Problems, x7 Solutions What is Analytic Geometry? Analytic geometry deais with geometric problems using coordinates system thereby converting it into algebraic problems Rene Descartes (1596 ~ 1650, Cartesius in Latin language) is regarded as the founder of analytic geometry by introducing coordinates system in 1637 Rectangular Coordinates System (Also known as Cartesian Coordinates System) Analytic Geometry Rectangular Coordinates System Distance Between Two Points Slope ‘of Line Angle Between Two Lines Distance Between a Point & a Line Distance Between 2 Parallel Lines, Division of Line Segment Area of Polygons by Coordinates Equations of Lines Conic Sections or Conics General Equation of Conics Geometric Properties of Conics Equations of Circles First Quadrant (5,3) ’ ‘Second Quadrant 4 3 2 1 abscissa ordinate | Fourth QuadrantPolnt © is the origin and hes cooreinetes (0.0). The rcoocinale ores hie tne ‘always measured fro’ is always y-coordinate or ordinate IS Ae nas axis. ” Measured from the x-axis, TT fe 5 and 3 as abscissa an respectively. in What Is distance between two polnts a plane? ints whose coordinates Consider two poi Q are (xs, yi) and (xa, ¥2). pdendnla A tight triangle is formed with the dis between two points being the hypotenuse of the right triangle. Using Pythagorean theorem, the distance between two points can be calculated © tebe a -¥y This formula is known as the distance formula.” What Is distance between two points i ae 0. oints in Consider three axes namel ; der thie yx, y an {wo points with coordinates as ele (22, Ya, 22), respectively : ht Olay (2, yo, 23) (xs, Ynez) y = lea - 4) +(e = Ya) + (22-2, What is slope of a line (m)?- Consider two points whose coordinates are (xi, y1) and (Xa, Y2), respectively. A ling is formed by connecting the two points, The slope of the.line is defined as the rise (vertical) per run (horizontal) slope = m = "88 . AY run Ax where: 4 denotes an increment tang = Y2= Yo" Xy-X But tand=m m= J2-¥2 Xa -XAnalytic Geometry (Points, Line line parallel to the x-axis has a slope of i ‘mile a tine parallel tothe y-anie nag O) sslope of Infinity ( ). je Circles) 284 For parallel lines with slopes of my and ma, respectively, the slopes are the same, Ax+By+0e0 MM For perpendicular fines with slopes of my aa and ma, respectively, the slope of one is, gc AXA BY +e the negative reciprocal ofthe other, , Eee 1 Use : + ‘if Bis positive and the point is above the line or to the right of the line +. if Bis negative and the point is below What Is angle between two lines? the line or to the left ofthe line, - = Hotherwise Consider two lines with slopes of m; and it ‘. m= What is distance between two paralle! lines? A Consider: two parallel ines with equations as shown in the figure. Line 1 Ax+By+C0 The angle, @ between these lines (line 4 and line 2) may be calculated using the following formula: tang = 2 . Ax+By+C1=0 +m, The (perpendicular) distance, d, between m, the two lines is: = tan) 2b oo (Rim 8 . EAB What is distance between a point and a ine? Use the sign (either + or -) that would Consider a point with coordinates (x1, ys) __ make the distance positive, and a line with equation Ax + By + C = 0.lems in Engineerin What are the coordinates of a point that divides a line segment? * Consider two points with coordinates (x1, Ys) and (x2, yz). The line segment formed, by these two points is divided by @ poin! whose coordinates are (x. ¥)- ratio of Let ry and rz be the corresponding its Tength to the total distance between two points. (x2 ya) (xn ys) The abscissa of the point, P is: + xe i) + (404) i+ ‘The ordinate of the point, P is: y= laden) hth If the point, P is at the mid-point of the line segment, then the abscissa and ordinate of the point are the following: ” xB yg yet Whatis the formula for the area ofa polygon using the coordinate: if vertices? adie Consider a polygon whose verti ic ices hi Coordinates of (x1, ys), (x, ye) and tia ematics (24 Edition) by Tiong & Rojas (x1 ¥4) (x2, Y2) 3, ys) The arrow shown in the figure moving in a counterclockwise direction indicates that the vertices must’be written in the equation below in