© ONIT- SEQUENTIAL eiRvITs Sequential Legie crrevfts; * The outpur of & bom binakinal legic depends on the inpor levels, whew as the output of a Sequentia) logic dapends on Afored levels and alto the npur levelt« ¥ the blocw digram of a sequential chreuty b shown in Figue le Tr Comb of & tom binaliinel atvcute to which Alovage element et connecied to In sequenr'a) form a ferdbace path. the outputs | Chruth ae a function oF both fhpurs 2° OF the sbrge elament, id present alate ovtpers FG +1 Block diadram of sequential logic cfyew'+ the formation stored fn the memery alemont at any given He olipiines the present alale of the vosent stale And the snpurs and the outpurs of the Sequential crrtwits, The P [Attiarnihe the noset’ slate Pie efrewlt, there are tivo. types of gequantial efreutts I. syn chionows seg uential chreoft ae syn cluonous sequential ctreult© L.synclionous sequential cieutls ; Tn synclioncus Sequsnrial céycutp the outpors idapends upon the orda fy which Th enpet vertables appectes| ar Ai cak fnskank of Hme change and ean be Chased ™ the activation of clock signals), the bloc cliagrram of clocned sgnclencus Sequential civ Bb frown in figa. Tn puts ourpurs frgeg @ Bloc diagram | & Timing diagram of cloce pulses. Pihtyrchwonous saqusnifal ctrevite: | Tn Atynchuanous soquinttal chreutt the owtPors | depend upon the order in which *h veput variable | change and can be affected at any frslant of He. Nolz : synchronous sequential cfrevits thar use eles pulses [in the &npurs of shrage 2lements are called —cloceeel sequarijal afrwtts, the Absroge element useel ' ¢ locked sequential efits axe called $Uip - flops «combinatiz sh a. lah = ee oar Sequantial crete | ae output dopands ou The evtpur dapends on fa Card present ‘npurs anel Pr ourpurs. | Memory elements axe not Were clement a. | 0g Ae} Aequizso to 3 tore the pasr ovrpors. Combtnationa) cfrei't§ 22 gaquantial efreutts ae easy bo design shinee ft | horde ty dasign Contains culiy Gales - | dombtnabional CPrewite aw Sequential cate au | ‘a dlower than the as , Pe ADEA combinattenal cfrutis, Examples of Comb? ctruwrts axe ae eae Examples of Aeq uent'a] pepe cfetuths e coun tors Halh aolde, ope. f he F symbo | ‘y: NAND TT CMe: Th el) Reo, ty wil —— set the Rs latch ce) A B = } Q=! and @=0 él , Lo Case cit): Th gso,R=), fr will weset | the Re lateh-C&) @=0 and @=!. case tii): Th S=i yR=) the latch will rematn jn Mts | previous afale . (case tiv): Bh 820, R26 , the latch & unpredictable epry tndeterm?nale . Enput | output | stale ir |s [ala —| “ld 6 |0o 1 |p) benderovr me oO 1 | oO | get | O}| o | I | peek \ tifa fa Proviousstale truth fable© Re latch using noe gales: The Rs latch using fwo NOR goes & Shown in figue » the hoo Nop gait axe C pose coupled go that ootput of NOR gale 14 Connected jo one of the foput of Nor gale a and vice versa. The latch has two ovrpors @ and @ and two inputs, SetCs) ard veset (CR), & al R a @ hegic diagram Troth lable of NOR gale A B/Y easetid? Th sso, p20 (fh wl ° 5 Yomains rh Pre prs Pout ° O Bate» Ll Casecti); Ih R=0,6=) | tr will Sop fhe Re latch, (We) ge 1 and Core cis): Th es Q=o0- =) S=0, f+ wll veset pe farch (Ui) Q=0 .and Fx), (Carl > bh esl andl f=], te tarch te onpredictable (or) tndeteyminale:“Tewth table - ee —] Tnpet jovrpet| gat | Ris lala © 9 NC NE previout 4 Olt] t}o] set {|o | @) 1 | Resep I 1) Xx) x | onpredittas eS [FLIP pops: the operation of the latch can be modiped by providing an additiona) Conraol tnpur that determines when the tale of the circu & to be changed « The addi bina) conteol input b called Clore pulse. with thé clock, the fatch & called lp — plop whish & abo eee fo sym eluon ote mods. Types Of tip flops au: 1. Re flp-flop, 2. se -flp-flop 3. 7- Fup -flop = v- Flip flop . crocker SR - flptlop » age A clockecf SR gly Soper Celoce , Reset aud ser) anal wo i. {a> —fasp— 8 ce -f lor has three eurpurs & anal 2. os Ha ap a clocked SF + Uptlop $ig@ When C20, the ovtpurs of NAND gales {and antl, yagaadless of the vo les, of gand R, Lat os ae Qn =6 and Gy =], Now beth the Pnpors Op gale 3 a2 | and thuefore its OOtPct & Anz, = O- this Qn+) B fed back to Propet OF gota 4 forcing tts ovipor high &. Cnet = fe Now lop us assome Qn =! and Qn = O° in ths Condition both the inpers oF gah uel thew by producing ao ap tre OUrper- le Bay =O- thes nay O fedbac fnpor of ga® Oolper Qn yt high leg) a originally assumed. thus the +lip-flop yemains in rs Current Atale e& long ws Clon &O vagadless of the values of S and R, 3 maken y) (rs when clk =| anal both the 3 anc R npurs au 0, ourpors 0b NAND Gal” | ancl a ae). The above Londihan rapeals anol the atalz of the Ofrevir doos nok change: when cle =15 37° and R=!