrefga÷i plrshifm y prhklsahifm.

6.:. Wlöfmf
Wlöfmf qul iuigf kfmt÷ f sus jlnlrls
jlnlrls eåiaehs li su gfmajfj
gfmajfj jl g÷iyucl, dlgdh qul
 phjræ slr ghrrhnhrfjh phr mf prhpaf jlefijfjf, ghi quali ghepfrta÷ 6< föhs jl
eftraehiah y qul, phr rfzhils jl ih phjlr slcuar dfgalijh vajf li gheÿi, jlgaja÷
 rltarfrsl jlm dhcfr ghiyucfm, plrefilgalijh mf jlefijfjf li jagdh jheagamah, lm
gufm sl ligulitrf unagfjh li mf Fvliajf Ohrcl Nfsfjrl I¿ 6<17, jlpfrtfelith
6:0>, Wfi Asajrh - Maef.

>70

6.<. Vul, jlsjl

jlsjl lm 6 jl lilrh jl >004, sl lligulitr
igulitrff slpfrfjh
slpfrfjh jl dlgdh ghi mf
jlefijfjf, phr mh qul, f mf klgdf jl aitlrphsaga÷i jl mf jlefijf, df trfisgurrajh
eæs jl jhs föhs ghikhrel mh lxacl mf ihref.

6.;. Mf ghitaiuajfj
ghitaiuajfj jl mf slpfr
slpfrfga÷i
fga÷i jl dlgdh
dlgdh phr eæs jl jhs föhs, ih shmh lstæ
jlehstrfjf phrqul
qul sl prhjuoh fenhs g÷iyucls
mf slpfrfga÷i, saih qulvavli
jagdf li jastaithssljheagamahs
slpfrfga÷i jlsjl phr
vl ghrrhnhrfjf mf klgdf
htrhs
dlgdhs gheh mf glmlnrfga÷i jl ghigamafga÷i rlfmazfjf lm 6 jl klnrlrh jl >066, fitl
mf Fshgafga÷i Plrufif jl Ghigamafga÷i y Frnatrfol, eljafitl mf gufm prhpush mf
ghrrlsphijalitl maquajfga÷i jl shgaljfj jl cfifigafmls
c fifigafmls li pfrtls acufmls y susgranar 
uif shmagatuj jl javhrgah jl slpfrfga÷i jl gulrphs y javhrgah umtlrahr2 lmmh, sai
mmlcfr f ui fgulrjh.

6.3. Whnrl mhs nalils fjquarajhs

fjquarajhs jurf
jurfitl
itl mf vacligaf jl mf shgaljfj ghiyu
ghiyucfm,
cfm, prlgasf?
prlgasf?
F)Aieulnml unagfjh li mf fvliajf Ohrcl Nfsfjrl I¿ 6<17, jlpfrtfelith 6:0>,
jastrath jl Wfi Asajrh - Maef, aisgrath li mf Pfrtajf 6>066737 jl mhs ^lcastrhs
Pÿnmaghs jl Maef. Jagdh aieulnml, f mf klgdf, efitalil ui grájath daphtlgfrah f
kfvhr jlm Nfigh Wghtafnfib, dfstf lm föh >0>>2 y sl ligulitrf aisgrath f kfvhr 
jlm nfigh, li tfith mf jlefijfjf ih df guepmajh ghi susgranar mhs jhgueliths
rlsplgtavhs pfrf plrklggahifr mf trfisklrligaf f ihenrl jl mf shgaljfj ghiyucfm.
N) Lstfgahifealith F-6>, unagfjh li mf fvliajf Ohrcl Nfsfjrl
Nfsfjrl iÿelrh 6<17, Wfi
Asajrh - Maef, aisgrath li mf Pfrtajf 6>06661<, y khref pfrtl jlm grájath
daphtlgfrah jlsgrath fitlrahrelitl.
G) Lstfgahifealith F-67, unagfjh li mf fvliajf Ohrcl Nfsfjrl
Nfsfjrl iÿelrh 6<17, Wfi
Asajrh - Maef, aisgrath li mf Pfrtajf 6>06661;, y khref pfrtl jlm grájath
daphtlgfrah jlsgrath.
J)Jlp÷sath F-06, unagfjh li, unagfjh li mf fvliajf Ohrcl Nfsfjrl iÿelrh 6<17,
Wfi Asajrh - Maef, aisgrath li mf Pfrtajf 6>066>6:, lm gufm sl ligulitrf
thtfmelitl gfiglmfjh, sai lenfrch, sl ligulitrf aisgrath f ihenrl jlm Nfigh
Wghtafnfib, li tfith mf jlefijfjf ih df guepmajh ghi susgranar mhs jhgueliths
rlsplgtavhs pfrf plrklggahifr mf trfisklrligaf f ihenrl jl mf shgaljfj ghiyucfm.
L) Aieulnml unagfjh li mf fvliajf ^lpÿnmagf jl Gdaml iÿelrh >1<, hkagaifhkagaif >0<,
Maef, aisgrath li mf Pfrtajf :0<4<3:<, lm gufm, tfenaái sl ligulitrf gfiglmfjh f
ihenrl jl mf shgaljfj ghiyucfm.
K) Aieulnml unagfjh li mf fvliajf ^lpÿnmagf jl Gdaml iÿelrh >1<, hkagaif
hkagaif >0:,
Maef, aisgrath li mf Pfrtajf :0<4<373, tfenaái gfiglmfjh l aisgrath f ihenrl jl
mf shgaljfj ghiyucfm.
 C)Lstfgahifealith L-660-W, unagfjh li oar÷i Efiulm Iaghmæs Ghrpfigdh I¿ 6:<,
urnfiazfga÷i Wfitf Nlftraz - Maef, aisgrath li mf Pfrtajf 66;4;647.

>76

D)Lstfgahifealith L-666-W, unagfjh li oar÷i Efiulm Iaghmæs Ghrpfigdh iÿelrh

6:<, urnfiazfga÷i Wfitf Nlftraz - Maef, aisgrath li mf Pfrtajf 66;4;64>, f
ihenrl jl mf shgaljfj ghiyucfm.
A) Aieulnml
Aieulnml unagfjh li lm mht
mhtll B-3, jl mf urnfia
urnfiazfga÷
zfga÷ii Pmfyf Mfs Mhefs
Mhefs jlm Efr,
jastrath
>6007<36,jl fGlrrh
ihenrlFzum,
jl mf Prhvaigaf jl Gföltl, Maef, aisgrath li mf Pfrtajf
shgaljfj ghiyucfm.
O) Nalils
Nalils eulnmls,
eulnmls, lislrls y lm el
elifol
ifol jl gfs
gfsff qul sl ligulitrfi
ligulitrfi li phjlr jl mf
g÷iyucl jlefijfjf, fm aitlrahr jlm aieulnml unagfjh li fvliajf Ohrcl Nfsfjrl
iÿelrh 6<17, jlpfrtfelith 6:0>, Wfi Asajrh2 fså gheh, mhs qul sl ligulitrfi
li lm jlp÷sath F-06 jl mf easef jarlgga÷i.
B)[ldågumh efrgf dhijf, ehjlmh Gavag, jl pmfgf rhjfol iÿelrh NH_-04:, jlm föh
>06:, aisgrath f ihenrl jl mf shgaljfj ghiyucfm y f mf klgdf sl ligulitrf li
 phjlr jl mf jlefijfjf.
M) [ldågumh efrgf dhijf, ehjlmh Gavag, jl pmfgf rhjfol iÿelrh G
GHA-33:,
HA-33:, jlm föh
>001, aisgrath f ihenrl jl mf shgaljfj ghiyucfm y f mf klgdf sl ligulitrf li
 phjlr jlm jlefijfitl.
E)Fggahils
E)Fggahils jl mf leprlsf gleliths Pfgfsefyh W.F.F.

6.4. Whnrl mf maquajfga÷i jl mf shgaljfj jl cfifigafmls, ghrrlsphijl fpmagfr mhs frtågumhs

761, 7>0 y 7>> jlm G÷jach Gavam, lsth ls, lolgutfr mf easef uif vlz klilgajf mf
shgaljfj jl cfifigafmls ghikhrel lm frtågumh 764 aigash 7 jlm G÷jach Gavam,
jlnalijh lklgtufrsl mf javasa÷i y pfrtaga÷i li pfrtls acufmls litrl lm jlefijfitl y
mf jlefijfjf.

>. Ghit
Ghitlslstf
tfga
ga÷i
÷i jl jl
jlef
efij
ijff
Eljafitl lsgrath prlslitfjh lm >7 jl efyh jl >06>, Jhrf Efråf Gdævlz Hrrammh
ghitlstf mf jlefijf, frcuelitfijh mh sacualitl?

>.6. Ialcf tlilr

tlilr uif rlmfga÷i
rlmfga÷i ghrjafm ghi lm jlefijfitl
jlefijfitl y thjfs mfs fkarefga
fkarefgahils
hils
rlfmazfjfs phr ástl li su lsgrath jl jlefijf. Wlöfmf qul ls kfmsh qul ih mf dfyf
jlsfepfrfjh, yf qul f mf klgdf mf valil jasgraeaifijh, rlghrtfijh, jamftfijh y
susplijalijh mf plisa÷i jl fmaeliths ghicruhs qul ám easeh jltfmmf.

>.>. Ml df pljajh fm fgthr qul licmhnl

licmhnl mf plisa÷i jl fmaeliths,
fmaeliths, plrh ám aisastl
aisastl li dfglr 
jlp÷saths nfigfrahs fasmfjhs f mf plisa÷i jl fmaeliths ghikhrel f mhs lstfjhs jl
gulitf qul fjouitf jlm NN[F Ghitailitfm, jlsjl lilrh jl >004 dfstf mf fgtufmajfj.
 >.7. Fkaref qul lm jlefijfitl ih ml rlthrif sus mmfefjfs y fitl su phsturf aislisanml,
df tliajh qul rlgurrar f sus kfeamafrls y feastfjls fitl sus lelrcligafs eájagfs.
>.:. Wlöfmf qul lm fgthr ih sl lighitrfnf fm jåf li lm pfch jl sus fmael
fmaeliths
iths fm ehelith
jl mf aitlrphsaga÷i jl mf jlefijf, ia tfephgh mh lstæ li mf fgtufmajfj, ghikhrel f

>7>

mhs lstfjhs jl gulitf qul fjouitf.

>.<. ^lsplgth
^lsplgth f mhs nalils fjquara
fjquarajhs,
jhs, fkaref qul li gufith fm jlpfr
jlpfrtfeli
tfelith
th unagfjh li
mf Fvliajf Nfsfjrl 6<17, jlpfrtfelith 6:0>, Ljakagah Mfs Pfmelrfs, Wfi Asajrh,
Maef, lstl sl ligulitrf f ihenrl jlm Nfigh Wghtafnfib y fkaref dfnlr rlganajh
 prlsa÷i eljafitl gfrtf ihtfrafm jlm nfigh pfrf karefr uif lsgraturf pÿnmagf am÷cagf.
>.;. ^lfkaref
^lfkaref mh slöfmf
slöfmfjh
jh phr lm jlefijfitl shnrl
shnrl mhs htrhs nalil
nalilss jltfmmf
jltfmmfjhs
jhs li su
jlefijf. Fsaeaseh, rlghihgl qul mhs nalils eulnmls, lislrls y elifols, sl
ligulitrf jlitrh jlm jlpfrtfelith fitls prlgasfjh, li jhijl jheagamaf
fgtufmelitl.

7. Puit
Puithshs gghi
hitr
trhv
hvlr
lrta
tajh
jhss
Eljafitl ^lshmuga÷i iÿelrh trlaitf y trls jlm 67 jl sltalenrl jl >067, sl kaofrhi mhs
sacualitls puiths ghitrhvlrtajhs?
• Jltlre
Jltlreaif
aifrr sa mf jlef
jlefijf
ijf rlÿi
rlÿill mhs rlquas
rlquasath
athss pf
pfrf
rf jlgm
jlgmfrf
frfrr lm javh
javhrga
rgahh phr gfusfm
gfusfm
jl slpfrfga÷i jl dlgdh jurfitl lm plrahjh aiaitlrruepajh jl jhs föhs, ghikhrel mh
lstfnmlgl lm frtågumh 777, aigash 6> jlm G÷jach Gavam.

:. Wlit
Wlitli
liga
gaff jl pr
prae
aelr
lrff ai
aist
stfi
figa
gaff
Lm oulz jlm Praelr Ouzcfjh jl Kfeamaf jl mf Ghrtl Wuplrahr jl Oustagaf jl Maef, lxpaja÷
mf slitligaf jl klgdf 60 jl efrzh jl >06<, jlgmfrfijh kuijfjf mf jlefijf jl javhrgah
 phr mf gfusfm jl slpfrfga÷i jl dlgdh2 fså gheh kao÷ li trlsgaliths eam j÷mfrls
felragfihs (\W$ 700,000.00) lm ehith jl mf aijleiazfga÷i f kfvhr jl mf jlefijfjf,
 nfoh mhs sacualitls frcueliths?

:.6. Mfs pfrtls dfi ghaigajajh ghi mf klgdf li qul sl prhjuoh mf slpfrfga÷i kægtagf, lsth
ls, lm 6 jl lilrh jl >004, puls fså mh df slöfmfjh lm jlefijfitl y lmmh df sajh
ghrrhnhrfjh phr mf jlefijfjf fm fnshmvlr mf slcuijf prlcuitf jlm pmalch
aitlrrhcfthrah jl khofs sltlgaliths hgdlitf y slas2 phr mh qul, f mf klgdf jl mf
jlefijf, >3 jl sltalenrl jl >066, sl suplr÷ fepmafelitl lm pmfzh qul kaof mf Mly,
gufijh ih dfy daohs elihrls jl ljfj, lm easeh qul sl guepma÷ lm 06 jl lilrh jl
>060.

:.>. Li gufith fm lmlelith sunoltavh, lstl df quljfjh fgrljatfjh jurfitl mf slgulmf jlm
 prhglsh, pulsth qul ghikhrel sl df aijagfjh li lm ghisajlrfijh prlgljlitl, lstæ
fgrljatfjh qul lm jlefijfitl sl fmlo÷ jl mf gfsf ghiyucfm lm 06 jl lilrh jl >004,
sai dfnlr rlfiujfjh phstlrahrelitl mf rlmfga÷i ghiyucfm2 tfm ghijugtf lvajligaf mf
aitliga÷i jlm g÷iyucl jl ih ghitaiufr dfgalijh vajf li gheÿi, ghrrhnhrfjf ghi mf
aitlrphsaga÷i jl mf jlefijf ghi mf kaifmajfj jl jfr phr jasulmth lm våigumh
 eftraehiafm qul mh macf f mf jlefijfjf.

:.7. Phr tfith, df quljfjh fgrljatfjh qul sl df qulnrfjh lm jlnlr jl ghdfnatfga÷i jl

mhs g÷iyucls, lighitræijhsl slpfrfjhs jl dlgdh jlsjl lm els jl lilrh jl >004,
 phr fgth uiamftlrfm jlm g÷iyucl, quali jurfitl thjh lm taleph trfisgurrajh ih df

>77

efiaklstfjh vhmuitfj jl rlthefr mf vajf li gheÿi, sai qul sl dfyf fgrljatfjh

fmcuif gfusf oustakagfnml, mh gufm saciakagf qul lm eftraehiah ghitrfåjh phr mfs
 pfrtls yf ih guepml ghi su kaifmajfj.

G÷jach Gavam kfgumtf fm oulz f kaofr uif aijleiazfga÷i phr mhs

:.:. Lm frtågumh 7:<-F jlm G÷jach
 phsanmls
jlnalijh jföhs fm g÷iyucl
fm rlsplgth slöfmfrqul
uifrlsumtl plroujagfjh
  aijleiazfga÷i   phrphr mf slpfrfga÷i
jföhs, aigmuylijhjllmdlgdh,
jföh
 plrshifm u hrjlifr mf fjoujagfga÷i prlklrlitl jl nalils f mf shgaljfj ghiyucfm.
Fsaeaseh, sl dfgl fmusa÷i fm Zlrglr Pmlih Gfsfthrah Gavam li lm qul sl lstfnmlgl
qul lm oulz talil lm jlnlr jl vlmfr phr mf lstfnamajfj lghi÷eagf jlm g÷iyucl qul
rlsumtl eæs plroujagfjh ghi mf slpfrfga÷i jl dlgdh. Li ghislguligaf, f pljajh jl
 pfrtl h jl hkagah slöfmfræ mh qul aijagf mf ihref fitls eligahifjf.

:.<. Jl fgulrjh ghi mh fgtufjh, mf jlefijfjf s÷mh rlfmaz÷ fgtavajfj rlitfjf jurfitl
iulvl elsls litrl mhs föhs 6111 f >000 y jlspuás fphy÷ fm jlefijfitl li su
ihtfråf. Wa nali mf jlefijfjf sl crfju÷ gheh fnhcfjf li lm föh 611: (ghikhrel f
mf jlgmfrfga÷i rlfmazfjf li fujaligaf jl khofs sltlgaliths hgdlitf y hgdh), y li lm
föh >004 ghigmuy÷ sus lstujahs jl eflstråf li galigaf phmåtagf, ih df slöfmfjh
tlilr fmcÿi aepljaelith h maeatfga÷i kåsagf h elitfm2 mh qul saciakagf qul sl
ligulitrf gfpfgatfjf pfrf lolrglr fgtavajfj rlitfjf2 sai lenfrch, ghikafjf li lm
 prhylgth jl vajf li gheÿi ghi lm jlefijfitl, li lm pmfih mfnhrfm, sl df jljagfjh
efyhrelitl f fphyfr f su g÷iyucl sai tlilr fgtufmelitl jlrlgdh f ghnlrturf jl
sfmuj ia fphrtl prhvasahifm pfrf su ounamfga÷i, gheh sl ghrrhnhrf ghi su rlspulstf f
mf slcuijf prlcuitf jl su fnhcfjf li mf fujaligaf jl prulnfs jl khofs hgdhgaliths
hgdlitf y saltl, li mf qul slöfmf? ”su g÷iyucl pfcfnf sus ghisumtfs, mf fghepföfnf
fm eájagh, pfcfnf jarlgtfelitl mfs praefs jlm slcurh, lm gmun Zlrrfzfs plrh
jlspuás sl df ligfrcfjh jl ar elrefijh su gfmajfj jl vajf, fm puith qul ia
saqualrf puljl aicrlsfr fm gmun, ia puljl usfr su gfrilt eájagh jl ^åefg, ia
LsWfmuj, ia ifjf―2 fkarefga÷i qul sl ghijagl ghi mf jlgmfrfga÷i jlm jlefijfitl, li
mf easef fujaligaf, quali fm rlsphijlr f mf prlcuitf pfrf qul jacf sa mf jlefijfjf
df rlfmazfjh fmcuif fgtavajfj rlitfjf jurfitl mf ghivavligaf, jaoh qul ”så, li
GHKHP^A jurfitl iulvl elsls y phstlrahrelitl, mh fphy÷ li mf ihtfråf, aijagfijh
qul Jhrf ih tliåf ui rácaeli mfnhrfm phrqul lrf mf lsphsf fphyfijh fm lsphsh―.

:.;. Fjleæs, jlnajh f mf arrlcumfrajfj

arrlcumfrajfj jl mhs jlp÷saths jlm jlefijfitl pfrf gunrar mhs
fmaeliths jl mf jlefijfjf, jlspuás jl dfnlr rlfmazfjh fnfijhih jl mf gfsf
ghiyucfm, mf jlefijfjf sl vah hnmacfjf f jlefijfrmh pfrf qul guepmf ghi su
hnmacfga÷i. Zhjh mh gufm saciakagf qul valil f slr mf g÷iyucl plroujagfjf ghi mf
slpfrfga÷i, puls qulj÷ jlsprhtlcajf, phr lolepmh, li gufith fm slcurh jl sfmuj, yf
qul lm jlefijfjh ih rlihv÷ mf p÷mazf jl slcurh pfrtagumfr ghitrftfjf phr ástl f
kfvhr jl mf jlefijfjf.
 :.3. Lm oulz jltlreaif
hgfsahifjhs qul, fjl
f gfusf lklgths jl gheplisfr
mf slpfrfga÷i jl f dlgdh,
mf jlefijfjf phr mhs kaofr
ghrrlsphijl plrouagahs
uif
aijleiazfga÷i lghi÷eagf f su kfvhr, li fjaga÷i fm gaigulitf phr galith qul ml
ghrrlsphijl jl mf maquajfga÷i jl mf shgaljfj jl cfifigafmls.

>7:

<. Kuij
Kuijfe
felilith
thss j
jll mmff fplm
fplmfg
fga÷
a÷i
i
Lm jlefijfitl Jhifth Dlriæi Gfrpah [ámlz, eljafitl lsgrath jlm 3 jl fnram jl >06<,
aitlrpush rlgursh jl fplmfga÷i li lm lxtrleh jl mf slitligaf qul kaof gheh ehith
aijleiazfthrah  mf suef jl trlsgaliths eam j÷mfrls felragfihs (\W$ 700,000.00) f
kfvhr jl mf jlefijfjf, slöfmfijh mhs sacualitls fcrfvahs?

<.6. Lm oulz jlna÷ lxpljar slitligaf

slitligaf ÿiagfel
ÿiagfelitl
itl rlsplg
rlsplgth
th fm puith ghitrh
ghitrhvlrtaj
vlrtajhh kaofjh
gheh ls jltlreaifr sa mf jlefijf rlÿil mhs rlquasaths pfrf jlgmfrfrsl lm javhrgah
 phr mf gfusfm jl slpfrfga÷i jl dlgdh, ih lxastalijh rlghivliga÷i fmcuif shnrl mf
eftlraf jl aijleiazfga÷i2 li thjh gfsh, sl jlna÷ lklgtufr uif fpmagfga÷i
rfzhifnml jlm frtågumh 7:<-F jlm G÷jach Gavam, jlitrh jl mhs pfræeltrhs jlm Zlrglr 
Pmlih Gfsfthrah.

<.>. Mf jlefijfjf
jlefijfjf ih df fgrljatfjh
fgrljatfjh slr mf g÷iyucl plroujagfjf
plroujagfjf,, eæs fÿi, sa sl talil li
gulitf qul iuigf mf jlo÷ li jlsfepfrh, dfnaáijhml jlphsatfjh ehiths jailrfrahs f
su gulitf y pfcfjh mhs slrvagahs y javlrshs ghiglpths f su kfvhr.

<.7. eljafitl
Phr su pfrtl, mf jlefijfjf
lsgrath JhrfjlEfråf
jlm 60 jl fnram >06<,Gdævlz Hrrammh,
slöfmfijh fplm÷ tfenaái mf slitligaf
mh sacualitl?

<.:. Whmagatf
Whmagatf sl rlvhqul y sl jlgmfrl aeprhg
aeprhgljlitl
ljlitl mf jlefijf
jlefijf phr ih dfnlr fgrljatfjh
lm fgthr lighitrfrsl fm jåf li lm pfch jl mhs fmaeliths f su kfvhr, y li lm gfsh qul
lmmh sl jlslstael, shmagatf sl rlvhqul mf slitligaf li lm lxtrleh qul jasphil sl
maquajl mf shgaljfj jl cfifigafmls li ui <0% pfrf gfjf g÷iyucl y hthrcfr uif
aijleiazfga÷i fsglijlitl f trlsgaliths eam j÷mfrls felragfihs, jlnalijh f pljajh
jl ástf, fjoujagærslml lm <0% qul ghrrlsphijl fm fgthr rlsplgth f mhs nalils
ghiyucfmls, ghisastlitls li lm jlpfrtfelith, lstfgahifealiths, jlp÷sath y mhs
rlsplgtavhs elifols y lislrls plrshifmls2 fså gheh, lm nali unagfjh li mf Pmfyf
Glrrh Fzum, vldågumh Dhijf ehjlmh Gavag y sl kaol fjleæs, uif aijleiazfga÷i
 phr jföh ehrfm li mf suef jl jhsgaliths eam j÷mfrls felragfihs (\W$ >00,000.00).

