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1.

自然失业率(natural rate of unemployment):


失业率围绕它而波动的正常失业率。
The normal rate of unemployment around which the actual unemployment rate fluctuates.

2. 效率工资(efficiency wages):
企业为了提高工人的生产率而支付的高于均衡水平的工资。
Firms voluntarily pay above-equilibrium wages to boost worker productivity.

3. 货币乘数(money multiplier):
银行体系用 1 美元准备金所产生的货币量。
The amount of money the banking system generates with each dollar of reserves.

4. 货币数量论(quantity theory of money):


一种认为可得到的货币量决定物价水平,可得到的货币量的增长率决定通货膨胀率的理论。
A theory asserting that the quantity of money available determines the price level and that the
growth rate in the quantity of money available determines the inflation rate.

5. 滞涨(stagflation):
产量减少而物价上升的时期。
A period of falling output and rising prices.

6. 货币中性(monetary neutrality):
认为货币供给变动并不影响真实变量的观点。
The proposition that changes in the money supply do not affect real variables.

7. 国民储蓄(national saving):
在用于消费和政府购买后剩下的一个经济中的总收入。
The total income in the economy that remains after paying for consumption and government
purchases.

8. 挤出(crowding out):
政府借款所引起的投资减少。
A decrease in investment that results from government borrowing.

9. 收益递减(diminishing returns):
随着投入量的增加,每一单位额外投入得到的收益减少的特性。
The property whereby the benefit from an extra unit of an input declines as the quantity of the
input increases.

10. 追赶效应(catch-up effect)


开始时贫穷的国家倾向于比开始时富裕的国家增长更快的特征。
The property whereby countries that start off poor tend to grow more rapidly than countries that
start off rich.

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