ADOPTING A CONVENTION

This is the part of the process with which IMO as an Organization is most closely involved.

The assembly and Council are the main organs, and the committees involved are the following:

*Maritime Safety Committee

*Maritime Environment Protection Committee

*Legal Computer and Facilitation Committee

_____________________________________________
Entry into force

The adoption of a convention marks the conclusion of only the first stage of a long process.
_____________________________________________

_____________________________________________
Signature, ratification, acceptance, approval and accession

The terms signature, ratification, acceptance, approval and accession refer to some of the methods by
which a state can express its consent to be bound by a treaty.
_____________________________________________
Signature

Consent may be expressed by signature where:

The treaty provides that signature shall have that effect.

It is otherwise established that the negotiating states were agreed the signature should have that effect.

The intention of the State to give that effect to signatures appears from the full powers of its
representatives or was expressed during the negotiations (Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties,
969, Article 12.1)
_____________________________________________
Signature subject to ratification, acceptance or approval

Most multilateral treaties contain a clause providing that a state may express its consent to be bound by
the instrument by signature subject to ratification.
_____________________________________________
Accession

Most multinational treaties are open for signature for a specified period of time.

Accession is the method used by the State to become a party to a treaty which it did not sign whilst the
treaty was open for signature.
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
Amendment

Technology and techniques in the shipping industry change very rapidly these days.

The International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS), 1960 was amended six times after it
entered into force in 1965-in 1966, 1967, 1968, 1969, 1971 and 1973. in 1974 a completely new
convention was adopted incorporating all these amendments (and other minor changes) and has itself
been modified on numerous occasions.
_____________________________________________
Enforcement

The enforcement of IMO Conventions depends. Upon the Governments of Member Parties. Contracting
Governments enforce the provisions of IMO conventions as far as their own ships are concerned and
also set the penalties for infringements, where these are applicable.
_____________________________________________
Relationship between Conventions and Interpretation

A treaty shall be interpreted in good faith in accordance with the ordinary meaning to be given to the
terms of the treaty in their context and in the light of its object and purpose.
_____________________________________________
Uniform law and conflict of law rules

A substantive part of maritime law has been made uniform in international Treaties. However, not every
State is Party to all Conventions and the existing Conventions do not always cover all questions
regarding a specific subject. In those cases conflict of law rules are necessary to decide which national
law applies. This conflict of law rules can either be found in a treaty or, in most cases, in national law.
_____________________________________________
Tacit acceptance procedure

Tacit acceptance is now incorporated into most of IMO's technical conventions. It facilitates the quick
and simple modification of conventions to keep pace with the rapidly evolving technology in the
shipping world.
_____________________________________________
International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS) 1974

(Adoption: 1 November 1974; Entry into force: 25 May 1980)

The SOLAS Convention in its successive forms in generally regarded as the most important of all
international treaties concerning the safety of merchant ships.
_____________________________________________
Technical provisions

The main objective of the SOLAS Convention is to specify minimum standards for the construction,
equipment and operation of ships, compatible with their safety. The current SOLAS Convention includes
Articles setting out general obligations, amendment procedure and so on, followed by an annex divided
into 12 Chapters.
_____________________________________________
International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL 73/78)

- Is the main international convention covering prevention of pollution of the marine environment by
ships from operational or accidental causes.
_____________________________________________
The code consists of Five Titles in which specific provisions are grouped by standard:

Title 1: Minimum requirements for seafarers to work on a ship

Title 2: Conditions of Employment

Title 3: Accommodation, recreational facilities, food and catering

Title 4: Health protection, medical care, welfare and social security protection

Title 5: Compliance and Enforcement

_____________________________________________
International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL 73/78)

- Is the main international convention covering prevention of pollution of the marine environment by
ships from operational or accidental causes.
_____________________________________________
Special Areas with strict controls on operational discharges are included in most Annexes

Annex I- Regulations for the Prevention of Pollution by oil)

Annex II - Regulations for the Control of Pollution by Noxious Liquid Substances in Bulk

Annex III - Prevention of Pollution by Harmful Substances Carried by Sea in Packaged Form
_____________________________________________
International Convention on Standards of Training, Certification and Watchkeeping for Seafarers (STCW)

The 1978 STCW Convention was the first to establish basic requirements on training, certification and
watchkeeping for seafarers on an international level.
_____________________________________________
STCW Convention

