Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Psychiatry
Residents’ Journal
April 2019 Volume 14 Issue 4
Contents EDITOR-IN-CHIEF
2 Strengthening Synapses: A Case for Cross-Discipline Training in Neurology Oliver M. Glass, M.D.
and Psychiatry
Chadrick E. Lane, M.D., and Stanley Lyndon, M.D.
SENIOR DEPUTY EDITOR
Assessing the gap in training Shapir Rosenberg, M.D.
3 The Semicolon Tattoo
Aaron Wolfgang, M.D., and Omin Kwon, B.A. DEPUTY EDITORS
Destigmatizing mental illness in popular culture Matthew Edwards, M.D.
Anna M. Kim, M.D.
4 Topical Triamcinolone-Induced Psychosis
Mihir Upadhyaya, M.D., and Modupe James, M.D. DEPUTY EDITOR/
Emphasizing correct use of medications PODCAST EDITOR
Lindsay Lebin, M.D.
6 Following in the Absence of an Imperfect Light
Theodore V.Z. Longlois
ASSOCIATE EDITORS
Addressing ramifications of addiction
Carol Chan, M.D.
7 The Forgotten Alexander Cole, M.D.
Jason Garner, M.D., J.D.
Reviewed by Carol K. Chan, M.B.B.Ch., M.Sc.
David R. Latov, M.D.
Elon E. Richman, M.D.
8 Residents’ Resources
CULTURE EDITOR/
SOCIAL MEDIA EDITOR
Somya Abubucker, M.D.
Find us on Facebook
STAFF EDITOR
Angela Moore
Follow @APAPubJournals
PRODUCTION MANAGERS
Wendy Lieberman Taylor
Find us on Instagram Susan Westrate
EDITOR EMERITA
Rachel Katz, M.D.
COMMENTARY
For millennia, tattoos have been used to those who wear it as an outward decla-
decorate human skin as an outward sym-
The semicolon tattoo ration of an ongoing quest to overcome
bol of underlying personal and cultural can be inner pain. Despite the far-reaching posi-
significance (1). Today, one such symbol tive influence that her movement has
comes in the form of a semicolon inked clinically relevant created, Amy Bleuel succumbed to her
not in the fibers of any paper but rather in struggles on March 24, 2018, at the age of
the skin of the patient who might be sit- information. 31. Although her story now ends with a
ting across from you. It is a clinically sig- period, her legacy lives on, still punctu-
nificant clue that providers will need to ated by a semicolon.
understand in order to keep pace with a The semicolon tattoo can be clini-
generation of patients who are intercon- cally relevant information, hence why it Dr. Wolfgang is a third-year resident in
nected within digitally driven cultural is important for providers to be aware of the Department of Behavioral Health, Tri-
movements that are giving voice to those this cultural phenomenon. For example, pler Army Medical Center, Honolulu. Omin
Kwon is a fourth-year medical student at
who may have been previously silent. if a semicolon tattoo is appreciated in a
the Keck School of Medicine of the Uni-
Amy Bleuel, a college student inspired patient who denies any history of sui-
versity of Southern California, Los Angeles.
by the loss of her father to suicide and cidal ideation, inquiring about the tattoo
her own long-standing battle with de- could lead to further discussion of sui- The authors thank Dr. Rachel Sullivan for
pression, started Project Semicolon in cidality, which may be therapeutically editorial assistance.
2013, primarily in an effort to help destig- productive. Perhaps the patient may
The views expressed in this commentary
matize mental illness (2). The semicolon have had suicidal ideation in the past but
are those of the authors and do not reflect
tattoo has since been further popularized still harbors substantial shame, prohib- the official policy or position of the De-
in the Netflix series 13 Reasons Why, and iting more open discussion of the topic. partment of the Army, Department of De-
it is estimated that photos of semicolon Perhaps the tattoo is in support of a fense, or the U.S. Government.