- gee 13 | and glee i O- gine gale 4 BO» ft output Bra) B 1. Thd maxet both the fnpers of gate 3 high and tus (+s ootpet Ane =O- So Mnpyt Conalt ten gzo0 and R=! with CK =| resets the flip ~ftlop. bes tha ovuepers of one fnpot 0}gel ard R=0, the ovtput of the @ ar one fnper high + be.r Qn =. a evtpor when clk=! > ate |b © and gale 2 bl. of gate 3 forces HS Ovrput ths & fel + fnper Of gak 4 producing Gay 20. This Mopet corditions S=1 and Re } sors the Fup -FloP. ger ard R=) 5 the ourpors ao One fnpet ‘ofth clk = when clkzl , o} beth gate | and gale 2 we o.sin 0, both gate 3 and ge yp we O> tok ootpors F Wo 1. Bey One) and Bra, = 1 ° vrolates the ft thar the vepur$ &na ©} 2ach otha . 80> all the given al gimuljancous ly, i the condibions are tabulated f qruth jable beloce, we Lomplem2e and Qns) gor be fnper? should marts | Cc =— ce oe | ° Qn On No Change 50 |)! Gm a Ne change © | 1 | © (bn [a | No change © 1) | la, No change | (1 6] 2 & (Gm) No chan ang 2 1 0), 1/e | poser < Tutt lable, o;| |o] 8 | x | x |tndalerm! nate || the chavalterPAHE lable of sk $Up flop b& given below. Tha defines the nest Alale aa | fonction of inpurs sg ard R and present Atalk @,. \Pstage dala T/p's Next shale Qn |S |R aS 0 j—Sntt | the characrertsrica 9 |e o No change vale - : 0 o.} oO equation 6 dariveol Reset from k= map. eyty° ! — sk © i | x Trdoteminale Op _08 Eb I) 10 | 0.0 | no Change o|\{x| 1) foo! 0 Reset o||x | I ! ° i set _ = a | lot x Indletenmi, Ona, = 8+ Ran Chara crern’sH & chavacterParics table . S4ualion Gny) =S+RAr sthe Fable thar Lisre the req utred fopers for given chonge of Aled sthe exulalin lable & det cmatlable in the Charadrertore fable, 2 & Called an ex cttalin fable. vad from the énformation Tenet ; hee [Meh | ror sy &n | Qne | s | 0 0 |6 x) ie « o 1 1 0] aul. Po s : 0 o ;| —e @ —¥* /a l ae - } ol xX Oo posivive ealge aya ok | vega Hine — ei goed : e grottalisr lable Hf pelop “ys pt lepD-FLip-FLeP: the D glip-flop has livo snpots namely al two eorpers & from an SBF flp-flep and R an Dloelay ) and clk Celote) and Q@. Ir co be Consrrvcred by emeatrg an Pnvertes porweon 8 the ¢ (npete aunt ging the. sgmbol D te fol fig DAUp flop When CLe=o a hi 2 OU FPL OF gales [ an vegardlass o4 the value of D. Ler us Qsume Qn =0 and @& =! . Now both the jnpers od gate s Qe | and therefore its ovtper e- Anz) =O thes Qn4, B fedbacn te fnper ob gole A forcing ou pur high be, nay Ele Now lef us assume Qn =l Cpndilion, beth the fnpers of gate 4 es! theabg preducing a © at tes ctpur Bo» Ona) =D. Ths Oia b fedbacr +0 input OF gate 3 maring its ourpet Qn high Lae) | & originally axsumed , Thus the flptlep vematns tn ths ar long as clote Mmput Cclk) & © regaid less of the values of D. q 2 al, and Qp =O + In this current Atalehon clk=! and D=0 the pvtpet fe lal Ww. oetPe ge o£ 0+ since one "nper of gale & uo, its thi mares Lerh the inpets of | land gate Output Bny1 BI - gale 3 high and + when clk =/ and d=) 0 and gale 2 Bl. the 0% forus tHe ovrpet high. & Anti ite inpor of gate # producing a [Thus when clk goe high the & ovtper will take on the valus of the dD inputs hus tre OoFPOF Qna, =o the output of gate 18 one inper of gol 3 =. Ths B ted ourper Ona = O* | auth table ~anpors | eurpors | — Chawatrertana lable [Cie [D [Box [Gms Remes ks | _* 0 | 0]@,| & | no change | (eee To ecH next Oo} 11a & | no change | Qn D nay | [} oO; e | 1 | Raer 6.0106 { | o | ser | | oO i I + ~ tio) @ i the chowsermn’ shies equation |, from characterishe L equalior n+ & duived toble by wo-map crettabion teble agent [N= | oo) grate [state | LoPod Qy [Aner | D o o| | ChomaerBrt Hl - © = | ; oO 0 | 1! oO t tlp Q is i cw_|* a ok abe a | D- Plip F)oP tive edge | pve edge briggewal frlggeus p liprlor | [Tk ELIP- FLep+ | the Te Flip-Flop hes three Pnputs namely lCle, sand k @nd two ovtpurs @ and @. rt cone | ° ot nal consivectes from sR $lup—flop by giving add? tisnal [feetbace as shewn in big. re clk 8| = | spe oe Pup FLOP Cased): when Cleo, the ovrpurs of NAND gatas | and 2 are |, regardles a the values of gand ky bet is sume @,20 and Jn =l. Now borh the ‘pers ob gale 2 cue | and thesfore ite outpus Bry Apo, > O* This Any, % fedback te tnper of gale & forcing tts output b> Ong) =1-re ty) Now let us asume &, =] and @, 20. 4rn thes oth the Mnpurs of gale + els thereby Conds tton , a 6 ab HS Ovtplr e., Any, = O- Tha &, it) Producing db podback po inper oF gal 2, maring the potpet Ona, Migh Cay 1 @ originally auumad . thes the flip —tlep remains fn fs current plale Aowy an Clock te Vals of Fandk. | |inpet BO, vag and lose ot jeaseuis ; | when Clee! then also ov tpt of N above tonelilivo caper does not change. ease cif): when Cle=l ,jJ=o and iatale ob SUp- Flop bh SET Cb, Gy =18 En =o) then lourpur of gale | Ay and gate = BO, sto One and both gt and k i'nputrs awe 0, AND gales [and g awl. the by anol the stale of He etreote xe] and the Prev'ous ° + ° aS “ [fore of gale b Ro, ine ouput Gny, =! Ths makes oth the frpure of gate 3 high thus (ha OutPet RESET> Boar =0 -f} the $lptlop alace 1) ther ov Fpets of ye vr of gate 3% 0 and gate 4 fos | ar a Lie, On=0, An = ere |. Agate the pvt (Bly bhus