Chapter I: General Provisions

Chapter II: Master and Deck Department

Chapter III: Engine Department Chapter

Chapter IV: Radio Communication and radio personnel

Chapter V: Special Training Requirements for personnel on certain types of ships

Chapter VI: Emergency, occupational safety, medical Care and survival functions.
Chapter VII: Alternative certification

Chapter VIII: Watchkeeping

_____________________________________________

_____________________________________________
The STCW Code

The regulations contained in the conventions are supported by sections in STCW Code.
Part A of the code is Mandatory.
Part B of the code contains recommended guidance which is intended to help parties implement the
convention.
_____________________________________________
The Manila Amendments to the STCW Convention and Code

The 2010 amendments entered into force on January 1, 2012 under the tacit acceptance procedure are
the aimed at bringing the convention and the code up to date with development since they were initially
adopted and to enable them to address issues that are anticipated to emerge In the foreseeable future.
_____________________________________________
The Maritime Labour Convention

Is an international Organization Convention established in 2006 as the fourth pillar of international

maritime law and embodies "all up-to-date standards of existing international maritime labour
conventions and recommendations, as well as the fundamental principles to be found in other
international labour Conventions."
_____________________________________________
The code consists of Five Titles in which specific provisions are grouped by standard:

Title 1: Minimum requirements for seafarers to work on a ship

Title 2: Conditions of Employment

Title 3: Accommodation, recreational facilities, food and catering

Title 4: Health protection, medical care, welfare and social security protection

Title 5: Compliance and Enforcement

_____________________________________________
IMO and the Maritime Conventions

The International Maritime Organisation (IMO) - Is the United Nations agency responsible for developing
international regulation for the shipping industry.
_____________________________________________
ILO and the Maritime Conventions

The International Labour Organisation (ILO) is the UN agency that sets internationally recognised labour
standards to protect the rights of workers.
Is made up of a social partnership of governments, employers and trade unions.
_____________________________________________
Fundamental Conventions

The ILO's governing body has identified eight conventions as "fundamental", covering subjects that are
considered as fundamental principles and rights at work:

Freedom of association and the effective recognition of the right to collective bargaining

The elimination of all forms of forced or compulsory labour; the effective abolition of child labour,

The elimination of discrimination in respect of employment and occupation.

_____________________________________________
The IMO guidelines on the mitigation of fatigue

The most powerful means of relieving fatigue is to get proper sleep and to rest when appropriate.

However, a number of countermeasures have been identified as potentially providing some short-term
relief.
_____________________________________________
The following list captures some of the short term countermeasures:

Interest or opportunity

Environment (light, temperature, humidity, sound and aroma)

Food and consumption of chemicals

Caffeine (encountered in coffee and tea and to a lesser extent in colas and chocolate).
What is work planning?

It is an innovative approach to accomplishing the work in an organization, and to managing the staff that
perform that work.

What planning means with respect to individuals and groups

In organisations, planning is a management process, concerned with defining goals for company's future
direction and determining on the missions and resources to achieve those
_______________________________
Main characteristics of planning in organizations are:

Planning increases the efficiency of an organization.

It reduces the risks involved in modern business activities. It facilitates paring the available time and
resources.
_______________________________
Measuring Planning Outcomes

The work planning process structure evolved from research, discussion and reviewed by means of a
successive series of "Plan, Do, Study, Act" (PDSA) cycles.
_______________________________
Feedback and planning Outcomes

To clarify the purpose for every member of the organization, it is not usual for both the manger and his
or her raters to be anxious about how these data will be used. The feedbacks are critical to the systems
effectiveness.
_______________________________
The role of feedback with respect to planning outcomes

A good action plan improves communication by providing a forum for honest, productive discussions/
feedback about what needs to be done.
_______________________________
Coordination

The synchronization and integration of activities, responsibilities, and command and control structures
to ensure that the resources of an organization are used more efficiently in pursuit of the specified
objectives.
_______________________________
Coordination on a shipboard setting

Definition:

Coordination - the organization of the different elements of a complex body or activity so as to enable
them to work together effectively.
_______________________________
Example of shipboard coordination
1. SOPEP

2. SAR Operation

3. Bunkering operation
_______________________________
Examples shipboard personnel assignment

Anchor Watch - tasked to assist the OOD during the night for such task as veering chain or adjusting
lines.

Main Engine and Auxiliary Watches - tasked to maintain the operational readiness of main and auxiliary
engines.

"Bridge and Signal Watch - keeps the OOW informed on notable changes in weather, boats approaching
the ship, unusual disturbances or distress in harbour and movements of other ships.
_______________________________
Underway Watches:

Bridge and Deck Watch

Officer of the watch (OOW) - is the officer on watch stationed at the bridge responsible for the safe and
proper operation of the ship.