;. Wlit
Wlitli
liga
gaff j
jll Wlc
Wlcui
uijf
jf Ai
Aist
stfi
figa
gaf?
f?
Mf Praelrf Wfmf jl Kfeamaf jl mf Ghrtl Wuplrahr jl Oustagaf jl Maef, eljafitl
^lshmuga÷i iÿelrh higl, jl klgdf 6< jl jagalenrl jl >06<, ghikaref mf slitligaf
 praelrf aistfigaf qul jlgmfrf kuijfjf mf jlefijf jl javhrgah phr mf gfusfm jl
slpfrfga÷i jl dlgdh, y mf rlvhgf li gufith sl kaof li trlsgaliths eam j÷mfrls felragfihs
(\W$ 700,000.00) lm ehith jl mf  aijleiazfga÷i  f kfvhr jl mf jlefijfjf2 y
rlkhreæijhmf, fjoujagfrhi f mf jlefijfjf lm jlpfrtfelith 6:0>, unagfjh li mf
Fvliajf Ohrcl Nfsfjrl iÿelrh 6<17, Wfi Asajrh - Maef, fså gheh mhs lstfgahifealiths
 lm jlp÷sath unagfjhs li lm easeh aieulnml y qul plrtlilgli f mf shgaljfj ghiyucfm,
 nfoh mhs sacualitls frcueliths?
 ;.6. Mf jlefijfjf ih df aiagafjh ouagah jl fmaeliths, fitlrahr
fitlrahr f mf prlslitl jlefijf,
ia df fgrljatfjh qul lxastf fgulrjh litrl mfs pfrtls phr jagdh ghiglpth, phr mh qul,
ih rlsumtf lxacanml lm guepmaealith jlm praelr pærrfkh jlm frtågumh 7:<-F jlm

>7<

G÷jach Gavam, pfrf aivhgfr mf gfusfm, gratlrah qul

q ul fsuea÷ mf Wfmf Gavam Plrefilitl y
Zrfisathraf jl mf Ghrtl Wuprlef jl mf ^lpÿnmagf, gheh sl fprlgaf jl mfs Gfsfgahils
 I¿ 6::4->06>-Maef y ;70->003-Mhrlth.

;.>. Ghikhrel
Ghikhrel fm Zlrglr Pmlih Gfsfthrah,
Gfsfthrah, ghrrlsphijl
ghrrlsphijl qul lm oulz sl prhiuigal shnrl
shnrl mf
aijleiazfga÷i
li mf jlefijf hfmlig÷iyucl plroujagfjh, fså ih dfyf sajh shmagatfjh lxprlsfelitl
mf rlghivliga÷i.

;.7. Wa nali li lm rlgursh

rlgursh jl fplmfg
fplmfga÷i
a÷i jl mf jlefijf
jlefijfjf jf df shmagatfjh aijleiazfga÷i y
shmagatfjh
fjoujagfga÷i jl nalils, ghikhrel fm frtågumh 7:<- F jlm G÷jach Gavam, jlsfrrhmmfjh
li lm Zlrglr Pmlih Gfsfthrah, shi jhs shmugahils jl gfrægtlr fmtlriftavh, plrh f mf
vlz, jl gfrægtlr lxgmuylitls y jlkaiatavfs, phr mh qul ih ls phsanml su ghigurrligaf
saeumtæilf, ehtavh phr lm gufm, fÿi jl slr lm gfsh, jl lstfnmlglr qul mf jlefijfjf
ls mf g÷iyucl eæs plroujagfjf, s÷mh sl ml hthrcfråf uif jl lmmfs.

;.:. Lm jlefijfitl
jlefijfitl df slöfmfjh
slöfmfjh qul mf jlefijfjf ih rlghivaih
rlghivaih ghi uif prltlisa÷i
prltlisa÷i
aijleiazfthraf2 sai lenfrch, ghikhrel fm gatfjh pmlih, kuijfelith hgdlitf y
guftrh, li lm prhglsh jl javhrgah sl fpmagf lm praigapah jl kmlxanamazfga÷i, fm puith
li qul ih ls aijasplisfnml qul lm g÷iyucl lxprlsfelitl shmagatl aijleiazfga÷i li
mf jlefijf h li mf våf rlghivligahifm2 phr lm ghitrfrah, slræ sukagalitl qul fmlcul
dlgdhs qul ghikacurli su ghijaga÷i jl g÷iyucl eæs plroujagfjh  y qul mf htrf
 pfrtl tlicf lm jlrlgdh jl jlklisf y ghitrfjagthrah2 phr mh qul rlsumtf fj
fjlgufjh
lgufjh qul
lm Ghmlcafjh leatf prhiuigafealith fm rlsplgth.

;.<. Mfs pfrtls

pfrtls sl gfsfrhi
gfsfrhi li lm föh 6116, tlialijh
tlialijh lm fgthr
fgthr 70 föhs y mf jlefijfjf
jlefijfjf >;
föhs, prhjugaáijhsl mf slpfrfga÷i f mhs 6; föhs jl gfsfjhs, lsth ls, li lm föh >004.
Lrf ui eftraehiah li lm gufm, lm fgthr sl jljagfnf f trfnfofr y phr tfith, rlgfåf li ám
mf hnmacfga÷i jlm shstliaealith lghi÷eagh jlm dhcfr khrefjh ghi su lsphsf, quali
sa nali slöfm÷ dfnlr trfnfofjh li GHKHP^A, mh dazh s÷mh phr iulvl elsls y qul

mulch fphy÷
lsth ls, qul fpfrf
su lsphsh li mf Ihtfråf,
shstlilrsl jlplijåfihlxgmusavfelitl
ghitfijh ghi trfnfoh rleuilrfjh
jlm fgthr y sa nalifmcuih,
gurs÷
lstujahs jl jlrlgdh, eflstråf l ajahefs, litrl htrhs, thjh lmmh lrf ghi lm
fslitaealith y ghepmfgligaf jlm jlefijfitl, quali rlkara÷ qul su plrshif pfcfnf
lm jlpfrtfelith, su efitliaealith, mhs slrvagahs næsaghs, ftliga÷i eájagf2 fså
gheh, mhs pfchs pfrf mf khrefga÷i prhklsahifm y plrshifm jl su lsphsf rlsplgth f
gurshs jl eflstråf l ajahefs (khofs sltlitf y hgdh), efiaklstfijh li fujaligaf
(khofs sltlgaliths ihvlitf), qul mf jlefijfjf ih tliåf ui rácaeli mfnhrfm phrqul
lrf mf lsphsf fphyfijh fm lsphsh, jl mh qul sl puljl ghigmuar qul mf jlefijfjf ih
tliåf trfnfoh rleuilrfjh y ih gulitf ghi slcurh eájagh, yf qul gheh lm easeh
fgthr slöfm÷, li fujaligaf jl khofs sltlgaliths hgdlitf y iulvl, dfstf dfgl
 fprhxaefjfelitl jhs föhs, su plrshif pfcfnf ui slcurh eájagh pravfjh, qul
aigmuåf f fenhs y gheh ghislguligaf jlm prhglsh jl fmaeliths qul lmmf aiagaf y phr 
lm pfch jl fsacifga÷i fitagapfjf, jlo÷ jl aigmuarmf li jagdh slcurh pravfjh f su
g÷iyucl.

>7;

;.;. Lm fgthr jlgaja÷ uiamftlrfmelitl rltarfrsl jlm dhcfr ghiyucfm li lilrh jl >004, ih
dfnalijh fgrljatfjh ghislitaealith jl mf jlefijfjf. Fjleæs, lm fgthr ih df
fgrljatfjh qul lm ehtavh jl mf slpfrfga÷i dfyf sajh mf ilcftavf jl mf jlefijfjf f
ih tlilr daohs y qul lmmh mh jlgajalrf fmlofrsl jlm dhcfr ghiyucfm, salijh qul li su
jlefijf aivhg÷ rfzhils jl aighepftanamajfj.

;.3. Lm jlefijfitl
jlefijfitl df khrefjh htrfhtrf kfeamaf ghi tlr
tlrglrf
glrf plrshif,
plrshif, ghi quali talil
talil jhs
daohs J. J. ifgajh lm 61 jl efyh jl >004, ghikhrel sl fjvalrtl f khofs eam hgdlitf
y trls y E. F., ifgajh lm >< jl fnram jl >06>, ghikhrel f mf pfrtajf jl khofs
slasgaliths hgdlitf y jhs, ls jlgar, lm jlefijfitl gfsa gaigh elsls jlspuás jl
dfnlrsl rltarfjh jlm dhcfr ghiyucfm, tuvh su praelr daoh ghi uif tlrglrf plrshif,
qulnrfitfijh jl lstf efilrf lm jlnlr jl kajlmajfj qul lm eftraehiah aephil.

;.4. Fsaeaseh, sl puljl fprlgafr qul jlspuás jlm rltarh ghiyucfm, lm fgthr aivat÷ f mf
jlefijfjf f ghigamafr, ih dfnaáijhsl frranfjh f fgulrjh fmcuih, gheh sl fprlgaf
jlm fgtf jl khofs quaigl, jl klgdf 6 jl klnrlrh jl >066, y qul kulrf hkrlgajf gheh
eljah prhnfthrah phr lm fgthr, f mh qul mf jlefijfjf fm ghitlstfr prlslit÷ ghpaf jl
uif prhpulstf kaifm jl jagdf ghigamafga÷i jl khofs jhsgaliths quaigl, li mf qul sl
fghrjfnf mf jastranuga÷i jl mhs nalils ghiyucfmls2 fså f mf jlefijfjf sl ml
hthrcfnf lm 600 % jl mf prhpaljfj jlm jlpfrtfelith, lstfgahifealiths y jlp÷saths,
litrl htrhs y fm fgthr, lm 600 % jl mf prhpaljfj jl mfs hkagaifs qul ghistatuyl su
glitrh jl trfnfoh, litrl htrhs, slöfmæijhsl, qul ástl fsuearåf gheh hnmacfga÷i
lxgmusavf lm pfch jlm sfmjh jlm grájath daphtlgfrah, mf gufm fsgalijl f eæs jl
hgdlitf eam j÷mfrls (\W$ 40,000.00), jlnalijh ghitaiufr pfcfijh jl fgulrjh f mf
 prhcrfefga÷i jl mfs guhtfs.

;.1. F khofs trlsgaliths

trlsgaliths hgdlitf y saltl, sl fprlgaf mf prhpulstf, fså gheh uif ihtf f mf
jlefijfjf, fm lstfr jaracajf f «Ehga², qul ls su fphjh kfeamafr gheh lmmf mh df
jlgmfrfjh, y sa nali ls galrth, jagdfs prhpulstfs ih prhsplrfrhi y ih dunh
ghigamafga÷i, jl mfs easefs phjlehs aiklrar qul mf aiagaftavf jlm fgthr, lrf litrl
htrhs, qul lm jlpfrtfelith qul dfnatfnf mf jlefijfjf quljl li prhpaljfj jl mf
easef, fså gheh mhs lstfgahifealiths y lm jlp÷sath.

;.60.Mf jlefijfjf pfjlgl dueammfgahils f gfusf jl vlofthrafs eljajfs frnatrfrafs

thefjfs phr su g÷iyucl yf qul ml aepajli lm fgglsh fm gmun Zlrrfzfs jl Earfkmhrls,
jlsghihgaáijhsl su stftus jl shgaf y elrefijh su gfmajfj jl vajf2 gheh prulnf
jl lmmh, fghepföf uif gfrtf jaracajf f jagdf aistatuga÷i2 fså gheh, mf rlspulstf jl
fquámmf, li mf qul sl slöfmf qul df lolgutfjh mh shmagatfjh phr lm fshgafjh Gfrpah
[ámlz. Fkaref tfenaái mf rlgurrlitl, qul sukrl jlseljrh yf qul lm fgthr lklgtÿf
gheprfs f lxplisfs jl sus rlgurshs sai tlilr gheh jlstaih lm jheagamah ghiyucfm,
fghepföfijh ghpaf jlm pljajh jl uif rlkraclrfjhrf.
 ;.66.Phr thjh mhls fitls
slpfrfga÷i rlklrajh, ghmacl mf Wfmf qul mf g÷iyucl plroujagfjf ghi mf
mf jlefijfjf.

>73

;.6>.Lm oulz jl praelrf aistfigaf df hthrcfjh f mf jlefijfjf gheh aijleiazfga÷i  mf

suef jl trlsgaliths eam j÷mfrls felragfihs (\W$ 700,000.00), kaoæijhsl li
ehiljf lxtrfiolrf plsl f ih dfnlrsl fgrljatfjh qul lm fgthr plrganf sus aicrlshs li
j÷mfrls.

;.67.Fdhrf
sath li nali, lm jlpfrtfelith
Fvliajf Ohrcl Nfsfjrlquliÿelrh
dfnatf 6<17,
mf jlefijfjf y qul kul
jlpfrtfelith lm dhcfr
6:0>, ghiyucfm
Jastrath jl Wfi
Asajrh, Maef, fså gheh mhs jhs lstfgahifealiths F-6> y F-67, mhs valil pfcfijh lm
fgthr f trfvás jl ui grájath daphtlgfrah ghi Wghtafnfib, qul ghigmuaræ li lm föh
>0>>. Lm kuijfelith iÿelrh sltlitf y slas jlm Zlrglr Pmlih Gfsfthrah, slöfmf qul
sa nali mf lmlgga÷i litrl mf aijleiazfga÷i y fjoujagfga÷i ghrrlsphijl fm ghishrtl
 nlilkagafjh2 sai lenfrch, ”sa mf lmlgga÷i ih ls fjlgufjf, lm oulz kaifmelitl
jlgajaræ mf hpga÷i mlcfm eæs fprhpafjf fm aitlrás jl mf kfeamaf―.

;.6:.Pfrf lm ghmlcafjh, mf hpga÷i mlcfm eæs fprhpafjf pfrf mf g÷iyucl plroujagfjf, li

lstl gfsh, mf jlefijfjf, ls qul sl ml fjoujaqul mhs nalils fitls slöfmfjhs, eæs fÿi
sa fgtufmelitl dfnatf li lm rlklrajh jlpfrtfelith, y sa nali, lsths ih sl ligulitrfi
gfiglmfjhs, fjlujæijhsl guhtfs jlm grájath daphtlgfrah fm nfigh Wghtafnfib, f kai
jl gfutlmfr lm gfrægtlr fsastligafm jl mf aijleiazfga÷i, lm fgthr jlnlræ ghitaiufr 
rlfmazfijh jagdhs pfchs dfstf qul mf prlslitl slitligaf quljl ghislitajf h
lolguthrafjf2 mulch jl mh gufm, ghrrlsphijlræ f mf jlefijfjf rlfmazfr mhs pfchs
 plijalitls.

3. ^lgu
^lgurs
rshh jl gfs
fsfg
fga÷
a÷i
i
Gfusfmls phr mfs qul sl jlgmfr÷ prhgljlitl lm rlgursh jl gfsfga÷i?
Lm rlgursh jl gfsfga÷i aitlrpulsth phr mf jlefijfjf Jhrf Efråf Gdævlz Hrammh, df sajh
jlgmfrfjh prhgljlitl, eljafitl futh gfmakagfthrah jlm 70 jl sltalenrl jl >06;, jl khofs
gaigulitf y gaith jlm gufjlrih jl gfsfga÷i, phr mfs gfusfmls qul f ghitaiufga÷i sl

jltfmmfi?
f) Aik
Aikrfg
rfgga÷
ga÷i
i ihreft
ihreftavf
avf jl mhs
mhs frtåg
frtågumh
umhss 766 y 7>> jlm
jlm G÷jach
G÷jach Gavam
Gavam,, y
fpfrtfealith aiehtavfjh jlm Zlrglr Pmlih Gfsfthrah Gavam?
Mf rlgurrlitl fmlcf qul lm Ghmlcafjh jl khref ghitrfjagthraf ih df vlmfjh phr lm
g÷iyucl plroujagfjh, plsl f rlghihglr qul ih gulitf ghi ui trfnfoh rleuilrfjh, ia
 plisa÷i y qul jurfitl mf vacligaf jlm eftraehiah lm jlefijfitl lrf lm ÿiagh qul
sukrfcfnf mhs cfsths jlm dhcfr.
Mf Wfmf jl eárath ih df thefjh li gulitf qul lm aieulnml fjoujagfjh, våf
aijleiazfga÷i, sl ligulitrf daphtlgfjh dfstf lm föh >0>> y prltlijlr qul jagdf
 jlujf slf fsueajf phr mf rlgurrlitl, ih sl foustf fm gfrægtlr aijleiazfthrah2 li
thjh gfsh, ghrrlsphijl praelrh mf gfiglmfga÷i jl jagdf jlujf, li mf maquajfga÷i jlm
 pftraehiah.

AAA. EFZL
EFZL^AF
^AF O\
O\^ÅJAG
^ÅJAGF
F LI JLNFZL
JLNFZL

>74

Li lm gfsh jl fuths, mf gulsta÷i ouråjagf hnolth jl ghitrhm li sljl gfsfthraf, ghisastl li

jltlreaifr sa mf slitligaf jl vastf aigurrl li mfs aikrfggahils ihreftavfs jliuigafjfs,
rlmfgahifjfs f sa mf  aijleiazfga÷i  hthrcfjf f mf jlefijfjf, li su ghijaga÷i jl
g÷iyucl plroujagfjf, sl df suoltfjh f mhs pfræeltrhs lstfnmlgajhs li lm Zlrglr Pmlih
Gfsfthrah Gavam.

A[. K\IJF
K\IJFELIZ
ELIZHW
HW JL LWZF WFMF W\P^LEF?
W\P^LEF?
Praelrh.- Ls elilstlr prlgasfr qul lm rlgursh jl gfsfga÷i ls ui eljah jl aepucifga÷i
lxtrfhrjaifrah qul plreatl lolrglr lm ghitrhm jl mfs jlgasahils ourasjaggahifmls, ghi mf
kaifmajfj jl cfrfitazfr mf ghrrlgtf fpmagfga÷i l aitlrprltfga÷i jlm jlrlgdh hnoltavh y mf
uiakagfga÷i jl mf ourasprujligaf ifgahifm jl mf Ghrtl Wuprlef jl Oustagaf2 fså gheh,
jltlreaifr sa li jagdfs jlgasahils sl df aikraicajh h ih mfs ihrefs qul cfrfitazfi lm
jlnajh prhglsh, trfjugajh li lm rlsplth jl mhs praigapahs qul mh rlcumfi.
Wlcuijh.- Ftlijalijh f mfs aikrfggahils ihreftavfs jliuigafjfs, jlnl fifmazfrsl lm
frtågumh 7:<-F jlm G÷jach Gavam qul
qu l lstfnmlgl?
”(…) Lm oulz vlmfræ phr mf lstfnamajfj lghi÷eagf jlm g÷iyucl qul rlsumtl
 plroujagfjh phr mf slpfrfga÷i jl dlgdh, fså gheh mf jl sus daohs. Jlnlræ slöfmfr 
uif  aijleiazfga÷i  phr jföhs, aigmuylijh lm jföh plrshifm u hrjlifr mf
fjoujagfga÷i prlklrlitl jl nalils jl mf shgaljfj ghiyucfm, aijlplijalitlelitl jl
mf plisa÷i jl fmaeliths qul ml pujalrf ghrrlsphijlr―.
Jagdh frtågumh kul aighrphrfjh fm G÷jach Gavam phr mf Mly iÿelrh >3:1<, prheumcfjf
lm 3 jl oumah jl >006, li lm gufm sl aistatuyl mf phsanamajfj jl aijleiazfr fm g÷iyucl
qul rlsumtl plroujagfjh phr mf slpfrfga÷i jl dlgdh.
Li pfåsls gheh Lspföf, tfenaái sl df rlcumfjh tfm phsanamajfj. ^hgf Zrafs, jlm fiæmasas
qul dfgl fm frtågumh 13 jlm G÷jach Gavam lspföhm, li fmusa÷i f mf aistatuga÷i fitls
rlklrajf, slöfmf?

”RGUhistatuyl
fmgfizfjh phruif ui  aijleiazfga÷i   phr lmmf eftraehiah,
g÷iyucl jurfitl párjajf jl mhs
qulghstls jl hphrtuiajfj
sl lxtaiculi gheh
ghislguligaf jlm javhrgah? ealitrfs lrf lkagfz, lm eftraehiah liefsgfrfnf lstf
 párjajf f trfvás jlm jlnlr jl shghrrh2 jlsfpfrlgajh lm eftraehiah, mf párjajf sl
efiakalstf ghi thjf su grujlzf y phr lmmh jlnl lxastar mf gheplisfga÷i―.
Phr su pfrtl, mhs futhrls Plrljf C÷elz y [lcf Wfmf, shstalili qul?
”RMUf plisa÷i gheplisfthraf ls lm jlrlgdh qul talil uih jl mhs g÷iyucls pfrf
rlpfrfr lm jlslquamanrah lghi÷eagh, qul sukrl uih jl mhs g÷iyucls, gheh
ghislguligaf jl mf slpfrfga÷i h lm javhrgah. Lm plrouagah lghi÷eagh li lm iavlm jl
vajf jl uih jl mhs g÷iyucls ls lstaefjh li kuiga÷i jlm iavlm jl vajf qul vliåf
 jaskrutfijh jurfitl lm eftraehiah y li lm ehelith fitlrahr fm glsl jl mf rlmfga÷i
ghiyucfm―.
Zlrglrh.- Mf ihref nfoh lstujah lstfnmlgl qul, li thjh ehelith, lm oulz jlnl tlilr li
gulitf qul lm g÷iyucl fklgtfjh y sus daohs jlnli efitlilr uif lstfnamajfj lghi÷eagf.