sretoutning the reset Stale- when Clenls Te! and k=? and +he | prevfous stale of the flip flop i RESET C&P gna Gael), then oop gale 1B oO ond ge 1, since one inpot ef gales Bo, PhS O°FPOr =O lao a&) Qn+i = te ths i fed fe the Cnpur OF gate + [prodvctng a octet Onx =% «thes the flip Fler Len Seb % Tel andk=0- ag the fUp flop % al cok Cu On 21004 Baz) then re eorput ob gate 2% | and gale 4 B 5 and we Pup Flop sormacns j'n the SET stale. [case o>: =} and Clee) and the when J21,@ k previow aya & ger stale ourpor Ob gate [& | and wobo thus the ourpur of gate hel Ce., Qn+) =1) and gale 3, pup Flop boggles from ser =o). Cae Qn =) and Br Onri =O- be, the yo reset slale- | E4 the prevfeus spate & a RESET slalz Cn =o Gm => the? purper of gal ib gale ois pe. The gives the outpyr od gale 3. [bier Bing | ond gale -, Qn+) PO MP w-, the fUp -fle P toggle from Reset +0 SET flip flop il conferees us stale wher yekel and Clk el, fn on vastable outpet« @ an|charactem’srits Table : exerta lion Tabk: Sisk" (Sich | Foren Bn | Box | T oO oO oO oO 1 i i oO x —!t/}i |x ® - Truth table _ Inpurs | oorpurs Boviiers a, Cle | T | Boer |e 6 |e lo '@, | RB | No change ©;}°O}!' ee, & | No charge O}!'!1O) Gn) a | Ne change o}t| 1) @, & | No change 1 [o © | By & | No change t fo ; oO. Reset Piltlo} Oo | ser | LL | & en | Teggle __| Charactertayies eg vation nw, JT a, + re, Symes) 7 Go a —tr & ko - te fe x —r* “ wageni wive : postive ape trl g gue b adge biggesd Te Fliprlep —J Tk pliprlop© | T= geip-FL Or: “7 - plip -Flop has boo iopers T Cteggle) and Cle Celock) ane aurpus @ ard @- It can be Consivvctod a tk $Uip~ flop 7 topnetiing tte Tand k fnpurg gether . | fig. T- Flip FleP Jeaseed: | when clk =o, the Outputs gojless of the Values | ve l, veg 1A, =0 and An = 1. Now both the /opets ob 3 and tofore fe ovtpet B+) Ona) = Th Any) 4% 4 of NAND gales | ond 2 of T. Let ws auome lex oul fedback 4o input op gate 4 foreing tte ourpyt Ber ole | Now let us auume R,=1 and @, =O. In tha Condi tion » both the énpurs of gale yn awl, thorweb Prodverog A oat je evrpet ny =O. ThE _- ‘ fed back +o input of gale 3, making its eutput Bors high Bes! as originally auomed, thus the Ap-flop vomains tn M3 aurrent Atale bas org w clock tnpot b o, Yegardless of the values of T,(@ | Gara’) : when cle! and T=0, then ako ourpers oF | | |NanD gatu tard 2 ael.the above condi tin ‘repeals and the flin-flop Yetains ite Present ale When Cle =) and Te! gral phe Previous | Atle K Sey late. Ci) &, =1 and &, = 0) Ovrpor ef gale 1 & | ancl gale 2 & 0. Thus the ovspur kh. A gaten bo, es) Qn =1) aod gale 3 bey Any)? a 1 the Ftp flop toggles from set 0 reser Alalz. Ih the puviows Afale 4% Reser stale COn =0, & =!) then ovrper Of gale 1 bBo anol Jate 2b |. thé gives the export of gates. &, Gru Bt and galk4. ie, ny, wo. k-, the 4 Up—4lop toggles from Reset to set Stale thes the Slip-flmp will consinucocaly changes fe alate whan Teland clk=] 5 resotetng tn an unstable output + Taoth table pore Tee Frere Tessas CK] TT I@nor Ong | 7 | O10 &n | Ry No change Oo) | | a | &, No chonge U oO} Qs Qn No change | I | a | Se | Bm | Teagle Rn | I| (9) charactonisice Table Present data Mera 7 _ State |" Inputs state —n___ Tr One Oo oO I 0 ° \ ; equation Gre) | te | Excutla lan table Nest a [Presents | eh Ie Qn | Ane) | To ; 2 | 0 0 | o | ' ( I oO ! five ed Negative | t I o Rag a ot triggee : T-Fiprlop te bliprlep the otate of larch ov flip a change in the Contras) input - thes memento |change bs called trigger aed the jrousttion ft Causer & Aatd to trigger the $Uip- flop. “the Flep Flops ae diffeant from latches, Flip-Flops ae pulse Cr) clock edge tr'ggecel | Prstens of lovel triggered. _floP & pwitched| Lever Trigg ering : Tn level trtagertag > the ourpur Alale | 0H A allowed +0 change Gerording fe Prpurs chen when acive level ( either poate (or) negative) a Imafntatned at the enable snput, “There are two types of level trPggeree fatcher. “The output OF Jlip—flop Fesponsh to the [input changes only when tks enable fopor &1 CHigh). Vv erable [t__-.5 mi «Fp Flep impure) Enabled only + ror whan the level ec ‘oput BAH fig: positive love} Priagering Negative _ level Trfygenting : the output of flip -Flop responds to the foput changes only when its enable fnput & 0( Low). kay ft? pli plop & grabled only when be hovel fig. Negative _level of 2 inpor & Low: wigs seniogFdge Triggering « Ln the edge ariggaring , the ovr pur responds to the changes in the fn put only at the Poattve Cor) neg ahve adge of the clock Pulse at the cloux jnput + There oe foo types of edge teiggeing . Posttve edge Teiggexing : rp this case, the ooppue responds to the changes in the Input only at the Poasttive edge of the clocn pulse at the clocr A‘goal. AV clock | Kh | ol | [ | ft 4 ourpur responds ouly at the poste edge of the pulse Fig. poasttive edge thagerfng Negative edge Triggering» Tn thiscase , the ovrpyr vosponds fo the changes fn the