tattoos have now been shared online mil- loved one with mental illness, ultimately
lions of times (2). The underlying sym- shaping underlying schemas regarding REFERENCES
bolism behind the semicolon tattoo is psychiatric disorders in a manner that
succinctly described in that it “represents may prove to be either instrumental or 1. Lineberry C: Tattoos: the ancient and myste-
rious history. Washington, DC, Smithsonian
a sentence the author could’ve ended but possibly counterproductive within the Institution, 2007. https://www.smithson-
chose not to” (3). In more concrete terms, therapeutic relationship. Regardless, in- ianmag.com/history/tattoos-144038580
the semicolon tattoo is a statement indi- quiring about the tattoo may be a more 2. Shield M: Project semicolon—mental health
cating that a person once thought of end- acceptable bridge into these areas of ex- & suicide prevention—my story isn’t over
ing his or her life but instead decided to ploration previously veiled in resistance. yet. Green Bay, Wisc, Project Semicolon,
2018. https://projectsemicolon.com
continue living. Ultimately, it is a symbol In the years since its inception, the
3. Itkowitz C: ‘And your story will live on’: re-
of hope that the wearer is the author of semicolon tattoo has served not only to membering Amy Bleuel, mental health ad-
his or her own life and is empowered to help destigmatize mental illness within vocate and founder of Project Semicolon.
dictate how to continue his or her story. popular culture but to bring clarity to Washington Post, March 30, 2017
Systemic corticosteroids have long been chronic eczema on his face, neck, torso, plastic eating utensils to cut his skin in
associated with adverse psychiatric ef- and limbs. He was nonadherent to anti- order to “let the bugs out.”
fects. Symptoms such as euphoria, insom- retroviral HIV medication. For the past During the first few days of his hospi-
nia, mood swings, personality changes, 5 years, he used triamcinolone cream to talization, the patient insisted that twice-
severe depression, and psychosis have treat his eczema. daily triamcinolone administration was
been estimated to develop in 5%–18% of The patient presented to the emer- inadequate. On further close question-
patients treated with corticosteroids (1). gency department, brought in by an am- ing, he admitted to chronic and intensive
Mania and hypomania are the most com- bulance that he summoned. He was anx- steroid cream use for years as a “beauty
monly reported symptoms (35%), fol- ious, irritable, and restless upon arrival. product,” believing that it helped to “re-
lowed by depressive symptoms (28%) He bled from multiple self-inflicted su- plenish” his skin. “I lather it on like sun-
and psychotic reactions (24%) (2). Psy- perficial cuts to his left arm, abdomen, screen, multiple times a day,” he acknowl-
chiatric symptoms typically arise within and right leg. He stated, “These cuts won’t edged. He had reportedly gone to more
1 week of starting corticosteroid therapy, kill me, the bugs under my skin will.” He than six doctors in the past 6 years to
although it is possible for symptoms to further complained that he had not slept request a prescription for triamcinolone.
commence at any time, including after well for days, explaining that he was too He admitted seeking a new doctor if one
the corticosteroid is discontinued. Symp- anxious to fall asleep. He declared, “Bugs refused to prescribe the medication. He
toms may persist for days or even weeks are crawling all over my body! Every part, often went to emergency departments to
after discontinuation. even my private area. They’re biting me, obtain a prescription if he was unable to
Corticosteroids are generally categor so I took a razor and tried to get them off.” obtain an office appointment in a timely
ized as short, intermediate, or long-acting, He insisted that he had contracted sca- manner. In recent months, he purchased
based on their half-life. Triamcinolone bies, and his stated motivation for coming the medication from online pharmacies
is an intermediate-acting glucocorticoid to the hospital was to obtain a permethrin in foreign countries and had it shipped
administered either orally, by injection, prescription to treat the scabies. to him.
by inhalation, or as a topical ointment or His psychiatric history, social history, A dermatologic consultation was re-
cream (3). For decades, the topical form and family history were noncontributory quested to determine the appropriate-
of this corticosteroid, triamcinolone ace- to the acute presentation. His mental ness of further use of triamcinolone. The
tonide, has been the standard of care for status examination was remarkable for consulting team determined that there
treating eczema, a form of atopic derma- anxious mood, agitated affect, and ongo- was no present sign of eczema, and the
titis that usually develops in early child- ing tactile hallucinations. His physical medication was immediately discontin-
hood (4). Topical triamcinolone is not examination revealed multiple superfi- ued. The patient required emergent psy-
typically implicated in the manifestation cial abrasions. Laboratory studies were chiatric medication on an almost daily
or exacerbation of psychiatric symp- unremarkable. basis for nearly a week after triamcino-
toms. However, it has been theorized Out of concern that the patient’s self- lone discontinuation, because his frus-
that long-term use of triamcinolone by injurious behavior was suggestive of sui- tration with not receiving the medica-
an immunocompromised individual may cidal intent, he was admitted to the psy- tion agitated him to the point of physical
render such an effect. chiatric inpatient unit. The patient was aggression toward hospital staff. He ex-
We present the case of a patient who restarted on antiretroviral medication pressed fear that the eczema would re-
presented to the emergency department for HIV and topical triamcinolone for turn. However, he noticed that the feel-
with tactile hallucinations. In efforts to chronic eczema. Risperidone was pre- ing of bugs crawling under his skin had
manage eczema, he misused topical tri- scribed for psychosis, starting at 1 milli- gradually resolved.