>71

Ls fså qul lm oulz slöfmfræ h uif aijleiazfga÷i phr jföhs y plrouagahs, aigmuylijh lm

jföh plrshifm u hrjlifr mf fjoujagfga÷i prlklrlitl jl nalils jl mf shgaljfj ghiyucfm.
Lspaihzf Lspaihzf, df shstliajh qul lm frtågumh 7:<-F jlm G÷jach Gavam, puljl
aitlrprltfrsl jl jhs efilrfs? h qul mf ihref ls aeplrftavf, phr gufith ghitalil lm vlrnh
«jlnlræ² y phr ghisacualitl, fuiqul ih dfyf sajh pljajh phr mf pfrtl fklgtfjf, lm oulz
ih puljl sustrflrsl jl lstl efijfth2 h qul, ftlijalijh f uif aitlrprltfga÷i sastleætagf
jlm G÷jach Gavam, lm jföfjh jlnl prhnfr tfith lm jföh gheh lm ilxh gfusfm y s÷mh li lsl
gfsh lm oulz jlnlræ kaofr uif aijleiazfga÷i.
Wai lenfrch, ls ghi mf jfga÷i jlm Zlrglr Pmlih Gfsfthrah Gavam, jl klgdf 67 jl efyh jl
>066, qul sl phil kai f mhs gulstahifealiths fitls eligahifjhs, lstfnmlgaáijhsl
 pfræeltrhs jl aitlrprltfga÷i jl mf fmujajf ihref, slöfmfijh, li praigapah, qul mf
aijleiazfga÷i  fm g÷iyucl plroujagfjh ghi mf slpfrfga÷i talil gfrægtlr jl uif
hnmacfga÷i mlcfm, mf easef qul puljl guepmarsl jl jhs khrefs? ghi lm pfch jl uif suef
jl jailrh h ghi mf fjoujagfga÷i prlklrlitl jl nalils jl mf shgaljfj ghiyucfm. Lstfs jhs
shmugahils shi jl gfrægtlr fmtlriftavh, lxgmuylitl y jlkaiatavh.
Li lsl slitajh, lm Zlrglr Pmlih Gfsfthrah li su kuijfelith gaigulitf y jhs, slöfmf qul?
mlcfm   aijleiazfthraf mf lighitrfehs li mf
”Lm kuijfelith jl lstf hnmacfga÷i mlcfm 
lquajfj y li mf shmajfrajfj kfeamafr. Li gufith f lstl ÿmtaeh kuijfelith, sl trftf jl
aijleiazfr jföhs prhjugajhs li lm aitlrahr jl mf kfeamaf, lsth ls jl mhs jföhs lijh
kfeamafrls, qul elihsgfnfi jlrlgdhs l aitlrlsls ih shmh jlm  jlm   g÷iyucl eæs
plroujagfjh (shmajfrajfj ghiyucfm) saih tfenaái jl mhs daohs, phr mh qul litrl mhs
ealenrhs jl mf kfeamaf jlnl dfglrsl lklgtavf mf shmajfrajfj kfeamafr―.
Lm pmlih prlgasf qul mf aijleiazfga÷i talil phr kaifmajfj lquamanrfr mfs jlsacufmjfjls
lghi÷eagfs qul jlravfi jl mf slpfrfga÷i jl dlgdh, y fm jfrsl uif shmf vlz, mf jlsgfrtf
jl tlilr ui gfrægtlr fmaelitfrah, yf qul lstfs talili ui gfrægtlr plra÷jagh. Wai lenfrch,
lstfs jlsacufmjfjls jlnli slr ghistftfjfs phr lm oulz jurfitl lm prhglsh li nfsl f mhs
eljahs prhnfthrahs, phr tfith, rlsumtf ilglsfrah qul lxastf uif rlmfga÷i jl gfusfmajfj
litrl mhs plrouagahs sukrajhs phr lm g÷iyucl y mf slpfrfga÷i jl dlgdh.
Gufrth.- Fsaeaseh, sl lstfnmlga÷ gheh prlgljlitl vaigumfitl mh sacualitl? ”Li mhs
 prhglshs shnrl javhrgah ‗y jl slpfrfga÷i jl gulrphs‗ phr mf gfusfm jl slpfrfga÷i jl
dlgdh, lm oulz talil lm jlnlr jl vlmfr phr mf lstfnamajfj lghi÷eagf jlm g÷iyucl qul
rlsumtl eæs plroujagfjh phr mf slpfrfga÷i jl dlgdh, fså gheh mf jl sus daohs,   jl
ghikhreajfj ghi mh jaspulsth phr lm frtågumh 7:<-F jlm G÷jach Gavam. Li ghislguligaf,
f pljajh jl pfrtl h jl hkagah slöfmfræ uif aijleiazfga÷i  phr phr jföhs, lm qul aigmuyl lm
jföh f mf plrshif u hrjlifræ mf fjoujagfga÷i prlklrlitl jl nalils jl mf shgaljfj
ghiyucfm, aijlplijalitlelitl jl mf plisa÷i jl fmaeliths qul pujalrf ghrrlsphijlrml.
Lm jföh ehrfm ls aijleiazfnml y sl dfmmf gheprlijajh li lm jföh f mf plrshif―.
 Li gufith f mf fjoujagfga÷i jl mhs nalils fm g÷iyucl plroujagfjh, sl df prlgasfjh qul sl
dfræ prlklrlitlelitl
lstfnmlgaealith shnrl
fcråghmf, mf gfsfaijustrafm
frtlsfifm, li mf qul dfnatf mfjlkfeamaf,
h ghelrgafm gfrægtlrhkfeamafr,
li thjhpujalijh
gfsh lm
lm oulz jasphilr mf fjoujagfga÷i jlm elifol jafrah jlm dhcfr.

>:0

Vuaith. ‗ Nfoh lsl ghitlxth, f kai jl jltlreaifr sa lm gratlrah fjhptfjh phr lm Ghmlcafjh
rlsplgth f mf aijleiazfga÷i kaofjf f kfvhr jl mf jlefijfjf li su ghijaga÷i jl g÷iyucl
 plroujagfjf, sl ligulitrf fghrjl f mhs pfræeltrhs lstfnmlgajhs li lm kuijfelith guftrh
jlm gatfjh Pmlih Gfsfthrah, sl jlnl tlilr li gulitf mfs sacualitls garguistfigafs?
f) lm crfjh jl fklgtfga÷i lehgahifm h psaghm÷cagf2 n) mf tliligaf y gusthjaf jl
dlgdh jl sus daohs elihrls jl ljfj y mf jljagfga÷i fm dhcfr2 g) sa jagdh g÷iyucl
tuvh qul jlefijfr fmaeliths pfrf ám y sus daohs elihrls jl ljfj, fitl lm
aiguepmaealith jlm g÷iyucl hnmacfjh2 j) sa df quljfjh li uif efiakalstf satufga÷i
lghi÷eagf jlsvlitfohsf y plroujagafm ghi rlmfga÷i fm htrh g÷iyucl y f mf satufga÷i
qul tliåf jurfitl lm eftraehiah, litrl htrfs garguistfigafs rlmlvfitls (...).
Fsaeaseh, li su kuijfelith slas sl lstfnmlga÷ qul?
”RMUf  aijleiazfga÷i  h mf fjoujagfga÷i jl nalils talil mf ifturfmlzf jl uif
hnmacfga÷i mlcfm, guyf kaifmajfj ls ghrrlcar ui lvajlitl jlslquamanrah lghi÷eagh l
aijleiazfr lm jföh f mf plrshif, rlsumtfitl jl mf slpfrfga÷i jl dlgdh h jlm javhrgah
li så2 su kuijfelith ih ls mf rlsphisfnamajfj gavam ghitrfgtufm h lxtrfghitrfgtufm
saih mf lquajfj y mf shmajfrajfj kfeamafr (…)―.
Wlxth.- Jl htrh mfjh, li lm kuijfelith gaigulitf y iulvl jlm eligahifjh prlgljlitl,
slöfmf qul pfrf jltlreaifr mf aijleiazfga÷i  ih sl rlqualrl mf ghigurrligaf jl thjhs
mhs prlsupulsths jl mf rlsphisfnamajfj gavam gheÿi ‗mf fitaouragajfj, lm jföh, mf rlmfga÷i
jl gfusfmajfj y lm kfgthr jl ftranuga÷i‗, pfrtagumfrelitl ih ls ilglsfrah lstfnmlglr 
kfgthr jl ftranuga÷i fmcuih ‗gheh ls lm gfsh jlm jhmh h mf gumpf li slitajh lstragth‗ ia
mf ghijugtf fitaouråjagf gheh rlquasaths jl prhgljligaf jl lstf aijleiazfga÷i. Phr lm
ghitrfrah, rlsumtf ilglsfrah qul ghigurrf mf rlmfga÷i jl gfusfmajfj litrl lm elihsgfnh
lghi÷eagh ‗y lm jföh plrshifm‗ ghi mf slpfrfga÷i jl dlgdh y, li su gfsh, ghi lm
javhrgah li så.
Li lsl slitajh, sl df aijagfjh ”(…) ih sl aijleiazf gufmqualr jföh h thjhs mhs jföhs
 prhjugajhs li mf áphgf jl mf slpfrfga÷i jl dlgdh saih fqu
fquám
ám jföh qu
qull slf ghislguligaf
jarlgtf jl jagdf slpfrfga÷i h jlm javhrgah li så―2 ls jlgar, shmh sl aijleiazfræi  mhs
 plrouagahs qul sl hracaifrhi f rfåz jl mf slpfrfga÷i jl dlgdh prhjugajf, eugdh fitls jl
mf aitlrphsaga÷i jl mf jlefijf y mhs prlouagahs qul sl prhjuzgfi jlsjl mf iulvf
satufga÷i ouråjagf qul sl prhvhqul ghi hgfsa÷i jl mf kuijfnamajfj jl mf jlefijf jl
javhrgah.
Wátaeh.- Fsaeaseh, li lm kuijfelith slslitf y uih jlm rlklrajh Pmlih Gfsfthrah sl df
lstfnmlgajh qul?
(…) ls ilglsfrah puitufmazfr clilrfmelitl, sfmvh satufgahils lxglpgahifmls, ghi mf
rupturf jl dlgdh jl prhjugl pfrf fenhs g÷iyucls plrouagahs jl javlrsf ifturfmlzf,
 plrh uih jl mhs ghishrtls rlsumtf eæs plroujagfjh qul lm htrh. Li lm ghitlxth jlm
  ouagah jl prhgljanamajfj, lm oulz vlrakagfræ sa lxastl li lm prhglsh li ghigrlth ui
g÷iyucl eæs plroujagfjh, fm gufm sl rlkalrl lm frtågumh 7:<-F jlm G÷jach Gavam.
Ghsf jastaitf ls qul li lm æenath jl mf kuijfnamajfj sl tlicf li gulitf fmcuihs
fsplgths jl mf gumpf h jhmh jlm g÷iyucl pfrf jltlreaifr mf efciatuj jl mhs

>:6

 plrouagahs y crfjufr lm ehith jl mf aijleiazfga÷i f kfvhr jlm g÷iyucl eæs

plroujagfjh. Fså, phr lolepmh, sa uih jl mhs g÷iyucls sl rldus÷ aioustakagfjfelitl
f guepmar ghi su hnmacfga÷i fmaelitfraf f kfvhr jlm htrh g÷iyucl y jl sus daohs2 h
 nali, gufijh fquám fnfijhi÷ lm dhcfr ghiyucfm sai fgrljatfr ehtavh oustakagfjh,
eæs fÿi sa sl kul jlm dhcfr pfrf ghivavar ghi tlrglrf plrshif, jlofijh
jlsfepfrfjhs ehrfm y eftlrafmelitl f su ghishrtl
ghi shrtl l daohs (…).
Hgtfvh.- Nfoh lsl ghitlxth, li lm gfsh li ghigrlth, sl df jltlreaifjh qul mfs pfrtls sl
gfsfrhi li lm föh 6116, prhjugaáijhsl mf slpfrfga÷i f mhs 6; föhs jl gfsfjhs, lsth ls,
li lilrh jlm föh >004, phr jlgasa÷i uiamftlrfm jlm jlefijfitl, quali hpt÷ phr rltarfrsl
jlm dhcfr ghiyucfm, sai ehtavh oustakagfjh.
Wl talil qul lm jlefijfitl df khrefjh htrf kfeamaf ghi tlrglrf plrshif, ghi quali df
 prhgrlfjh jhs daohs J. J., ifgajh
i fgajh lm 61 jl efyh jl >0>004,
04, ghikhrel sl fjvalrtl f khofs
eam hgdlitf y trls, y E. F., ifgajh lm >< jl fnram jl >06>, ghikhrel f mf pfrtajf jl khofs
slasgaliths hgdlitf y jhs, ls jlgar, lm jlefijfitl gfsa gaigh elsls jlspuás jl dfnlrsl
rltarfjh jlm dhcfr ghiyucfm, tuvh su praelr daoh prhjugth jl uif rlmfga÷i
lxtrfeftraehiafm, mh gufm lvajligaf qul qulnrfit÷ lm jlnlr jl kajlmajfj qul lm
eftraehiah aephil.
Fsaeaseh, sl df fgrljatfjh jl mfs prhpafs jlgmfrfgahils jl mfs pfrtls, qul, jurfitl lm
eftraehiah, lm fgthr sl jljagfnf f trfnfofr y phr tfith, rlgfåf li ám mf hnmacfga÷i jlm
shstliaealith lghi÷eagh jlm dhcfr ghikhrefjh ghi su lsphsf, quali sa nali slöfm÷
dfnlr trfnfofjh li Ghkhpra, mh dazh s÷mh phr iulvl elsls puls mulch fphy÷ f su lsphsh
li mf Ihtfråf, ih ghitfijh ghi trfnfoh rleuilrfjh fmcuih.
Lm prhpah jlefijfitl df efiaklstfjh li su lsgrath jl jlefijf y li fujaligaf jl
 prulnfs qul lrf su plrshif mf qul pfcfnf lm jlpfrtfelith, efitliaealith, mhs slrvagahs
 næsaghs, ftliga÷i eájagf2 fså gheh, mh
mhss pfchs pfrf mf khrefga÷i prhklsahifm y plrshifm
jl su lsphsf rlsplgth f gurshs jl eflstråf l ajahefs (khofs sltlitf y hgdh), slöfmfijh
qul mf jlefijfjf ih tliåf ui rácaeli mfnhrfm phrqul lrf ”mf lsphsf fphyfijh fm
lsphsh―, mh qul ghikaref qul mf jlefijfjf ih tliåf trfnfoh rleuilrfjh.
Jl htrh mfjh, sl df jltlreaifjh li fuths qul kul lm jlefijfitl quali ghitrft÷ ui
slcurh eájagh pravfjh pfrf su g÷iyucl, plrh gheh ghislguligaf jlm prhglsh jl
fmaeliths qul ástf ml aistfur÷, jlo÷ jl aigmuarmf li jagdh slcurh.
Fsaeaseh, mf jlefijfjf df efiaklstfjh qul fgtufmelitl pfjlgl dueammfgahils f gfusf
jl mfs eljajfs frnatrfrafs fjhptfjfs phr su g÷iyucl, quali shmagat÷ fm gmun Zlrrfzfs jl
Earfkmhrls, sl ml aepajf lm fgglsh f jagdh gmun, jlsghihgaáijhsl su lstftus jl shgaf,
elrefijh su gfmajfj jl vajf2 prulnf jl lmmh, ls mf gfrtf rleatajf phr lm eligahifjh
gmun f trfvás jl mf gufm ml aikhref qul sl df lolgutfjh mh shmagatfjh phr lm fshgafjh
Gfrpah [ámlz.
 Ihvlih.- Jl mh lxpulsth, sl vlrakagf lithigls qul mf rlgurrlitl ls mf g÷iyucl
plroujagfjf ghi mf
kul lm fgthr quali slpfrfga÷i
tuvh jl dlgdh, puls
trfnfoh rleuilrfjh gheh
jurfitl nali mh dfjlmslöfmfjh
mf vacligaf lm Ghmlcafjh,
eftraehiah, ealitrfs
qul mf jlefijfjf s÷mh trfnfo÷ li Ghkhpra phr iulvl elsls. Mf jlefijfjf ih chzf jl
 plisa÷i ia prlstfgahils mfnhrfmls. Lm fgthr ih df fgrljatfjh qul mf jlefijfjf dfyf

>:>

ghislitajh su rltarh jlm dhcfr ghiyucfm. Lm fgthr qulnrfit÷ lm jlnlr jl kajlmajfj, phr 
gufijh f mf klgdf jl hgurrajf mf slpfrfga÷i dfnåf efitliajh rlmfgahils
lxtrfeftraehiafmls, ifgalijh su praelr daoh gaigh elsls jlspuás fprhxaefjfelitl, jl
su rltarh jlm dhcfr ghiyucfm.
Mf jlefijfjf ih lolrga÷ trfnfoh fmcuih, shmh lm fitls eligahifjh, jlplijalijh
lghi÷eagfelitl jlm fgthr y sa nali gurs÷ lstujahs jl eflstråf l ajahefs, thjh lmmh lrf
ghi lm fslitaealith y ghepmfgligaf jlm easeh. Lmmh fuifjh fm dlgdh qul lm jlefijfitl
jlgaja÷ gfiglmfr lm slcurh jl sfmuj pravfjh qul tliåf su g÷iyucl f gfusf jl mf jlefijf
jl fmaeliths qul ml aistfur÷, fjleæs jl mhs aepljaeliths qul talil fgtufmelitl mf
rlgurrlitl jl aicrlsfr fm gmun li lm gufm lrf shgaf, f shmagatuj jlm jlefij
jlefijfitl.
fitl.
Jágaeh.- Fdhrf nali, mh qul jliuigaf mf rlgurrlitl ls qul lm Ghmlcafjh jl khref
ghitrfjagthraf ih df vlmfjh phr lm g÷iyucl plroujagfjh, puls sa nali ml rlghihgl tfm
ghijaga÷i, df jaspulsth qul sl ml fjoujaqul lm jlpfrtfelith I¿ 6:0>, unagfjh li mf
Fvliajf Ohrcl Nfsfjrl I¿ 6<17, Wfi Asajrh - Maef, fså gheh mhs lstfgahifealiths y lm
jlp÷sath unagfjhs li lm easeh aieulnml y qul plrtlilgli f mf shgaljfj ghiyucfm,
jasphialijh li sus ghisajlrfijhs qul lm fgthr fsuef lm pfch jlm grájath daphtlgfrah qul

efitalil
qul ghi lm nfigh
mf slitligaf quljlWghtafnfib rlsplgth
ghislitajf2 mulch fjlmhsmhnalils
gufm, aieulnmls fitls rlklrajhs
slræ mf rlgurrlitl quali dfstf
jlnf
rlfmazfr jagdhs pfchs, mh gufm ih sl foustf fm gfrægtlr  aijleiazfthrah.
 aijleiazfthrah.
\ijágaeh.- Lstl Zranuifm Wuprleh ghisajlrf qul mf Wfmf Wuplrahr sa nali df rlsulmth
mhs fcrfvahs lxpulsths phr mf g÷iyucl jlefijfjf li su lsgrath aepucifthrah, fpmagfijh
jlnajfelitl lm Zlrglr Pmlih Gfsfthrah pfrf mf jltlreaifga÷i jlm g÷iyucl eæs
plroujagfjh ghi mf slpfrfga÷i, y li guyh kuijfelith sltlitf y slas kfgumtf fm oulz
ehith aijleiazfthrah  h fjoujagfga÷i prlklrlitl jl nalils ‗ 
jlgajar mf hpga÷i mlcfm  ‗ ehith
eæs fprhpafjf fm aitlrás jl mf kfeamaf, salijh li lstl gfsh, mf fjoujagfga÷i jlm
jlpfrtfelith li jhijl dfnatf fgtufmelitl mf jlefijfjf y li lm gufm sl ghistatuy÷ lm
dhcfr ghiyucfm2 fså gheh mhs jhs lstfgahifealiths y lm jlp÷sath2 sai lenfrch, ih df
thefjh li gulitf qul mf jlefijfjf efitalil uif phsaga÷i lghi÷eagf li jlsvlitfof f
ghepfrfga÷i
mf jlgmfrfga÷ijlm
jlmjlefijfitl
fgthr li mf ‗lmmh kægamelitl
fujaligaf sl jlsprlijl
jl prulnfs‗, phr mhjlqul,
mf prhpaf jlefijf
prltlijlr y jl
qul slf mf
rlgurrlitl quali gumeail ghi mf gfiglmfga÷i jl mfs guhtfs jlm grájath daphtlgfrah qul
 plsf shnrl lm aieulnml fjoujagfjh ih ls ui gratlrah fghrjl f mf ifturfmlzf fsastligafm jl
mf aijleiazfga÷i, salijh, phr tfith, ghitrfjagthrah hrjlifr mf fjoujagfga÷i prlklrlitl
jl ui nali shgafm ghi gfrcfs y crfvæelils  f kfvhr jl mf g÷iyucl eæs plroujagfjf
ghi lm javhrgah, qul f mf mfrcf, jlvlijråf li uif gfrcf lghi÷eagf, qul puljl
elihsgfnfr su gfmajfj jl vajf.
Jágaeh slcuijh.- Li lsl slitajh, rlsumtf rfzhifnml jasphilr qul slf lm jlefijfjh
quali fsuef mf thtfmajfj jlm pfch plijalitl jlm grájath daphtlgfrah li rlklrligaf, guyf
vacligaf ls dfstf lm föh >0>>, ghikhrel fså mh dfi efiaklstfjh fenfs pfrtls, f kai jl
 qul mhs nalils fitls eligahifjhs, fjoujagfjhs f mf jlefijfjf gheh aijleiazfga÷i li
su ghijaga÷i
crfvfeli, jl g÷iyucl
cfrfitazæijhsl plroujagfjf,
jl lstf sl aijleiazfga÷i
efilrf uif ligulitrli, phstlrahrelitl, manrls jl
 rlfm y lklgtavf, efitliajf
li lm taleph.

>:7

Jágaeh tlrglrh.- Gfnl prlgasfr, qul, li mf fujaligaf jl vastf jlm prlslitl rlgursh, lm
fnhcfjh jl mf pfrtl jlefijfitl, rlfmaz÷ aikhrel hrfm, efiaklstfijh kaifmelitl qul su
 pftrhgaifjh lstfnf jl fgulrjh li fsuear lm pfch li fmusa÷i.

[. JLGAWA×I
Phr tfmls ghisajlrfgahils y jl ghikhreajfj ghi mh rlcumfjh li lm aigash 71; jlm G÷jach
Prhglsfm Gavam?

<.6. Jlgmfr
Jlgmfrfrh
frhi?
i? K\IJFJH
K\IJFJH lm rlgursh jl gfsfga÷i aitlrpulsth phr mf jlefijfjf
Jhrf Efråf Gdævlz Hrrammh, jl klgdf >6 jl lilrh jl >06;2 li ghislguligaf,
GFWF^HI mf slitligaf jl vastf jlm 6< jl jagalenrl jl >06<, jl khofs eam galith
gaigulitf y hgdh, li lm lxtrleh qul hrjlif qul lm fgthr ghitaiÿl pfcfijh mfs
guhtfs jlm grájath daphtlgfrah jl mhs nalils fjoujagfjhs gheh shi lm jlpfrtfelith
6:0>, fså gheh mhs jhs lstfgahifealiths F-6> y F-67, unagfjhs li Fvliajf Ohrcl
Nfsfjrl iÿelrh 6<17, dfstf qul mf slitligaf quljl ghislitajf, mulch jl mh gufm,
ghrrlsphijlræ f mf jlefijfjf rlfmazfr mhs pfchs plijalitls.

<.>. Fgtufijh aistfigaf,,  ^LKH^EF^HI JAGDH LTZ^LEH, y

Fgtufijh li sljl jl aistfigaf
hrjlifrhi qul lm jlefijfitl ghitaiÿl pfcfijh mfs guhtfs jlm grájath daphtlgfrah
jl mhs nalils fjoujagfjhs f kfvhr jl mf jlefijfjf gheh shi lm jlpfrtfelith 6:0>,
fså gheh mhs jhs lstfgahifealiths F-6> y F-67, unagfjhs li fvliajf Ohrcl
Nfsfjrl I¿ 6<17, dfstf su gfiglmfga÷i thtfm.

<.7. JAWP\W
JAWP\WAL^AL^HI
HI mf punmagfga÷i jl mf prlslitl rlshmuga÷i li lm jafrah hkagafm  Lm 
 Plrufih,, nfoh rlsphisfnamajfj2 li mhs slcuajhs phr Jhifth Dlriæi Gfrpah [ámlz,
 Plrufih
shnrl javhrgah phr gfusfm jl slpfrfga÷i jl dlgdh2 y mhs jlvhmvalrhi. Phr magligaf jl
mf slöhrf oulzf suprlef Zlmmh Camfrja, aitlcrf lstf Wuprlef Wfmf, lm slöhr oulz
suprleh Jl Mf Nfrrf Nfrrlrf. Aitlrvalil gheh philitl lm slöhr oulz suprleh
Wæigdlz Elmcfrloh.