input only at the negative edge eb the clock pulse at the clock Mnpur. VA ; eb LL ourpot v-esponals ow cloce | | at the, Negative of, inet v v 04 the pulse , a fig Negative alge TriggeringEDGE TRigi ERED sy FLIP-FLOP? the logic diagom of poattive. edlge ew Tk FUp-plop b Alocon pq. fig. Edge Triggered The FUP-Flop caseci), | Dh T20 and k=0, the Flip - flop will retain res Present Atala when the leading edge of the clock polse ocaers. Case ci) Let J=0 and Ke! and the Flip-Flop oho g set Shale. when a clo pulse Oceurss O fea edge ¢phke panies tHunugh NAND 2, making its Output 0.80, gate 4 evrpr Gp,, becomes 1. Thus the F Up Flop changer to RESET Alake» Care ci): oo Let us adume the Flfp-rloP & io RESET stale. Ch.) An = 0) and T=] and k=O, tahen @ eleca.pulse ocetbrs a leading edge ApikKe pacics tough NAND gale 1 making fra ourper 0.80, gales OLEPLE ny, beeomed |. Thus the Fupplop ehonges to set stale» caselly : . . and the fUeptlop % Reset Th Se) and eI to SET the paue tusugh gale | Hoo A HICH 07 Qn the Clock Apikt Fup -tlop- Now, the neetr clock spike te Pot thasugh AND gale2 and reser the flip-top - This & called toggle operat'on, which allows Foe OoFpers — omar clk | SK nay [Ray nates P| 2 0 | Bn By No change t 8 1 0 1 Rees * 1 0 (0. ser tot | Br Qn Toggle Hasls — slave D. plip-Flop: vas & -Slove ? elp -Flep iq -| | x The first latch & Called the parts and the eeond larch & Slave. The cfrev"t Aam ples the D fnpur anol changes fis qgurput @ ouly at the negative, edge of the Controlling clock (derignelad aw clk). y when the clea» the oorpur of the tnverlex Kile the slave latch uf enabled and th op & b equal fo the masta ovtpet Y+ The mas laseh & disabled because clk=0- x When the toput pulse changes to the. logte | level, the data from the erefernal D fnput prausferred 1 phe malas. The slave i yemains how ever 5 is disabled as long as the clock In the | level because tb c inpur & equal to oO. vang Changes fn the fopet changes the masks output at ¥, bot cannot Outplt» when the pulse verurns +o 0, maslx & disabled and i frclated| from the ? foput - K AL the same Hime, the slave & enabled and the Value of y & frausfeeud to the ovrpd? of the flip-flop at Qs Thus, ihe ovsput of the flip-flop can change only dusting the. pramsti'on of the clock from | to 0. aspect the slave thethe behawiox of the masta - Slave thp-flop fur desctbed Afctates thar the Ousprr nay change only ducing the negabive edge of the clock, Ir & ako Posathle to design the cfrevtt ge thar the flip flop Ovepey changes en the, postive edge ef the Clock. thik happens na flip-flop that hes an add ttiona) tnvertie belween the ele texm*nal and the funetion between the othe thvat, acd Pnpur c of the mata larch. such flip-flop b& triggered witha negasive pulse, So that the He edge of the clock affects the ‘rasta and Me posPrve edge affects the Slowe and the output terminal, © P ano the eee et ae ilar aaing “sna HOSP Conyebfon from sr flip-flop to dD flip - flop : Paw the characiertaHe lable of D flip slop and excttalton fable of se fUS flop % shown below. hosel ff Crean fy | Chatracteriavy| &xctla fron Table Table [&n |D |@rei| S| R jo |o | 0 x o | oO} | | l Pool fo | ©} o | | | i Iwep2 obtain gimplifted entpresion for sand R D and By using kw -map intorms Of eee cud the efreott of D flip — flop wing SR flip-flop D-4Up ¢ lop using SR fu ptlop. Conversion from SR fublep to sre Plipelap Drow the chowattoritiar table of TK Fup plop and lec labs lable of se flip-flop. a [chav rab te | exstahen Table On| tlk lany S R | ;© © oO} 0 x | |} 1) o 6 ¥ }O;}1 ©} 4 i | @ | poy rity i ° | 0 0 1 x 6 | rn) ol \ 1 joj x 6 | [ 0 © | lRed. PF charac. Table Given FF |-~———_.,. Excitation am| st] k letne > a|o oe 0 © | 0 lo © oO re) 1 I Oy ( | t)o)o 4 | L/ | 0 6 bj) 4 ie \ | Pp t|t jefe gh Qe 00 olu fo oO; D oO nooe = Taw +k aw)(19) a aot oo ° & ip@ D=z TH) + Tam D = T@Atn) aKa| Arabi Procadurs. i lL, pasign ag state variable to each Fiip-flop in the syneluonous sequential Logie etaewr"t « 2. Wath the exeflahén tmper 2g vations for each Pup flop and alto wattle the moore and lov olay mealy Output equations . 3. substitule the eocutlalisn tn per equations tnto the bistable eg uation for the fuptlep + ers the nesetr alale oestpof equations, he Obleur the. stale table and keeled form 0f 2 Stale table. 5+ Daaw the pfake Hogram hy wtog the, cosond form of the Alale lable.