Helmsman

(Also called steersman) - is an enlisted personnel with a seaman rating assigned to man the steering
wheel and is responsible for steering the ship as ordered by the officer who has conn.
_______________________________
Common human limitations

Fatigue

Fatigue can be defined in many ways. It is generally described as a state of feeling tired, weary, or sleepy
that result from prolonged mental or physical work, extended periods of anxiety, exposure to harsh
environments, or loss of sleep.
_______________________________
Complacency

The feeling of quiet pleasure of security, often while unaware of potential danger, defect or the like,
self- satisfaction or smug satisfaction with an existing situation, condition, etc.

Boredom - It is an emotional state experienced when an individual is left without anything in particular
to do, and nit interested in their surroundings.
_______________________________
Misunderstanding

- The failure to understand correctly, or a mistake as to meaning or intent.

_______________________________
Onboard activities that test human limitations

This task would provide human interface design guidance for user interfaces afloat, and would be
directed at diverse tasks and operations, including:

Bridge and navigation

Engineering and auxiliary systems interface

Logistics and maintenance supply

Administrative functions.

Load planning and tracking

_______________________________
Indications that human limitations are being exceeded

Some of the main reasons and symptoms of physical and psychological stress on board ship are:

Lack of interest in work

Lack of motivation

Short temper

Careless mistakes while doing work

Tendency to take short cuts to finish work

Frustration

Lack of seriousness towards ones duties and on board security.

Tendency to blame juniors or colleagues for mistakes Frequent absence from work place

Making professional mistakes

_______________________________
The STCW 2011 “fitness for duty" requirement

One of the main changes to the code directly affecting shipboard operations concerns the requirements
for fitness for duty and hours of rest as contained in Chapter VIII-standards regarding watchkeeping.
_______________________________
At present the fitness for duty requirements contained within the STCW Code 1995 require that:

1. All persons who are assigned duty as officer in charge of a watch or as a rating forming part of a watch
shall be provided with a minimum of 10 hours of rest in any 24 hour period.
2. The hours of rest may be divided into no more than two periods, one of which shall be at least 6 hours
in length.
_______________________________
3. The requirements for the rest periods laid down in paragraphs 1 and 2 need not be maintained in case
of an emergency drill or in other overriding operational conditions.

4. Notwithstanding the provisions of paragraph 1 and 2, the minimum period of ten hours may reduce to
not less than 6 consecutive hours provided that any such reduction shall not extend beyond two days
and not less than 70 hours of rest are provided each seven day period.
_______________________________
From January 1, 2012 seafarers will have to comply with the following regulatory requirements:

1. Administrations shall take account of the danger posed by fatigue of seafarers, especially those as
officer in whose duties involve the safe and secure

2 All persons who are assigned duty as charge of a watch or as a rating forming part of a watch and
those whose duties involve designated safety, prevention of pollution and security duties shall be
provided with a rest period of not less than:

1. A minimum of 10 hours rest in any 24 hour period

2. 77 hours rest in any 7 day period

_______________________________
3. The hours of rest may be divided into no more than two periods, one of which shall be at least 6 hours
in length, and the intervals between consecutive periods of rest shall not exceeded 14 hours.

4. The requirements for rest periods laid down in paragraphs 2 and 3 need not to be maintained in the
case of an emergency, or in other overriding operational conditions.
_______________________________
9. Parties may allow exceptions from the required hours of rest in paragraphs 2.2 and 3 above provided
that the rest periods is not less than 70 hours in any 7 day period.
_______________________________
Examples of time constraints

Time constraints refer to the limitations on the start and end times of each task in a project's critical
path, which is the sequence of tasks that cannot be delayed without delaying the entire project.

Ex. Completing a job order on time, completing a design on time for a client, demonstration and
completing a financial audit before the fiscal year-end.
_______________________________
Factors that causes "Time Constraints"

This refers to the actual time required to produce a deliverable, which in this case would be the end
result of the project.
_______________________________
How "Time Constraints are usually address on board ships
The simplest way to prevent delays in time constrained projects/work schedule is to allocate additional
human resources.