WW.
ZÆ[F^F G×^JH[F
JLM GF^PAH ^HJ^ÅC\L_
GFMJL^×I P\L^ZFW
JL MF NF^^F NF^^L^F
WÆIGDL_ ELMCF^LOH

3. Heasa÷i
Heasa÷i jl fpmagf
fpmagfrr lm Zlrglr
Zlrglr Pmlih
Pmlih Gfsfthrah
Gfsfthrah Gavam shnrl javhrgah
javhrgah phr
phr gfu
gfusfm
sfm
jl slpfrfga÷i jl dlgdh. Gfsfga÷i I¿ :6;;->06<-Gfofefrgf
:6;;->06<- Gfofefrgf
^LW\ELI
 Li lstl gfsh sl aitlrpush rlgursh jl gfsfga÷i phr mf jlefijfjf, li lm prhglsh jl
javhrgah phr slpfrfga÷i jl dlgdh, ghitrf mf slitligaf lxpljajf phr mf Wfmf Wuplrahr,
jhijl aivhgf mf aikrfgga÷i ihreftavf jlm frtågumh 671 aigash <) jl mf Ghistatuga÷i
Phmåtagf jlm Lstfjh y jlm frtågumh 613 jlm G÷jach Prhglsfm Gavam y lm fpfrtfealith

>::

aiehtavfjh jlm Zlrglr Pmlih Gfsfthrah Gavam, iuelrfm : th rlgfåjh li mf Gfsfga÷i I°

:;;:->060-Puih. Li ghisajlrfga÷i jl mhs efcastrfjhs suprlehs, mf slitligaf jl
vastf ih guepma÷ ghi lm praigapah jl ehtavfga÷i jl mfs rlshmugahils oujagafmls,
jlgmfrfijh mf iumajfj jl jagdf slitligaf li lm lxtrleh qul jasphil lm glsl jl mf
hnmacfga÷i fmaelitfraf l aikuijfjf mf fjoujagfga÷i prlklrlitl jl nalils jl mf
shgaljfj f kfvhr jl mf fgthrf y qul mf Wfmf Wuplrahr vulmvf f leatar iulvf
rlshmuga÷i sustlitæijhsl praigapfmelitl li qul lm jlefijfjh hracai÷ mf satufga÷i
qul clilr÷ lm rlsqulnrfofealith jlm våigumh ghiyucfm, jlnajh f qul lm fnfijhih jl
mf jlefijfjf jlm dhcfr kul rlsphisfnamajfj jlm jlefijfitl, thjf vlz qul mf
ghijugtf jlm jlefijfitl jl aiguepmar sus rlsphisfnamajfjls fmaelitfrafs y mf
fcrlsa÷i ghitrf su g÷iyucl (jlefijfjf) susgatfrhi lsths ghikmagths.

K\IJFELIZH ^LML[FIZL

Vuaith.- Lstfijh f mh lxpulsth, tlilehs qul mhs oulgls rlvashrls fm fifmazfr mf

 prlstfga÷i
ghisajlrfr jlqul?mf jlefijfitl y slöfmfr qul ih lxastl g÷iyucl plroujagfjh fm 
a) Mf jlefijfitl y sus daohs vavli li mf gfsf ghiyucfm2
aa) Lxastl ui prhglsh jl fmaeliths f su kfvhr2
aaa) Mfs eljajfs jl prhtlgga÷i qul sl lstfnmlgalrhi hphrtuifelitl li lm 
 prhglsh jl vahmligaf kfeamafr2
av) Lm pfch jl nlilkagahs shgafmls2 litrl htrfs, jleulstrfi qul mf jlefijfitl
ih sl qulj÷ li uif satufga÷i lghi÷eagf jlsvlitfohsf y plroujagafm y
tfephgh li ui lstfjh jl ilglsajfj pfrf qul puljf ghitaiufr ghi mf
 plisa÷i fmaelitagaf, ghistatuyl uif ehtavfga÷i aisukagalitl pulsth qul mf
easef ghitalil shmfelitl mf ghigmusa÷i f qul su rfzhifealith mls df
mmlvfjh plrh ih lstæi lxtlrahrazfjfs y lxpulstfs mfs prleasfs qul dfi
ghijugajh f jagdf ghigmusa÷i, jfjh qul ghrrlsphijl f mhs oulgls
 suplrahrls fifmazfr mfs sacualitls garguistfigafs, ghikhrel fså mh jltlreaif
lm Zlrglr Pmlih Gfsfthrah Gavam ‗ Gfsfga÷i I° :;;:->060-Puih?

f. Lm crfjh jl fklgtfga÷i lehgahifm h psaghm÷cagf jl mf rlgurrlitl.

n. Mf tliligaf y gusthjaf jl dlgdh jl sus daohs elihrls jl ljfj y mf
jljagfga÷i fm dhcfr.
g. Wa jagdh g÷iyucl tuvh qul jlefijfr fmaeliths pfrf lmmf y sus daohs
elihrls jl ljfj, fitl lm aiguepmaealith jlm g÷iyucl hnmacfjh.
j. Wa df quljfjh li uif efiakalstf satufga÷i lghi÷eagf jlsvlitfohsf y
  plroujagafm ghi rlmfga÷i fm htrh g÷iyucl y f mf satufga÷i qul tliåf
jurfitl lm eftraehiah2 litrl htrfs garguistfigafs rlmlvfitls gheh?
a. Mfs rfzhils phr mfs qul tuvh qul fnfijhifr lm dhcfr ghiyucfm.
aa. Mhs prhglshs jl vahmligaf kfeamafr aighfjhs.

>:<

aaa. Wa mf jlefijfitl gulitf ghi mhs eljahs lghi÷eaghs pfrf sunsastar f

 kai jl glsfr h ih mf hnmacfga÷i fmaelitfraf qul lm jlefijfjh lstæ
 pfsfijh phr efijfth oujagafm.

GH^ZL W\P^LEF JL O\WZAGAF JL MF ^LPßNMAGFWFMF GA[AM

PL^EFILIZL
GFWFGA×I I° :6;;->06<-GFOFEF^GF
JA[H^GAH PH^ GF\WFM JL WLPF^FGA×I JL DLGDH
Maef, jhgl jl efyh jl jhs eam jalgasáas.
WFMF GA[AM PL^EFILIZL JL MF GH^ZL W\P^LEF JL O\WZAGAF JL MF
^LPßNMAGF2 vastf mf gfusf iÿelrh guftrh eam galith slslitf y slas ‗ jhs eam quaigl2
li fujaligaf pÿnmagf jl mf klgdf2 y prhjugajf mf vhtfga÷i jl fgulrjh f mly, leatl mf
sacualitl slitligaf.

A. FW\IZH?
Wl trftf jlm rlgursh jl gfsfga÷i, aitlrpulsth phr mf jlefijfitl Cmhraf Gdævlz
Pfgdlrrls, ghitrf mf slitligaf jl vastf ghitliajf li mf rlshmuga÷i iÿelrh vlaitatrás,
hnrfitl f khofs guftrhgaliths sltlitf y saltl, jl klgdf vlaitl jl fnram jl jhs eam quaigl,
leatajf phr mf Wfmf Gavam Zrfisathraf - sljl Gfofefrgf jl mf Ghrtl Wuplrahr jl Oustagaf
jl Gfofefrgf, qul ghikaref mf slitligaf fplmfjf ghitliajf li mf rlshmuga÷i iÿelrh
jalgahgdh, jl klgdf uih jl fchsth jl jhs eam gfthrgl jl khofs guftrhgaliths trlaitf y jhs
li lm lxtrleh qul jasphil lm glsl jl mf hnmacfga÷i fmaelitfraf, fså gheh aikuijfjf mf
fjoujagfga÷i prlklrlitl jl nalils jl mf shgaljfj f kfvhr jl mf fgthrf

AA.
AA. FI
FIZL
ZLGL
GLJL
JLIZ
IZL
LW?

6. Jlefijf
Wl fprlgaf qul f khofs trlaitf y gaigh, Cmhraf Gdævlz Pfgdlrrls aitlrphil jlefijf jl
javhrgah phr gfusfm jl slpfrfga÷i jl dlgdh, fjoujagfga÷i prlklrlitl jl nalils jl mf
shgaljfj ghiyucfm f mf jlefijfitl, ghitaiufga÷i jl mf plisa÷i fmaelitfraf f kfvhr jl mf
fggahifitl, lolrgagah jl mf pftraf phtlstfj jl mhs daohs f gfrch jl mf jlefijfitl,
slöfmfealith jl ui rácaeli jl vasatfs pfrf lm pfjrl y párjajf jl mhs jlrlgdhs
dlrljatfrafs jl mhs g÷iyucls, Mhs kuijfeliths jl dlgdh y jl jlrlgdh qul sustlitfi
jagdfs prltlisahils shi mfs sacualitls?

 n.6. Ghitrfoh eftraehiah gavam ghi lm jlefijfjh lm vlaitagaigh jl oumah jl eam

ihvlgaliths hgdlitf y iulvl, fitl mf Euiagapfmajfj Prhvaigafm jl Gfofefrgf,
dfnalijh lstfnmlgajh su jheagamah ghiyucfm li lstf gaujfj2 dfnalijh prhgrlfjh
 trls daohs, salijh shmh uih jl lmmhs, elihr jl ljfj, y qul fjquara÷ ouitfelitl ghi
su g÷iyucl ui shmfr urnfih jl 6<3.<0 e>  lm quaigl jl lilrh jl eam ihvlgaliths
ihvlitf y saltl jhijl dfi ghistruajh uif gfsf dfnatfga÷i, aieulnml jhijl
fgtufmelitl rlsajl mf jlefijfitl ouitfelitl ghi sus daohs.

>:;

 n.>. Zuvh qul jlefijfr f Muas ^agfrjh Nlglrrf Gdævlz phr fmaeliths fm aiguepmar sus
jlnlrls jl pfjrl2 fså gheh tfenaái tuvh qul aiagafr lm prhglsh jl vahmligaf
kfeamafr phr lm qul f trfvás jl uif eljajf gfutlmfr sl hrjli÷ fm jlefijfjh
jlshgupfrf lm aieulnml ghiyucfm.

>. Lm jlef
jlefij ijfj
fjhh ghi
ghitl
tlst
stff mf
mf j
jle
lefi
fijf
jf
Muas ^agfrjh Nlglrrf Gdævlz ghitlstf mf jlefijf phr lsgrath jl khofs sltlitf y guftrh,
li nfsl f mhs sacualitls táreaihs?

>.6. Wlöfmf
Wlöfmf qul lklgtavfelitl
lklgtavfelitl ghitrfoh
ghitrfoh eftraehiah
eftraehiah ghi mf jlefijfitl,
jlefijfitl, jl mf gufm
 prhgrlfrhi trls daohs y qul f ghislguligaf jlm prhglsh jl fmaeliths, sl ml valil
jlsghitfijh uif plisa÷i pfrf mf jlefijfitl y sus daohs y qul lm prhglsh jl
 prhrrftlh qul aiaga÷ kul phrqul talil htrhs daohs jastaiths fm jl su eftraehiah.

>.>. Aijagf qul

qul lm ÿiagh fkæi jl mf fgthrf
fgthrf ls qul
quljfrsl
jfrsl ghi mf gf
gfsf2
sf2 y qul kul mf
jlefijfitl quali fnfijhi÷ lm dhcfr ghi sus daohs y qul mulch jl uif eljajf
gfutlmfr tuvh qul sfmar jlm jheagamah ghiyucfm.

7. Jl mfmf rrllghi
hivl
vli
iga÷i
Lm jlefijfjh rlghivalil ghi mf prltlisa÷i jl javhrgah phr mf gfusfm jl aephsanamajfj
jl dfglr vajf li gheÿi2 glsl jl mf hnmacfga÷i fmaelitfraf litrl efrajh y euolr,
fjoujagfga÷i jlm <0 % jlm nali aieulnml unagfjh li mf \rnfiazfga÷i Lm Nhsqul C-64 jl
lstf gaujfj2 l, aijleiazfga÷i phr jföhs y plrouagahs fsglijlitls f mf suef jl vlaitl
eam ghi 00/600 iulvhs shmls (W/ >0,000.00), sustlitfijh?

7.6. Phr aighepftanmajfj jl gfrfgtlrls

gfrfgtlrls su eftraehiah sl kul jltl
jltlrahrfijh
rahrfijh fm
lxtrleh jl lighitrfrsl slpfrfjhs jl dlgdh jlsjl dfgl eæs jl : föhs,
jlnajh f mhs prhnmlefs oujagafmls qul sl susgatfrhi mulch jl qul su lsphsf
mh jliuigafrf phr vahmligaf kfeamafr y phr vahmfga÷i jl uif elihr jl ljfj
(su daof).
7.>. Jlnajh f lsfs jliuigafs,
jliuigafs, su rlmfga÷i sl kul thrifijh li lileastfj qul
dfstf mf klgdf plrjurf, y eæs phrqul lmmf mh jlsfmho÷ jl su dhcfr fepfrfjf
li uif eljajf gfutlmfr fnusavf y frnatrfraf.
:. ^lsh
^lshmu
muga
ga÷i
÷i jl prae
praelr
lrff ais
aistf
tfig
igaf
af
Lm oulz eljafitl rlshmuga÷i iÿelrh 64, jl klgdf uih jl fchsth jl jhs eam gfthrgl, jl
khofs guftrhgaliths trlaitf y jhs, jlgmfr÷ kuijfjf mf jlefijf aitlrpulstf phr Cmhraf
Gdævlz Pfgdlrrls jl Nlglrrf ghitrf Muas ^agfrjh Nlglrrf Gdævlz y lm Eaiastlrah
Pÿnmagh, shnrl javhrgah phr gfusfm jl slpfrfga÷i jl dlgdh, pftraf phtlstfj (tliligaf) y
 vasatfs f kfvhr jl su daoh M. N. N. G.2 fså gheh párjajf jl mhs jlrlgdhs dlrljatfrahs jl
mhs g÷iyucls2 li ghislguligaf jasulmth lm våigumh eftraehiafm f qul sl ghitrfl mf
 pfrtajf jl eftraehiah
eftraehi ah jl kh
khofs
ofs jhs, glmlnrfjh lm vlaitagaigh jl oumah jl eam ihvlgaliths
hgdlitf y iulvl phr mf Euiagapfmajfj Prhvaigafm jl Gfofefrgf2 klilgajf mf shgaljfj jl

>:3

cfifigafmls, guyf maquajfga÷i sl dfræ li lolguga÷i jl slitligaf2 tlreaifjhs mhs jlnlrls

rlmftavhs fm mlgdh y dfnatfga÷i2 jasp÷icfsl lm glsl jl mf hnmacfga÷i fmaelitfraf litrl mf
jlefijfitl y jlefijfjh, fså gheh qul litrl lmmhs ih tlijræi jlrlgdh f dlrljfr2
 prhdånfsl f mf jlefijfitl lm ush jlm fplmmajh jlm jlefijfjh, sai slöfmfealith jl
aijleiazfga÷i phr ih lxastar g÷iyucl eæs plroujagfjh ghi mf slpfrfga÷i jl dlgdh2
jasp÷icfsl qul mf pftraf phtlstfj jl M. N. N. G. slf lolrgajf phr fenhs pfjrls, mf
tliligaf jlm easeh phr mf efjrl, lstfnmlgaáijhsl ui rácaeli jl vasatfs fnalrth f kfvhr 
jlm pfjrl rlsplgth jl su eligahifjh daoh li dhrfrah fjlgufjh fm aitlrás jl ástl y prlvah
fgulrjh ghi lm pfjrl rlsplgth jlm jåf y dhrf jl su rlfmazfga÷i saleprl qul lm prhcliathr 
guepmf ghi su hnmacfga÷i fmaelitfraf rlsplgth jl su gatfjh daoh2 l Aikuijfjf mf gatfjf
jlefijf li lm lxtrleh rlmfgahifjh ghi lm pljajh jl fjoujagfga÷i prlklrlitl jl nalils
jl mf shgaljfj ghiyucfm f mf jlefijfitl, fså gheh ghi lm pljajh jl ghitaiufr vaclitl mf
 plisa÷i fmaelitagaf f kfvhr jl mf jlefijfitl y f gfrch jlm dhy lepmfzfjh2 Aikuijfjf mf
rlghivliga÷i khreumfjf phr Muas ^agfrjh Nlglrrf Gdævlz ghitrf Cmhraf Gdævlz
Pfgdlrrls y lm Eaiastlrah Pÿnmagh, shnrl javhrgah phr mf gfusfm jl aephsanamajfj jl dfglr 
vajf li gheÿi, glsl jl mf hnmacfga÷i fmaelitfraf litrl efrajh y euolr, fjoujagfga÷i jlm
<0% jlm nali aieulnml jl mf shgaljfj jl cfifigafmls l aijleiazfga÷i phr jföhs y

 plrouagahs phr mf rfzhils slöfmfjfs, nfoh mhs sacualitls kuijfeliths?

:.6. Mfs pfrtls ghitrfolrhi
ghitrfolrhi eftraehiah fitl mf Euiagapfmajfj Prhvaigafm jl Gfofefrgf
lm vlaitagaigh jl oumah jl eam ihvlgaliths hgdlitf y iulvl y prhjugth jl lmmh
 prhgrlfrhi 7 daohs? Frlma Qfiaif, ^agdfrj Fithiah y M. N., salijh lstl ÿmtaeh
elihr jl ljfj, nfoh mf tliligaf jl mf efjrl.

:.>. Mf fgthrf shmagatf lm javhrgah phr mf gfusfm jl slpfrfga÷i jl dlgdh prlvastf li lm

frtågumh 777 aigash 6> jl mf G÷jach Gavam ghighrjfitl ghi lm frtågumh 7:1 jlm easeh
gulrph mlcfm prlvá qul ls gfusfm jl javhrgah mf slpfrfga÷i jl dlgdh jl mhs g÷iyucls
jurfitl ui taleph aiaitlrruepajh jl jhs föhs, salijh jagdh pmfzh jl guftrh föhs
gufijh mhs g÷iyucls tuvalrli daohs elihrls jl ljfj, gfusfm qul ghrrlsphijl fm
sastlef jl javhrgah rleljah y qul prlsgaijl jl mf gumpf.

:.7. Elratufjhs mhs eljahs prhnfthrahs sl talil qul mfs pfrtls lstæi slpfrfjhs jl
efilrf aiaitlrruepajf jlsjl efyh jlm >006, prlgasfijh qul mf rfz÷i jl mf
slpfrfga÷i kul lm dfnlr sajh vågtaef jl vahmligaf kfeamafr phr lm lepmfzfjh, jl tfm
ehjh qul sa nali li fuths puljli dfnlrsl fgrljatfjh fgths jl vahmligaf kfeamafr li
 plrouagah jl mf fgthrf, fså gheh jl mf lxastligaf jl rlmfgahils lxtrfeftraehiafmls
fsueajfs phr lm lepmfzfjh, tfmls lxtrlehs ih lstæi li rlmfga÷i f mfs gfusfmls jl
javhrgah fmlcfjfs li mf jlefijf ia li mf rlghivliga÷i, jl tfm ehjh qul sl puljl
ghigmuar qul sa nali sl dfi jfjh mhs lmleliths hnoltavh, sunoltavh y tlephrfm jl mf
slpfrfga÷i, ih puljl jltlreaifrsl qul lxastf ui g÷iyucl eæs plroujagfjh, sa
tlilehs li gulitf qul lm jlefijfjh saleprl guepma÷ ghi su hnmacfga÷i
 fmaelitfraf rlsplgth jl sus daohs y g÷iyucl2 mf fgthrf l daohs sl quljfrhi vavalijh
li mf mucfr
jfjh gfsf ghiyucfm
fm træeatl (fui
jl mhsgufijh kulrf
prhglshs phr hrjli
mmlvfjhs oujagafm)
f gfnh? y fenhs
vahmligaf g÷iyucls
kfeamafr, dfi
slpfrfga÷i
jl nalils, prhrrftlh, vahmfga÷i, javhrgah y fjleæs lm jl pfch jl mhs nlilkagahs
shgafmls.

>:4

:.:. Mf jlefijfitl ih sl ligulitrf li mhs supulst

supulsths
hs jlm frtågumh 7<0 jlm G÷jach Gavam f
kai jl slcuar plrganalijh mf plisa÷i fmaelitagaf, puls f pfrtl jl slr prhklshrf vlijl
 prhjugths jl rlifwfrl qul puljli prhvllr f su sustlith.

:.<. ^lsplgth jl mf
mf prltlisa÷i jlm rlghivaialitl rlmfgahifjf ghi
ghi lm javhrgah phr mf
gfusfm jl aephsanamajfj jl dfglr vajf li gheÿi pfrf jlgmfrfr lm javhrgah sl talil
qul lm rlghivaialitl fslvlr÷ qul mhs prhnmlefs oujagafmls rlmfgahifjhs shnrl thjh
ghi mhs prhglshs jl vahmligaf kfeamafr y vahmfga÷i slxufm li fcrfvah jl su daof
clilrfrhi lileastfj qul plrjur÷ li lm taleph, dfnalijh sajh jlsfmhofjh jl su
aieulnml jl mf shgaljfj jl cfifigafmls, aijagfijh qul sa nali kul fnsulmth jlm
jlmath jl vahmfga÷i, ml quljfrhi slgulmfs gheh mf párjajf jl ghikafizf jl sus daohs,
kfeamafrls, feachs, fjleæs jl sus ghepfölrhs jl trfnfoh y thjh phrqul lmmf quash
quljfrsl ghi lm aieulnml qul ghepfrtåfi.

<. ^ls
^lshmug
hmuga÷
a÷i
i jl
jl vvaast
stf?
f?
Mf Wfmf Gavam Zrfisathraf - sljl Gfofefrgf jl mf Ghrtl Wuplrahr jl Oustagaf jl
Gfofefrgf, eljafitl rlshmuga÷i iÿelrh vlaitatrás, jl klgdf vlaitl jl fnram jl jhs eam
quaigl, hnrfitl
mhs lxtrlehs qulf khofs guftrhgaliths
jasphil lm glsl jl sltlitf y saltl,fmaelitfraf
mf hnmacfga÷i ghikaref mflitrl
slitligaf fplmfjf liy
mf jlefijfitl
jlefijfjh, fså gheh aikuijfjf mf fjoujagfga÷i prlklrlitl jl nalils jl mf shgaljfj f
kfvhr jl mf rlgurrlitl2 sustlitfijh qul?

<.6. Mf rlgurrlitl
rlgurrlitl fmlcf
fmlcf li su rlgursh
rlgursh jl fplmfga
fplmfga÷i
÷i qul lmmf ls mf g÷iyucl
g÷iyucl eæs
 plroujagfjf, qul
qu l su satufga÷i sl ligufjrf jlitrh jjlm
lm puith
pui th : jlm slcuijh fpfrtfjh
jlm kfmmh jlm pmlih gfsfthrah, ehtavh phr lm gufm jlnl hrjlifrsl mf fjoujagfga÷i
 prlklrlitl jl nalils gheh mh lstfnmlgl lm puith ; jl mf slcuijf pfrtl jlm kfmmh.