counterclockwise direction. aA” Ve Ye Ya Y. ws 2 ey s[Ome +%Ya + aa 2L (aXe + YaXa + YoXi) What is tine? Aline is defined as the shortest distance between two points. The following are the equations of the lines A. General Equation: Ax+By+C=0 B, Point-Slope Form: y-¥s = M(x) (C. Slope-Intercept Form: “y=mx+b D. Two-Point Form: y-y, = 2x4) Xp ~XWhat Is a Conte Section? Conic section (or simy locus of a point which distance from a fxed point (focus) is in constant ratio, e (eccentricity) to its distance from a fixed straight line (directrix). iply Conic) is the Moves so that its The term "conic" was first introduced by a renowned mathematician and astronomer of antiquity,, Apollonius (c.255 ~ 170 8.¢) Also, the term “conic section” was due to the fact that the section is formed by a plane made to intersect a cone. ic Geometry (Points, Circle 253 Circle is produced when the cutting plane is parallel to the base of the cone, Ellipse is produced when the cutting plane is not parallel (or inclined) to the bbase of the cone. Parabola is produced when the cutting Plane'is parallel to the element (or generatrix) of the cone, Hyperbola is produced when the cutting Plane is parallel to the axis of the cone. What is the General Equation of a Conic Section: AX + Bry+ Cy? +Dx+Ey+F=0 ‘When B is not equal to zero, then the principal axes of the conic are inclined (not Paralletto the coordinates axes). The Curve can be identified from the equation given by determining the value of the determinant; B? — 4AC. B’-4Ac | Conic | Eccentricity Section <0 Ellipse <10 =0 Parabola_|__=1.0: >0 | Hyperbola [> 1.0 When Bis equal to zero, then the principal axes of the conic aie parallel to the coordinates axes (x and y axes).To identify the curve, compare the coefficients of A and C, IFA=C, the conics a circle. IFA # C but the same signs, the conic is an ellipse. : IfA and C have different signs, the conic is a hyperbola. If either A or C is zero, the conicis @ parabola. ‘The conic sections have geometric, properties that can be used for some engineering application such as beams of ~ sound and reflection of rays of lightCircle reflects rays issued from the focus back to the center of the circle. oS the ts rays issued from sparallel {with respect to its focus as axis) outgoing beam. < Ellipse reflects rays issued from the focus into the other focus. Hyperbola reflects rays issued from the focus as If coming from the other focus. Parabola What Is a Circle? Acircle is a locus of a point that whi c whi moves $0 that itis equidistant from ihe is Point called center. 1. General Equation; Pay Dx By apg . canter is at the origin (9,0) Ifeither D or E, of both D & E #0, the center is-at (h.). : 2. Standard Equations: * ©(0,0) {(x-h} + (y—ky =r? When the equation given is general equation rather ‘than standard equation, the center (h,k) of the circle and its radius () can be determine by converting the general equation to standard using the Process known as completing the ‘Square. Or using the following formulas: General equation: Ax? + Cy? +Dx4 Ey ¢F 20Day 11 - Analytic Geometry (Points, Lines & Circles) 255 ccnter (1K) Proceed'to the next page for your 11th test. Detach and use the answer sheet provided at the last part of this book. Use pencil number 2 in shading your answer. GOOD LUCK | Crivia: Did you know that... nature seems to know its math and never wastes its resources! The reason why bubbles are spherical because with this shape, bubbles can enclose the most volume with the least material. This was first shown by Archimedes. Quotes - *Can we'actually know the universe? My God, i's hard enough finding your way around Chinatown!” = Woody Allen___ Topics Parabolas . - General & Standard Equations - Eccentricity & Latus Rectum Ellipses ~ General & Standard Equations ~ Major & Minor Axis ~ Eccentricity & Latus Recturn’ Hyperbolas - General’& Standard Equations ~ Transverse & Conjugate Axis - Eccentricity & Latus Rectum Polar Coordinates - Radius Vector - Polar. Angle Relation Between Rectangular and Polar Coordinates Problems Solutions What is a Parabola? 