52 FEQIPAQIES, N°16,2010, 5275 H EMIAEKTIKH KAI AZTAQHY FEQIPAQIKH ENMEKTA2H TON AIEONIKON ETAIPEION Zopia ExopSidn" TEPIAHYH Avrxe(pevo ms egyaatas efvary nagovataon xat o oxohuaoids ms abyxoOVNS YeOyeapias toy dreOvsy SoaETQLONTUV THY AueOvoediv Eraigeuiv (A.E.). Tic teheveales dexcertes Shot ot deberes SquampiGrras tw ALE. avfdvovean we oWTOgevEts v0qods, H enone tous avero$y Eyer odtyriaet omy dteminnem cexgatony OéoEu and rovg odors ms Hons ms UE” maryoojworotjons nov vxoamnorowy dx. éovv ridn Suawog paves Mayxsoues Eraugetes yor xodtos nex xonols eBay reed- Tema nov naQéyouv Howe xoOidvTa TOU caneVOrivoveER THY maEyARSO}NA. YORE. Efvas (aAvEOS Gre or adipeic cavtés EEOC ‘vouv my neryzoojoxoinon je wact tan ojiovoyevanotyans xcx exaEusvowy to avew.etevo wekérns ms yewyoapias: 10 16500 a 7H KoQLE SuaupogoTOAHOn, H elem tow xOGaGeEraW eBehiEeov om SeO} €Sémdwon toV AE. anoxalsinrer du o1 Oot aos Dev avréqouv ot eureiguay emiPepatoom, H yeayQaquay eEtinhoon wv A.E. sive iatrepa emer, je uxor ope da xagev anorehet ng onpeavtinés yi08s eoocohyic aid na TS {UiQeS-CeyOQES au W5QEC-TOOLO}ON'S TOV AeGoY EEVOV Enevosoeov. Emahéov, abyyoovn yewyoupta tov A.B. xagcxmomtera a6 aovéBeia nau yortyoues uetaBokés, O ouvro- nds wen 0 Eheyyos rarrRcoMU magceyWyLuby dueTioy, n eUgEte ex{dQnOn BuoLEY heiToUoyiGy GE Totes EmLeLOHELS, criveeyn oygoeuy avvegyaotas ue avreryoviotinés emyeigrjotic, anorehot ahéov moh StadeBojéves mpaenaés wy A.E., xOv Tous E4ow aQodS.iver noon yveuyn miviteAdtTOL Kou eTaLcLouv t0 x6aTOS HAL TO Qloxo THE BteBVOI's exExTOONS. The Highly Selective and Unstable Geographical Expansion of Transnational Corporations Sofia Skordi ABSTRACT This paper deals with the contemporary geography of the international expansion of Transnational Corporations (TNC). Recent decades have shown unprecedented growth of TNCs. This spectacular growth has led to the formulation of excessive views. The hyperglobalists' group supports the view that Global Corporations, with no national identity and state of origin, are already active in producing identical products for the global market. It is obvious that these views identify globalisation with homogenisation and abolish the significance of the focus of geographical inquiry: space and spatial differentiation. The study of recent developments in the field of international expansion of TNCs reveals that these views cannot be tested in the real world. A small group of states are among the main home-countries, the main markets, and the main host-countries of TNCs. In parallel, novel forms of geographical expansion of TNCs, such as the coordination and control of global production net- works, outsourcing and offshoring, have equipped them with profound mobility and diminish the cost and risk of internation- al expansion. However, the geographical expansion of TNCS remains geographically polarised, selective and unstable. * Eri ayrrgu, Tra Peoypcgcas, Xagonsnew Havenano, e-mail: skordli@husge1. Blocryory} 6005 RayHOGHOROK}ON aOTEhEC LOQls apHPBORA mY epPhnwcerray KES Os: exons jas. Xqnomororettan pe weydihn evxok(a, cuyve avBaigera uc HOTEEAQHOTIAG, YUL VEL EXPOATEL [LE TOV MLO RELITIAS TOSHO Ts TOE KOUOES &- EeAGers omHY xoWweviny} Kou OMAOVOULAY Coo{ tow mhavrjm. HosxernaL yc Evo crivBcro PaLvOpEVo, Eva atvdgono akhceyisy mov Bramegvotty Shes tis Sipers ms owovunis Confs, TY oxxovonia, mY noha, Tov TOATONG. Zuyvd unegroviGovra ot ovcovourés dipets mys ayKooMORoLHoNS: ot diebvels avradhayés xeqahatoy, to dieOVEés epdgto Hox, HUOKa, oF AteBvEREs Eraugeies (ovo e&fg A.E.). H Paduuata. gan tov QUuOmLowadiy eQLOQLONGY He~ TaN THY EO VLAGY ayoRSY NEGAAKOY xaL TY xeEVSVOY TOV dLEBVorts EWTOQLOV, o¢ cWBUATS He TIS ROMaTbés CEEAEers ova neBla To exveowavisy zat We~ rapogeiy, €21 obmyrfaet ato HofayBo Ms YoMUaTiaTOLAZYAs ayKooMOTOyONS au oF eveUMCany ask NON TOV dLEOVEY aavrOary Gy. Qat6a0 to Lyme TS E- monpaars cevewEns tov A.E, ete cuts ov ancoxoket to weyctitEQo ILEQOS ays avtiftmons year tyy orovonway neryxooutomo(Ho, Ot A.E., wera dA, c- vapégqoviar wg 1 Aicavtvm} ovoia tys mayxdowas ormovowuxrs unyavys (The Economist, 21/01/2003), ot wnoxuvyrés at daooporés (Dicken 2003), oF 0- dnyot (Jones 2005) xu ot xportceyaworés (Held & McGrew 2000) mg staryHo- omoxotnans. And nis agyés me Sexccertag tov 1980, ov Beagetta to xoOvLS 6owo eveoyonoinong evtetvsueveoy duadixaoiGy meryxdowias OhoxdajQuons THY cOvuAdv orAovouusy, or dieBve(s eoés TaN Apeoww Zévow Exevbiaewv! (oto &- fg ASE) avEdvovrat pe Od UeyasrEQO QVOUS CTs tis dreBvEIS EuROQUNES 06s. “Hoy my steg(od0 1983-1990 ot eogs tow AEE avErfOnxa pe "Edo exFoL0 QUOKS 34%, eve 1 evriatoryn ensENon TOV dtEBVors enxoQLou rfrav SRG 9% (Hirst & Thompson 1996: 54-55). Adware modapares extuuijoeis BeMQowV Su eQWOGSLEQO a6 To 1/3 ms alas TOV biEBVONS EuMOg(OV cupoRd GE evbOETA- 046 eudQ10, ecryayray, Socomarsenra. 1} avrahhayés weraes Ovyeerov%sy owvegyatdpevoy exaipeuiy tov AE. (Dicken 2003a: 53), Tic whevrates Senaertes Shor o1 detures SocemOLSMMTIG TOW A.E. cule vovtat jie mpmtopavers uOHor's, Zrowyeto. tov téhovs te Bexaertas Tov 1970 &- uxotoay tov ag.Ous tovs GE 7.000. Zs aoxés ts Sexcerfac tov 1990 eCxav pudiaer tis 38.500, 10 2000 0 earbuds toUs etye Eemeocaer nig 60.000, eves mhéov rosapare. ak imate ded0yéve. (2005) extypov tov aQUOAs tovs GE 77.000 (Yeung & Tickell 2003: 8, letto-Gillies 1997: 47-51, Held & McGrew 2004: 90, UNCTAD 2006: 5). Fito omtervtixs ¢ elvan to yeyovds Sux oTOV aQUOWs evry a yewororjet Evers cuveyds auzavduevos aguOuds Ouyarovedy exaapensiy ou Ee méov Eenepdaet ig 770.000 (UNCTAD 2006: 5). Extyucran 6tt ot A.E. ound ow pe moaoard 25% omy mxyedojua aAgceywryy| (Held & McGrew 2004: 90). Diuupove we ororyetar tov 2005, ot Ovycergrads excugetes tov A.E, nagdyouv moooudé ery aEla 4,5 1910, Sohapto, anaoxohowy 62 exar. eoyatsuevouc'es xa eEdyouv ceva xou umgentes alas nave an6 4 Tota. Sokdgua (UNCTAD 2006: 5). H zhadua| tous arivdean xethsiaret mAéov Shows toUs topes oveovoU- wilg SqaoTQUIMTAC. Ané to. EM. ME SexaETLAS TOV 1980 onpeLdverce yueCcoon Tov oxeTixod a govs tov weTaoUTLAO TONE xa SuvaUEAY cav=NON THE Ste- Bvotis excvdurrais Soaomorseytas evdixerioewv tov ToLtoyEvor's.? H avlEnon ow tow Sed0nEvov doaomeUsTHTAS WY A.E, auvodederdL ad waves tees ovyxevtgorotnans. ‘Evas ohoéver wrxostepos agiB yds A.E. ouppidher we ob0~ TOWIA 2KOPAIAH 1.0 6905 A. yonmponoeita eva ede ov 60 Aeon Zé) Ebon (638, Foreign Dice Investment). Os ASE ste be yeKs eos tegadaton wens OnoLes sa emreroyen ce wa 2a Sovgye jut va Doyerpoc exereiver pcr unig co ue dn ee. AWV ApH He HE ero ented ga (exer Boon ocroqutverion), cee ovvercryereh ‘ae cacy egy 400- A. Boye ‘rong amore pars as ogy Sows we my rooe} erage. Aev anal a exer HstoNHAOY weDBLOV 7 ry expan woo AOD. Lovage oovons go «m0 205 109 jeNOyHeO He qa ge (Cx 197: 10) 2. Kuala xonperomoconses umqoeot- 5, copies, urngetes rapoptis eye fomiarasv cov (omeoies mage “yuyos), tiemaoweies, hes HRS OO au unmgeoies yoroons eowaons, (Guin ness 2003: 89. 