<.>. Jlm fiæmasas jl mhs kuijfeliths jl dlgdh jl mhs lsgraths phstumfthrahs (jlefijf,
ghitlstfga÷i y rlghivligahils) y jl mfs prulnfs prlslitfjfs phr fenfs pfrtls
 prhglsfmls fm prlslitl prhglsh, tlilehs qul ih lxastl g÷iyucl eæs plroujagfjh
ghi mf slpfrfga÷i jl dlgdh, thjf vlz qul, mf fgthrf y sus daohs, vavli li mf gfsf
ghiyucfm crfgafs f ui efijfth oujagafm, y sa nali li lm prhglsh jl vahmligaf
kfeamafr sacifjh ghi lm I° >00>-0;;4-OK0> sl jltlreai÷ mf rlsphisfnamajfj jlm
fgthr li mhs fgths jl vahmligaf kåsagf y psaghm÷cagf li fcrfvah jl mf fgthrf fså gheh
jl sus prhpahs daohs, hphrtuifelitl sl lstfnmlgalrhi mfs eljajfs jl prhtlgga÷i f
kfvhr jl ásths y dfi sajh rlpfrfjhs phr lm jlefijfjh.

<.7. Mhs prhglshs jl fmaeliths, prhrrftlh jl fmaeliths,

fmaeliths, slpfrfga÷i jl nalils, javhrgah y
jl pfch jl nlilkagahs shgafmls, jleulstrfi qul mf fgthrf ih sl qulj÷ li uif
satufga÷i lghi÷eagf jlsvlitfohsf y plroujagafm ghi rlmfga÷i f su g÷iyucl lm
jlefijfjh, puls lstæ cfrfitazfjh lm pfch jl mf plisa÷i jl fmaeliths f kfvhr jl sus
 daohs f mf klgdf, y ih sl df vasth elmmfjf su satufga÷i lghi÷eagf qul tliåf jurfitl
lm eftraehiah phr mf ghijugtf jlm fgthr y ih df fgrljatfjh ghi eljah prhnfthrah
fmcuih qul sl ligulitrl li lstfjh jl ilglsajfj, rfz÷i phr mf qul sl df jaspulsth lm
glsl jl su plisa÷i fmaelitagaf.

>:1

AAA. EFZL
EFZL^AF
^AF O\
O\^ÅJAG
^ÅJAGF
F LI JLNFZL
JLNFZL
Ls ilglsfrah lstfnmlglr sa lm ÷rcfih ourasjaggahifm df ehtavfjh su prhiuigafealith
tlialijh li gulitf mhs pfræeltrhs jl gfrægtlr hnmacfthrah qul lstfnmlgl lm Zlrglr Pmlih
Gfsfthrah Gavam rlgfåjf li mf Gfsfga÷i I° :;;:->060-Puih.

K\IJFELIZHW?
Praelrh.- Phr futh jl gfmakagfga÷i jl klgdf higl jl jagalenrl jl jhs eam quaigl sl df
jlgmfrfjh prhgljlitl lm rlgursh jl gfsfga÷i pmfitlfjh phr Cmhraf Gdævlz Pfgdlrrls phr 
mfs gfusfmls?
a) Aik
Aikrfg
rfgga÷
ga÷i
i ihrefta
ihreftavfvf jlm frtå
frtågum
gumhh 671 aigas
aigashh <) jl mf Gh
Ghist
istatu
atuga÷
ga÷i
i Phmåtag
Phmåtagff jlm
Lstfjh y jlm frtågumh 613 jlm G÷jach Prhglsfm Gavam.- Wl fjvalrtl qul ih lxastl
vfmhrfga÷i jl thjhs mhs eljahs prhnfthrahs aighrphrfjhs fm prhglsh, f lklgth jl
jltlreaifr lm g÷iyucl eæs plroujagfjh y lm lstfjh jl ilglsajfj li qul sl
ligulitrf mf jlefijfitl.
Jliuigaf mf fklgtfga÷i jarlgtf jlm jlrlgdh f mf jlnajf ehtavfga÷i qul jlnli tlilr 
mfs rlshmugahils oujagafmls, puls li mf slitligaf jl vastf sl df lstfnmlgajh qul mf
jlefijfitl ih sl ligulitrf li lstfjh jl ilglsajfj, ghigmusa÷i qul ls aighrrlgtf,
thjf vlz qul li mf fujaligaf jl prulnfs sl jltlreai÷ qul fjhmlgl jl jhmhrls li mf
ghmueif, gheh ghislguligaf jl tlilr fm guajfjh f sus trls daohs2 fsaeaseh, rlkalrl
qul ih ls ilglsfrah lstfr li ui lstfjh jl aijacligaf pfrf qul sl sacf ghitaiufijh
ghi lm hthrcfealith jl uif plisa÷i jl fmaeliths, eæxael sa sl talil li gulitf qul
tfith mf aijleiazfga÷i h fjoujagfga÷i y mhs fmaeliths sl kuijfi li mf shmajfrajfj
kfeamafr, phr mh qul fm ih lstfnmlglrsl mfs rfzhils qul oustakagfi lm glsl jl mhs
fmaeliths sl df fklgtfjh lm jlrlgdh f mf jlnajf ehtavfga÷i.
Fsaeaseh, ghisajlrf gheh garguistfigaf rlmlvfitl y qul ih kul vfmhrfjh ghiouitf
y rfgahifmelitl, mf lxastligaf jl htrhs prhglshs gheh lm jl prhrrftlh jl fmaeliths,

jlnajh f mhs
jltlreaif daohs
qul lxtrfeftraehiafmls
quali prhpaga÷ mf rupturfjlmjlmjlefijfjh y lm jl vahmligaf
våigumh eftraehiafm kfeamafr, qul
ls lm jlefijfjh.
aa) Fpfrtfealit
Fpfrtfealithh aiehtavfj
aiehtavfjhh jlm Zlrglr
Zlrglr Pmlih
Pmlih Gfsfthr
Gfsfthrah
ah Gavam,
Gavam, iuelrf
iuelrfmm :th
rlgfåjh li mf Gfsfga÷i I° :;;:- >060-Puih. Fmlcf qul, mf Ghrtl Wuprlef f
trfvás jlm pmlih gatfjh lstfnmlgl uif cuåf elthjhm÷cagf, pfrf qul sl puljf
jltlreaifr lm g÷iyucl eæs plroujagfjh, jl ehjh qul mulch qul lm jlefijfjh sfma÷
jlm dhcfr ghiyucfm, tuvh htrfs rlmfgahils lxtrfeftraehiafmls, sl jlsleplö÷
 prhklsahifmelitl li mf shgaljfj, ealitrfs qul mf jlefijfitl tuvh qul qquljfrsl
uljfrsl fm
guajfjh jl mhs elihrls y kul vågtaef jl vahmligaf kfeamafr, mh qul ml clilr÷ uif
fklgtfga÷i lehgahifm y psaghm÷cagf y qul thjh df sajh prhnfjh jhguelitfmelitl,
 plrh ih vfmhrfjh ghiouitfelitl.
 Fcrlcf qul lm pmlih lstfnmlgl qul sa df quljfjh li uif efiakalstf satufga÷i lghi÷eagf
jlsvlitfohsf y plroujagafm ghi rlmfga÷i fm htrh g÷iyucl y f mf satufga÷i qul tliåf jurfitl
lm eftraehiah, eligahifijh qul lmmf fm quljfrsl fm guajfjh jl mhs elihrls krustr÷ su
 prhylgth jl vajf li rlmfga÷i fm jlefijfjh qul så pupujh
jh guepmar sus eltfs prhklsahifmls

><0

li aiclialråf2 phr mh qul nfsæijhsl li mf shmajfrajfj kfeamafr jlnlræ hrjlifrsl mf

fjoujagfga÷i prlklrlitl jlm ÿiagh nali qul ghikhref mf shgaljfj jl cfifigafmls.
Wlcuijh.- Wl jlnl prlgasfr qul ls eftlraf jl gulstahifealith2 lm lxtrleh qul jasphil
lm glsl jl mf hnmacfga÷i fmaelitfraf litrl mf jlefijfitl l aikuijfjf mf fjoujagfga÷i

 prlklrlitl jl nalilsqul
jl jagdhs fsplgths j l sl
jl mf garguisgranaræ
shgaljfj ghiyucfm
ghiyuc fm f kfvhr
lm fiæmasas jljl
mf mf jlefijfitl.
prlslitl matas. Ls shnrl mf nfsl
Zlrglrh.- Ls ilglsfrah jlstfgfr qul lm praigapah jliheaifjh ehtavfga÷i jl mhs kfmmhs
ujagafmls, ghistatuyl ui vfmhr ouråjagh qul rlnfsf lm aitlrás jl mhs oustagafnmls phr 
gufith sl kuijfelitf li praigapahs jl hrjli ouråjagh, puls mf jlgmfrfga÷i jlm jlrlgdh
li ui gfsh ghigrlth, ls uif kfgumtfj jlm ouzcfjhr qul phr aeplrah jlm frtågumh 674 jl mf
Ghistatuga÷i Phmåtagf jlm Lstfjh, aephil uif lxacligaf shgafm jl qul mf gheuiajfj
salitf gheh ui vfmhr ouråjagh, jliheaifjh, kuijfelitfga÷i h ehtavfga÷i jl mf
slitligaf2 lm easeh qul sl ligulitrf ghisfcrfjh li lm frtågumh 671 aigash < jl mf
Ghistatuga÷i Phmåtagf jlm Lstfjh ghighrjfitl ghi lm frtågumh jhgl jlm Zlxth ßiagh
Hrjlifjh jl mf Mly Hrcæiagf jlm Phjlr Oujagafm l aigashs 7 y : jlm frtågumh 6>> y <0
aigash ; jlm G÷jach Fjoltavh.
Gufrth.- Lm praigapah prlgljlitl jl ehtavfga÷i jl mhs kfmmhs oujagafmls talil gheh vagah
 prhglsfm jhs efiaklstfgahils?

6) Mf kf
kfmt
mtff jjll eht
ehtaavfga
vfga÷i
÷i

>) Mf jlk
jlklgtuhs
lgtuhsff ehtavfga÷i,
ehtavfga÷i, mf gufm
gufm f su vlz sl javajl li trl
trlss fcrfvahs
fcrfvahs prhglsf
prhglsfmls?
mls?
f) Ehtavf
Ehtavfga÷
ga÷ii fpfrli
fpfrlitl2
tl2
 n) Ehtavfga÷i aisukagalitl2
g) Ehtavfga÷i jlklgtuhsf li slitajh llstragth2
stragth2 li lsl slitajh y ghaigajalijh ghi mf
jhgtraif, mf ehtavfga÷i fpfrlitl sl jf gufijh mf jlgasa÷i sl nfsf li prulnfs ih
fgtufjfs h li dlgdhs ih hgurrajhs2 mf ehtavfga÷i aisukagalitl, qul sl prlslitf
gufijh vumilrf lm praigapah jl mf rfz÷i sukagalitl y mf ehtavfga÷i jlklgtuhsf
 prhpafelitl jagdf, sl prlslitf gufijh lm rfzhifealith jlm oulz vahmf mhs
 praigapahs m÷caghs y mfs rlcmfs jl mf lxplraligaf.
Vuaith.- Lstfijh f mh lxpulsth, tlilehs qul mhs oulgls rlvashrls fm fifmazfr mf
 prlstfga÷i jl mf jlefijfitl
j lefijfitl y slöfmfr qqul
ul ih
i h lxastl g÷iyucl
g÷iyuc l plroujagfjh
p lroujagfjh fm ghisajlrfr 
qul?
a) Mf jlefijf
jlefijfitl
itl y ssus
us dao
daohs
hs vav
vavli
li llii mf gfs
gfsff gghiyu
hiyucfm
cfm22
aa) Lxastl
Lxastl ui pprhg
rhglsh
lsh jl fmae
fmaelit
liths
hs f su kkfvh
fvhr2
r2
aaa) Mfs eljajfs
eljajfs jl prhtlgga÷i
prhtlgga÷i qul sl ls
lstfnml
tfnmlgalrhi
galrhi hph
hphrtuifel
rtuifelitl
itl li lm prhglsh
prhglsh jl
 vahmligaf kfeamafr2
av) Lm pfch jl nlilkaga
nlilkagahs
hs shgafmls2
shgafmls2 llitrl
itrl htr
htrfs,
fs, jleulstrf
jleulstrfii qul mf jlefijfit
jlefijfitll ih sl
qulj÷ li uif satufga÷i lghi÷eagf jlsvlitfohsf y plroujagafm y tfephgh li ui
lstfjh jl ilglsajfj pfrf qul puljf ghitaiufr ghi mf plisa÷i fmaelitagaf, ghistatuyl

><6

uif ehtavfga÷i aisukagalitl pulsth qul mf easef ghitalil shmfelitl mf ghigmusa÷i

f qul su rfzhifealith mls df mmlvfjh plrh ih lstæi lxtlrahrazfjfs y lxpulstfs mfs
 prleasfs qul dfi ghijugajh f jagdf ghigmusa÷i,
ghi gmusa÷i, jfjh qul ghrrlsphijl f mhs Oulgls
Wuplrahrls fifmazfr mfs sacualitls garguistfigafs, ghikhrel fså mh jltlreaif lm
Zlrglr Pmlih Gfsfthrah Gavam - Gfsfga÷i I° :;;:->060-Puih?
f. Lm crfjh jl fklgtfga÷
fklgtfga÷ii lehgahif
lehgahifmm h psaghm÷c
psaghm÷cagf
agf jl mf rlgurrlitl
rlgurrlitl..
 n. Mf tliligaf y gusthjaf jl dlgdh jl sus daohs elihrls jl ljfj y mf jljagfga÷i
j ljagfga÷i fm
dhcfr.
g. Wa jagdh g÷iyucl
g÷iyucl tuvh qul jlefijfr
jlefijfr fmaelit
fmaeliths
hs pfrf lmmf
lmmf y sus daohs elihrls
elihrls jl
ljfj, fitl lm aiguepmaealith jlm g÷iyucl hnmacfjh.
j. Wa df quljfjh li uif efiakalstf
efiakalstf sat
satufga÷i
ufga÷i lgh
lghi÷eagf
i÷eagf jlsvlitfo
jlsvlitfohsf
hsf y plroujagafm
plroujagafm
ghi rlmfga÷i fm htrh g÷iyucl y f mf satufga÷i qul tliåf jurfitl lm eftraehiah2
litrl htrfs garguistfigafs rlmlvfitls gheh?
a. Mfs rfzhil
rfzhilss phr
phr mfs
mfs qu
qull tuvh
tuvh qul fnf
fnfijh
ijhifr
ifr lm dhcfr
dhcfr ghiyuc
ghiyucfm.
fm.
aa. Mhs prhglsh
prhglshss jl vah
vahmli
mligaf
gaf kfeama
kfeamafr
fr aaigh
ighfjh
fjhs.
s.
aaa. Wa mf jle
jlefijfit
fijfitll gulit
gulitff ghi mhs eljahs
eljahs lghi÷eagh
lghi÷eaghss pfrf sunsast
sunsastar
ar f kai jl
glsfr h ih mf hnmacfga÷i fmaelitfraf qul lm jlefijfjh lstæ pfsfijh phr 
efijfth oujagafm.
Wlxth.- F pfrtar jl mhs puiths qul prlgljli, lstfnmlglr sa ghrrlsphijl h ih hthrcfr mf
aijleiazfga÷i phr jföhs, aigmuylijh lm jföh plrshifm u hrjlifr li thjh gfsh, mf
fjoujagfga÷i prlklrlitl jl nalils jl mf shgaljfj ghiyucfm, aijlplijalitlelitl jl mf
 plisa÷i jl fmaeliths qul ml pujalrf ghrrlsphijlr2 salijh lvajlitl fså mf vahmfga÷i jlm
 praigapah ghistatugahifm jl ehtavfga÷i lsgratf jl mfs rlshmugahils oujagafmls2
ghrrlsphijalijh prlgasfr qul lm gratlrah prlgljlitlelitl lxpulsth li ehjh fmcuih
ghephrtf mf fprlgafga÷i phsatavfelitl phr pfrtl jl lstl Wuprleh Zranuifm jl Gfsfga÷i
rlsplgth
maeatf f jlm javhrgah
sfigahifr ghiphriumajfj
gfusfm uif
jl slpfrfga÷i
rlshmuga÷ijlqul
dlgdh, saih qul
ih lxpush mf ástl saepmlelitl
jlnajf sl
ehtavfga÷i2
kuijfelith phr lm qul jagdh fcrfvah jlnl slr fepfrfjh.
JLGAWA×I?
Lstf Wfmf Wuprlef, li fpmagfga÷i jl mh slöfmfjh phr lm frtågumh 71; jlm G÷jach Prhglsfm
Gavam2 jlgmfrf?
f) K\IJFJH lm rlgursh jl gfsfga÷i jl khofs guftrhgaliths hgdlitf y hgdh,
aitlrpulsth phr Cmhraf Gdævlz Pfgdlrrls li ghislguligaf, GFWF^HI mf rlgurrajf
jl klgdf vlaitl jl fnram jl jhs eam quaigl, hnrfitl f khofs guftrhgaliths sltlitf y
 saltl, qul ghikaref mf slitligaf ghitliajf li mf ^lshmuga÷i I° 64 li lm lxtrleh
qul jasphil lm glsl jl mf hnmacfga÷i fmaelitfraf l aikuijfjf mf fjoujagfga÷i
 prlklrlitl jl nalils jl mf shgaljfj f kfvhr jl mf fgthrf.

><>

n) H^JLIF^HI qul mf Wfmf Gavam Zrfisathraf - sljl Gfofefrgf jl mf Ghrtl Wuplrahr 

jl Oustagaf jl Gfofefrgf leatf iulvh kfmmh ghikhrel f mfs ghisajlrfgahils
 prlvafelitl lxpulstfs.
g) JAWP\WAL^HI mf punmagfga÷i jl mf prlslitl rlshmuga÷i li lm jafrah hkagafm  Lm 
 Plrufih,, nfoh rlsphisfnamajfj y mhs jlvhmvalrhi2 li mhs slcuajhs phr Cmhraf
 Plrufih
Gdævlz Pfgdlrrls ghi Muas ^agfrjh Nlglrrf Gdævlz, shnrl javhrgah phr gfusfm jl
slpfrfga÷i jl dlgdh2 aitlrvaih gheh philitl, lm slöhr Oulz Wuprleh Jl mf Nfrrf
Nfrrlrf. Phr magligaf jlm slöhrf Oulzf Wuprlef ^hjråculz Gdævlz aitlcrf lstf
Wuprlef Wfmf lm slöhr Oulz Wuprleh Qfyf _uefltf.
WW.
ZLMMH CAMF^JA
JLM GF^PÅH ^HJ^ÅC\L_
GFMJL^×I P\L^ZFW
QFQF _\EFLZF
JL MF NF^^F NF^^L^F.

4. Javhrgah
Javhrgah ssfiga÷i
figa÷i,, javhrgah
javhrgah phr gfusfm jl aephsa
aephsanamaj
namajfj
fj jl dfglr vajf li
gheÿi. Gfsfga÷i I¿ :63;->06<-Gfofefrgf
^LW\ELI
Mf Wfmf Wuprlef lstfnmlgl qul lm rlgursh jl gfsfga÷i aitlrpulsth phr lm
jlefijfitl (lsphsh), li lm prhglsh oujagafm phr javhrgah phr gfusfm jl
aephsanamajfj jl dfglr vajf li gheÿi, aivhgf mf aikrfgga÷i ihreftavf prhglsfm jlm
frtågumh 671 aigash < jl mf Ghistatuga÷i Phmåtagf jlm Plrÿ, aikrfgga÷i ihreftavf
eftlrafm jlm frtågumh 777 aigash 66 jlm G÷jach Gavam y fpfrtfealith aiehtavfjh jlm
Zlrglr Pmlih Gfsfthrah li eftlrafm gavam. Lm rlgursh jl gfsfga÷i ls jlgmfrfjh

aikuijfjh jlnajh
fjlgufjfelitl qul slitligaf,
jagdf mf slitligaf jl vastf lxpljajf
lstfnmlgalijh qul lm phr mf Wfmf Wuplrahr
jlefijfitl ehtav÷
kul rlsphisfnml
jlm rlsqulnrfofealith jl mf rlmfga÷i ghiyucfm, salijh qul mf fgga÷i jl fnfijhih
jlm dhcfr jl mf g÷iyucl sl hracai÷ phr mhs fgths jl vahmligaf ghitrf su plrshif
(lsphsf) qul ghimmlvfrhi f rltarfrsl jlm dhcfr, hgfsahifjhs phr lm jlefijfitl
(lsphsh), fjleæs jl aiguepmar ghi mfs hnmacfgahils fmaelitfrafs ghi su daohs.

K\IJFELIZH ^LML[FIZL

 Ihvlih.-  Li
Li fuths sl talil qul mf Wfmf Wuplrahr ih s÷mh df jltlreaifjh qul
 lxastl ui rlsqulnrfofealith li mf rlmfga÷i fklgtavf y ghivavligafm jl mhs
g÷iyucls,
Wlitligaf saih qul ghehI¿kul73<0->067-Gfofefrgf,
jl Gfsfga÷i hrjlifjh phr lstl Wuprleh Zranuifm
hnrfitl f khofseljafitl mf
jhsgaliths
quaigl, df prhgljajh f jltlreaifr guæm jl mhs g÷iyucls rlsumtfnf salijh
gumpfnml jl jagdf satufga÷i, puls, sa nali mhs dlgdhs phstumfjhs li mf jlefijf

><7

jfnfi gulitf jl ui fggahifr ilcftavh phr pfrtl jl mf jlefijfjf, mhs easehs

qul suplrfjf uif aiagafm prhdanaga÷i jl trfth litrl pfjrl l daohs ghisaståfi li
mf aitlrphsaga÷i aijlnajf jl uif jlefijf jl fmaeliths li ghitrf jlm 
jlefijfitl, fså gheh li lm fnfijhih jl mf jlefijfjf jlm dhcfr ghiyucfm, sl
df lstfnmlgajh phstlrahrelitl qul jagdfs satufgahils sl clilrfrhi gheh
ghislguligaf jl mf prhpaf ghijugtf jlm fggahifitl, ih shmh fm aiguepmar sus
hnmacfgahils fmaelitfrafs pfrf ghi su g÷iyucl l daohs, saih fm dfnlr plreatajh
mf fcrlsa÷i jl fqulmmf phr pfrtl jl sus kfeamafrls, ghi mhs qul ghepfrtåfi
ehrfjf. Ghi lmmh sl talil, qul ih df lxastajh uif aifpmagfga÷i jlm aigash 66
jlm frtågumh 777 jlm G÷jach Gavam gheh jliuigaf lm rlgurrlitl, ia tfephgh sl
df fpmagfjh f lstl gfsh lm supulsth jl javhrgah phr slpfrfga÷i jl dlgdh ‗mh
gufm sl gheprulnf gufijh li mf rlgurrajf sl slöfmf qul li lklgth lxastl ui
jltlrahrh jl mf rlmfga÷i ghiyucfm qul dfråf aephsanml mf vajf li gheÿi‗ saih
qul mf Wfmf Wuplrahr df lstfnmlgajh qul li lm gfsh jl fuths lm jlefijfitl
dfnåf aigurrajh li mf prhdanaga÷i jlm frtågumh 77< jlm G÷jach Gavam, fm slr 
rlsphisfnml jl mhs fgths qul jliuigafnf gheh gfusfm jl javhrgah, ih
 pujalijh lstl Wuprleh Zranuifm vfmhrfr iulvfelitl mhs eljahs prhnfthrahs fm 
rlsplgth, phrghi
ghikhreajfj ih lmslrfrtågumh
lmmh uih
74: jl
jlmmhs kails Prhglsfm
G÷jach jlm rlgursh
Gavam,jlghi
gfsfga÷i,
mh gufm jl
sl
jlnli jlslstaefr mfs aikrfggahils slöfmfjfs gheh jliuigafs N) y G).    Li
ghislguligaf, mf jlefijf jl javhrgah phr gfusfm jl aephsanamajfj jl dfglr 
vajf li gheÿi, sl ghistatuyli li javhrgah-sfiga÷i li fpmagfga÷i jlm frtågumh
77< jlm G÷jach Gavam, slöfmfijh qul lxprlsfelitl qul iaicuih jl mhs
g÷iyucls puljl kuijfr su jlefijf li dlgdh prhpah.