1. General equations: A parabola is a locus of a point which A. Axis parallel to the y-axis: moves so that itis always equidistant to a fixed point called focus and it a fixed straight line called directrix. AX + DK Ey+F 0 B. Axis parallel to the x-axis: Y Where: a = distance from vertex V to focus F, d= distance from point to directrix te 1 = focal distanceEe matics (2° Edition) 101 Tic 181001 Solved Pro! SPA ERoiy Opens down y 2. Standard equations: x Vortex (ya nin (0) , A axis long 888: pens to the right ; y t , Vertex (V) at (hk) A. Axis parallel to the x-axis; P Opens to the right Opens to the let : : : : Opens to the leftes Day 12 ~ Analytic Goomet a. Axis parallel to the y-axis: Opens upward y (ech)? = daly =k) Opens downward y (och = tay -k) The eccentricity of the parabola is the tatio of the distance to the focus to the distance to the directrix. f Since f = d, then: awk The latus rectum of a parabola is a line that passes through the focus and. Perpendicular to the axis of the conic. LR=4a arabola, Elk hola) 279 When the equation given is a general equation rather than standard equation, the vertex V(h,k) of the parabola and its focal length or focal radius “a” can be calculated by converting the general ‘equation to standard using the process known as completing the square. The following formulas can be obtained: For axis horizontal: Cy* + Dx + Ey +F =0 ‘What is an Elfipse? An ellipse is a locus of a point which moves so that the sum ofits distance to the fixed points (foci) is constant and is equal to'the length of the major axis (2a). 4. General Equation; AE Oy Ds Ey oF =Oea i 280_1001 Solved Prob! Engineerin' Mathematics (2 Edition) by Tiong & Rojas 2 Major axis is vertical: Note: dy + dp = 2a. The the.distance from V1 minor located ald the a following figure we When the point is axis as shown int y b = ~ re relationship between 2. b and & is phate with ‘ais always greater than "b £ =, center is at the origin (0,0). If nO& oth D & E #0, the center either D or E, of be is at (hk). 2. Standard Equations: Center, C at (0,0) Major axis is horizontal: v Yay Y } x xe cae mae Center, C. at (h,k). Major axis is horizontal: + (yh oe Major axis is vertical: ~ yme: Day 12~ Analytic Geometry (Parabola, Ellipse & Hyperbola) 284 eccentricity of an ellipse is the ratio ' of the distance to the focus to the distance to the directrix. q POs) and D {f= c, then eccentricity of an ellipse, is c ere a Since a c and D >a, then the eccentricity of a hyperbola is always greater than-1. e>1a ematics (2°4 Edition) by Tion, 841001 soived Proble eee isaline The latus rectum of an ees that passes through! 5 od berpendicutar to the axis of the © gle is sometimes called ty polar ant vectoral angle, the argument, the worprtude, oF the azimuth ofa py | | radius vector | polar angle | pole lors | | What is the relation between pola coordinates and rectangular ? When the equation given is 4 genera coordinates @quation rather than slander ane ii palatlonship Geuiben bor 2 and rectangular coordinates: is i { Caiculated by converting the genc*® quation o standard using the process : | known as completing thie square. xarepae rea | The following formulas can be obtairied: 2 ny What are Polar Coordinates? Polar coordinates (r,6).refers to the Coordinates of a point in a system of Coordinates where thie position of a point ig determined by the length of ray segment (the radius vector) from a fixed origin (the Rpt angle (the polar angle) the ctor i i fea a with a fixed lineDay 12~ Anal 2 Geometry (Parabola, Ellipse & Hyperbole) 285 ed to the next page for your 4 Pret petach and use the answer te spd al teas part Wis Bea Use | number 2 in shading your. pena numeGooDLucK T° Grivia: : pid you know that... the oldest known ample of numeration using place emote Roman nor the Arabic ae numeration but the Babylonian or Mesopotamians’ sexagesimal system of numeration which dates back to the 2%! millennium B. C. | This system of s numeration stil survives today (ie. 4 hour 2 60 minutes and 1 minute = 60 seconds, and 1 degree = 60 minutes) . Quote: “Every new body of discovery is - mathematical in form, because there is no ther guidance we can have.” ~ Charles Darwin