(3I/ clocked Sequential ervey: the analysis 0f @ sequsnra] efrwwtt Obtaining @ fable or acliag-rans for the Pnterna] A alysis o} consish of Hime Sequence of Pr put: States » s , outers and | Y Fig@arExample of Seq vantial Considay the Aequont’al ebveutt J+ Const: of two fup-flope A ard B, 2° input X and an buEper Y, A stale equation Specifies the nent Alale Cbreelt as shown $4 (& fonction of the present Slale arel fnputs,| aD Acn+i) = pin) xen) + Cn) xen) | Bent) = Fin) xn) They Can be woxtten ¢n AtenPlitfed fern as: | Alnti) © Ax+8x | Binet) = Row the presents State value of the op Can be expressed lalgebrateally as: | ‘ gu) ae Stole Table» A stale table gives the sime sequence a Fopurs , ovrpuis and fubplop stalés. The lable Consih Of fou geortions labeled present stale 5 nae stake, Popur and oviput. the present Atalo section shows the Alalés of flirtlops A and B at any given Hime ‘n’, The fnput section gives a value of x for each pomthle (Present alale. the noot- stale rection Alowas the afales 2h ie blip— flops one Clotk oy ele tater, at Hme n+), | cthe stale fable for the efreuit fn gue shown beleo, hi & dostvod using state equations. ‘J "1| m4 hag ere [| a|e\* las y stele ao 0 o) oj}o}t ello joj if}! es) l oO oO oO | I o| | f a fyi 19/8 O01 oO oO 1, | pti tit | | the above sjale fable can also expressed in & Ac fleur form as fellows. "preiep? Next etal | stale " X=0 | x=) alba lalate }9 0 elo}o a |° I} elolrly | 0} e/] 0) 1) 6 Lt 1 |e o 1] 0 gp atake digrem » a alle & represented by a@ ctyce and the troruflion, between spate we prdvcated by dixocted Lines Connetting the circles . the Atrerted Nines ate labeled with two bénary number® separaled by & slash. the firee number & tnput Vale jand the number after the slash Gives the Ops The ‘were for the logte etrurtt fn $09 ta) i shown i g (b)FLD -Flop _£n put 9 vations > | the pat of the cértvth that generates the. fopurs jo flip-flop hs duc8hed algebraically by 2 Set of Boolean functbn aalled FUP Flop input epns- The fUp flop Pnpur equations for the cfreuit ih #9 va) h given by Da = Ax+ex Da zAx. Analysts with » Pliprlope - op G5 pL it Clk. pig - chrevlt ding ron Da =AG*OY Alb+) = A@X oy| ( Stake table Aralyst eth Se FUprlop:| @ stale retle | Fete je | Jorus Merck. | Flep Flop Topuis| LA | Bl | Ale [taka |g [ke | ;© Oo I. oo oot |ylh elle , 0 ple) = 48 +B 6 1 lel ty tal, o| Bletl) = JB+KB o 1 1 S106 1 gah : . k i 0\° lhe | 1 6 Tp i kas Te § Kg ,wehawe tool il 2/0 olo 0 ALDH) = pRaBR)A Ur Oo or riy 4 . _ ' iii i po 0 8 Ain) = AB+AB+ Ax Bint) = RB 4 (ROX) B Ot) = BX +pBx 4ABR Co state cling ram pee worth *: PlipplopQlh+i) = T@R=TAtTe Ta = 8X) Th= % + 9 7Ab Aint) = GOA +(BX)A = AB +AX + ABH Bent!) = x @B 6 5 [Brake [Poret] Neer, | oar C ale * Ale ly ty, ©}0,0 09°80 9 | ool ob 1.0 | Oo l\o 6011.0 I] 1 orl bo | [00 10 6 ye ‘af, Ljo/}l I loo P)b}O 1 tia o 0 tiflt | 0 oo}, | © state Diagram | ® stale table Stale Peduchion and assignment, The Atate yeduetion & used to avoid the xedundanr shala m the sequential etrwits, the Aeduetion in Acdendant Atala soduce the nomber 06 224 Ul dead fUpplops and logic goles 4 thus seducing the (Cost of the chreu''t, the two sala aw Aatd fh be rvdlundany Coy) 4 .utvalent > if eu poastble Aet of inputs generale onactly game" output and Aare next alate «when two slily a equtvalent, one of them ‘can be aemoved withoat altexing the. input ~ output cetations hip. the need for Able redeelion ov Atala minimization § enepletned with om Sncample , In the give stale dt mm of big @), only one Mnper — ovtper Sequsnles QL important, the fnyernel &tals ae sed merely to provide sho 20g uted Sequences . Per this reason, the sate marted nite the Chrelos ere donolad by lorpex symbe la Caibic,.»-) Prspead of by het bin valus, the Slale table ef the state dicgrar BY &hown fo table. ea). Nest output Preseot atale (%=0 | c=) |\e=0| T=) a b b d ee a a é@ Cc @ Table From the gtale Table ca) the stots ¢ and € genuale cradly game nett stale and Aame outper for Cveuy poxathle scp of PoputsS. the Atale @ and 2 got nett Atatss ¢-and ad and hwe outpers of O and | for #20 ard x2) aespectiwly, thofere Atte e Can heRemoved and ceplaced by . the dina) asclucne able fable J Geer to Tablela). the state Llagzan for the Rducecl gate table Cousist of for “lala and & hown > Table a). uly Present|Nentstabe | ovtpur | stale =o X=I|es0) =) abie 60 6 feo aon e oO dio hl. d 0 0 State Assignment: Tn order to design @ sequential ets we Phinfoal lomponents , tt & peeuars 0 ausign co ne Values fo the stakes. - grate Aes ighvenn| Assignment? pesiynment 3 Binary |Gvy cole one-hot “ oe 00 ove! b el el 0010 a to ty 0100 of { lo 1000 Stale ninimizalton and Assiqoment:(49 state fable Present ‘Next stale | oorpur Stete | x25 xe}, %20 | zp & a b ; ° } e | ; “ ° } d 7 ; | oO Oo © ! e , @ter ea) dig } ; } (ete P er | Reduce siate table Present | Next gate | eorpor | patate. X=0 |X B=) | =O} 2e5) a | a L | o oO b c a | oO! 4 a 4 oo) fe Fe Po | e a _f | 0 a ) +l Jee rer Redeseod dtale toble Present Next State | @urFPUt State =O) x=) | x20 |oc=y ae aiiebo 0 b cf d ° ° | © aad ° ° 4 e of 0 I e a 0 '| shift vegatins are canbleess| classi fiael tare lb ceatal En - Seda} owt chi veg isis +. GS xtaS In —perallel ocd- ghlpt regs livs 3. parallel es ee vege rs |. Pealtel i> - parallo] oot ght reg alore gs. Universal abtfs registirs, 1. gerial 29 ~ serial out ghist eg bor (2380) : eH vogulons gextal out shi loft or toward vi | | The gerial In- can shift the daka’s oud Tr has Alngle Spur Dj, anal Aingle ovtPor Dout « j shife left szoo Shas a Lritally , the veg isles u cleared nOB Qe By = 0000, theedore Dour 7%: ght Figs shee lefe SESO veges ta den the data nn & applied sorially to Din Const a when the first ative clock edge i> Qy beeome ‘|’ chile Bar Qe, Ge remains O. Bp Bp Qe Qy = O00! 