5354 TEQIPAQIES, N°16,2010,52.75 3. Ero omelo aun apEzet vee exon weet du or ovyrotoeis aveye0R ou ous musjoers exmpeisy x 19 AxOBOL oo Eryigte Nooisy yoosv uregexyiow 1a peyedn tay expen, ger ovyenhvOu" ofoeis we xyoowdeuemy ee. Elva ‘yowoes Ge 10 AKT anorehe To dBooIoyt ‘yg xonoUbEyens cas Tuy xpO\seDY ov xugdyovta eves WY Ogle plas i= ‘xt om gee eve Eros, AV AD AIT e- _mosse ug Rokjoels tay aQoiGaN, A uj row ejay nado, "Exe exe Det npoomdsueMy ai wy AE. evar urd 7.80% wceodeegn tov evetonorzav ‘yous 1wy nuhforay. Eyewat xodoger ‘pavon neem [Anderson, S., Cavanagh, J. (2000), Top 200: The Rise of Corporate Global Power, Washington D.C: Insite for Policy Studies} wath ono agenéoa ues ds ced ug 100 neyetnepes endow Iles row aie ov SL et AE. 04 xGhoores 49 eOveat node, Dhue we eke, 0 evfes auifoeig ms General Motor mig Daimler Crysler xat mg Royal atch Shell wreoBéou vo AE ms Ace lac, 95 Toate 0 Tsar ve coorjer Mery exam Sxspton nas 9 eid nandreyg YoMooKee or never 9 ovovonte ys Aaviag ee reinddour myo General Motors. 0% (Dicken 2003h: 29-20) 4. Ta oxanons Sebo yrs & ‘eqadueves nen ewe oysperes gods Az .goo06y om Beary xo exoUs 2005 ret xgoégjovee ans wv Evora &xdeon a ng sapndonues exerdioig 2006, n00 Eebuoe 9 Zovbutoneyn tay Hvaqven B Ox ye v0 Eyed ary Avene. TOY Oxxsfiguo to» 2006 (UNCTAD 2008). Bee covhre ra mo éyarpu ado Bebo ve, worden n aionuna rors eye, Treserra ya Sebquéva nov avidéyoun \emygrotes tou OE ans dhes us pies vou har, Ape n aBiororia tous egret tans 10 eo ogre nat 1 ou ‘eine eov avon ray eke or coxouin wrjgeousy ov rye gd dc gooerant ensxbov aviernng nat ogy ‘Yoong tov doom rors ummpeeny Eva. nau peyadsizego xoGOOTS omy SreyKpeOOH THs MayRdoWAS aQEEyeYyIg. KU- Los je TOdOVE Eueons extaraaNG, [EGM nQWTopavesY aE EyeBOs (mega- mergers) dtaxoamndy Egcyogdy neu Evyxoveriaeun, Exouv diapogparset yi- yaevties A.E, 00 HUQLAQKOUY GE RONAES ayODEs ROOIGVTDY xaL yewyOUGINES a- ‘yours, Toskerran xoois apprponia yar tegdores omovonureés Suveiers, te ol- ovowiced weyéOn cevefororxe. avemtypsveny omovoutey tov haifa? Hexonerny avery xau yeoyoupin enéxnaom ta A.B, éet mgod0- ‘njoet m Oewentuat ovtyfmon yia Tm Suva nea my Eero MIs zEYLOOHLO- Rotnons. Ot onadol evds Loxvoot Qeriuertos aE YMG, TE BENS THE UmTEQrAYyHO- ouwozotjons (hyperglobalists), éxowv goxogrjaet om dtanixwon TohyQddv BE- ceoy ya ty SoaomoLsMTA Tov ALE, Ze xe(weve tou pe onpavever azcnon 010 1590 TOY ExrjeroHfoEwY HAL OTHY KOU} Youn, LAooMECOUY bu Eyer 51, drapoppadel wa xeryRSOWKeL oMoVOWKA. yngts G6voQA. HAnoOPORLaL, tO Hepa avo Hat 1 zawvoropla Sraxéovte 0° Sho tov x6oUO je they/usdy teNgdieyEL Ke yovrac xorion twv véwv rexvohoyidy, eves Exouv bn StajooRabel Tlayzdoutes Eraugetes, ereugetes yooic xodros, eOvuar rautsmyra. xa xogoVerxotis neQuo~ LTHONG, Tov nagdyouV TuTOTONNEVE RQOISvEE. ROD azEUOLivOVEEH OTHY LH owia ayood. O mhavijens exe hEov iooredw0E! and Tig Svvdyers ts meYyHO- omoxoinons. “Exet 1600 ovgovenBel mov dev AhOV elvan awpaugIAds, GARG E- xiztd05 (Ohmae 1990, Reich 1991, Friedman 2001, 2005). Eivau paves su ot BéoeIg mE UREgAaryHOgWORO‘NONS eELaGvOUY THY REYyHOOMOTOMOT [Ne po Tay OLOLyevoroioNs. AxaELivouy Sycdy auTs xadaved 10 averxeijevo uehéme Ms YEaryeaglacs, To jdiQo xaL-m yoQLE StaqO- eoro{non, unovodvtas Ga n oNoLoyevoRo{Hon tov {cov OdyyEL avayeaoTHAd om cvgpinvennn xau/y neu Aton aUspLOBrfmON tMs yeoryoampas, Tosxerten ya je. ovromet cron yea MV xaxyZooWOROINO OV dev pxopEt Var vTOGTHOLAAEL axé epmeigrad dedopéva, Anevavetas, eeu yiver mhéov @pavegs Sun nayre0- oworoinon, cexd m pon THs, eGvan Eva yeayoagred pawvdpEvo, EE opLoLO ‘vaupé era oe Siadixaoves TOU ExdcGvovTaL ato jLeyadTEQO [KEQOS TOV TRULY! ‘Ty, waBidc nau ons eve avoneves Staqwdéoels TOV avarTicaoven aveiqLEGE OF diagogenxés nepuoyés. O tx0s xa1. 0 X6Qos e(vou averndonaota croujete ms ayeoomtorotnons nov xaBooCouy my eowTeoLet Suvoyey mai IC EMMTEGEI Tov PatvuEvov. Eivar arogiag d&1o nis pmoget va. wehemMel o xaTeEoyriy po- e€as mS RayxooWOnOMoNS, n UTEQEBVUA| AaQayoy, cyVvodveas m SiGoraEH OU 4Q0v. OL A.E, etvan as mH Grion ToUs OLovo|AEs-yew@yoagUAés ovEsm- ‘tes, O 0guayids tovs xa 0 hsyos naps tovs Buoterat omy w5éa ms yewyga- ‘puis dapogoxoinjong (Barnes & Sheppard 2000: 3), Snpieto exxtnons oxo1ao- Snore oveyfmons yer MY xeryxoopLorOIHOM dev pexOQEL va etvEA cKO a6 TM hekém tov LoQUAdy OGY nov avasrtHoaovTaL Ge marpAdoO enCxEsO KAU TOUS TOSROVS Ne TOVs oMOLoUS aUTEs StACVVd oven xaL ahANREMdQOY, Avuneluevo ins egpactas eivat 9 xagovataan xa1 0 oxouiaouds ty ob yy00- ing yeopoaglas ra d1eOviiv Sgaotmotonfron tov AteOriediy Exaugeuiy. H avec von BaotLerca omy emoxdaman oxetonc PiBhioyoouplas ora halve me oL20- ‘yonunis yewyoupiag, omy eneSegyaata otemanxdy ororzetwv! xau oro oyohia- O16 xoLoTedy SeSouEVOY yet Ty SQUoMOLSTHTA Tw jeyGhoy A.E, ov Exouv a- vehnGel and tov dteBvy OmOVOULAS Tino KaL TIS EMfores ExOEOELS UaY evAIOEUEY. Axohovdowy rola xeric To mdto (2) eomdter omy apemota tv ody AZE, xagovordter zy yewyouguay xetcavopy) tov onBavTASTEQEN LoOQGV- edgciv wy A.E. (2.1) nan eBerditer m ompuaata ts xeigas-égas ava rhaiava. tovevrewvopevony duadixaauiy ms aaryx6opLas ohoxhijowans (2.2). To Sevren0 (3) Suegewvés tig ekehEerg om TeEYoVER. dteBv¥} eumoQUA (3.1) Hat RaQaywYEy, (3.2) diefodv0y tov ALE, xabcis xa ToUs vEous TETOUS dieBVoUG EnExtaOyS wv SoaamguoT{tan tovs (3.3). Téhos, co xeevahapeixs roto KEepd.aio (4) ov- vowpiovrat ra. cupmegdouarta tay exyrdgous evorTOY neu OxLayoCpoGvTA Te 04 yagaumpuotvAé ts TeEZoVvaUs yeoyoupuels Edmhacns tov A.B, 2. H avofa0uiopévn onpacia ms xdeas-édoas Mic xevtguer] O¢on tov Qevpartos THs UNEQrayZoOWOROLoNs URoAMpKLEL Gt E- ow xarchuBet ot SeoHOl avdyece ous A.B. xavTy yiiga xeeraeyenyris TOUS. Ow ge( GU OLA, (ve cones (placeless) xau axeOvrzomompéves (denationalised) emeroriaric, nov dgaomoLonorotivran pe my (ta eeveor oe oMOLWdr}OTE HELOS evs haf nov bev yooetar ans eBvexd oBvOQE, a~pON or eEEAEE dia THY texvohoyUsY xaL TOV SteBVOs QUOnLETXON mEQIPKAROVTOS ExoUV Bn jmovgyticer jucr evieie. «svoryedopuet exupdverc (Ohmae 1990: 94, Dicken 2003a: 221). Avtuxeiyevo autos tov xeqahaCon even 1 enLeigLAy| emetdy|BevOy ¥ Swi yevo avers mg @Eays. Agnted (2.1) eBerdovear or addatyés om YeayocupLer naravoyn tow ZogGy mQdEkEvaNg Tey ASE. Tm ouveyevvt (2.2) Sregevverar o Baduds evooudéroons tov AE, omy x6ga-€0a. ax orowye(a SoaomLSmytaAs tov neyahitepov AB, oe neeynouo extnedo. ov se 2.1. Pewyoague} xaravouu tov xoouy mooéhevans Tov A: Zroygetar vow 2005 extypowy to shpos tov eEegZSjevaw ASE Ge 779 S10. dokdeua. TMo00016 83% wv EEEYSEVUN QOGY AEE exxivel cand avernywevn Z050a. “O70 deKyvouy 1a. SeSouéva tov Xéory 1, ovyxexomeves yeioec-wé2ay ts E.E., Ov TA aun Tasovic. anotehosy m ssod-édo« THs Neyaaas Mheroynplas tov ALE. (2005). ANG ta QGite, OTGSUA. eBGROONE THs UMEQEOVUA|s REQAYERTTIS EVES [Ie 2955 aQuIds YOQG aotEhosae tig ASQes-ESgES TOY oMpeeverAtiy A.E, Oder Sedoueve ovvqyogowy Sty Aho, Ue RAmoLES SuapogoRoUjoers oY EOUwTE- qua neerdrakn tov yoosv-edody, eEaxohovbet va magapéver to (0 wyvor, ne orjuegd.. OL HITA xc 10 Hywpévo Baathewo nagayévouy onpeavenés yeiges co- ovohifg AEE oF Shes us pacers avdarrvéns mye ue geOwuaris agcryeryrs, Th Se- xqerior tov 1960 ASE we Ege THs HITA set 10 HLB, tooqpodorossocy thy xryx5OHLL oLzovonicr je te 2/3 Tey eEEOXSHEVOY AEE. “Extore zat ot Bvi0 465086 e&ctuoROU- Ooriv vor emderzvdiovy onpcevtiny Stevi] exevduriny SoaomoWGIT, wousao G- es wages cevearnicaovren jue YONYORStEQOUS QUOHONS, EY EOGTHOTH TOU HB. evmnoordter n abiéheirmy nagovate ms Yeas «os oMLavTER|S yeas azOCTO- nfs ABE, we Sedoeves tis xQOPInwarinés nace xaugoris emiBGoeLc ms eyAHOLUS orxowopiag. Or exaugeles tow HILA eiyav pevopevy BreBvy| SgaatQUGRyTe cats ta. réhn, ms Sexaertas tov 1970 néxor nau Tis agyEs Ms dexaerlas tov 1990, xv- gis ASyw TOV avTEYOMLAHOS cand THY AVOHOH LaTEDVLR OKOVOMEL, CAKE cd tg agyés ms dexaerias tov 1990 éxowy emavexcuyer Suva, expeTaAACVHEVES To avteryoviotas mheovéxtntia ov TOUS TOOGSISEL y oMWLAVTKAH TexZVOROYLAr tovs wtepop de Suvaxor's xkdiBous ms véas orxovojias® (Dicken 2003a: 54). ZOOIA TKOPAIAH 5. véa onronte avagéprta ons © namie tw Teyohoyiy Tapowoovels & Exvowomiy ong ezigoe mat uxxgoornovonins xeexPahov. Eiugore ie tov Castells 9 véa oxsvoqle «pero Yee» ong HA, nig yy Kedgdove, Sexaeri TV 1990, we enixep0 100s 10 eG mg AngoPORKE, tw soNHAOOKEO ‘voto wangeouty ae Myo aoyseeQ ms floterohortas. Ondo eUnor Bey fF ray nOv0 ravorsuce ae nodtGrea aa Ba eaaotes, cd eodgnoony aveés ng mvo- oes ey ogra vous Sop Hee we ‘49 00 ertayonapos ws SieBwoay yore: Oat 0 dons xdous onwrounays oH ssepuGyras (Castells 2000: 147-19). 5556 fEQIPA@IES, N°16,2010,5275 Xagrng 1 Or oqnarrandtepes riots xpothevons x0u gooploso% ASE, 2005 Bk SS EN Amrotguara AZE ‘is Sondra) Eiepxéyore Efeoxépora 1000 Tip UNCTAD 2006, 6. AE. we tga my Een [URS (26), Nestlé (53), Credit Suisse (57), Zurich Financial Services (63) aaa yy Ona [Royal Duteh Shell @), Ne Group (13), ABN Amo (82) wat Royal Ahold (83) “pecncéyorren ox 10) jeyisepes AE, oe nayatowo endo ne xorQ10 To go ‘wr aDjgew xov Smuooteuar 9 Buen fmaBesignan Fortine ro. 2006 (Fortune 2006). © piss omy nxpéveon Sniver -m Bom mE EREKOHIONS oT EEA Eniong, ovyrenouréves nagadoorand eSworpereis wyvoss orxovouies HuAgv xnQdin, Sune 1 Odhavdia, Lousiana n Edperia, aorehovv d1ay00- ‘vund onuerveinés xSges axooTOhtis AEE. Ot oavontes wav pooay aut Exouy cagT ESworpepy xaportiog, 6 UGvo exerdy to pEyeBos TOV Ey,QUOV cryORGV tous efvat jux96, Kar or rpets 46i9es rear TONG oniaveind eunooind woden ex ce1gd auivoy, eves n Odhavdla umjoke OA wxZvOH anoueronpaa S6vaun (Cones 2005: 233, 241). Tic tehevrates bexcertes nogupates AE. o& nary25av0 exixedo diammgoty my édga tous ons yshoes aueés,° Ziupava pe ta Sedonever tov 2005, n OhAavdta nerakaupever ty xQdty Aon omy LeQagy{a Tov yoQGV anootoiiig AZE, we exevOurtnds ooes tHpovs 119 510. 5ohagtwv (UNCTAD 2006: 3). Mogret ver onnerobel dry avehiy ts OdAavd(ag omy moc OEon to 2005 eéveu ovyuguonay xa evdenera| ms mhaguamais evedvas Mg MQCEYHeETLAGETASov petoget var aoScicouy ta. oxcerioTixd Sedoueve. cry Sev auvoderiovran cd Hs anagaimtes xoLoTixés xagammoraEis xaL cyoALaoKS. To 2005 9 BoEtavexiy ouppegovt Shell Trading & Transport avyyoventxe je THY OMkavd tar} exct- gett Royal Dutch Petroleum évavn tov xohoaouatov noGO6 Tow 72 618. Bore lev’ (UNCTAD 2005: 16). Mic. oeigd arverrrwynsves yesgec, Ss y Pequavic, laxcwvta, y Paco nat 7 omavia, éxouv AyStego xavovury Ster{Qowway cupmtegupoge. Ze xeimores yoownss eqiddous umjggav onpcevtinés xiges aacootohyig AEE (mg. 1 Tateovi ard ag Sexcertes 1970 xc 1980), eves ae xdnores dec, hye Suopevors o- Juinis ouyevoias f ouowoTmdy xeovooiondy, enédeiEay weyadiirenn eowoToE- eve. (ac, 1) Pequerviar tay exo} tov peconongpov) (Cox 1997, Lafontaine & Maller 1999). Tat Sebonéva. tow 2005 anoxahiimouy Gu xoaoatd 17% tov cuvohuxiy ASE, tipous 133 510, Sohaginy, Ezovv aspemota aveartucadqevn xxiv. Koy - 6 tig hryStego avertwynves poiges Sev xecTaTGaaETaL ois KoQUIpALes [0508S (- omtohrfs ABE, oOTso0 Te TeReVTELA ZOGVUE y| MaQOUOKE. ToVs yivELEL Gho xeH eQLOGstEoO aLaOnT}, Modmertar nolo Yue Tis avadusueves ovovoutes TIS Averohunfg Aotas (Xovya Kovyx, Taipav, N. Kogéa, Bryxcerotign nat Kiva), nabs xau us mhoriates neTQEhuonagayoyés Ages Ms AgaLxrs XEQGOVE- ov. To 2005 7 nhEov anpuavti avettvoaspevn yiiQ«. amoOTOts AEE rita 10 Xovyx Kovys (xov avifze. xh€ov omy Kiva, ahha eBaxonovde( va nacaryodge- ‘at Eexoiord), we enevdsoers yous 33 610. SoAcof@v (UNCTAD 2006: 20). 2.2, Havafaeuouéry onuctata ins yeboas-€60ac ISXYPOE EONIKOE POSANATOAIEMOE OIKONOMIKON IAPAMETPON AteBvets ogycevronot éyovy xertagricet yuo. cet9d and SeCeres ov exnHOY mY apovate. pias A.E. omy yssoa-é5ga THs. O onpeevnxdtegos ad cnvtots eval O obgoioads deixerns dreOmxdeqras (Transnationality Index - TNI). Yxokoyte- at o¢ eninebo eraugetas xa agovoudter my xcEcavo} BacwAsy OKLOVOLEABY rQaETQWY Was AE, (eveoynn2d, whrfaeis 4ou oxy Shnom)* oe Bio ooved enineda: aL evtds ME yHoas-EBoac ME, xOoKG va MeIDE EL xeYNLG TRNQO- pooia aT YeUyQapLA EUBEREIE Ta ExT: MS ZeQUS WEYEBGY, AMady actO~ tehet ompaveees uérQO exex{pmO|S Ms OxETUAKs ONpAOKas Ms Y5QUG-CdQas, HHA o& xqqud negirt@am Sev aOTEhEt nETEO THE meEYASOWLAC eGmAOONS Was A.B. E€unaxoverat Su, 6oo mo exrerauevy meryxdopua e&dndwoan exer wet AE,, t600 pwxosregn efvar y agovote ms om ysiga-Edgcr ms. AN6 10 1993 9 Zwvdidoxerpny tov Hvonevoy EOvGy yur 10 Bjixsoio xa my Avéarrvsy excyid G€ enijore. Bean Tov adgoioTx6 deter dreOvEAGMTAS 14. 1s 100 xoQUPALES, NE HOLT|QLO 10 thyos tov evegyNTUAON, AE, ve meryxdapuo extereBo. AaxoovERd. 1 1- Inf tov defi augaverca we aoyoris QvOMOrs. Thy mEKiTy ZQOVIE UROLOYLGHOS Tov, to 1993, y rn toU rfrav 51,6, neta ans 6 xosvee eye cevéyBet xere et xO- coonata woveiba (Dicken 2003b: 30-31). Anady co udvo 46600, n xs0a-€50C, ovyxevtociver hiyo htySteQ0 AX6 1 MOS twV BasLKdY ormovowabY Ragan TQWV TY HEYAAITEQOY A.E, Ge ayXGORLO EninEdo. E—ysoov Lue} Evatt LES: var urtis peyadsireges AE. ce maryxdayto extnedo, dav efvau hoyves va v0- Oéooupe Gu or cudevtred Teeyxdomtes Excugetes vnepexnooawmosyran, 1x10- FOOIA TKOPAIH, 7. Avrionoe, 10 2000 0 HLB. exe ape ex nos Hon tor yoy apoE ‘Quo ASE exetdn eerawoa} Vodafone regaae dave rv aargovoqsxKa8 x000 ‘wo 173 Bc. dahagia wy Yeo} Ma ssmann AG (@cbusiness 0302200) 8. Etvat 0 cqudjqned 6005 we snyégous deve: Bveqr oro eure 446 / Bivolo evearnteY, Takis oro eSoreous / Zivolo rwsjgew, uae Ane sho oro eewreous / Zivado exes Jago (UNCTAD 2008: 8). 