amcinolone for years. We demonstrate gram twice daily. The patient was continued on risper-
how corticosteroid overuse in an immu- In the days following admission, he idone, with the dose titrated to 3 milli-
nocompromised patient may result in continued to be agitated and irritable, grams twice daily. After 11 days on the
the development of florid psychosis. often pacing the halls of the inpatient inpatient psychiatric unit, his psychosis
unit and getting into verbal altercations fully resolved. Once triamcinolone’s po-
CASE with staff and peers. He remained con- tential for the induction of psychosis was
“Mr. D” is a 26-year-old African Amer- vinced that bugs were crawling under explained to him, he agreed to discon-
ican man with a history of HIV and his skin, and he surreptitiously used tinue the drug. He was discharged from
DISCUSSION
years might have yielded neuroanatomi- potency of triamcinolone. It was only
The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, cal damage, which may then account for after years of engaging in unscrupulous
a neuroendocrine system that regulates the psychotic features he exhibited. activity to obtain the medication and fi-
the body’s reaction to stress of a physi- The definitive solution for corticoste- nally ending up in the hospital for a psy-
cal or emotional nature, is the driver of roid-induced psychosis is withdrawal of chiatric exacerbation that a doctor en-
endogenous glucocorticoid release. Syn- the agent, either with a gradual tapering gaged him in a conversation about the
dromes involving excess or inadequate of the medication, or, as with our patient, misuse of triamcinolone. Indeed, good
cortisol production may have psychiat- immediate discontinuation. Assuming communication between health care pro-
ric manifestations. Cushing’s syndrome, that the psychosis is entirely attributable viders and patients about the correct use
a relative hypercortisol state, is associ- to use of corticosteroids, psychotic symp- of medications can prevent misuse and
ated with anxiety, euphoria, and psy- toms should resolve within days, although help patients to identify side effects be-
chosis. Addison’s disease, a hypocortisol the time frame for return to baseline is fore they become severe.
state, can produce fatigue, low energy, partially dependent on the length of time
decreased appetite, and symptoms con- and dosage in which the medication is Drs. Upadhyaya and James are both sec-
sistent with neurovegetative symptoms used. Depending on the clinical presenta- ond-year residents at BronxCare Health
of depression (5). tion, an antipsychotic or mood stabilizer System, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount
Sinai, Bronx, N.Y.
Exogenous steroid use may also cause may be added to assist in restoration to
or exacerbate psychiatric symptoms, a nonpsychotic state. The patient in the The authors have confirmed that details of
particularly if the steroid dose is high or above case was started on risperidone be- the case have been disguised to protect
the duration of treatment is extended. cause of its efficacy in patients naive to patient privacy.
Topical corticosteroid induction of psy- psychotropic medication (7).
chiatric symptoms is rare. The above Patients with steroid-induced psycho-
REFERENCES
patient applied excessive amounts of tri- sis should follow up with an outpatient
amcinolone even after the onset of for- psychiatrist. Following the resolution of 1. Cerullo MA: Corticosteroid-induced mania:
mication. It is conceivable that his use of psychotic symptoms, the antipsychotic prepare for the unpredictable. Curr Psychia-
try 2006; 5:43–50
the medication may have enabled both medication may be tapered and safely
2. Gagliardi JP, Muzyk AJ, Holt S: When
topical and more systemic absorption withdrawn. steroids cause psychosis. The Rheu-
patterns, with the latter possibly occur- matologist. October 1, 2010. https://
ring once the medication entered his cir- w w w.t he-rheumatolog ist.org/a r ticle/
CONCLUSIONS when-steroids-cause-psychosis
culation through self-inflicted cuts.