5 Dour = ©()% Ae & vy, by % Yo \ 4 $9. Redutaal Atale diagram State Assigorment: Assignment) Assignment? Assignmant 3 State Bingeg Gray code | ore hot a 000 000 (0000) b Oo! ool 00010 c O10 oll Ool00 d on O10 ©1000 e 100 No loooe SHIFT REGISTER: A Flp-plop can sioge 1- bir Of dala . % an n-bit venir Jas a grep of ‘n’ PUpplops and ts Capatle of Aboring n-be og Yn formaleon + Group” OF Pupplyps wed to Atoae a woed i called hog el, The Mons fnformalion tn a vegalin Gan be eemoved fron ono Ftp - ¢ Lop to another Pp Flop based on the actyatfon of clock poles, ance Meptibee a Freup of veatstene calledi) when the setond Uve cloce edge bis, ‘ Qy and Qe beromes "5 while Ay »&p vemasts O- ApQROcQy = 001) > Dour =? GS when the Hutte weegaiela negative clock edge hib » Ap Qe Qp boos mes coh le Bp vermainn 3, By Oe QQ, = Or), Dout = 9 ( when the fousth nega Hve clock edge hob, O50 eg Op, becomes is Bp Q&eQeQy =I, Dour = 1. ghtfe right SISO rag tabi: Din Door $4: heft vwegpéellt wight SLSO Reg dslan Prittally , the regisle, tu clare , Bp Oe Oe Op = O00, Howfora Douay =O. Conidae the data tii & appliad Soxtally bo Dp, . ct) when the fiest negative clock edge hth, &a become ‘while Sp @.Q, remain o’. Op &gGe @y = 1000 , Dour =O,(4G ti) when the second negative cloen edge bik, OQ, and Qp bewmea 1’, while Qe , Qp remains ©, Bp Op Gey =ll00 » Dour =O. OY When the third negative cloee edge bee, On Ap, Ge Lover ‘|’ 5 whith Ry rerarn 0. As Qg Qe Qp =lllO, Day = 0. OY when the fouith negative clock edge hit, Op 1 8&6, Qe ay become“! , Op 8a Be @y =In) our =l, ° ie elke | Ol a. Oy agseet t I { 0| 0 0 oO I 2 It 1, Oo oO \ Fleltf to! 6 | 4 { ry fy | Trvoth lable of shift 78g ht GISO Reg ba. Sorial to — Paxallel our heft register Cszpo): le “on 6B Qe Qp Dp so A Fi tnpt b® ck ___ 1 —— 6 tel pvt shift reget lan : pig Serial In ~ Pall@ A ‘n' Bit serial fn parallel our eheyt reg ita Contain Q atngle input Dj, , and ‘n’ nur ber of OUFPUTS . Jere, the Paper dale & applied Aariall bo De, and ourpr & taken Parallel at terminals Bn 1 Og, a. and By, Poittally , the ve gallon K cleacd, Rp Oe Qe Qs = 0000. Consida the dala tir & applied fonially tO Dj. © When the pt Q ve nega ling clot eal ge Ait , 6 ARAL =looo, CH pe hen the Serord negative clock edgo hit Qn Qe Q. Qy = 1100, CO When the Thoeel hegative clock adge Arb, Cn WEG. a, cing, Ww Whey tho fouth nagarive clock edge Arte, Qn QR Qe By =n}, roel clk Outputs Dip G&| Ge] Qc] Qp | ' 100.0 1 >t too i) 3 tttoo book Ut nd . tabfe 0} Serial -in paralle] oot Table: roth ahehp rept.a] Tr =sertal our shipr 2g Ble ¢ prso); a b “ 4 ls porall ale 9: proallel In ~gerta) but shige vogts box A bit parallel Tn = sorial ovr ship veg tli has 4 inputs a,b, cFa which axe entersel fa Paralle] And pne Sortal OVHPUF Dyyy » The Contro] Algral wed hee fe shite / Load which a cured to Selet+ Shuth ring oY (eaeléng dota operation % the regi ta. rT} shi} [Koad = 0, gala G1 Gs Gs Mf disabled and gata Cia, Gn 1 Oy BS erabled whitch allows the dala @ib,c,d tobe at Da, Deity and Dy éospe Chive . when shir ‘head =1, gal 6 Gs) as we erabled and gates 2 Gy Gig are dé&abled . thi allewa the clata bh 4o abi{y from one Atagefo the penck as f00n as the negative clock edge triggers. yal oes | cle | ocrPel Ss albled Dour| © Pollo) =~ - | { Kix x xX) I 0 ( ix | x) x x a) | 1 ix|xX x x) 3) 0 1 ol eyxie | A Table : taorh fable of parallel rn serfal out aldbt h. peralle! th - peste ovr shify aged lon: eee = Ne GS Hata: Zaps A _—_& __ & fig pasalle| th - parallel 6 our khife reality: In paraliel in paralle| out &h&b+ og lela the. Poputs a,b, cand a axe applic +0 Dg Dg 1 De Anel D, xeapettively . When the férst negative Cleex eel ge heb Qp Op We @y cabed-Qn =A, Ag ab, 8 =0,Q, od, Dnputs by chk ourpors abed On Ase ay Ove fo to ifort 2 (10 an olo §'ti3 e,/ot)| fio ®@ 1 & | oo) Table Teuth able oh pesalte| Io — peralle] ove cht reghtes Ontverga| sltjt regdibe: A gh register % xofored Jo ab untvorsel Ship vegitles if fe hea both abcprs (vight akily and egy ship) anal parallel head capabilition Ae mR Wry ¥ . Seyia| inpet for slutbt lofts | When $56 = 00, the mu Itiplrer Select the inpor ‘0’ and the. Present value of the vag iles a (pplied to the D tnpts of the plep - Flops . Te Yesults In no Change fn the reg isles value. when 3,8) Ol, the muliipltxer Select the FopUr i, the universe) phthy regas te 2 pesales Ws a ALoMt vight veg ile, Wher 8180 =)0, the musriplexa solect the *npur 2’, the Universal Alif+ vegiiles operates Aan a ALL4E left regdilen. Wolan 8,8) =1), the multiplex Aole ue the Pnput ‘3’, tho Universal pzlitf{t veg tle loads the Peraltel frpute a,b, Cand d &tmalfanoousl, d . [Mede select'od - Operatio Ls So ° © 0 Ino Change O | highest | LO Legs luge | od Pallel lead “hte. Taoth lable of vniversal blade reg ibe,bo} ° Synclueneua Deu d a of a Sequso Hal chyreur ts? ° A synchvonous Sequnyia) Cirtett w made op of number of fUrflops and combinaliénal galt. |. The given Problem it clolimined with a glale dicen 2. prom the Atala cliadeam obtax the stale table. 