GH^ZL W\P^LEF JL O\WZAGAF JL MF ^LPßNMAGFWFMF GA[AM

Z^FIWAZH^AF
GFWFGA×I I¿ :63;->06<-GFOFEF^GF

JA[H^GAH
GHEßI PH^ GF\WFM JL AEPHWANAMAJFJ JL DFGL^ [AJF LI
Maef, jalgaiulvl jl sltalenrl jl jhs eam jalgasáas.
[AWZF
Mf gfusf iÿelrh guftrh eam galith sltlitf y slas - jhs eam quaigl, y lklgtufjhs lm
jlnftl y mf vhtfga÷i ghrrlsphijalitls, leatl mf sacualitl slitligaf.
EFZL^AF JLM ^LG\^WH
Wl trftf jlm rlgursh jl gfsfga÷i aitlrpulsth phr Efiulm Olsÿs Dlriæijlz ^ujfs f khofs
 jhsgaliths ihvlitf y jhs, ghitrf mf slitligaf jl vastf jl khofs jhsgaliths sltlitf y
guftrh, jl klgdf
Plrefilitl vlaitlWuplrahr
jl mf Ghrtl jl efrzh jl jhs jl
jl Oustagaf eamGfofefrgf,
quaigl, leatajf phr mf mfWfmf
qul ghikaref Gavam
slitligaf
fplmfjf jl khofs galith trlaitf, jl klgdf vlaitasaltl jl sltalenrl jl jhs eam jhgl, qul
jlgmfrf aikuijfjf mf jlefijf.

><:

K\IJFELIZHW JLM ^LG\^WH

Lstf Wfmf Wuprlef, eljafitl rlshmuga÷i jl khofs gufrlitf y saltl jlm prlslitl
gufjlriammh, jl klgdf iulvl jl ihvalenrl jl jhs eam quaigl, df lstaefjh prhgljlitl lm
gatfjh rlgursh jl gfsfga÷i phr mfs gfusfmls jl aikrfgga÷i ihreftavf jl jlrlgdh prhglsfm
l aikrfgga÷i ihreftavf jl jlrlgdh eftlrafm. Mf pfrtl rlgurrlitl jliuigaf mh sacualitl?
Aikrfgga÷i ihreftavf prhglsfm jlm frtågumh 671 aigash < jl mf Ghistatuga÷i Phmåtagf
jlm Plrÿ, fmlcfijh qul mf rlgurrajf aigurrl li gfusfm jl ehtavfga÷i aighicrulitl thjf
vlz qul plsl f rlfmazfr uif jlsgrapga÷i jl mf slgulmf jl mhs dlgdhs qul ghistatuyli
gfusfm jl aephsanamajfj jl dfglr vajf li gheÿi , jltlreaif qul tfith lm dlgdh jl
jlefijfr fmaeliths y rltarfrsl jlm dhcfr ghiyucfm jl ehjh oustakagfjh ghistatuyli
garguistfigafs ftlijanmls pfrf lm fgtufr jl mf jlefijfjf, gheh sa lm aepucifitl dunalrl
aivhgfjh mf gfusfm ghitliajf li lm aigash < jlm frtågumh 777 jlm G÷jach Gavam, rlklrlitl
fm fnfijhih aioustakagfjh jlm dhcfr ghiyucfm2 aijagf phr htrh mfjh, qul mf Wfmf Wuplrahr 
rlfmazf ui ouagah jl vfmhr f thjfs mugls lrrfjh, fm ghigmuar qul jlnajh f mf kuijfnamajfj
jlm prhglsh jl fmaeliths I¿ <001->001, aistfurfjh phr mf jlefijfjf ghitrf lm
rlgurrlitl, ástl rlsumtf salijh gumpfnml jl mf aephsanamajfj jl slcuar dfgalijh vajf li
gheÿi, gufijh
jlrlgdh, lm shmh mfs
rlsqulnrfof dlgdh jl fgujarplrshifmls
rlmfgahils fm ÷rcfih ourasjaggahifm, fÿi liphr
jl mhs g÷iyucls, lm lolrgagah
mh qul jlm
mf
ghistrugga÷i jl mf slitligaf jl vastf ih cufrjf ghdlrligaf ghi mf pfrtl rlshmutavf,
fjleæs jl ih hnslrvfrsl qul li fitlrahr hphrtuiajfj sl jlgmfr÷ iumf mf slitligaf jl
vastf eljafitl lolguthraf suprlef phr ih dfnlrsl lstfnmlgajh fm g÷iyucl gumpfnml, phr 
mh qul li lstl iulvh prhiuigafealith mf Wfmf Wuplrahr shmh jlna÷ maeatfrsl f aijagfr fm
g÷iyucl gumpfnml jl mf easef, qul
q ul li lstl gfsh vlijråf f slr mf jlefijfjf2
Aikrfgga÷i ihreftavf eftlrafm jlm frtågumh 777 aigash 66 jlm G÷jach Gavam, rlkaralijh
qul sl fklgtf su jlrlgdh puls, lm easeh rfzhifealith lklgtufjh phr mf Wfmf Wuplrahr sl
df ligufjrfjh li lm ghephrtfealith jl mf jlefijfjf, sai tlilr li gulitf qul ástf sl
ustakagf gheh sa sl dunalrf jlefijfjh lm javhrgah phr gfusfm jl fnfijhih aioustakagfjh
jlm dhcfr ghiyucfm, mh qul df mmlvfjh f rlfmazfr ui ouagah lrrfjh jl mhs fuths, sai thefr 
li gulitf qul ám fgrljat÷ qul mf gfusfm fggahifjf sl ghikacur÷ gufijh su g÷iyucl mh
jlefij÷ phr fmaeliths, pfrf mulch rltarfrsl jlm dhcfr ghiyucfm2
Aikrfgga÷i ihreftavf eftlrafm jlm frtågumh 77< jlm G÷jach Gavam, shstlialijh qul sl
fklgtf su jlrlgdh fm dfnlrsl rlfmazfjh ui lrrfjh ouagah jl vfmhr shnrl mf aeputfnamajfj
jlm g÷iyucl gumpfnml jl mf gfusfm aivhgfjf pfrf lm javhrgah, mh gufm df hracaifjh qul sl
fpmaqul lm prlslitl jasphsatavh jl ehjh lrr÷ilh, puls phr mhs fgths rlfmazfjhs phr mf
jlefijfjf, sl talil qul lm rlgurrlitl ls lm g÷iyucl fklgtfjh2 y
Fpfrtfealith aiehtavfjh jlm Zlrglr Pmlih  Gfsfthrah li eftlrafm Gavam, fkarefijh
qul lm fj qule fpmag÷ lrr÷ilfelitl mh prlvasth li jagdh Pmlih Gfsfthrah, puls li fquám
ih sl lstfnmlgl qul lm fgujar f ui Zranuifm Oujagafm jlefijfijh fm htrh g÷iyucl lstá
 ustakagfjh, h ih slf sukagalitl pfrf qul mfs rlmfgahils efratfmls sl rlsqulnrfoli ghi mf

rlfmazfga÷i jl jagdh fgth.

GHIWAJL^FIJH?

><<

Praelrh.- Prlvafelitl f mf fnshmuga÷i jlm rlgursh jl gfsfga÷i  sun lxfeail lxfeail   ls

ilglsfrah dfglr ui nrlvl rlgulith jl mh fghitlgajh li lm prhglsh. Li tfm slitajh, sl
fjvalrtl qul f khofs jalgasaltl Efiulm Olsÿs Dlriæijlz ^ujfs aitlrphil jlefijf shnrl
javhrgah phr mf gfusfm jl aephsanamajfj jl dfglr vajf li gheÿi  ghitrf Gfreli
Fjlmf Dufeæi Wfyfs, f kai qul sl jlgmfrl jasulmth lm våigumh eftraehiafm, lm jlrlgdh
fmaelitfrah, tliligaf y guajfjh jl mhs daohs y sl já phr klilgajh lm rácaeli jl shgaljfj
jl cfifigafmls, yf qul ih lxastli nalils qul rlpfrtar. Gheh kuijfeliths jl su
jlefijf shstalil qul lm trlaitf jl oumah jl eam ihvlgaliths ihvlitf y iulvl ghitrfoh
eftraehiah ghi mf jlefijfjf li mf Euiagapfmajfj Jastratfm jl Nföhs jlm Aigf,
dfnalijh prhgrlfjh f sus daohs O., G. E., ^. F. y F. G. D. D., y qul jurfitl lm taleph jl
su rlmfga÷i saleprl tuvalrhi prhnmlefs gheh pfrlof, salijh qul mf fgtatuj vahmlitf jl mf
jlefijfjf lrf gfjf vlz eæs krlgulitl, mmlcfijh f fcrljarmh li vfrafs hphrtuiajfjls. Li
lm els jl hgtunrl jl jhs eam iulvl, mf jlefijfjf aitlrphil uif jlefijf jl fmaeliths
fitl lm Ouzcfjh jl Pfz Mltrfjh jl Nföhs jlm Aigf, li lm Lxpljalitl iÿelrh <001->001,
 phr lm gufm fgujl f sus daohs ghi uif plisa÷i jl fmaeliths, prltlisa÷i qul aiaga÷ ghi mf
kaifmajfj jl dfglrmh plrefilglr li lm dhcfr ghiyucfm. Phstlrahrelitl, lm vlaitatrás jl
fnram jl jhs eam jalz, mf jlefijfjf fnfijhif jagdh dhcfr, sath li lm Oar÷i Qfdufrdufgf
iÿelrh :;:, aitlrahr
jl Gfofefrgf, :, Nfmilfrah
mmlvæijhsl 6, jlm
ghisach Jastrath
thjfs jl Nföhs
mfs ghsfs jl mfjlmgfsf,
Aigf,gheh
Prhvaigaf
shi yeulnmls,
^lca÷i
frtlkfgths y rhpf, fprhvlgdfijh qul lm jlefijfitl mfnhrfnf li lm gfepfelith jl mf
Eailrf Qfifghgdf2 pfrf mulch slcuar gfusæijhml prhnmlefs l aigmush fcrljarmh kåsagf y
 psaghm÷cagfelitl, mh gufm ih jliuiga÷ phr acihrfigaf y vlrcýlizf y phr ih gfusfrml
jföh f sus daohs, f mhs qul tfephgh ml plreatåf vlr aiagafmelitl, tlialijh qul aiagafr ui
 prhglsh jl rácaeli jl vasatfs pfrf phjlr dfglrmh. Mulch jl lmmh, su rlmfga÷i sl df
thrifjh jakågam dfnaáijhsl vasth aivhmugrfjhs li javlrshs prhglshs oujagafmls.
Wlcuijh.- Zrfeatfjf mf jlefijf slcÿi su ifturfmlzf, lm oulz jl mf gfusf, eljafitl
slitligaf jl khofs galith trlaitf, jlgmfrf aikuijfjf mf jlefijf, mf easef qul kul
rlvhgfjf phr mf slitligaf jl vastf jl khofs galith sltlitf, y rlkhreæijhmf, jlgmfrf
kuijfjf mf jlefijf. Jagdf slitligaf jl vastf kul gfsfjf phr lstl Zranuifm, eljafitl
Wlitligaf Gfsfthraf
hrjliæijhsl I¿ 73<0->067,
fm fj qule leatar iulvhjlprhiuigafealith
klgdf vlaitahgdh
ghijlfrrlcmh
efrzhfjl jhs eam gfthrgl,
jlrlgdh.
Zlrglrh.- Fsuealijh iulvfelitl ghepltligaf, mf Wfmf Wuplrahr leatl iulvf slitligaf
jl vastf, jl klgdf vlaitl jl efrzh jl jhs eam quaigl, jl khofs jhsgaliths sltlitf y
guftrh, ghikarefijh mf slitligaf fplmfjf qul jlgmfrf aikuijfjf mf jlefijf. Gheh
kuijfeliths jl su jlgasa÷i shstalil qul mhs frcueliths qul lm fggahifitl lxphil li su
jlefijf pfrf jfr sustlith f mf gfusfm qul aivhgf, shi li hrjli grhihm÷cagh mhs
sacualitls?
a) Wu g÷iyu
g÷iyucl
cl mh jjlef
lefij÷
ij÷ phr
phr fmael
fmaelith
iths,
s, prhgl
prhglsh
sh guyh
guyh tr
træea
æeatl
tl gh
ghita
itaiÿf
iÿf22
aa) Wu lsphsf
lsphsf daz
dazhh fnfijhih
fnfijhih jlm dhcfr gh
ghiyucfm
iyucfm,, mmlvæijhsl
mmlvæijhsl ghisach
ghisach thjfs mfs gh
ghsfs
sfs jl
 mf gfsf2
aaa) Lm jlefijfitl
jlefijfitl aiaga÷
aiaga÷ ui prhglsh
prhglsh jl rácaeli
rácaeli jl vas
vasatfs,
atfs, mh
mh qul plrsu
plrsufja÷
fja÷ f qul su
lsphsf plreatf vhmuitfrafelitl qul lstá ghi sus daohs li mfs hphrtuiajfjls li qul
 pujalrf dfglrmh, slguligaf jl lvliths qul sl df fgrljatfjh ghi mfs jhguelitfmls jl
khofs slas f jhgl. Lstæ fgrljatfjh gheh ”praelr suglsh― lm aiagah jlm prhglsh jl

><;

fmaeliths, lm gufm, ftlijalijh f su iuelrfga÷i (<001->001-K), jftf

aijasgutanmlelitl jlm föh jhs eam iulvl, suglsh qul sl hracai÷ gufijh fÿi mhs
g÷iyucls ghepfrtåfi lm dhcfr ghiyucfm, ih mmlcfijh f ui fgulrjh ghigamafthrah, phr 
mh tfith, lm ÷rcfih ourasjaggahifm tuvh qul leatar mf slitligaf jl praelrf aistfigaf
ghi klgdf higl jl hgtunrl jl jhs eam jalz, y qul, salijh fplmfjf phr fenhs
g÷iyucls, ls rlsulmtf li slcuijf aistfigaf ghi klgdf jhgl jl sltalenrl jl jhs eam
jhgl (jfths hntliajhs jlm Wastlef Aitlcrfjh jl Oustagaf -WAO), jl mh gufm sl aikalrl
qul lm dhy jlefijfitl aiguepma÷ mhs jlnlrls jlravfjhs jlm eftraehiah, sustrflrsl
jl mf ghitranuga÷i fm shstliaealith lghi÷eagh jl su dhcfr f plsfr jl tlilr eljahs
 pfrf dfglrmh, ghistatuylijh lmmh ui dlgdh qul ghikacurf mf gfusfm jl aephsanamajfj
jl dfglr vajf li gheÿi.
Fsaeaseh, ls jl fjvlrtarsl qul mf rlklrajf jlefijf jl fmaeliths sl prhjuoh fitls qul
mf lsphsf sl rltarl jlm dhcfr ghiyucfm, yf qul lstl dlgdh rlgaái hgurrl lm jåf vlaitatrás
jl fnram jl jhs eam jalz (váfsl ghpaf glrtakagfjf jl mf jliuigaf phmagafm qul prlslitf mf
lsphsf jlm jlefijfitl shnrl rltarh jlm dhcfr ghiyucfm, hnrfitl f khmahs jalz), y qul sai
jujf kul mf gfusf jltlreaifitl h lsligafm pfrf qul sl prlgapatli phstlrahrls prhnmlefs
kfeamafrls, li mhs qul ih shmh sl vl aivhmugrfjh lm g÷iyucl, saih su prhpaf kfeamaf
ghisficuåilf, ghikhrel sl ligulitrf jlsgrath li mf ghpaf glrtakagfjf jl mf jliuigaf
 phmagafm y shmagatuj jl cfrfitåfs plrshifmls jl khofs gufrlitf y slas, y jl khofs gufrlitf y
saltl f gufrlitf y iulvl, rlsplgtavfelitl, mfs qul kldfgalitlelitl fgrljatfi qul mf dhy
jlefijfjf, jåfs fitls jl su rltarh jlm dhcfr ghiyucfm, aeputf fcrlsahils f mhs
dlrefihs jlm jlefijfitl (Muas Dlriæijlz ^ujfs y Efrtaif Dlriæijlz ^ujfs), fså
gheh mhs rlsphisfnamazf phr ih plreatarml lm aicrlsh f su jheagamah (Nmfigf Kmhr 
Dlriæijlz ^ujfs, Efrtdf Dlriæijlz ^ujfs y Muz Ficámagf Dlriæijlz ^ujfs),
fgusfgahils qul tfenaái dfi sajh oujagafmazfjfs f trfvás jlm Prhglsh jl [ahmligaf
Kfeamafr I¿ 00604->060-0-0;06-OE-KG-06, trfeatfjh fitl lm Ouzcfjh Eaxth jlm
Jastrath jl Nföhs jlm Aigf, lm gufm df tlreaifjh ghi slitligaf jl slcuijf aistfigaf
lxpljajf phr lstf Wfmf Wuplrahr qul rlshmva÷ ghikarefr mf slitligaf jl praelrf aistfigaf
li lm lxtrleh qul jlgmfrf kuijfjf mf jlefijf pmfitlfjf phr lm Eaiastlrah Pÿnmagh qul

jlgmfrfyqul
^ujfs lxastalrhi
Efrtdf fgths^ujfs
Dlriæijlz jl vahmligaf kåsagf phr
ghitrf Gfreli pfrtlDufeæi
Fjlmf jl MuzWfyfs2
Ficámagf Dlriæijlz
mf rlvhgf li lm
lxtrleh qul jlgmfr÷ qul tfenaái lxastalrhi fgths jl vahmligaf kåsagf phr pfrtl jl
Gfreli Fjlmf Dufeæi Wfyfs li ghitrf jl fquámmfs, y rlkhreæijhmf jlgmfrf aikuijfjf
mf jlefijf jl vahmligaf kfeamafr (váfsl mf ghpaf glrtakagfjf jl mf slitligaf li rlklrligaf
jl khofs jhsgaliths trlaitf y jhs f jhsgaliths gufrlitf y uih, fjeatajf gheh eljah
 prhnfthrah lxtlephræilh eljafitl mf rlshmuga÷i iÿelrh vlaitauih jl khofs jhsgaliths
gaigulitf f jhsgaliths gaigulitf y jhs). Ls eæs, fm ehelith jl prlslitfr jliuigaf phr 
fcrlsa÷i ghitrf mhs dlrefihs jl su g÷iyucl jlof lxprlsf ghistfigaf qul ”su lsphsh
lstuvh fm aitlrahr jl su jheagamah, plrh ih dazh ifjf pfrf jlklijlrmf―, mf easef qul ih
df sajh gulstahifjf phr lm rlgurrlitl.
 Lstf ghijugtf heasavf qul rlsumtf slr aioustakagfnml, plreatl ghigmuar qul, f
ghislguligaf
dfnlrsl jl mf jlefijf
prhvhgfjh jl fmaeliths,
lm surcaealith lxastlyuilikrlitfealiths
jl rlgmfehs jltlrahrh li mf rlmfga÷i jl pfrlof,dfi
qul li fjlmfitl fm
dlgdh aishstlianml mf vajf li gheÿi, li jhijl aigmush dfi fpfrlgajh crlsgfs fitl mf
aitlrvliga÷i jl mhs kfeamafrls jlm lsphsh, ehtavfijh qul mf lsphsf sl rltarl jlm dhcfr 

><3

ghiyucfm li khref oustakagfjf pfrf sfmvfcufrjfr su aitlcrajfj kåsagf y psaghm÷cagf, fså

gheh mf jl sus elihrls daohs, thjh mh gufm plreatl fkarefr qul ls lm prhpah jlefijfitl
quali dazh aephsanml ghitaiufr h rlfiujfr mf vajf gheÿi.   Li tfm ghitlxth, li
guepmaealith jlm efijfth gfsfthrah jl mf Ghrtl Wuprlef jl Oustagaf jl mf ^lpÿnmagf, sl
jltlreaif qul lm g÷iyucl gumpfnml jl mf gfusfm jl   aephsanamajfj jl dfglr vajf li
gheÿi, ls lm g÷iyucl Efiulm Olsÿs Dlriæijlz ^ujfs, rlsumtfijh plrtailitl fgmfrfr qul
jagdf aiihvfga÷i aighrphrfjf f iulstrf mlcasmfga÷i eljafitl mf Mly I¿ >3:1<, ih
aepmagf qul sl dfyf fjeatajh mf gfusfm gheh purfelitl aigumpfthraf, yf qul mhs dlgdhs
qul jfi mucfr f mf aephsanamajfj jl dfglr vajf gheÿi  y, phr mh tfith, f hntlilr lm
javhrgah,  s÷mh puljli slr aivhgfjhs phr lm g÷iyucl fcrfvafjh, ih phr lm qul mhs
ghelta÷, slcÿi sl fprlgaf li mf vacligaf pfrf lstf gfusfm jlm praigapah jl mf
aivhgfnamajfj ghitlepmfjh li lm frtågumh 77< jlm G÷jach Gavam, fjvartaáijhsl qul mf
aitliga÷i jlm mlcasmfjhr, y ghi lmmh mf kaifmajfj jl mf ihref, ls sfigahifr lm fgtufr jlm
g÷iyucl qul df aigurrajh li mf gfusfm, y jl lstl ehjh ih plreatar qul lm g÷iyucl
kuijfelitl su jlefijf li uif gfusfm li mf qul ám easeh df aigurrajh. Phr tfmls
rfzhils y dfnaáijhsl jltlreaifjh qul lm jlefijfitl ls quali df gfusfjh mf
aephsanamajfj jl dfglr vajf li gheÿi  ‗eæxael, 
‗eæxael,  sa mf jlefijfjf Gfreli Fjlmf
Dufeæi Wfyfs
mf prlslitl df ehstrfjh
jlefijf jlnl slrsujlslstaefjf
thtfm prljasphsaga÷i pfrfsurlthefr
jlgmfrfijh su rlmfga÷i
aeprhgljligaf ghiyucfm‗ 
fm ih dfnlrsl
guepmajh ghi ui rlquasath jl khref prlsgrath li lm frtågumh fitls eligahifjh,
ghigmuylijh qul jlnl rlvhgfrsl mf slitligaf rlgurrajf li lstl lxtrleh.
Gufrth.- Ghikhrel sl df fihtfjh prlgljlitlelitl, lm rlgursh jl gfsfga÷i df sajh
jlgmfrfjh prhgljlitl phr mfs gfusfmls jl aikrfgga÷i ihreftavf jl jlrlgdh prhglsfm l
aikrfgga÷i ihreftavf jl jlrlgdh eftlrafm, jlnalijh fnshmvlrsl, li praigapah, mf
jliuigaf jl gfrægtlr prhglsfm, jl ehjh qul sa sl jlgmfrf kuijfjh lm rlgursh phr ástf,
jlnlræ lithigls vlrakagfrsl lm rllivåh, gfrlgalijh jl hnolth lm prhiuigafealith
rlsplgth f mf gfusfm sustfitavf.
Vuaith.- ^lsplgth f mf jliuigaf prhglsfm ghitliajf li lm fpfrtfjh F),   sl talil qul mf
ehtavfga÷i jl mfs rlshmugahils oujagafmls, ls ui praigapah jl mf kuiga÷i ourasjaggahifm,
tfm gheh jasphil lm aigash < jlm frtågumh 671 jl iulstrf Gfrtf Efcif, ghighrjfitl ghi
lm frtågumh 6> jlm Zlxth ßiagh Hrjlifjh jl mf Mly Hrcæiagf jlm Phjlr Oujagafm,
 praigapah qul
q ul fjleæs sl ligulitrf ghitliajh li lm aigash 7 jlm frtågumh 6>> jlm G÷jach
Prhglsfm Gavam, slcÿi lm gufm, mfs rlshmugahils oujagafmls jlnli ghitlilr mhs
kuijfeliths jl dlgdh qul sustlitfi mf jlgasa÷i y mhs rlsplgtavhs jl jlrlgdh ghi mf gatf
jl mf ihref h ihrefs fpmagfnmls li gfjf puith slcÿi lm eárath jl mh fgtufjh,
ehtavfga÷i qul jl fgulrjh fm aigash : jl mf prlgatfjf ihref prhglsfm, jlnl aigajar 
rlsplgth jl thjhs mhs puiths ghitrhvlrtajhs li lm prhglsh. Fsaeaseh, jlitrh jl mhs
supulsths slöfmfjhs phr lm Zranuifm Ghistatugahifm gheh fcrfvafitls jlm ghitliajh
ghistatugahifmelitl cfrfitazfjh jlm jlrlgdh f mf ehtavfga÷i2 sl df ghisajlrfjh mf
ehtavfga÷i sustfigafmelitl aighicrulitl, mf easef qul ghitrfjagl mf hnmacfga÷i jl mhs
 ÷rcfihs oujagafmls f rlshmvlr mfs prltlisahils jl mfs pfrtls jl efilrf ghicrulitl ghi mhs
táreaihs li
 pltagahils fitlqul vlicfi pmfitlfjfs, lsth ls, sai heatar, fmtlrfr h lxgljlrsl li mfs
ám khreumfjfs.
Wlxth.- Jl fuths sl talil qul mfs aistfigafs jl eárath så dfi guepmajh ghi prhiuigafrsl
rlsplgth f mf prltlisa÷i jl javhrgah phr mf gfusfm jljugajf li mf jlefijf ‗lsth ls, mf