There is published evidence suggest- The present case illustrates two impor- 3. Zoorob RJ, Cender D: A different look at
corticosteroids. Am Fam Physician 1998;
ing that prolonged use (i.e., more than 6 tant lessons. First, psychiatrists should 58:443–450
months) of systemic corticosteroid medi- thoroughly assess patients’ medical his- 4. Vickers CFH, Tighe SM: Topical triamcino-
cation is correlated with a decrease in tories. On the basis of our patient’s self- lone in eczema. Br J Dermatology 1960;
hippocampal size, which is then impli- injurious behavior and psychotic fea- 72:352–354
cated in symptoms such as memory loss, tures, it was falsely assumed that he was 5. Brown WA, Johnston R, Mayfield D: The
hallucinations, depression, and vulner- motivated by suicidal intent. It was not 24-hour dexamethasone suppression test in
a clinical setting: relationship to diagnosis,
ability to psychological trauma (6). It is until later during his hospital stay that a symptoms, and response to treatment. Am J
further believed that discontinuation of multiyear pattern of topical steroid mis- Psychiatry 1979; 136:543–547
the offending medication would reverse use became evident. Only then could a 6. Brown ES, Woolston DJ, Frol A, et al: Hippo-
the damage to the hippocampus, with diagnosis of corticosteroid-induced psy- campal volume, spectroscopy, cognition, and
the expectation that symptoms would chosis be considered. mood in patients receiving corticosteroid
therapy. Biol Psychiatry 2004; 55:538–545
also resolve. Although neuroimaging Second, patients must be educated
7. Bag O, Erdogan I, Onder ZS, et al: Steroid-
studies were not obtained during our pa- about the medications they are prescribed induced psychosis in a child: treatment with
tient’s hospitalization, it is conceivable and the harm that may ensue with incor- risperidone. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 2012;
that overuse of topical corticosteroids for rect use. Our patient underestimated the 34:103.e5–103.e6
The Forgotten
Carol K. Chan, M.B.B.Ch., M.Sc.
“What sort of witness would I be with- to his son, Elhanan slowly loses his iden-
out my memory?” tity, that of a Holocaust survivor. Inter-
The Forgotten, a novel published in estingly, the novel holds many parallels
1992 by Elie Wiesel, opens with a prayer to the author’s life, as Elie Wiesel himself
by Elhanan Rosenbaum, an elderly sur- was a survivor of the Holocaust. Born
vivor of the Holocaust, as he pleads to in Romania in 1928, he and his family
retain his memories that had begun to were deported to German concentration
rapidly fade. Fearing that the memories camps during World War II. He was lib-
of all he had experienced would fall into erated in 1945 by Allied troops and was
oblivion owing to an unspecified illness, taken to Paris, where he then worked as
he sends his only son Malkiel, a journal- a journalist (1). He later became an au-
ist who writes obituaries for The New thor who dedicated much of his literary
York Times, to Romania to retrieve them. career to the remembrance of the Holo-
While in Romania, Malkiel discovers caust, for which he was awarded a Nobel
pieces of his father’s past through the Peace Prize in 1986.
neighborhood’s gravedigger, a grotesque The Forgotten explores the mean-
figure who intertwines stories of the past ing attached to memories and how this
with fantastical tales of the dead. Malk- shapes our identity and the subjective in-
iel also crosses paths with an elderly terpretation of our experiences. Despite
woman who, unlike his father, wished its grave tone, the novel instills hope that
to discard her own anguished memories memories can carry on through genera-
of that time. Unlike Elhanan, who built by Elie Wiesel. New York, Schocken Books, tions and that through these bonds, we
1995, pp 320, $16.95.
his identity as a survivor of war, she had gain not only remembrance but also em-
disassociated from her past as the wife pathy for the suffering of others.
of a Nazi ally. In retracing his father’s
steps, Malkiel learns not only of his fa- Although the overarching plot builds Dr. Chan is a third-year general adult psy-
ther’s past but also that of his grandfa- on Wiesel’s other works that bear wit- chiatry resident in the Department of Psy-
ther and others who had perished in the ness to the memory of the Holocaust, chiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns
Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore.
war. Wiesel revisits the themes of death The Forgotten also tells the story of an
and memory many times throughout the intimate relationship between a son and
novel through these characters, as he ex- his father and the implications of cogni- REFERENCE
plores how the passage of memory from tive decline for an individual and his or 1. Berenbaum M: Elie Wiesel: God, the Holo-
the dead to the living shapes an under- her loved ones. As he battles against time caust, and the Children of Israel. Millburn,
standing of the present. to pass on what is left of his recollections NJ, Behrman House, 1994
Maximum Maximum
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Case Report 1,500 1 Yes 15
Commentary 500 0 5
History of Psychiatry 500 0 5
Arts and Culture 500 0 0
Letters to the Editor 250 0 3
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*Box with 3–4 key teaching points
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