3+ the number of shala may be pode tol by able teduetion mothods , y applicable. . Assign benary values to eael ake ¢ Binaw Assignmint) if Abe spate table aontatns letter sypobel 5. pefermine the number of dlgo flops readied and austgn a ferier symbol (ABC, - ) 40 each, b. choose tho spe 4 flrflop CD, Tr TK SKI to be used To Faom the ala erceefat'on and g. using v map ov ag ° metwd , derive the Cire! anol the fuptler \’npot pho gem plifice tion » ourpet fur fonctions. liens 4 peaw fhe logic diageorDesign with Te Pup Flops: exams Daign the gyn chushows Aequantial efrewtt Ape M4 the shale aliag ram of bgeee | using fig. stale duasgrom alo, a she-atate dingroon @f toble 1 Crash of 4 Atabe bwith bere wolust alaady aunigred since the dincteh Uines aa marted with a single boa digit wtthout a Alash, phos i one Proper Vartable and no octpr variable ~~ Aepresont those four Slate , two FUpFlopS are peoced and cLaipnalad a Pard B. the Pnpus Variable i cLuspoal ux. Table | shows the spate table por the state didqvann,Table: spate table | prosert| Next stale | srale a | AlB| al alals Dololo lo ! }°}! (0 6 1 foot o | J | | Ht tt) oo Exettation jakle dor TK EUprlop .: Table 2 Pres mH stent |p ah | State Sk] Do pets | LQ) eon, Tk 6 0 oO | x Ort w | boo Kit | Pil | x] o Table3. exefration table for dest'gn with Te Pupelope. | Presend] ] Pree! tepur Newt state | Flipelep Inpure 4/8) x Alero] Beo+d Ty | kal Ty XB 0\|0 0 6 0 Oo KX Oo xX oo ) a | ox fx o 10 | 0 a ae elt oO Ff O xX K 9 (0 0 1 10 X 0 6 » lio t too xX 0 7 y lloo toy x 0 xX 0 i x 1 KYclk Sys tegie t ge wtth Te elprlep5%) Design with D F Upp lops- Exe extgn the synchuonow sequential Cteeutt for salons Atate iagram of ug 2 wing D FUpplops. °S > solo. Stables + State table pen hext state | O04 Put sable: 5 x=o| x=I Eocettalblon table gate | K=O] % =I ala |@|B\|A IB | ¥ y Ae © co oO;ololy oO Hl peste] vate) PPh Qine)| D Ol (;o eo) 1) 6 oO ave tee 2 LO tol ttle | ol t ly | Ile tio 0) 6 | 6 0 bo} Lua | ISED) (55) Table b: gocettation table for oltigu cutth D Pip flops ire |rnpor] Nexrsiale | Flip lop ropes ovtpur A. B | © |Aton Bing) Da Dp y 60 0 6 0 © oO o 0 0 1 0 if o | 1 Otro | oO | 6 ° ot | o 5 o 4 o [0 0° ‘ © lo o | lo J i ) I } rt} 2] { ; a 6 ttt 6@ 0 6 o 0 For Dg = p'%o ol lo AX . “al ole of o \(CP pel i ry} o lps} e/e&) _ Design with T rlepplops, ca oe Design the ayochsonous sequential crrevit for the moore Alalz chisgrare of big 3 using TH Pip plops . #93, Moore Atale aldagram Table Te Stale Table. P ‘Seite. | Netake | ovrpu| a | | ble 1 | Cc} d oO | dja o | | | Assign the bFn Valu 00,01, 1},l0 to the oralu arbre, d Aupeutvely, Table g Srows He Hale table with bina Asgiqtn waenk rei Recta cup | eth po oe 2 face sa rablt oh in got 8 | nssiy” ( ¥ t | o | 0Fable q: exectiation table O00! aie) + 0 S67) pyettalion Table ior design “ae: estan Taf dey Webe [ewe sneer corre | | als | Acre Bio) Tr | Te y_ ) eo oe Fo yf ot] | rip lool } ud ")® 9/1 J|o | Lte}o jo |i jo 0 I + —— a Le Cle: fig. metre sopuomtiad cirvelt with 7 HepPlopCoun TERS” A Coomrer & Q Sequential erro Consisting @ set of ¢lipflop® to Count the sequen of the fopor pulses presented yo tt fn dgital forms Counters aa classified inte two broad eateger the way feng axe clocued * rer +O lt. asynchsonows 2 -sgnehuonous 5 Asyrehuoncus Counts: Ceépple covnki,) - In asyochsonous Countias, the Fupplops & Clocked by the external clock pulse and then each Succauive, pulse & Clockad be the ovrput of the pre ceding pupplop. synclusnous Coun bs: fn synelvenous ovat Connected 40 all the fuppleps 30 that t simuttaneously . . ° eu, the clotk impor 4 fay ae clocked Asynchsenous CRipple) Counters : 2 - Bit Aagochano us Binary _covntar » Tr abt Asypchuinous bivary coun tie, the cloew Cole) applied to tha clock input OF the first Plpplep CFFo) only the second ElipFlop, FFB trignond by the Ro corpur 64 FFO~- Because of the fo heent prepa gaiton dolay Hoe though a Plipplep, Q troustion of the fnput clock polse Cele) and aprawstiton of the Q, ovrpor of FFO Car never Becur lak enact the Aame Home. Thewfore, the two ipitpplops ee bever Aimy Hancously trig exed , 30 the count operalian Asynchionoes « Fg | Shows & abt asyncluoneus ives coonlir. plow se! UE lew abit asy nchuonous Eno counter phe Henfoing du m for 2-bi changer in the stake of figs) | pigue 2 shows zépple Count, Tr Vileatrabia the the fupblop outputs & xesponse tO the clock. the. neganive | ng edge of alu) Cause tha, Qo output of FFO 4° Jo waa. rt has ho effect pn pri because a negative - going raat H’on must ocewr to rtgg the suprlep - pp lin the [eadking edg2 of elut, Qo =) and & =0. “oye negative gotng adge of cher Cowes Ro tow , and i triggers FFI 5 causes Q, fo go Hla, Afla the leaeléng edge of cle? , @ =O and Q =] i; the negative - gotog adge of ches causes Q, (a9 40 HIGH agate and °+ has no effect on FFI. Thus pete the Joacking pdlge of cLv 3, Qo = 1 ancl Q,=s. the negative -geing edge of CLut causa: Ry iS fo Low, Coming @, 40 ge bow. At te H2 load &. g2 04 CK, Qo 20 and &, =O. tha County har q Reeyelad fo 148 Orginal Stale. . “eeginw tr ee though a btaan $e4qutnl2 (00,6) thes counte Be biowg coonla. 