8758 FEQIPAQIES, N°16,201 9. Eubouivep, 0 Hist & Thompon & myeigniv duypowds xa yeorgagtiss ovprgiaetsavaioveasSxdoqeva Gn Bio lass Bets BeBousvanr 1 osha neg aypaver oro evegrnma, mole tay, nadine Ovyerpeni exyegoe0y (1987), 500 A.E, pe ga ySpEC Kee 84, Pequevic, Fexwowa, HBL eat MA, HE Seiecgn nepdqisaver enone maljaety at evegyexot (1982-1993) yu meptoas= ges cows 5.000 A. ye Mon wg 506s Taina, Feouavia, Odiavie, Tenavea, HEB, xa HMA (RL avevnes xapdgennet Hirst_& Thompson 1096: 202-205). 0 Dicken eget 10 uepibo way Efva 30 Injoeon, évoU event wax Eve cna oedoijewn, ex(200 avwshov maser, EvEQPROIN He axaycouéwow (1994) ‘av 100 jryeregan’ BE, o€ ey HOWO E- isebo, je zou wo eweoy ys MO Be Berovy oe Eeves ges (Dicken 1998: 193- 196, Tos (BioveSetees unahoye ee Allen yes 69 neyehiveges AE, oF xc ‘pescquo entnebo (1989), pe argu 10 V- ‘Yos twv sohiar (Allen 199: 63-67), ove vee oUUTEEAVOUKE tL 10 GBvORO TY A.E. e&cxohoudel ae AOE weycho HauBLs va e6vex evompatenevo xou ver eEaQréeoL Gece. cand HY rOhITUAH Kat O1- ovonat avyruota me K5QUs-Ega5 TOV. Tho efeSixeunéves enebeoyaates Sedonévon ya. weyahirego agus AE, and evadaxtuxés mpyéc? amonahiarowy noks ungv96 eBvixd nOOGAVEEFOMONS ‘eau yuo As TOEIS PasLAEs ovAovopLAés RagapErQoUc. ‘Olec or eneEEoyaaTes nce TahtfyOUV oro HOW crore oaque. Stn ZSQU-BQa1 eEaxohovbet ve aztotEhet Tm Baovar eyood ya ty ovvepuata mhevoynpla tov exyyergrjoeav. EEatoeon «uto- ‘ehosv ot emperoraeis OU Exouv my EU tous Ge UKE EY UGoLeC ayOoKE, He qagaxmotonxsteges meguTUboeis my Ehperta, my Odacwvdter nau tie onawdvvee- Buaés nines, nov avaynaowxd emderviouv jeyonsreon eEwarosipera. TEAS, €- preiguid ded0néva emBeBausvouy dt. y ouvrguTTLAy zheLoYNgla Tov jeyeddtee- ew AE. xov Soaomotomoworivian oe SteBvés exinedo eaxohovBowy ver Suctoy- ou Ta ompeevtUAd oTOLZELaL TOV EveoyATLAOH toUs om ZQa-€QE TOUS, X@POOETHSH BASIKON AEITOYPLIQN 3TH XOPA-EAPA Yroometterar du or «Flaryxdomtes Excugeres» duvqtosd éyouy m Suvarsayea. va foQoBenfaowv wc SpaomoUimTEs tov, apTEgAAUPavouéyNs xeU THE avEiTEONS diowmuars Kerrovoyiac, o¢ omorodiistore Egos tov x6ayoV. Qov600 xpsocperta dedouéva moronoLOsy du. 1 yeovoagua xcctavoU} TOY Atoumtxdy Kévtowv wv AB. axohovdet my yeayoapuay xaravoqn) tow Yagdiv-edcv, Ze nayu6o}o exizxedo, 01 sorceyndontes 1OhEig» Néa Y6gn, AovOlvo “au Téuio pihoevowy 1a. Avownrixd Kévron. tis neydins ahetoympias tov wyugdv AE. tov ahayyiey xe cexorehowv nig agus Ts MayxSoULES OLKovOM as. AxohoUOel jue CELDE 20 nEC) Ov je YaROUROHEDY, WETAEN TY OnOLwV n Moayxpotigm, 10 Tlaocer, wo Bactyo, vo Aos Avitehes, 9 Sxyzanovon, t Xovye Kovyx, nov arrotehouv 10 devtego &: xinedo ms neryxomlas eoaoy{os TOV aoTHAAY ZEVIOWY Hew piAOEEVOLY Kevtol- a6 eu Tlequpegerend Atouentind Kévroa omuaveeay A.B. (Guinness 2003: 58). H yewypaqunr xdhavon eEaxohouBet ver vplorcerau xa enjueoa, agot n pion TOY egyaouiy mg Kevrownig AtoGmong eSaxohovdet vo acute’ wyugds orovoui cowais ovynévrooons, B10 onpeto evts ngéscet ver emampervOe(n advveysia. TV vaBa®pionevoy texvohoyusy exxowaovdy va vaoxarconjaowy mM SVEN TIS duargoawmns exagrc. Avodurés ww emyeiorfacwy excyosv éu exagés oov- EvUC WALOQOKV «wc Eve. PAA VEL aveLxor@OTABOtV and mAEGaNVIREs YouNTEES ovvevvorjoeic, ahd o1 Suagoammixés enoupés eEcohovBowy va efvau tehetws a- ragatmres xa omy exogy tov Ataduxnov. “Eyer diamataes én 1 SiaTQ000- mun exagy eu cuvepyagta odnyet ce avgnuévy oxoTeheoutudeyte wat ST movgyxdarra, eve mixpds Sueceydvosrs ary Goove, THY ExMOGON xe THY HEN on To oyppereZSvea, av ovvEXTY NP OMaTE, ROO va. efven xaBOQLOT- xs omy ertirevsy ounpaudy eat my entkvon xooBAnudivoy (Zx0QS0n 2004: 73-74), H eynerrdoraon tow Kevrguasiv Poapeiwy wv A.E. oe weydhn actuny xe clon moa GEEL m Suveersenea nQCIYHCETOROIHONS dtEowY SuAPOOURLAY E- OGGY Sp USvo we ErzeronpUeTIAONs, TaELLAars neu xuBEOVITLxONE xAEYO- ees nov efvat eyxarreomévon omy (Bice evgvtEoN mEQIO|T, GAG xaL [ke OE 21 AIS EnrxeCQnONE TOV jLRoVOKY OxeTINd exo. va. Emaxe@Bot ta KevtoIud Toapetar iyo tw nodharhcv uetapoorady dievnodsivoeaw nov maoE Yer tO I> ToRONUx6 xEVTOO. Tlagsnoios LaYLEds eOVEAds MpOGAVETOALOWEs RAQAMEL- aL neu ong hetrovpyies Baowns “Epeuvas wv neydhov A.B,H yewyoaguay shoo ae aveiteges Stovenutés nar eoevvntinés Boa- ormousmyres tov A.B, efvor xarravorny xox avaievoueyy. AUT xv eveuword- fet meQaadrego eivan 1 onnavELAy yemyoaupLay ovyREvTQWGN ZOU ECxOROV- fet va magemgettan ong xagayuryungs hettougyles tov A.B. H Svantoraian av- ‘nf TexpnQudverar and vig MpMhes trEs tov defum yeayouuac xaTavoUris TOV duyargixsiv excugerdiv. And tic 100 ueyadtiteges AE, huysteoes cen 20 Startn- ow xeQloadteges and nis aks magaryaryinés ToVs eyRataOTaEIs OT0 eEwtE- (qv%6 (Hirst & Thompson 1996: 78-98, Dicken 1998: 193-196). Hageryanyunés B9e- omeuseyces wynais npooHOEKEVNs aklas ExrehovvTEL yEd6V carOHAELOTINE OE idiGutes eyHaraoTaers ov Sucrmoosy OF A.B, oT Y5OK-kge.tOVs. Five ev- deed Gu 1a. 2/3 tov egyazOE Vw oMIY agar THs ETUQELaS KaTOKEDT|C juzgoeneZeoyaotay Intel, nov anotehet nla an 1g ARéov nayeooLorONpEVES, eraigeles ts Enos, amaoxohodvean o¢ wusemTes eyaaTUTéOEIG THs EU{EC- ‘noms evtds tw HIIA (Jones 2005: 99). FONIKH ETAIPIKH KOYATOYPA 1 A.E. e&cxohovBoty va. eivan poets tov emnédov yveEw, TOY KOLOVL- USY, ROMTAGY, OKOVONALBY et TOMTOPLHY LAQUATIOOTRGY THY YOQEN-E- doc ToUs. H xagcenfgnon avn Sev wxovoet dnt A.E. Ue KOU] YoiQe erERYCOYT|S etvan tourSonpes. Evvoetrc dv. 1 etaiguaf xovktoviga. neu ot orpam AEs EI hoyés tov A.E, myatouy ans m ovyxexouévy worogia ms nae emzeronons. Qorsao oxetinés nehéres Exouv delGer ut ot A.E. pe xowvy xaroryoyt| Howgdto- Yea nOlAG xowd yagaxtmeratixé oto vep0s ts Btotenons (management style) au Ty exaiguer xovkTONQa. AV xa undgyowv diapogés HETAES emyELorIgE@V rng tras eOvexdeyrac, ve yevonds YOOMES, emxELoraELs LE Kow'] noOEhEVEN E- J0W ORY EQIIDSTERES ONOLIMTES LETAES TOUS UYAoLTIAE Ne EmUAEIOHOELS O- 16 Dragogennés 10508, Tipdawares nehéres amoxaksarovy aquavernés Suapogés oro vipos ms, BioGmons, oY exaLQHAH KoUATOLQA, Onis Emhoyés xeu GTIg MOTEQAISTHTES jte- WBN ALE, drapogensnfg moochevans, diapoges stOV EMyLEVOUY na MeEQE WTOC Cou ayy azoreheouatin cuvegyaata metas tous. Methane ot Stupones etvent equpervets 6xt udvo aveineoc. ae A.E, wwe Zod SuacpogeTiay} MoO.EVON, UAE xa avdyeoa oe AE, nov nooéoxovean and hoes we AapazTRfouc oruovoMAE Kou ‘yeoyoapind xagaremeound. To anorehsouera xydagams oxetuArs HehEMIS a- vaupégovy tig dvaxoALes nov cvvdivmoay BuyaToués emyeLorjaers vooBHYLAV AL, exeSegyaotas ahouuvlov eyxerteompéves orov Kavadd om ovveoyaota ‘Tovs He vedmies emtyerorfaeis, Or vooBnyweés A.E., pooets tov azuiv me oxavdt- ‘vafiaig xovhtodgas, édwvav mpTeQaUIT TEL om GUVEQyAOKE NETaN THY EoyaLO- hévov, oo noLGMITAL TO mEOTSYtEY, TM hoyLAy aveoven tow AQOPIntEOV OU avéxumray, evs, avetororye, ot xeevadixés emyerorfaers mpowBovacy to svete TOV arojuxiaHOs, Ewa aotepaUsmyea om Starnjonon ms ovvézevas Ms AOA yoyunfs duadixaotas évevertys oIStHTAs, oY adudizomn Sodan ve Pigos THs c- ‘véihuong (Nilsen & Carlsson 2005). Avetororyes iehétes mpopdidowy tHY EMLOVN} ‘Twv YeEQueEvUAy eTcUgeUdy oTHY DFE Tov xeAvvEOY ms EQyerMrfs VOHODEAKAS Hau omy emhoytl ovoaenymGv eEaapetans Ms HeoOZOSWAs BlooydTHTTAS THs exaugelas Even orgamywuiy wpriaov ofoxov (Lafontaine & Miller 1999). 