><4

aephsanamajfj jl dfglr vajf li gheÿi, jlnajfelitl prhnfjf li prhglsh oujagafm‗ 

fifmazfijh mfs gulstahils kægtagfs y ouråjagfs qul fm rlsplgth dfi pmfitlfjh mfs pfrtls li
mhs fgths phstumfthrahs jl lstf gfusf, phr mh qul ih sl lstfråf fitl uif slitligaf
aighicrulitl, ih lighitræijhsl jl mf rlvasa÷i jl mhs kuijfeliths jlm rlgursh jl
gfsfga÷i mfs gfusfmls jliuigafjfs (puiths 7.>. f.v y sacualitls), sl talil qul mh qul
vlrjfjlrfelitl jliuigaf lm rlgurrlitl ls qul mf ghigmusa÷i kaifm f mf qul frranf mf Wfmf
Wuplrahr (aeprhgljligaf jl mf jlefijfjf) sl ghitrfjagl ghi mhs kuijfeliths
jlsfrrhmmfjhs li mf rlgurrajf (lxastligaf jl dlgdhs qul jlnamatfi mf rlmfga÷i jl
ghivavligaf eftraehiafm), phr mh tfith, sl lstfråf fitl uif «kfmtf jl ehtavfga÷i aitlrif
jlm rfzhifealith², lsth ls, ui jlklgth jl mf frcuelitfga÷i jlsjl mf plrsplgtavf jl su
ghrrlgga÷i m÷cagf h jlsjl su ghdlrligaf ifrrftavf.
Wátaeh.- Li nulif gulitf, lm fiæmasas jl mf ghrrlgga÷i m÷cagf li lm jlklgth jl
ehtavfga÷i aitlrif jlm rfzhifealith ouråjagh, plreatl lm ghitrhm jl mf jliheaifjf
ustakagfga÷i aitlrif jl mf jlgasa÷i oujagafm, lsth ls, jl su fsplgth khrefm y samhcåstagh,
li lm gufm lm ouzcfjhr rlgurrl fm aistruelith m÷cagh jl mf jljugga÷i pfrf pfsfr ghi
ghisastligaf jl mfs prleasfs (efyhr y elihr) f mf ghigmusa÷i. Li ghitrfphsaga÷i f mf
ustakagfga÷i lxtlrif, qul ls fqulmmf qul ghitrhmf mf shmajlz h rfzhifnamajfj jlm
frcuelith jl mf jlgasa÷i, mf oustakagfga÷i aitlrif lxfeaif shmh su ghrrlgga÷i khrefm,
lsth ls, ”sa mf ghigmusa÷i sl sacul m÷cagfelitl jl mfs prleasfs qul sl fjugli gheh
kuijfelitfga÷i―. Fm rlsplgth, sl talil qul li mhs ghisajlrfijhs slxth f jágaeh jl mf
rlgurrajf sl fprlgaf qul sa nali lm fj qule df aijagfjh qul jlitrh jl mfs satufgahils qul
 puljli clilrfr mf aighepftanamajfj jl vajf li gheÿi, prlvastf gheh gfusfm jl javhrgah
 phr lm G÷jach Gavam, sl ligulitrf lm aiagah jl prhglshs oujagafmls li ghitrf jlm htrh
g÷iyucl, y qul dfi sugljajh satufgahils qul jlihtfi lm jlscfstl jlm våigumh fklgtavh
litrl mhs g÷iyucls, slöfmf f ghitaiufga÷i qul plsl f lmmh jagdf gfusfm jl javhrgah  ih
 puljl slr jljugajf phr lm g÷iyucl qul df prhvhgfjh lm easeh, satufga÷i li mf qul ‗f
jlgar jl jagdh Ghmlcafjh‗ sl ligulitrf lm jlefijfitl, ghi mh gufm ih lxastl
ghitrfjagga÷i li mf oustakagfga÷i pmfitlfjf li mf rlgurrajf. Walijh lmmh fså, lm praelr 
lxtrleh jlm rlgursh jl gfsfga÷i jlvalil li aikuijfjh.
Hgtfvh.- ^lsplgth f mfs aikrfggahils jl jlrlgdh eftlrafm jliuigafjfs, jlnl tlilrsl li
gulitf qul iulstrh hrjlifealith ouråjagh df prlvasth ui sastlef jl   javhrgah  eaxth y
ghepmloh, qul ghitlepmf mf jashmuga÷i jlm eftraehiah tfith phr fgths qul vahmlitfi mhs
jlnlrls qul aephil lm eftraehiah, aeputfnmls f tåtumh jl jhmh h gumpf f uih jl mhs
g÷iyucls (javhrgah sfiga÷i), gheh phr lm jfth hnoltavh jl mf slpfrfga÷i kægtagf jl mhs
g÷iyucls sai vhmuitfj jl rlghigamafga÷i ( javhrgah  rleljah), salijh qul li lm Zlrglr 
Pmlih Gfsfthrah Gavam, glmlnrfjh phr mfs Wfmfs Gavamls Plrefilitl y Zrfisathraf jl mf
Ghrtl Wuprlef jl Oustagaf jl mf ^lpÿnmagf, f prhp÷sath jl mf Gfsfga÷i iÿelrh >>1-
>004-Mfenfylqul, sl df aijagfjh qul mfs gfusfmls jltfmmfjfs li mhs aigashs 6 f 66 jlm
frtågumh 777 jlm G÷jach Gavam shi aigumpfthrafs y mfs gfusfmls jltfmmfjfs li mhs aigashs
6> y 67 ih mh shi. Li lsl slitajh, sl talil qul mf gfusfm jl aephsanamajfj jl dfglr vajf
 li gheÿi, jlnajfelitl prhnfjf li prhglsh oujagafm (aigash 66 jlm frtågumh 777 jlm
G÷jach
frtågumh Gavam),
77< jlmjf
G÷jach f ui javhrgah-sfiga÷i
mucfr Gavam, qul prlsgranl qul, iaicuih
rlsumtfijh fpmagfnml
jl mhs mf rlstragga÷i
g÷iyucls jlm
puljl kuijfr
su jlefijf li dlgdh prhpah.

><1

Ihvlih.- Li fuths sl talil qul mf Wfmf Wuplrahr ih shmh df jltlreaifjh qul lxastl ui
rlsqulnrfofealith li mf rlmfga÷i fklgtavf y ghivavligafm jl mhs g÷iyucls, saih qul
gheh kul hrjlifjh phr lstl Wuprleh Zranuifm eljafitl mf Wlitligaf jl Gfsfga÷i I¿
73<0->067-Gfofefrgf, hnrfitl f khofs jhsgaliths quaigl, df prhgljajh f jltlreaifr 
guæm jl mhs g÷iyucls rlsumtfnf salijh gumpfnml jl jagdf satufga÷i, puls, sa nali mhs
dlgdhs phstumfjhs li mf jlefijf jfnfi gulitf jl ui fggahifr ilcftavh phr pfrtl jl mf
jlefijfjf, mhs easehs qul suplrfjf uif aiagafm prhdanaga÷i jl trfth litrl pfjrl l daohs
ghisaståfi li mf aitlrphsaga÷i aijlnajf jl uif jlefijf jl fmaeliths li ghitrf jlm
jlefijfitl, fså gheh li lm fnfijhih jl mf jlefijfjf jlm dhcfr ghiyucfm, sl df
lstfnmlgajh phstlrahrelitl qul jagdfs satufgahils sl clilrfrhi gheh ghislguligaf jl
mf prhpaf ghijugtf jlm fggahifitl, ih s÷mh fm aiguepmar sus hnmacfgahils fmaelitfrafs
 pfrf ghi su g÷iyucl l daohs, saih fm dfnlr plreatajh mf fcrlsa÷i jl fqulmmf phr pfrtl jl
sus kfeamafrls, ghi mhs qul ghepfrtåfi ehrfjf. Ghi lmmh sl talil, qul ih df lxastajh uif
aifpmagfga÷i jlm aigash 66 jlm frtågumh 777 jlm G÷jach Gavam gheh jliuigaf lm
rlgurrlitl, ia tfephgh sl df fpmagfjh f lstl gfsh lm supulsth jl javhrgah phr slpfrfga÷i
jl dlgdh ‗mh gufm sl gheprulnf gufijh li mf rlgurrajf sl slöfmf qul li lklgth lxastl ui
jltlrahrh jl mf rlmfga÷i ghiyucfm qul dfråf aephsanml mf vajf li gheÿi‗ saih qul mf
Wfmf Wuplrahrjlm
 prhdanaga÷i df frtågumh
lstfnmlgajh
77<qul
jlmliG÷jach
lm gfsh Gavam,
jl fuths
fm lmslr
jlefijfitl dfnåf
rlsphisfnml jl aigurrajh
mhs fgthsliqul
mf
jliuigafnf gheh gfusfm jl javhrgah, ih pujalijh lstl Wuprleh Zranuifm vfmhrfr 
iulvfelitl mhs eljahs prhnfthrahs fm rlsplgth, phr ih slr lmmh uih jl mhs kails jlm
rlgursh jl gfsfga÷i, jl ghikhreajfj ghi lm frtågumh 74: jlm G÷jach Prhglsfm Gavam, ghi
j liuigafs N) y G).
mh gufm sl jlnli jlslstaefr mfs aikrfggahils slöfmfjfs gheh jliuigafs
Jágaeh.- Kaifmelitl, rlsplgth fm supulsth fpfrtfealith jlm prlgljlitl vaigumfitl
lstfnmlgajh li lm Zlrglr Pmlih Gfsfthrah Gavam, sl talil qul ih sl df slöfmfjh gratlrah jl
hnslrvfigaf hnmacfthraf fmcuih, rlklrajh fm javhrgah phr mf gfusfm jl aephsanamajfj jl
dfglr vajf li gheÿi, phr mh tfith, tfenaái lstl lxtrleh jlm rlgursh rlsumtf aikuijfjh.
Phr mfs ghisajlrfgahils lxpulstfs, ih sl ghikacurfi mfs gfusfmls jl aikrfgga÷i ihreftavf
jl gfrægtlr prhglsfm y eftlrafm jliuigafjfs, li ghislguligaf, ih prhgljl fepfrfr lm
 prlslitl rlgursh jl gfsfga÷i, phr mh qul jl ghikhreajfj ghi lm frtågumh 713 jlm G÷jach
Prhglsfm Gavam, jlgmfrfrhi AIK\IJFJH lm rlgursh jl gfsfga÷i aitlrpulsth phr Efiulm
Olsÿs Dlriæijlz ^ujfs f khofs jhsgaliths ihvlitf y jhs2 phr ghisacualitl, IH
GFWF^HI mf slitligaf jl vastf jl khofs jhsgaliths sltlitf y guftrh, jl klgdf vlaitl jl
efrzh jl jhs eam quaigl, leatajf phr mf Wfmf Gavam Plrefilitl jl mf Ghrtl Wuplrahr jl
Oustagaf jl Gfofefrgf, qul ghikaref mf slitligaf fplmfjf jl khofs galith trlaitf, jl
klgdf vlaitasaltl jl sltalenrl jl jhs eam jhgl, qul jlgmfrf aikuijfjf mf jlefijf2
JAWP\WAL^HI mf punmagfga÷i jl mf prlslitl rlshmuga÷i li lm jafrah hkagafm  Lm 
 Plrufih,, nfoh rlsphisfnamajfj2 li mhs slcuajhs phr Efiulm Olsÿs Dlriæijlz ^ujfs
 Plrufih
ghitrf Gfreli Fjlmf Dufeæi Wfyfs y htrh, shnrl javhrgah  phr mf gfusfm jl
aephsanamajfj jl dfglr vajf li gheÿi2 y mhs jlvhmvalrhi. Philitl slöhr Earfijf
 Ehmaif, oulz suprleh.-
WW.
ELIJH_F ^FEÅ^L_
^HEL^H JÅF_

>;0

GFNLMMH EFZFEFMF
EA^FIJF EHMAIF
QFQF _\EFLZF

1. Javhrg
Javhrgah
ah phr vvahm
ahmlig
ligaf
af psaghm
psaghm÷cag
÷cagf.
f. Gfsfga
Gfsfga÷i
÷i I¿ 6700->0
6700->06;-M
6;-Maef
aef
^LW\ELI
Mf Wfmf Wuprlef, li lm prlslitl gfsh, jlgmfr÷ aikuijfjh lm rlgursh jl gfsfga÷i
 prlslitfjh phr lm jlefijfjh (g÷iyucl), sustlitæijhsl qul lxastl eljah prhnfthrah
sukagalitl gheh ls mhs prhthghmhs jl plragafs psaghm÷cagfs qul fjvalrtli
gftlc÷ragfelitl fklgtfga÷i lehgahifm fshgafjh ghi vahmligaf kfeamafr li ghitrf jl
mf jlefijfitl (g÷iyucl), li lm prhglsh jl javhrgah phr vahmligaf psaghm÷cagf, ih
lxastalijh aikrfgga÷i ihreftavf, lighitræijhsl jlnajfelitl ehtavfjf mf
rlshmuga÷i gulstahifjf (slitligaf jl vastf) qul jlgmfrf kuijfjf mf jlefijf jl
javhrgah phr gfusfm jl vahmligaf psaghm÷cagf, tlialijh gheh lklgth lm pfch jl
aijleiazfga÷i f kfvhr jl mf jlefijfitl.

K\IJFELIZH ^LML[FIZL

Gufrth.- Fdhrf, ls ilglsfrah prlgasfr, jl qul jagdh prhglsh I° 46<->067 Rmf

 slitligafU sa df sajh eftlraf jl prhiuigafealith phr pfrtl jlm Ouzcfjh, plrh
qul li uif aighrrlgtf fprlgafga÷i jltlreai÷ qul ih lxaståf vahmligaf
 kfeamafr. Phr tfith, ih ls galrth, mh fslvlrfjh phr lm rlgurrlitl, li lm slitajh
jl qul ih kul hkrlgajh gheh eljah prhnfthrah2 fjleæs qul su futlitagajfj 
df sajh rftakagfjf tægatfelitl ghi mf ghpaf glrtakagfjf jl khofs trlsgaliths
hgdlitf y trls, fjouitfjf phr lm easeh rlgurrlitl, li lm qul sl fprlgaf qul sl
talil phr prlslitfjh su rlgursh jl gfsfga÷i, aistruelitfm qul jl iaicuif
efilrf phjråf pfsfr phr fmth, sa tlilehs li gulitf qul uif jl mfs gfusfmls
jl mf jlefijf aighfjf phr mf jlefijfitl ls lm javhrgah phr vahmligaf
 psaghm÷cagf.

GH^ZL W\P^LEF JL O\WZAGAF JL MF ^LPßNMAGFWFMF GA[AM

PL^EFILIZL
GFWFGA×I I° 6700->06<-PA\^F
Maef, jalz jl efrzh jl jhs
jh s eam jalgasáas.-
WFMF GA[AM PL^EFILIZL JL MF GH^ZL W\P^LEF JL O\WZAGAF JL MF
^LPßNMAGF2 vastf mf gfusf iÿelrh eam trlsgaliths - jhs eam quaigl2 li fujaligaf
  pÿnmagf jl mf klgdf2 y prhjugajf mf vhtfga÷i jl fgulrjh f mly, leatl mf sacualitl
slitligaf.
A. FW\IZH

>;6

Wl trftf jlm rlgursh jl gfsfga÷i, aitlrpulsth phr lm jlefijfjh Sfmtlr Wamvf Elgdfth
ghitrf mf slitligaf jl vastf ghitliajf li mf rlshmuga÷i iÿelrh trlaitf hnrfitl f khofs
jhsgaliths slslitf, jl klgdf vlaitauih jl lilrh jl jhs eam quaigl, leatajf phr mf
Wlcuijf Wfmf Lsplgafmazfjf li mh Gavam jl mf Ghrtl Wuplrahr jl Oustagaf jl Paurf, qul
rlvhgf mf slitligaf fplmfjf qul jlgmfrf aikuijfjf mf jlefijf jl javhrgah phr gfusfm jl
vahmligaf psaghm÷cagf aitlrpulstf phr mf jlefijfitl, y rlkhreæijhmf mf jlgmfr÷ kuijfjf2
li ghislguligaf, kuijfjf mf prltlisa÷i aijleiazfthraf phr eam ghi 00/600 iulvhs shmls
(W/ 6,000.00)2 y ghikarefrhi li mh jleæs qul ghitalil.

AA.
AA. FI
FIZL
ZLGL
GLJL
JLIZ
IZL
LW

6. Jlefijf
Lucliaf Efefia Efefia aitlrphil jlefijf jl javhrgah phr mfs gfusfmls jl? vahmligaf
kåsagf h psaghm÷cagf, aiouraf crfvl, aephsanamajfj jl dfglr vajf li gheÿi, aijleiazfga÷i
 phr jföhs y plrouagahs, fså gheh lm rácaeli jl vasatfs f kfvhr jl su daof Ifttalm Wamvf
Efefia y mf maquajfga÷i jl mf shgaljfj jl cfifigafmls, mhs kuijfeliths jl dlgdh y jl
jlrlgdh qul sustlitfi jagdfs prltlisahils shi mfs sacualitls?

6.6. ^lkalrl qul ghi klgdf vlaitasaltl jl fchsth jl jhs eam guftrh, ghitrfoh eftraehiah
gavam ghi Sfmtlr Wamvf Elgdfth, li mf qul prhgrlfrhi uif daof jl ihenrl Ifttalm
Wamvf Efefia.

6.>. Aijagf qul su lsphsh

lsphsh saleprl ehstr÷
ehstr÷ ui gfrægtlr vahmlith,
vahmlith, sukralijh
sukralijh jl efmtrfth
kåsagh y psaghm÷cagh, fså gheh su elihr daof.

6.7. Wlöfmf qul phr su hgupfga÷i jl kasahtlrfpaf, su lsphsh

lsphsh mf tamjf jl prhstatutf, ehtavh
 phr lm gufm shmagatf lm javhrgah phr gfusfm jl aiouraf crfvl.

>. Ghit
Ghitls
lstf
tfga
ga÷i
÷i jl mf jlef
jlefij
ijff

Lm jlefijfjh
sacualitls Sfmtlr Wamvf Elgdfjh ghitlstf mf jlefijf f khofs hgdlitf y hgdh, li mhs
táreaihs?

>.6. Ls kfmsh qul slf uif plrshif

plrshif vahml
vahmlitf
itf y qul iuigf df efmtrftfjh
efmtrftfjh f su lsphsf, y lmmh
sl ghrrhnhrf jl mf jliuigaf qul sl ml aistfurfrf li mf gheasfråf jl Mhs Fmcfrrhnhs
li lm qul sl aijagf qul lm jlefijfjh ls glmhsh. Wa kulrfi galrtfs lsfs fslvlrfgahils
lxastaråfi jliuigafs li su ghitrf phr efmtrfth kåsagh h psaghm÷cagh.

>.>. Aijagf qul li su ghijaga÷i

ghijaga÷i jl lsphsh
lsphsh fphy÷ f mf rlgurrlitl
rlgurrlitl lghi÷e
lghi÷eagfel
agfelitl
itl y
clstahi÷ mf magligaf jl kuigahifealith pfrf aistfmfr uif plmuqulråf li lm jheagamah
ghiyucfm2 y qul lm qulnrfitfealith jl su våigumh eftraehiafm sl jlnl f su
 ghijugtf jlsdhirhsf, fm slrml aikalm ghi htrf plrshif, lighitræijhml elisfols f su
glmumfr jl ui tlrglrh li mhs qul slöfmf? ”fehr tl feh, tl lxtrföh―, y crfnfgahils jl
ghivlrsfgahils qul rlfmaz÷ jlsjl lm jheagamah ghi uif tlrglrf plrshif.

7. ^lgh
^lghiv
ivli
liga
ga÷i
÷i jl mf jl
jlef
efij
ijff

>;>

Sfmtlr Wamvf Elgdfjh  rlghivalil lm javhrgah phr mf gfusfm jl ghijugtf jlsdhirhsf

qul dfgl aishphrtfnml mf vajf li gheÿi, eæs mf aijleiazfga÷i phr jföh ehrfm
fsglijlitl f gali eam ghi 00/600 iulvhs shmls (W/ 600,000.00) y tliligaf jl mf elihr,
eæs ghsths y ghstfs2 kuijfelitfijh mh sacualitl?