121, 18,0) Som Pt ov IY ' I 1 ® ye 4 we | \ a i + ° Thoth Table Qo — f — ! - i: —— KH] a.@ 0 o[ | | | ° a} ) a I Be \ ' 3} ul fig: >. Teming diogram for 2 bh eoon lax 12—btt Asynchuenous bin Coun ts A 2-H paypchwonous bén Coonlas & Ahown +°9 3 The operation B the ame an that yp that the 3-blt coontix hes bet tovnlin, ©* ty » dee +0 th + ve the 2 eighe Atal diagram for 3-¥ in fig he 9 2 flprlops . the Himtn nehronous bina tounln K Shown igi s SUH Anjochsoyans Mong coonltoh APL m3 Je PL tn mol telt de Pele fr vette spas dy ee) TS i ito Figs Weotng Diagram. [Tern Table: he -ber Asynchuonous Bine Coun ter : A hbit prgnchisneus bin covoln tk shown in fig &- Thés countia har 16 tales, dusto ty - Fuipplope- The ewig Aisgrroen is shown tn fg 6 for Ih cloce Polses-[Nest dew) re Bat) to ay i Ql a c ae Ch. & & Io &| 4. é $7925 he bet Acsynchusnous Boas Countn. ALIAS m_Sot_ I el tere ei or pel tele BQ oo Lee edrriif oe oo, ee a A fig. b: Firing Diagrom Truth Table © , 2 3 o s é 7 8 4 3 ape\ Asjnclsonous decade (Mar 10) Covnter the modulus (n) ©4 &% Covnlx A the Dember Hat the coonla whl) sequence of unique states 2 Atatis Cmarctmum IFeough » The Maximem poxsthl Modula) Of % Covola & 2”, whee 'n’ oh bliptlops 1 the covolts- Covolirs ean also be cosPaned + have @ numba of Aral fo ted Sequence thar uh less than the naccim ure of a”. the wesuldrog Axquena K Callec &® truncated sequen@, E the number copnters wi th drvocated One Common modulus for Cw Isoquences & ten, called Hop 10» | wate) Tt Cle np Ge pocads we pebwone ts S927 as azn, at sto5P=% | Countirs with |? yates Pr thee eg uane bers. A decod coun tix with a | derocle Cour ° ° Count Sequence of mo (0000) Hhaocg h nine (100) & a Bed dowde counkr - dle back te op00 sia atta the lool arabe . To Make the Count acey cle aft the Cover of nine (to!) & ro de coaed Count +20 Clo1e with a NAND ge _nioe6 FF'S. It must ve* (64 ourpur (0) of the NAND ge we the clean Ge) inputs eb the Fliptleps as net to tag . the eoing diagram of decode coon and — Connect the how fo bg ee o3 ———— oe j peqee cTeming diagrom aa Bricagpea: Tavth Table: ath Tels et [ Bs & Be pulse —— —_ 5 0 6° 6 00! eo o1e oe ott 6100 oto) ol110 ott | 600 tool _ 1 9 2 0? | —2 oo ai oUF eP-o | °Asgnchvo nous / Répple Down countn: The down Counts will count downwards from @ Maximum Count fo ze, will clock polse bee bit Aggncheooous clown eounta Her, the clock Signal i eonnectad 46 the Clock input of if first flip-Plop- This Lonnestion is dame @ asynchronous YP counts, Howover, the lak snpet of the rereaining flp-plop kk + 3igg exzol hy the Q, ovtput of the Pprawrous Atoge indpead of Q, ovipot of the previous stage. LAL Tea a fk i ett So he pe Phi ee g Attlee oof, Lesa Wt ev= oo) J-o-... = ~s = +s 2 a -o_1? 2 s6-- 08 FZE8zLS85zL° 8 $@--= 2F eos srr ee 8 Dm - 7 ~L_2®a00 S 3 eg) - — 2 ° 23 25 eo-AMet ror wr fStrnOse bh se 322 4 troth Table. Asypchionous Gpladoun Counter: Te form an asynchronous up/down counles One Contrel Prpur Ary H B ne coca’ fo Control the operation of the up)docn Counts, when N=o, the Count will count up and when N=!) , the Counts wf eounr down, To achteve this the M input Bhould be used to Control whether the nermal $Up- Flop eurpur C@) er the fnvetad $ip- Flop outpor (&) & fea to difve vhe clock signal of the Soctenive siege fup-plop, % phown 17 &9. Ca) The troth table for ea such combinational ePreoft i shewn in $9, cb). . ¢n) (Q — owt | <= combination yo of ») a Ck Boo perl ceont ws uplo? = AP 2 f yea (a) the bloc for up diagram Count Sayrenad Combinadti $44 (b) Truth, Table eirett3 —bir BBynchwonoues uploevsn Counter . Dastgn mod -4 alpple Count using 7 FUp-r lens: | tefeamine the number of Fup -Flop 22g eter » Hot, counter goos Hasugh o- = biaty, a, foral 6 aren, ion Neb and for gen wo mad neds bs PUpF lops . Type of Flip-Flops tobe Used 3 7valid GN ii aes ° HN D ( 1}) © [Wpy} e}e 4 govaltd pices . ° Reret logs Design Boo Xépple conte use, Ses Org “ge blip r lop: |. meteemiP@ the number of 4Ub plops rave. The BoD coonler goes through dtaty 0-9 el Lopal 10 states + Thus N=lO and n need n= . : MA for QEn, We n=4, (ee, & FUp-Flops rogutacd. (a. Type OF Fupplops +o be used sre 3. wale the froth table fer the Courla.