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H akyhentSqaay tov eOveusy xagaxmovoTxdy tov A.E, ue 1a tomnd yagaxmmoiotred tow xoQuv nov Us @UADEEVOGY RaQayEL oe nd0e zepiaroon Eva vPoLdwo Wiacteoov yagcvemoLoridy (Dicken et al. 1995: 34), Etveu qaveos dx ta xagaxmorotied wv navaduady emujeroroeoy nov nareyoaipe n pehém tow Nilsen & Carlsson, mov ée1 avarpegQet orc. ayé- 0s RoOHYOULEVE, pOIdCiCOLY ore BactAd xapaxeoLoTUG TOY EM{ELQOEOY ‘WY HITA, noV EO LoZVEH] Hau WaAXQOZEVIA maQOVOLa HAL ExL{eLoNpeETtA Sodan orov Kavadé. DuvoiCovras, eusreiquids pedéres Eyouv deEer du. o1 A.E, xo ogowv oe MooTAQUOY | TEOLHEOELaXAY SoaoTHOLOTLANY TOUS OTIS ToMAEs GUVOKeES, EVE ons nevrguaés tous dgaom|ausmytes diampowy nic Soxjaouevec noaucenés OU epaguetowv we exicuyia ovis pntoinés tous yape5 (Dicken 1998: 196-199). 3. Teoygapua| exéxtacn tw A. Dovormnd, néyoL-TC apZEs Ms SexctevKas tov 1980 jpnogovte va. SieepGvouue dti0 uaxo0-neoIsSous oMHY EEEAEN ms UAeQEOVUAs napaywryr, Karé my 9csuin xegiodo engnxaons ms vneged onic nageeyeaytic, ROU &- mretverat a5 ra. t2 TOU 190 EOL HC Te EEL TOV 200K aUsveA, 1 SLeOVHIs SOA omptuyta wy Tohvedvvady Exenpeusy agogovor xugting omy extréma expe- re@Hevor wat eneBegyaata moWrOyEVGY anyGv quowUdy xbQEN. OL onpeevTUAES Brounyarvies ms eoyris (cryoo-toowpeeés, zmués, nrexrosivoms) elyav avéiyren ax6 peydhes noodmrtes xQGTOY Vhsiv ye eneZegyaotat (Ietto-Gillies 1997: 69). Or xveudteges ook AEE etyav cupemota ysiQes ms pmTRSROINS xa xPOOQLOLS ‘Us amounles rove, dro xe arohdnPaevary xQOVOWWOLAE Brecuadcta. YoHIONS TON may TY TEGtOY ViiSy, To 1939 ov avartvaSpeves ges Ms Aotas xaL-ms Aarvunis Aueguais axoggopotioay xoa00ts 67% tov avvdhou tay AEE (Barf 1995: 53), Be juxodrego Padus ompewsOnpeav ASE xpocavarodowot ayoods nov ordzevay omy eEummgemon eOveasy ayoosy pe emrdmua nageywys. 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Avo trav ot aoreés Suaboonés tov Qo AEE xoDGAVEFOMOHON AYO Qdis: a6 us HTTA mQ0s tov Kavadé x01, to H.B. xa ad jee evpeometinn} yeige 21905 [a ¥ REQLODGTE RES yerToweés EVQMAAILAES ~eQes (Cox 1997; 42) H devtegn xeolodos extetveren a6 tic ayes Ms HETaMOAEpUAIs EOE dou wéxor nau nig aoxes me Sexaerias 1980, Kiiquo zagaxmo.oxs ms eéveerema tun} vt0B40juoT toy AZE mQOGEVErTOALGHON ~uOLEY ASOIOY Hay ONE _yauni avézrruy ASE xpoGavaETOhLOHON ayogds, H xordaynon ts cenorxvoXoK- ‘a7 Badtuaia amodéouevay ms Ploungavias axd neydihes RoasEHTES Gu- cuxv mgcitoy vay obryel a€ EvTUMOLORy jECoXM THY AZE WOO tis avaTTYO- adueves 10i0¢c, Zyneusverar hourdy anpcevtxds ceveenooouverro Mouse TeV AEE. ard Us avaTTUGASueVEs MOOS THs avEMTUYHEVES y150EC, Hpsuertan wvgKns Yet AEE mQOGaVETOhIOHOt ayoods OU EZOVV T690 axpeETHQIC (HUES HITA) 600 xa MQOOQINS avyxenounéves averTyRévEs J69eS (AVES ZOE Ts A. Eves ang). H tezvohoyint vnegoxs| tov HITA, 1 taxele. amoxardotaoy TOY OLxovO- juGv Tov cugamatxdy xoody Hau ms Taavias nerd tov B Terysouto The Ho, nabs xa OL emuTTEdGELS THs eCpaQHOYY{S Ts Zo*Povlag Bretton-Woods (1944) om Svarjgnon owvadherypeenais oraBegérytas evvsnacey ty Sqwovoyicr evs voyugod QevjeELOs AZE mQOGAVeHHOMGHON aeyOOKs (Barf 1995: 53-55). ANS ra néoc me Sexccerlag tov 1960 avarnioaera évas vEos Tinos AZE OV oxOAS E{eL'm pelOH TOV xSoTOVG nagerywyris. Or Tohwebvexés Ereugeles yevovean m nevmnfgua Siivayin mov mOOKaAEl jeyding xA(uaxas petarontaeis OMY sAYHS= outa. ovovouvay Sqaomoustta at Stapoogssvouv éveey Néo Avedvy Karape- QLOUS me Eoyaatac!” ae nayxdouio exixedo, Extheyséves Todvebvenés Exat- petes mQoyHonacy oMY aTOXEVTQ@G TOU GUVdROV Hf PRcEwV THE AAQAYOYL- ang Suadwnaatas ae Ovryargraés magcryaryres povddes nov eyRaMOTOWY OF x65- Q&S ZAJMAON eoyEMLXON xSaroVs, xvOlas OTs EMovoWALSpEvES TeyoEIS THE AVE rohvatis Aatas, Xovyx Kovyx, N. Kooga, Ziyxaroson zat TaiBav, zov ovve- roti tig Nées Buoynyzavinés XGges (NBX)."! Eg agyés tye dexaceriac tov 1980 hoirsy 1 B. Awegrar xc nA. Evora caxorehovoay us dio Pacraés yeoygamprAés EQLOKES AAOOTOts Rc RE 7OO- op10HO AEE oF aceyxSamio extxedo. H Tamavia nooaetive WvO to 1% tw zee ROOMY AZE, EV exrerapEves AEQLOYEs TOV mhavifEy, Sms ot SyoRoaEs “Tyg Tre EXEA xa o1 houtéc oooraduatexds yiigec THs Kevtguarig xa A. Evgcims, 1 Kéver xan 9 Lv8Ge, tfrav angooréhaares equoyés Yue tig AE. Eng bio Sexcerles nov Exovv wecohapraer ams tre n yewyoowuny exéexc- om tv AE. €yer Buocpogorounbet anprvrved. Ta xQoibvea toVs Eovv deersdtioeL ce ves yemyounprats «you Eyouy exexcael o& vEES Ys5QeS MOOORLTHON ‘ac ov orgeemmyixes Bre Ovoris enéxereans nov epaagudtouy Eovv juxoH| OYE NETS agadoountes oxpeennyueés tow moCito peromohemixdy SexceTuiy. Zé RoW Bad- 16 Gping Efowv npoGEYyiGEL To NQSTUTO Tw TeyxSowON ExageWGy Rov EMAC Joivrat o1 onadoi ms vrEQReryKOGWLONOMONS; Anhadyf exaIgEUsv sTOU zIQeyOUY ouoisuogga tuxonomeva moOLSvee. xoV aE vO OvTEA oTHY aUxyRSORLE EYORE, Ego m Suverrseyro. vo. YoQOEN|FOVY ZaL Ve. ExcrveRKQOBEN|aOLV cyeace IC doaorovsmmrés toVs ve oxoLOdyfrore WEgOs TOU XSoHOV Hau EqPAQHSEOUY HOLES, orgeren ued eceynsoqas evtomadmyracy (Ohmae 1990); Bra xher(oua tow xeqpo- haiov emzergetra va Bo8et aacdveyon oe cevT6 to Eodita eBerdCovras THY TE ovo. SieOv¥, eyoova} (3.1) xan xaoayoyny (3.2) diefodvoy tw A.E., wads nau tovs véous TESnOVs dieBvotis EExtaAAN THY SoaoTQLON|TE TOUS (3:3). 3.1. Atelodvon oF diebvels ayoots Otpeydhes AE., nooxey.