When it comes to being more effective at managing ones time, there are a variety of different methods
that one can leverage to assist in that matter. The first step is to categorize the time wasters. A simple
way of doing this is to create a standard checklist.
_______________________________
The following is a list of some of these techniques (in no particular order) that can be beneficial to the
project manager in their quest to become more efficient:

1. Delegate responsibility

2. Learn to make quick decisions

3. Run effective meetings

4. Tackle difficult parts first

5. Overcome procrastination

6. Learn to say no.

_______________________________
Example of Resource Constraints FREERIT

"Resource-Constraints" refers to more controllable elements, such as staffing. Materials and access to
needed equipment.
_______________________________
The factors that leads to "Resource Constraints"

Limited staff/crew

Limited equipment availability

Scarcity of resources
_______________________________
Personal characteristics essential to effective leadership and teamwork on board

Extensively, leadership on board ships represents the ability of gaining respect and authority inside a
ship.

A ship's Captain gets respect and can show authority when the crew is convinced that he is:

Capable of exerting the authority imposed by the job

That he has the necessary competence and knowledge

_______________________________
That he understands different situations
That he is capable of solving

That he is ready to lead fair and decisively

_______________________________
How personal characteristics are managed and strengthened

Personality is the typical pattern of thinking, feeling and behaviors that make a person unique. When we
say that someone has a good personality we mean that they are likeable, interesting and pleasant to be
with.
_______________________________
Here are some ways we can accomplish this:

Be a better listener

Read more and expand your interests

Be a good conversationalist

Have an opinion

Meet new people

Be yourself

Have a positive look and attitude

Be fun and see the humorous side

Be supportive of others

Have integrity and treat others with respect

_______________________________
7. Consider the impact of the team's plans on the rest of the organization (administration, accounting,
etc.)

8. Do not criticizing teammates when they are not present.

9. Come to meetings prepared.

10. Express appreciation for helpful teamwork extended by another.

_______________________________
11. Identifying and helping with loose ends, even in someone else's area of responsibility.

12. Keep teammates advised of changes, developments and new information.

13. Be supportive of the team's objectives, once they are set

14. Pitch in when the whole team needs help in meeting a deadline, even if it is outside of your area of
responsibility.
The 80/20 Rule

- a good rule to have in mind when you are prioritizing your task using "A-B-C-D-E method" this rule is
also known as the Pareto principle and it was established by an Italian economist in the beginning of the
20th century.

this rule means that 20 percent of the things you do during your day will produce 80 percent of your
results.

Shipboard workload

The maritime work domain in broad terms as any kind of work task performed on board any type of
vessel. It is possible to define five maritime work tasks:

Navigation (route planning, track keeping and collision avoidance)

Propulsion (the responsibility for the integrity of the ships propulsion system and associated auxiliaries)

Cargo handling (loading, keeping the cargo (including passengers) in good condition and unloading)

Platform maintenance (keeping the ship, her equipment and the crew)

Ship management (the allocation of task and responsibilities, control and supervision and
communications)

___________

Dangers and disadvantage of high and low workload

Humans have a limited capability for processing information (such as from displays, alarms,
documentation and communications), holding items in memory, making decisions and performing tasks.

The relationship between workload and performance is complex. It is not always the case that as
workload increases performance decreases. Performance can be affected by workload being too high or
too low.

On the other hand, sustained low workload (under load) can lead to boredom, loss of situation
awareness and reduced alertness.

______

How workload can be assessed

Workload is related to competence (e.g. some tasks can require less processing in experienced
personnel), working hours/patterns (e.g. under load in night shift control room operators),
organizational change (where tasks or roles are changed) and staffing levels.
An assessment of workload may be required if you wish to determine whether you have sufficient staff;
if capacity exists for additional tasks, or whether personnel can cope with emergencies, incidents or
process upsets.

The five main approaches to workload assessment:

Subjective methods

Task performance methods

Physiological monitoring

Task loading

_________

How to ensure an appropriate workload

The requirement includes establishing Safe Manning Requirements in preparing a proposal for the
minimum safe manning level of a ship. In it operator should:

Make an assessment of the tasks, duties and responsibilities of the ship's complement as required for its
safe operation, for the protection of the marine environment and for dealing with emergency situations

Prepare and submit a proposal for the minimum safe manning level based upon an assessment of the
numbers and grades/capacities in the ships' complement....

Ensure that the minimum safe manning level is adequate at all times and in all respect

In conjunction with these factors, and to ensure that personnel do not work more hours than is safe, the
owner or operator should:

Identify all the functions to be undertaken on board during a representative voyage or operational
period..

_______

Recording of rest hours

2.2 a record of the actual hours of work performed by the individual seafarers should be maintained on
board in order to verify that the minimum periods of rest required under relevant and applicable
international instruments in force have been complied with.