7.6. Vul li lm els

els jl klnrlrh jl >007 jlsgunra÷ qul su g÷iyucl livafnf
elisfols jl tlxth f htrf plrshif jagalijh? ”fehr, tl feh, tl lxtrföh―,
satufga÷i qul prhpaga÷ ui khrglolh ghi su lsphsf2 y qul jlsjl lsl
lithigls, ástf hpt÷ phr hgumtfr sus mmfefjfs tlmlk÷iagfs, fpfcfr su glmumfr 
gufijh lm rlghivaialitl sl lighitrfnf li su jheagamah y gufijh mf
jlefijfitl lstfnf kulrf jlm dhcfr fpfcfnf su tlmákhih pfrf ih ghitlstfr 
mfs mmfefjfs jl su g÷iyucl l aigmush jhreåf ghi lm glmumfr litrl sus
 prlijfs åitaefs. Fsaeaseh, aijagf qul mf jlefijfitl ih quash dfglr vajf
ghiyucfm ghi su lsphsh, phr mh qul tuvh qul eujfrsl f htrf dfnatfga÷i jlm
jheagamah, prhjugaáijhsl mf rupturf jl mf rlmfga÷i. Fcrlcf fjleæs, qul
thjfs lstfs satufgahils dagalrhi qul lm rlgurrlitl hptfrf phr crfnfr mfs
ghivlrsfgahils
aikalm, satufga÷i jl
qulsumlg÷iyucl, mmlcfijh
df gfusfjh f jlsgranar
ui crfvl qul ástf ml dfnåf
jföh psaghm÷cagh, sajh
krustrfijh
su prhylgth jl vajf y mf jl su elihr daof, mh qul oustakagf qul sl ml
aijleiagl.
:. ^lsh
^lshmu
muga
ga÷i
÷i jl prae
praelr
lrff ais
aistf
tfig
igaf
af
Lm oulz eljafitl slitligaf jl klgdf vlaitasáas jl sltalenrl jl jhs eam gfthrgl jl khofs
trlsgaliths hgdlitf y saltl, jlgmfr÷ aikuijfjf mf jlefijf jl javhrgah phr gfusfmls jl
vahmligaf kåsagf y psaghm÷cagf, aiouraf crfvl l aephsanamajfj jl dfglr vajf li gheÿi
aitlrpulstf phr Lucliaf Efefia Efefia2 Kuijfjf mf rlghivliga÷i jl javhrgah phr 
gfusfm jl ghijugtf jlsdhirhsf qul dfgl aishphrtfnml mf vajf li gheÿi2 li ghislguligaf
jasulmth lm våigumh eftraehiafm, fså gheh lm klilgaealith jl mf shgaljfj jl cfifigafmls2
Kuijfjf li pfrtl mf jlefijf jl prltlisa÷i fgglshraf jl aijleiazfga÷i, li jhs eam ghi
00/600 iulvhs shmls (W/ >,000.00) f kfvhr jlm g÷iyucl aihglitl Sfmtlr Wamvf Elgdfjh2
rlghi÷zgfsl mf tliligaf f kfvhr jl mf prhcliathrf2 kåolsl gheh rácaeli jl vasatfs f kfvhr 
jlm prhcliathr mhs sænfjhs jl 7?00 p.e. f 3?00 p.e. y jheaichs jl 6>?00 e. f <?00 p.e.
ghi lxtlrifealith y lm jåf jlm guepmlföhs jlm jlefijfjh y jl mf elihr jl 60?00 f.e.
f 6?00 p.e., sheátfsl f mf jlefijfitl, jlefijfjh y f mf elihr f uif tlrfpaf
 psaghm÷cagf2 sustlitfijh qul?

:.6. Li mh qul rlsplgtf fm javhrgah phr gfusfm jl vahmligaf kåsagf y psaghm÷cagf, aiouraf
crfvl l aephsanamajfj jl dfglr vajf li gheÿi, ih lxastli fitlgljlitls jl vahmligaf
h ghikmagth fgrljatfjhs litrl mfs pfrtls, ih dfnaáijhsl fgrljatfjh jl khref
 lsplgåkagf f quá fgths sl rlkalrl gfjf gfusfm aivhgfjf, salijh lm ÿiagh lmlelith
 prhnfthrah aighrphrfjh
vahmligaf kfeamafr, mf lxastligaf
jlm gufm jlmfjvlrtar
ih sl puljl Prhglshuif
Oujagafm I° 46<->067,
rlfm fklgtfga÷i shnrl
h vahmligaf
kfeamafr2 mhs lmleliths rlgfnfjhs pfrf qul hplrl lm javhrgah phr lstf gfusfm, ih shi
sukagalitls.

>;7

:.>. Mfs garguistfigafs jlm prlslitl gfsh ih ihs plreatl fprlgafr mf vahmliga
vahmligaf,
f, li thjh
gfsh, su jltlreaifga÷i y prhtlgga÷i krlitl f lmmh, jl lxastar, jlnl rlfmazfrsl li lm
 prhglsh rlsplgtavh.

:.7. Mh qul eæs nali sl lvajligaf ls qul mf rupturf jl m f rlmfga÷i

rlmfga÷i sl prhjuoh phr mf
ghijugtf jlsdhirhsf jl mf jlefijfitl, quali efitliåf uif ghijugtf aifprhpafjf
fm plreatar litrfr f su gfsf f uif tlrglrf plrshif jl slxh efsgumaih, mh gufm df sajh
ghrrhnhrfjh phr mhs vlgaihs Efråf Fsuiga÷i Cfrgåf C÷elz y HseaiCafipalrrl
Wumm÷i Fyfmf, mh gufm dfnråf clilrfjh mf aephsanamajfj jl dfglr vajf li gheÿi, phr 
mh qul mf gfusfm qul sl ghikacurf ls mf rlghivliajf phr lm jlefijfjh.

:.:. ^lsplgth jl mf prltlisa÷i aijleiazfthraf, sl jlnl tlilr li gulitf

gulitf qul mf ghijugtf
jlsdhirhsf jl mf jlefijfitl quali aitrhjuoh li lm dhcfr ghiyucfm f uif tlrglrf
 plrshif jfijh ”qul dfnmfr― f mhs vlgaihs, fjleæs jl mfs ghivlrsfgahils
aifjlgufjfs s hstliajfs ghi ui tlrglrh, sl aikalrl uif rlmfga÷i slitaelitfm
lxtrfeftraehiafm, jaracaáijhsl ghi krfsls plyhrftavfs dfgaf lm jlefijfitl gheh lm
”tuigdl―.

:.<. Zhjf lstf satufga÷i

satufga÷i prhjuoh uif fklgtfga÷i lehgahifm ifturfm qul dfnråf pfjlgajh
lm jlefijfjh fm litlrfrsl jl mf ghijugtf aifprhpafjf jl su g÷iyucl, mf easef qul
sl ligulitrf fgrljatfjf ghi lm Aikhrel Psaghm÷cagh li lm qul sl ghigmuyl qul lm
g÷iyucl aihglitl ls lm slöhr Sfmtlr Wamvf Elgdfjh, quali talil qul gfrcfr ghi mfs
ghislguligafs ehrfmls y jl fprlgafga÷i jl mf shgaljfj y su lithrih.

:.;. Dfnaáijhsl prhjugajh mf slpfrfga÷i

slpfrfga÷i jl dlgdh li sltalenrl jlm >067, sl vlrakagf
qul mf iaöf df grlgajh li ui fenalitl kfeamafr dfstf mhs : föhs, tfenaái sl vlrakagf
qul mf efjrl talil ehvaealith eacrfthrah, mfpsh li lm qul df jlofjh f mf iaöf f
guajfjh jl su pfjrl y jl uif lepmlfjf, sai lenfrch, lmmh ih aephsanamajfj su
ajhilajfj jl efjrl.

:.3. Li lm Aikhrel I° 004 sl fprlgaf qul lm lstfjh

lstfjh jl mf iaöf ls fjlgufjh y ih lxastli
rfzhils pfrf pravfr jl mf tliligaf f mf jlefijfitl2 fjleæs, mf iaöf rlqualrl jl
guajfjhs lsplgafmls phr su slxh y ljfj.

:.4. Ih lxastli rfzhils pfrf pravfr fm jlefijfjh jl mfs vasatfs,

vasatfs, salijh prujlitl qul mfs
mfs
easefs sl rlfmagli li mhs dhrfrahs fitls jltfmmfjhs.

<. ^lsh
^lshmu
muga
ga÷i
÷i jl sl
slcu
cuij
ijff ais
aistfi
tfiga
gaff
Mf Wlcuijf Wfmf Lsplgafmazfjf li mh Gavam jl mf Ghrtl Wuplrahr jl Oustagaf jl Paurf,
eljafitl rlshmuga÷i iÿelrh trlaitf jl klgdf vlaitauih jl lilrh jl jhs eam quaigl,
 hnrfitl f khofs jhsgaliths slslitf, rlvhgf mf slitligaf qul jlgmfrf Aikuijfjf mf
jlefijf jl javhrgah phr gfusfm jl vahmligaf psaghm÷cagf aitlrpulstf phr mf jlefijfitl2
, rlkhreæijhmf mf jlgmfr÷ kuijfjf2 li ghislguligaf kuijfjf mf prltlisa÷i
aijleiazfthraf jl eam ghi 00/600 iulvhs shmls (W/ 6,000.00) qul jlnlræ pfcfr lm
jlefijfjh f kfvhr jl mf jlefijfitl2 ghikarefr li mh jleæs qul ghitalil2 sustlitfijh
qul?

>;:

<.6. Mf fplmfitl push f ghihgaealith mf slitligaf jl vast

vastff rlgfåjf li lm Lxpljalitl I°
46<->067 qul jlgmfrf kuijfjf mf jlefijf phr vahmligaf kfeamafr li ghitrf jl mf
jlefijfitl, lm gufm kul fcrlcfjh f mhs fuths eljafitl rlshmuga÷i jl khofs
trlsgaliths sltlitf y gaigh.

<.>. Lm jlefijfitl
jlefijfitl slöfmf qul jagdf sl slitliga
itligaff df sajh eftlraf jl gfsfga
gfsfga÷i,
÷i, sai
lenfrch, ih ls tlef f jamugajfr mf jlgasa÷i kaifm shnrl fqulm prhglsh, saih tlilr li
gulitf sa lxasta÷ vfmhrfga÷i h ih jlm ouzcfjh rlsplgth f jagdh jhguelith hkrlgajh
 phr mf fplmfitl gheh eljah prhnfthrah2 y sa ddunh
unh prhiuigafealith rlsplgth f lmmh
li mf slitligaf eftlraf jl fplmfga÷i.

<.7. Wl ghigmuyl
ghigmuyl qul ih sl vfmhr÷ lm jhguelit
jhguelithh aijagfjh, li lm qul mf Wfmf jlt
jltlreai÷
lreai÷ mf
lxastligaf jl efmtrfth psaghm÷cagh li fcrfvah jl mf jlefijfitl, plsl f dfnlr sajh
fjeatajf, phr mh qul ghrrlsphijl fepfrfr mf jlefijf shmh li lm lxtrleh jl
javhrgah phr mf gfusfm jl vahmligaf psaghm÷cagf.

<.:. Phr lquajfj,

lquajfj, ghrrlsphijl
ghrrlsphijl slöfmfr
slöfmfr gheh ehith aijleiazf
aijleiazfthrah
thrah f kfvhr jl mf
jlefijfitl, mf suef
fplmfjf shmh li jl eamqulghi
lm lxtrleh 00/600 iulvhs
jlslstaef shmlsjl(W/javhrgah
mf jlefijf 6,000.00)
phrymfrlvhgfr mf
gfusfm jl
vahmligaf psaghm÷cagf, jlnalijh fepfrfrsl y ghikarefrsl li mh jleæs qul ghitalil.

AAA. EFZL
EFZL^AF
^AF O\
O\^ÅJAG
^ÅJAGF
F LI JLNFZL
JLNFZL
Ls ilglsfrah lstfnmlglr sa lm lxtrleh jl mf slitligaf qul lstaef mf prltlisa÷i jl
vahmligaf kfeamafr li mf ehjfmajfj jl efmtrfth psaghm÷cagh sl ligulitrf jlnajfelitl
ehtavfjf.

A[.. K\
A[ K\IJ
IJFE
FELI
LIZH
ZHW?
W?
Praelrh.- Walijh qul phr futh jl gfmakagfga÷i jl klgdf trlaitf y uih jl fchsth jl jhs
eam quaigl jlm gufjlriammh jl gfsfga÷i, sl jlgmfr÷ prhgljlitl lm rlgursh jl su prhp÷sath
 phr mf gfusfm?
Aikrfgga÷i ihreftavf jlm frtågumh 671 aigashs 7) y <) jl mf Ghistatuga÷i Phmåtagf jlm
Lstfjh. Whstalil qul mf slitligaf eftlraf jl gfsfga÷i ih ghitalil frcueliths jl dlgdh
ia jl jlrlgdh qul oustakaquli mf jlgasa÷i kaifm, yf qul mh rlsulmth phr mf Wfmf jl eárath
ih sl nfsf li prulnf fmcuif, saih li frcueliths kægtaghs y ouråjaghs. Li mf fujaligaf jl
 prulnfs jl praelrf aistfigaf sl fgrljat÷ eljafitl tlstachs, fujahs y vajlhs, qul mf
jlefijfitl tuvh uif ghijugtf jlsdhirhsf, mf gufm ehtav÷ lm qualnrl jl mf rlmfga÷i
ghiyucfm2 sai lenfrch, fqulmmf fmlc÷ mf lxastligaf jl efmtrfth psaghm÷cagh. Wlöfmf qul
li mf rlshmuga÷i jl vastf shmfelitl sl dfgl eliga÷i f mf slitligaf jl vastf rlgfåjf li lm
Lxpljalitl I° 46<->067, qul jlgmfr÷ kuijfjf mf jlefijf jl vahmligaf kfeamafr, li mf
 ehjfmajfj jl efmtrfth psaghm÷cagh, slcuajf ghitrf lm rlgurrlitl, eljah prhnfthrah qul
ih kul hkrlgajh li mf jlefijf ia sheltajh f ghitrfjagthrah li mf fujaligaf jl prulnfs.
Fjleæs, jagdh prhiuigafealith ih talil mf gfmajfj jl karel, puls ghitrf fqulm sl df
aitlrpulsth rlgursh jl gfsfga÷i, ghikhrel sl fgrljatf f khofs trlsgaliths hgdlitf y trls.
Fsaeaseh, mf rlshmuga÷i jl praelrf aistfigaf qul jlgmfr÷ kuijfjf mf rlghivliga÷i jl
javhrgah phr mf gfusfm jl ghijugtf jlsdhirhsf qul dfgl aishphrtfnml mf vajf li gheÿi,

>;<

aitlrpulstf phr lm rlgurrlitl, sl sustlit÷ li mf aikajlmajfj jl su lxg÷iyucl, fgrljatfjf

ghi mf trfsgrapga÷i jl fujahs y jlgmfrfgahils jl tlstachs, jl khofs trlsgaliths uih y
sacualitls, mfs gufmls ih shi lvfmufjfs li mf slitligaf jl vastf ia sl slöfmf eljah jl
 prulnf qul lilrvl tfm dlgdh.

Wlcuijh.- Fm
aistfigafs rlsplgth
jl eárath jl jlnlehs
fepfrfr mfslöfmfr qul lklgtavfelitl,
prltlisa÷i lm prhiuigafealith
jlm rlghivaialitl jl mfs
Rghijugtf jlsdhirhsfU
sl sustlitf li qul mf jlefijfjf Lucliaf Efefia Efefia, dfnråf efitliajh ghijugtfs
aifprhpafjfs fm plreatar aicrlsfr f su gfsf f uif tlrglrf plrshif jl slxh efsgumaih y
glrrfr mfs pulrtfs jl su gfsf y ilchgah, mh gufm dfnråf sajh kldfgalitlelitl fgrljatfjh2
jlgasa÷i fepmafelitl ehtavfjf, ghikhrel f mhs lstæijfrls qul lstfnmlgl lm Zranuifm
Ghistatugahifm? ”gheh mh df prlgasfjh lstl Ghmlcafjh li rlatlrfjf ourasprujligaf, lm
jlrlgdh f mf ehtavfga÷i jl mfs rlshmugahils oujagafmls ih cfrfitazf uif jltlreaifjf
lxtlisa÷i jl mf ehtavfga÷i, phr mh qul su ghitliajh ghistatugahifm sl rlspltf,  praef
fgal,, saleprl qul lxastf? f) Kuijfelitfga÷i ouråjagf, qul ih aepmagf mf shmf eliga÷i
fgal
jl mfs ihrefs f fpmagfr fm gfsh, saih mf lxpmagfga÷i y oustakagfga÷i jl phrquá tfm gfsh sl
ligulitrf, h ih, jlitrh jl mhs supulsths qul ghitlepmfi tfmls ihrefs2 n) Ghicruligaf
litrl mh pljajh y mh rlsulmth, qul aepmagf mf efiaklstfga÷i jl mhs frcueliths qul
lxprlsfræi mf ghikhreajfj litrl mhs prhiuigafealiths jlm kfmmh y mfs prltlisahils
khreumfjfs phr mf pfrtls2 y, g) Vul phr så easef lxprlsl uif sukagalitl oustakagfga÷i jl
mf jlgasa÷i fjhptfjf, fÿi sa lstf ls nrlvl h ghigasf, h sl prlslitf lm supulsth jl
ehtavfga÷i phr rleasa÷i (…)― (Wlitligaf jlm Zranuifm Ghistatugahifm I° :7:4->00<-
PF/ZG)2 mf rlgurrajf li sus ghisajlrfijhs 63, 64 y 61, ehtavf mfs rfzhils phr mfs gufmls
rlsulmvl jashmvlr lm eftraehiah phr jagdf gfusfm2 y, ls qul li rlfmajfj jagdh lxtrleh ih
lstæ li jasgusa÷i, saih qul ls ui prlæenumh f mhs frcueliths jlm rlgurrlitl pfrf
gulstahifr lm fepfrh jlm javhrgah phr mf gfusfm jl vahmligaf psaghm÷cagf prhpulsth phr mf
jlefijfitl.
Zlrglrh.-  Mf jlgasa÷i jl fepfrfr mf jlefijf jl mf fggahifitl phr vahmligaf
 psaghm÷cagf, talil su sustlith li mf Wlitligaf I¿ 0046<->067, li jagdh prhglsh sl
lxfeai÷ mhs Prhthghmhs jl Plragaf Psaghm÷cagf I¿ 00>334->067-PWG rlfmazfjhs f jhöf
Lucliaf Efefia Efefia mhs jåfs higl jl efrzh y jalz jl efyh jl jhs eam trlgl qul
jltlreai÷ qul lstf prlslitf ”(...) lstrugturf jl plrshifmajfj ailstfnml ghi jlplijligaf
(fklgtavf) ‗ aijagfjhrls jl fklgtfga÷i lehgahifm gfrfgtlrazfjh phr rfschs jl fisaljfj
fshgafjh f vahmligaf kfeamafr―2 y, jlm Prhthghmh jl Plragaf Psaghm÷cagf I° 0660>:->067-
PWG li mf gufm sl ghigmuyl? ”(...) efmlstfr lehgahifm fshgafjh f dlgdhs jliuigafjhs
(…) sl ligulitrf aielrsf li uif jaiæeagf jl vahmligaf kfeamafr jl taph namftlrfm
(vahmligaf jl fenfs pfrtls) (...) talil uif rlmfga÷i jl pfrlof ghikmagtavf y jaskuigahifm
(…) talil uif plrshifmajfj ghepumsavf―, fså gheh jl mfs jlgmfrfgahils vlrtajfs phr mfs
 pfrtls phr mf fcrfvafjf li mf qul
qu l efiakalstf? ”(...) thjhs mhs jåfs el aisumtf ghi pfmfnrfs
qul hklijl i ea satufga÷i jl euolr (…) pfmfnrfs qul el hklijli y gheh sfnl qul fgæ
 li Plrÿ ih tlich kfeamaf el nhtf jl mf gfsf, mhs ehtavhs ls qul ám ls ui liklreh jl
glmhs (...) yh sfmch f trfnfofr y fpfrtl jl ghselt÷mhcf el jlsleplöh gheh tlrfpastf y f
ml ehmlstf,
kuijfjf mf ih ml custfjl
jlefijf eavahmligaf
trfnfoh―2 qul ghfjyuvfrhi
kfeamafr fm ÷rcfih jl
li mf ehjfmajfj ourasjaggahifm f jlgmfrfr 
efmtrfth psaghm÷cagh
aitlrpulstf phr lm Eaiastlrah Pÿnmagh ghitrf Sfmtlr Wamvf Elgdfth li fcrfvah jl
Lucliaf Efefia Efefia.

>;;

Gufrth.- Fdhrf, ls ilglsfrah prlgasfr, jl qul jagdh prhglsh I° 46<->067 Rmf slitligafU

sa df sajh eftlraf jl prhiuigafealith phr pfrtl jlm Ouzcfjh, plrh qul li uif aighrrlgtf
fprlgafga÷i jltlreai÷ qul ih lxaståf vahmligaf kfeamafr. Phr tfith, ih ls galrth, mh
fslvlrfjh phr lm rlgurrlitl, li lm slitajh jl qul ih kul hkrlgajh gheh eljah
 prhnfthrah2 fjleæs qul su futlitagajfj df sajh rftakagfjf tægatfelitl ghi mf ghpaf
glrtakagfjf jl khofs trlsgaliths hgdlitf y trls, fjouitfjf phr lm easeh rlgurrlitl, li lm
qul sl fprlgaf qul sl talil phr prlslitfjh su rlgursh jl gfsfga÷i, aistruelitfm qul jl
iaicuif efilrf phjråf pfsfr phr fmth, sa tlilehs li gulitf qul uif jl mfs gfusfmls jl mf
jlefijf aighfjf phr mf jlefijfitl ls lm javhrgah phr vahmligaf psaghm÷cagf.
Vuaith.- Kaifmelitl, rlsplgth jlm frcuelith jlm rlgurrlitl jl qul lm prhiuigafealith
jlm prhglsh jl vahmligaf kfeamafr ih talil uif jlgasa÷i karel, fm dfnlrsl prlslitfjh
rlgursh jl gfsfga÷i, li ifjf puljl shsmfyfr mf jlgasa÷i vlrtajf li lstl prhglsh pfrf
fepfrfr lm javhrgah phr mf gfusfm jl vahmligaf psaghm÷cagf, gufijh sl talil gheh
sustlith mhs Prhthghmhs jl Plragafs Psaghm÷cagfs qul fjvalrtli gftlc÷ragfelitl
fklgtfga÷i lehgahifm fshgafjh ghi vahmligaf kfeamafr, fså gheh mfs jlgmfrfgahils
vlrtajfs li fqulm prhglsh.

[. JLGAWA×I?
Lstf Wfmf Wuprlef, li fpmagfga÷i jl mh slöfmfjh phr lm frtågumh 713 jlm G÷jach Prhglsfm
Gavam2 jlgmfrf?
f) AIK\IJFJH  lm rlgursh jl gfsfga÷i jl khofs jhsgaliths hgdlitf y saltl,
aitlrpulsth phr Sfmtlr Wamvf Elgdfth2 IH GFWF^HI  mf rlshmuga÷i jl vastf jl
klgdf vlaitauih jl lilrh jl jhs eam quaigl, hnrfitl f khofs jhsgaliths slslitf.
n) JAWP\WAL^HI  mf punmagfga÷i jl mf prlslitl rlshmuga÷i li lm jafrah hkagafm  Lm 
 Plrufih,, nfoh rlsphisfnamajfj y mhs jlvhmvalrhi2 li mhs slcuajhs phr Lucliaf
 Plrufih
Efefia Efefia ghi Sfmtlr Wamvf Elgdfth, shnrl javhrgah phr gfusfm2 aitlrvaih
gheh philitl lm slöhr Oulz Wuprleh Jl mf Nfrrf Nfrrlrf.
WW.
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JLM GF^PAH ^HJ^ÅC\L_
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