évou va. cuErfoouy Tov 6yx0 To nudifaEy xN GQE TO. £o086 tovs, Exowv dvo Racwxés emihoyés: efte va. dtapogono.oty ta vpLOTd EVEL YOOIA SKOPAIAH 10, Ovopaota xov xab.eqsOn ye Eom 100 oyjave%06 fuBNiou The New Iernational Division of Labour (1980), row F. Frobel, J. Heinrichs & O. Kreye (Cam- bridge: Cambridge University res) 1, Atv vxdgy@ open ger ye oy cx agi tov NE. Yas peta eva eosiayfdvouy aa v9 Aces Apeoueis (MeErA6, Bo ax gigs mg N. Evgsiays (lone, Tog, soya, Novysookapia, Eka) (Healey ‘Iibery 1990: 292.293), 6162 FEQIPAQIES, N°16,2010, 5275 12. Moaooes 33,7% nav musfoeov mg Nestlé (2002) xpodeyewa and ies mg A gornis, ms Anawafs Aeponis xa og Meas Aveo (Schivats 2000, ‘dat va mQoaqEQOW VEAL MQOIGYEE TIS YEWYOAUPLAES cryORES SOV Hn SQUOTIOLO- owotiveat (avderruéy aeyoodiy ngotévta), efte ver eQLogicowy my yxceL TOUS OE Lorqv0e ejerogued ojpcrer ta. oxrofe. Va nQOWBOLY Ge excerapLEy Ye@ryoAGUA ‘youd (avarwEn yewyoapinsy aeyoosv). Or vées owvOijxes me aeyoods emf how mv viodémon ms Sesteons EMDoyI{c ye ToVs aeQLGGStEQOUS HAGBOI xovowonig Soaomolsuytos. H exxévreaan mg yRGuE TOV moOGPEOSuEVEN xo oiSvra oF avoTHod Extheypéver nQCISveA, GvA. onOKa n eniZetonon Exel, He xiyd. Gu pmoget va caxoxnfoer decd, verve Aon omy avout, pxOgEC va ON hoe oe SgaoTAy netwoy Tg TUUHs TOV Setxm arabeod Eoda | abla xwhjaeuv, ov aztotehst to xoloyto juéye80s nov ROOTBLOgKEEL TY NEQdopooLa mE Exel anos, Ta oradend oda evar avehaowad xc cepopasy xvQKang om YoM|ALOdS- mon mg “Epewvas & Avdinmueing xau ms 1QOOnoy twV nQdIGVEDY OTH ceyORE. Me dedouévy ty aguedmyra tov eBvixcy toOvs ayoos, n dtevorOKIOn TaN Soa~ ompionjtwv tov A.E, tev aventvyjievan xooa oe vées yeuyoupreés avooks a- xorehe( povsdgono yea my avEnon Tw runyjae«v (2098%2 2000: 210-213). Luzva vroomorteraa du, av undoxerxén Svting nayndojwo, aves efvan y ayood. Tic teheutaies Sexaerics Bofoxera oe e&Ehiey wa dvadwaota obyxh ong Tov eOvIKGy naxavahoTAGY MOTUNaEEY KEL THE aYoOUOTHA;S OUHTEDL goods. ‘Oho nat neyasteoos aoLdids aryafksy eu vangecuay xaravanGvera migov o€ neydnes yenyoupieés aryooés. Qorsao dev Eyer EoBer (cmsuct;) n Goa YA THY EUAN TOV «Evowraior», 1500 uedAoy TOV eeryASouLOL», HeLTCVO ham. “Exet axoderybet omy moan dn n dtadwa0ia avyzhions tay eBVIXGY ‘Hau seeQupege uaa zaravehoruaiy mpotimoy efveu egaugeriAd apy Stadixc- ‘ofa. (Barcham 1995 H ovormporuay wehéen ms yeoyoarpunrig xarravouns tw oryogdy tov x0- Qupatay A.E. o¢ nayadowo entxedo and tov xabnyyr} Rugman odiiynoe om diaxioroon Set GVO po WHAOH| HELOWNPLa Tw ALE. UnOQOtW va yagaxeMoL- otros neeyndomes erauoetes ue THY avamO Evora Tov dgoV. Andy} ETEUDEC £5 mov SpaomoLonoLvvrat Ge jLeyeAO AQUOS ZoQGy xa1 e@agHdLOLY oTEAT- ‘yunds nayadoqtac edgatwons, H weydin meioynpla tv A.E. xepvoottowv Tig dSoaamorsmyrés tvs evtds tH OpKwv, cuvNBEoTEQA. TOV evs, GTAVIETEE TOY do xo. ae6yny mo OMdvLE Ka TOW TOUBY AAV Ts TOLABLAY{S orovo)iac. H oLadva} oMovoula edodterar ce TEI mVAGvEs: EvgGmn, B. Aweouey, A. xc NA Aota.- Avorpodta, nov ovyxevegvouv to avvegutxd nodoat Ths NEyX6- quads orovonuais Soaomorseytas. O ade swhcivas me teUGdas axed6v oV- uniater we dxo1oy onwavtnRs mEQUPECELANS ELIROQLAS CUVAOMOHG xa YOQU- semotGerar and nagewpeoy extxeda ayoouatinic Stivaymg, xertavahornGy mQ0- ‘TROY, earZeronMaTXo AEQIBEALOVEOS Hau QUOMOTAGY xavévov. Ey ovata Jourdy nosuerean ya neQupege vanes xaL. Sy meryxdomtes eroLo Edqaores A.E, €xovy a thoy euxogany mapovata extds wv xogay ms TeUddas. O1 dtapopes ora Karavahornd nQStAd, MY ayogaowEy Sivapn, THE owvbrfnes uerapopdc, tig undgyovaes umodouEs, Tis nokmmouunés napadéoetc, caxeuroby meodEHTIXS OZEdULOKS “aL ReévOUV WiateQa Qupoxivduvy THY ené- wr oF yvworES HAL anONeHOVONEVES CeYORES Ext TOLdSaE. AeV hetTOLV ‘ra agaderypara anorynnérns dte(advens o¢ aopaxguouves ayooes nov é- ov Béoet Ge nivdUVO MH PlooMLGaTe Weydhov A.E. H Nestlé, eraugeta pe epto- QUA nagovata onic xeposreEpEs yssge6 TOV xdo}‘0v,? xampyoRYONXE EvtoveE Tm Sexceria tov 1970 du 10 emberixd xu ceviifixo marketing nov sqaQuooE om dudd00H tov ovoxevacnEvor Boe prEad yahax0¢ oe AEC mE Aotac Harms A- IE OFgoterig, o& ovvdvays we ty Zapp eyoodoteay Sévaun tov AAyOvoWON ou TIS cevenaguels owvOries vytervig, rray 7 curta. ve ZGoovy ty Cor tous yihucid_s Bocn (IRAN 2007), Zmyy IvBia. ot A.E. Coca-Cola xau Pepsico ovyxevrQooay my e6vUAy anodoxyaata Say dey Slotasay ve avayocpouy ike TegdoTte OtOL- ela tis exovunies Wov mgoidvtaV toUs ous theeyiés THY Ipcaiwy nov axore- Jovy omtohoyexd poarcerevduevn neQuoya (BBCbusiness, 21/01/2003) H pekém ms yeayoampuays xatavonis tov CyOQGY tov 380 A.E. yet ns notes umrfoyery exagny atorgeCr a6 tov xaardhoyo ta 500! xoguipatey Eat getaiv tov zSouOV, ov Sywooweder oe enfora. fréon, n OLKOvOHAr ExLEGONON Fortune (2002), axoxdhuiye dnt 0k Myes A.E, éxouv euxoguer, nagovote. a. orous TELS AUMVES THs ToLKidag (Rugman 2005). Mévo 11 a2t6 10 avvoho tov 380 eraugery Exovv onuaverny rapovata xa ovovs TQEIS UGROUG Mm ToLABLArs orAovoqtias, Or Entd cars ctés SoaoTQLO- ovotivea ctoy xAdd0 Tov reeTooERGY potLueris Heravehoons Kau NhERTOOV xGy unohoyioray. Ta nQoiSvTe. TOUS cenevOLvovTER THY sTeLyHGOLE AYORE aL ayryetomiZouv oF KeyCAo Badjs opowoyevortounpevn Lrfeom, n oxoia TQOEO- perenne neodnyettan cand us exryergrioeis. TIgérer va. onperaGet Ju rfSn to 1970 1 IBM eye SqaoTHoLsentes (Bvyatoes napaywrytnés novedes HAL av xooawrte(es m65hnams) oF 100 y6ges. OL ext6s HITA SpaomeUsmytes ms axéqe- av 10 50% wow awvohvedy xeoddv mys (Jones 2005: 97). AvyStego ca 10 10% (36 cad 11s 380 A.B.) éxer over eptogenr maou ola ae Svo ndhOUS Ms ToUddac. Or. rEpidasredEs AAs aUTEs EoTULOUY OTIg ayO- és ms Evgsiams xa ts B. Aneotnis. Qor6a0 7 peyaAn mLevoyn pla. tov noQUIpaloy A.B, oe neeyRsoqo entre- 60, 01 320 oF cdvono 380 A.B., emderxvier Evav nods LaKUOS yewyoRpIXd T0O- oaVATOMORS evs THY COL THE AEQUpEoELAS SOV cAVIPAet n yAQa-Edoa mS. Or exyergnoers aveés noaynatonoinoay xard EGO 6go KOGOTTS 82,3% TOY owohvudy tors muhyjaeav evtds ms xeQUPE ELAS ms AHQAC-SQaG toVG. Tho mpoertxas Be elvan to yEYOvss Sut 1 EuRoOLAY| ToVs HaQovata Meorogcera oT, Goa-édga, Sung Exovv deer ta Sedonéve. tov Aetern AteBvxcmyTas Mohs. tev (Bh. 2.2), na. dF héyes yettovins 1siec. Or nepvaddregEs A.E. Eextvowy m BieOvy tous engxraim ad Tig yertovexts yGges (7.7. TurCa/BEAyLo, Peon via/Avorg(a/EMperia, HILA/Kavadds) 1 xGoes we wodtownt ovyyévera (HILAVELB,). Agod edqaunBosy a cevtéc, emyegosy tyy enéxraay| tous de m0 cexopexquopévous neQuogiopots, Qorsa0, axsyn xeu ya Ig mo SieBvorIOUNHE- ves AE., 1 Overy AEQLOYT| NOV GUYHoOTECTaL cand TH yeiOU-EDQG Ho AéyES ‘yertovunds xciges eEcxohovdet caecum Het oFjuEoK. va. GvvELaRPEEL HE TONG pe~ iho nooo ong mwhsjoers.! OLA. avnjs ms ammyogtas SgaomQLomoLovivean de PuovEotis HeTETOK- ymnxotis HAddOUS (TOMY, KoTd, aMoQQUTAVTAE, EvSvEN, UTdSNON, ExLTO 2.6,), nas HeU TOUS REQLEAETEQOLE xAdSOUG tov ToLToYEVor’s TOREA. (todnE- bec, compares, ahuaides huavrnos eurogcou xau eoriaons tAi.). Modneran wv- os ya exaugetes ov aevOrivovrat oe duompogonoupeves eOvexds cryooKs xa Eqowy aveeyxn ax oxgeernyinds eBvUns aveeenduquems QOXEIPEVOD VeLTQODA- Lowy ate Qoisvre. Tous exEGver te uarEQA xagcHoLTTURd TOU avTaTOXO} vovtan xcihtiregd otis owyzexquuéves tomixés awverires. Ehyvotee arts va nQ0i- Gyre nov magéyou ov yrydivttes A.B, xaTavahoTixaN aryaBkay emdeyoveen os equpegevanés nau] Siameupegeants pdguec. Eivar evdeverdss du. yeyciveuce AE. Kraft, ou yer yews wegidto aryogds os 22 and tig 25 onuaverxsreoes ZOOIA ZKOPAIAH 13, Oc enaoetes ads wotanxosv om Srebvf owovonia, Exava cn ebérgoUr 10 90% co muyacoqiwy code ASE ea Brox x9 50% row BueBvens eno ‘(ov (Rugman 2005: 3). 14, H weyehiceoy avo huan06 ¢ eropiow nayroayios, 1 onegoxv) Wal Mart, ncseronosqoe 10 98% row zu tei eng omy B. AwQtay x0 2002 (The Economist 230872012). To (Bo Eros yD Carrefour, ple end ug sAgoy Belvo. roses oiotbeg henna epaQiow ne rorung, nocepataroinae sro 10 25% {oy enfinu muiesiv mg exis tg BY ‘yg (Carrefour 2004), 6364 TEQIPAQIES, NP16, 2010, 5275 1S, @x yroposioay va avagegQowy e aroreddes megadetyuara cs 1m Blo eve tooo, ero” evbudun, xa luvtwai kx. “Eyes evbuapégov vet ye. evegoot oe ju eysregn meager wept reo, my floungaWa xe” Mento Gy ovoxtusy. Ot apacufs asousnes rO0 ooogiovaa jeer Texwvie you mks uxose0 Hhyeos ead mg cwouevs RoW oooa(EovIe Tg ITA, hyo mg ore ‘tas x90 tay verona omy Henri ‘0 oon ye ng erooes ww HINA (Ghe- mawatt 2001: 142), ADB ot Bxapoges or) ‘feo even onpevees sy en ee jyenovouiv evpinaiuin yoga. Tee mh jet nov apongttove em Yee y094 Grow Hrapogewels montueyoanes x6 1a shave xa Eye eh eye (4, cou om Fepuavia noe nee "at 1 ouovOA ems, ee Fe ee e5 GCM tay ZOLA’ Ya cuotiasr tov (Copii) Qoigaw xoU Bua Decet 0 pé00 rules vores (Bate ham 1995), copes ta cvOXEVATEVOY TOOpPLHOY OTs HITA, diaOErer uSvo 6 nayudapes eiguec (Rugman 2005: 46). Akké nou ta mgoisvec zov xvzho@opouV je THY dia. ndgea. oF exreranévn yeoyoapLay| zxeQLoxH dev xvxhogoootY WE KOWES TDO- diayoawpés xa we thy (ue oGoraay oe dhes nis ySgEs, XagaxmoowiEd avaspe- getat dn 0 orrytatog naps Neseaié xuzhogopel oe 220 diapooetinoris TéxoUs (The Economist, 07}08/2004: 56). Ze Eva oxewxd wesopeto GoBgo tov o xabmyrn}g tov Harvard Business School Pankaj Ghemawat vzoomoet du ot A.E. cuyyd unegexnyiouv my &- eoorndmyra toy EEVaN ayOQGY xax ExexcEtvoU To SATO TWAGEDY THY TOOI- ytww TOUS Ge auardhdnhes xGoeS. O avyyodupéas Oemgel bx o1 AavaopE ves emthoyés mydtouv and ty eAnovy) tov A.E. va aEohoyouv m oxomismyta.&- néxxaong o€ vées aryopés UdVvO axd ty avékvan ELGodnHaTLAd SedopEvaN, Geagob du unogowy va exextaBory oe onorady}rore y65Qa, agnel to nad xe- aay AETL va Eye. Sexegdoet Eva anagatmyto xerércexo do10 nov Bewoetteu 0 xardgh ya va eveoyoroMBel 1 Lifton yi ta nooisvEa TOVs. Kata tov Ghemawat, my exoy mE «oryxojuootnong» or eBvxés ceyonés eaxoov- Bow var xopttovear tetaks rovs a6 peydhes anoordoets, axoordaeic nov & Jowv teovEgIs dtaoTdoes: yewyouGLAF, NOAA}, oMAoVOWLUA AeA TOMMOWLA. eva hes Tove onuavtuxds neu aQENeL Vo OUVERTUAVTAL xaTG Ty SiadLEACIC O- E.o.symonc me oxonudmytas Siefaduons ve vées ayoés (Ghemawat 2001). Or axdipers avtés Exouv Wraivego evdvapégov encidy} noogoxovrat aad exgavi} xadnynn} Zxohis Atotnons Emyergrioewv. Ox usdvo o1 S.apooes omy eyoodoTixt Svapn, adhd Hat o1 Brapogés tov AORIMIOUS eeu ONS RAQA- d60e5, ove ovorijara aEWGY xat otic TYWTEEIpORES EmEVOUY xc JuTOQOSY ya axoBowy uoroaiies yua tig A.E. av autés dev deEouv tov avéhoyo veBucp Ze uhddouc ov EYovy va wavouy pe TH APUZeEyoyia ee THY ANOOGSOHON, 6m, ‘a goa patent evqugomons xox ot exddoeIs, 1) Yhsooa. eEcxohOUOEL va aO- ‘ehel Eva. akerégaoto epinsdio ms SteOvoris enExtcoMs, Le xAdBous xoravaho~ andy ayadGy ta nagadetyuara Sumpooonomuévys tonwais Cifeong a—@B0- vouv.'S Oodus ot A.E. xagéBheypav tis Biavtegdmres mye tome Cefmong xe exyze(onoay va Sietwdtaowv ae Eéves ayooes yogic va npGAQNSOOLY Te OOK Sta wa is oTpAMMYLAES TOVE OTIS TOMAEs GUVOHAES, TULETAAMGAY THY TOM i axodoxapaota neu Sev efyav Ta emOvuntd axcoreheowara. H Syougyla xa- saarfuoros MeDonalds omy Stcéonyn Piazza di Spagna ms Pebyns (1984) Eywe 11 a@OQHY| Va SyOVOYNBEL y xiv|OM «slow foods, OU E4eU ws GtSyo TH SuddO- on Mm xaxavGhoons tomasy nOOISVEDY Evavtid oY xoUITOKQC Ms YOrYOONS xat wroromuerys roopris (Miele & Murdoch 2003: 32). Tho esowara (Ae~ xEuPoLOs 2006) n Evagkn Kerovoyias xaracnparos ms advotdas Starbucks omqy axayogeuneyn x64n tov Tlex{vou edave to évavoia ya mm SnwLougyia Has jweyeidnc nhexroovuers Stauceoruetas evar ox SL4Bewon me xevéLuens novirorigas ax6m reydiy apepracveey evaugeta, Méoc o¢ 15 ynéges neQLG0 ed azt6 500.000 rower emonepErRaY OZeTUA} LrodEAIda mov SyULOvOYT{ON: ‘He neu orci Oneaw 2.000 oy, hic Bteaergrvgtag (The Economist, 24/01/2007) 3.2. Fearyoaguey xaravoun tov yagev-neoogioyiy tov AE ‘Oxac elvan avapevsuevo, 1 yewygaupiny daonogé Toy Yoodv-nEOoQLEGY BE eva peyabiteon ard m diaan096 tov yagdv-ed9Gv. Bm Suigueayg Teheutaiag exooaerias n Yeayoapual Stacnogd tov Yoodv-RQOOQLT}GY Eyer StevgQuvel onpeed, Qatso0 orig agyés TOU Zlov audvea o weydhos 6- ‘HOS TON AEE e(Veit TEQLITSTEQO GUYREVTQONEVOS OTO YOO GE XEON HE TS oonyosueves Sexctertes, Eradiart Eyer mequoguacet cmpavtvAd 10 EevB.ARpEVOY TOV AEE Yl THs cevourrmaAdueves YGoRs OF Emiheyyéves yiHoes ms A. Aatas, e- yo E feu A LQOOWNBEL y oxeTLA| Eon THY HITA xe ts Evowomaivays “Evooong. Honpiavecadregn eB6huky eveontceren amy ceveiducm neu voyvoomoinany ts Tova bunts Oveovow tac. Ot ASE Exowv mhEov Wao AQOELEVON Goo xt HAGLAS TOOO- uous tas {s5Qes THs ToLdSas, Mocoots ueychstego tov 85% Tov eEoxswevon AEE ncevevOtveran Ge YES MHS TOLGDSas (UNCTAD 2006: 1-2). Or xiges mys toUddas eEapahiCowv xagenpeor| enGreder evdarruiens meu teyynGv vTOBONGy. Emithéov, ext6s ond aQobinés eEaLQeoEA, 01 NEQUEDK 08s KGQES EZOVY ROhnxG dvaT|Ncta TOV eyyUdvEEN gTABEQSTITA, aowdher ar drexgomngs axéaeis avvegyantac. ‘OL AZE ag05 t0 HeyahiitERO Uéoos ME Actas xca THY AqpoLn etven TREY ehéniates (Ietto-Gillies 1997; 67-69). Or arxavets nar xohudvOgumes reQUpE gates ms Apounis xa ms Kevrounrfs xu A. Aotas nooaekatouy Mystepo a6 10 3% tw meryXSO[LO AZE €xaTH (2005) (UNCTAD 2006: 2). Ov A.E. eyxeera- Jeiaovy nis evarruaasueves 5985 ant, HeTAEG Gov, neigarngeitar Soaoct- 1 petoon mg ayogaatuaris divaqing tw avarruTGswLEVOY oody MSY ZO8N, ent 1 epaQHoy | Eww TeZVvohoyUsY oTHY AAQaryerY Ee neLGiOEL- MY eEGoTHON, ‘ms Brounyavias and ayoounés evogogs xan werahrevuare. (véa Mund, Plote- yronoyrxd mpoiSvra) xaBGs xa a6 Tov magdyovta egyaoia. Aga n nETeYKa- ‘Taataay tov enyEroraEOW GE LeivEs yauNLos egycEELEON xdoTOUS SEV CKALVO- ove( Ta KOLNfQLa avearyovtoTIAdMTAS GE jexooyosvic. Bion (Healey & IIbery 1990: 7). Emathéov, n Socom QLoro%yon a y659e5 TOV Totov KGonov etveu eECu- genixd onpoxivduvy xa jroget ver amofiet porgeater yteemy gaan tHg A.E., OU ct- otehet eEaugennd nohiinipo Gvko n6g0. Eivan agaxe quart xen. ee m me= girtawon mys A.B, Nestlé, nov ovyxarahéyera om mixer onda tov ALE. x0 & OW nOccHoTAd cayAdo HLA maQOVGKa. H eTaupeta aveyvngtcer Sut ot YHoES yg Keveguas Actas xan ms Aguas ovviatoty thy mio SvaxoRN neu hiyStEQO eQdopsga neQUog nov daomoLomoetrar, Ta neyaAstEgEL AEOPauaTeL E- vronitoveot amy Apount, dnov Wieutegdmytes oto mohtvEd neu Stowaytexd e- ABAOV tov xoodY euAOdGouv tH cvvroviaytévy SvotneM TeoY BuyaToLGY e~ TaIQeUin and Eva meQuPEQELAS HEVTQO HaL EmUBAAAODY THY aroxEVEOOREN Buofzon Zdbe ysiQas (The Economist 07/08/2004: 57). EEGAAOW nium THs Eta- Qeiag, 10 Baoradrego neQuovareras mys axorgelo, Exe shnyet xeulQuL ad THY e~ movi THE Va. oUSvEL amoLywloon HpoUs 6 Exar. SohaOCwV a6 mie ard 1S puoySteges Z6ges TOV KoHOY, THY ALBLorta, «ws azroknpiaan yee THY eOVLXO- Toqon tay eyxcrtaatdéaeov nov SratHoovae OTH Y5QcT0 1975.!6 Trougela tov 2005 exxyiosy Sui or evsegyspeves Qoks AEE nQOGEy yaa Ta. 916 Bto. Soh gua!” (UNCTAD 2006: 1), Avo eévan ot Bacrxés duadQouEs: JouBodv ot Qogs AEE: axt6 yiges- Wen TMs E-E. Mo0s dikes yesges-ueAn THs E. He TIG HITA, Zot OTS TAs HITIA xaet ty Torranvtee QOS TAs Ae50EC- WEAN THC ELE. (Bre Xdgm 1). Evan aves 61 ov HITA aotehoty tov mo woud 60 THE TOLADUAAg O1- xovopias. H peydin eowreguay eyoge tovs aoxoriae onpeevtin REN OTS #56 xan Sexaetiec, oordoo y ysoU elfe RareEyOAUpEL cog aELYTAH 4¢HQ0L O2RO- ovohiig AEE. Tis tehevvates dexcertes OL HITA cexotehouy ohs SmjorpiAt| xQCO- (OU C2L0- ZOOIA TKOPAIAH, 16, Teh n eeaieta ony pupdorce we 15 et. oii a. nageignoe Bho to ou ory exangnee ye ry eno (eg netvag(echusiness 2591/2003), 17 Tad, 10 evo pos a eee “evo cosy aQee yr ovjxtet we 0 tercoroyo tiyog wor EWEEHEUEWUN go ASE, ue crucuwad ovrpta tow 2005 ne fpamgetet je eres) entiehion mE x xs tov 297 bu Bolagtor. H onpure rapogd even even es Hen Blomoriag wv &aOAonuay soooRAiy ye _etkiv 200 Eye exiomuenBe Loc 6566 TEQNPAQIES, N16,2010, 5275 QUOKS toy AEE ax6 my Evga, my Tanovie xa avamrvondueves y659es tHe NA Aotac, Hadeustega or evegysneves Qoés AZE anorehovoay éver 11206 10- coord tay eepysuevov Qody. Frowyeta tov 1975 anoxadsintovy 6t. 1) aEta ta eBeqySuevwv ody ASE ifrav 4,5 Poues meyahsiregn and my ala oY eW0EQYs- hevav eosiv. To 2000 yx xodimy ood to wokLiyio werakt tov evegySueven at eeQySuevov Qoy AE titay OYed6v ooxehouévo (Dicken 2003a: 59). E- yrds end 11g HMA, 0 Kavaddig xa 10 Metis axtotehoty onwavanés yiigec-100- ogiopots ASE. To ompaveessrego gevne AZE mpogyeran xupling and Tg HITA eau. THY Tamevia nar 421 mooQLons vo MeEWx6. Hosxerran ya AEE nov apogoty om anuoveria Ovyarqundy yowdduv owaguold¢mons (macquilladores) ce yuo e- ‘erercqnéyy eQIO{ Kore urfzos THE CUvOQLAXs Edvng MeEWOU-HILA. H xémon avn dgxiae we TI eveRYs ovptetoyy WY KITA to 1965, AweBweés Eraugetes je- ‘TaROMTLAA Hae, nolo aUTOKNTOBLOLNAavias Keu NExTOLAGY GVOXEUGY, evadyouy arehiss modites whe xa evdiciueod mgoidvra ta ono(a exeZeoytito- vrau ons Ouyarguiés povedes (peioeis Evtaoms egyetatag) neu enaveEyouy wg Tehvede rf evduapeda mpoisvea. Ot eoyaksuevoues ova egyoowdaue. avedt0 1992 Eqraoay ct 500.000 drop, To 1994 10 Mekia6 Eywe majges hog tng ae QupE- geting ayogds NAFTA Zat 1 axaoYShyon avEFAnxe We yorfyopous OVOLotc, ‘yua vat grdioet to 2000 ra. 1,3 exact. egyaksuevousies. “Exrore n magyar oe curd ta egyoordous mafrreta a6 tov avraryovions ad my Kiva, rou mQO- opéger xaumhdrego egyarrtad x6ot0s, Thy meoto60 2000-2003 1 axay,Sknoy ews6hyxe xeG 200.000 eoyatsuevousies (Jones 2005: 102, Biles 2004), HEE. ovyxevrosiver wg nQ00QIT}c Tov weyaIteQO Gyo AZE oe nO yndowo entzcedo (422 810. Sohtora), Koved oro 50% TOV OVéAOV TV sLONyHS= OMe ASE. Hgsuerar xvplag vic evdoevgonditzés ooés ASE. Me wovaduny &- Ealgeon to H.B., nov avarniooet anuaverey exevoutua| Socomouseyta. otis HITA, noaoats jeyatirego Tov 50% TV ASE Shay twv yogsv-tehGv mg E.E. ‘dorevOGvovtar xpos Ghhes ysors-wéhn, Hagddaha, y E.E. aorehet onnava- 46 MQOOQLONS AZE a6 ig HITA watt Ty Lonoovia, mou emdusxouy va Exouv G- Heoy xogovola omy eveata evgomdicey eyogd. Avni n xian evedOnne Liat ‘TEU nar THY nEQLOBO eECYyEHas THE BEA (1992) xe eGve axdun oTCAY TUR Ore ttos mksivas ms roLadenis omovonlas xagexmotteraa ad m weyor Iairegn avouowoyévera, H larovia, cv xan omparvends e&crymyéag AEE, ovbé- ore umijQge onpaveray 60 MOOQLGHO AEE. Ot yaiges ms A. wat NA Aotas eva aut my egiodo xohv onjiavtrxot RQOOQLGHOL AZE, xUOLUg TOV ETATOL- e408 topEa. To 2005 axogodnody AE tipous 165 0. Sokagiwv. Ta 2/3 a- aevtés etycey ovsyo ty Kiva. (Wakt we to Xovyx Kovy). H Kivo. aorehet hé- ov to ab.appiaprimyto negIpEgELaRs XEVTQO THY EON ASE Ke MOOODLORS THY A. Aota, Zrorzet tov 2005 exrosy du ayreréxer we xoG0GTS 7% ocHy mULyH6- oma nagceyary neronompévo modidveary xe we 7,3% org neeyndontes eEcryer- ‘és (The Economist, 11/01/2007). Teovexret avo dui aaxet dutdy EAN ous A.E., Ta ws YHQA-OTYOS AZE EvraoNs eQyAKas Hou MEOGUVATOMOWON EEAYWYEY, 600 xt ws pdQa-oTWy0s ABE experdidevong MIs jweyaAng ey KdQuas ayoges. OL ompavnndreges AZE Vorou{rjxay otovs yerfyoou avamtvaadjEvoUs TOKE Tow HaTAOAEVGN (KOYEVTO, OfSNOO, yAUPCLx.6.), ME ceUTORe”MFOPLOIN Lavi, TWN MexTQovuddy, TOV URNQEDLGY nagaywyoN, Ms wating eoti@ONs Ka TO ducevexo% e}utogiou (Fishman 2005). O weydéhos éyxos tow AZE Eyer eyuaraota- Gel omy xagdxria Lown, eau udhiove os vines meQupegetes mys Layeding xaZOOIA TKOPAIAH ov déixc. TOV xoTaHON Tlegh, ov avvogetowy He to Xovyx Kovyx, we anorthe- uc ver TQORANBODY EUgeLas zAijerHas noVENVIRES HoH YEayOaGEES eLOdTHTES (Bk. Xom 2). Tlagdiinha, onpavnnés goés ASE xertevOdvovea oF xcées tg NA A+ ofag, xvo%s moos m Bryxarovion xa Sevregevsvenc MOG NBX Sedteons Ye wdc (Ivdovnota, Makaota, Taikevdn, Buewwap,, Didixxtves) (Kaplinsky 2006: 245). Enpeevmxés Qos ASE nov xarrevOvvovean Ge cUTEs Tis J59ES EXAWOTY c- 16 «aveETTVGOSUEVES HOES THs EVOGTEONC YEwYLAGLAK TOVs TERLOZTIC. Tyeuind asarparer xarcceycuperce. Eva VEO Qevyicr ASE OV exxtvet and NBX modiuns yevtes neu des averTuaSueves 1608s, UOKS TY WOKE HEH XO- ‘es Ts AgaBuafs Xegaovrjaov, xox narevedverat xQ0s tis averTUyHEVES - ges. H e&ayogé eydhng xakupoueyias omy xeQuoyy tov Zav gavatoxo ans ‘yy Pohang Iron & Steel Co., Tohuedvixrj Erageta ue éqa-t N. Kooéa, avet 90 exare, Sohagta (miéov 350 excet. SoRCoLe La TOV EXaLYZQOVUELS TOV yuh Xdgrng 2. Karavops tov Ouyerovedy exaipeuiy A.B. og exagylec rye Kivas, 2005 os | | ~_ shan a ee — } le! — = > Hives . - 218 -_ - ‘Guindang o768 FECIPAQIEZ, NP16,2010, 5275 18, Tas rehewrales Sexnewies ef n0- ss Bradebopém 1 druovgyia pegs o- Fives (small mtinationals) nov Bp compoxouotveat pins ot BuveqixONs addons emg rons 60s PlozeO- hoyle nar ox vmmgeates sAngogooKns (Allen 1995: 63), Audipopot pedeents uno ompitouy du, neoxewévou va xceceoagel me exrgedonon ws AE, pene va bye a0 ‘uryeyte} Seaomeimye oF Eve eheoto aQiUS yoy, by hypSrEpes es $6. sno cre Beye ode ean 00 ‘Stebre%s ogiawonais x00 xarayodqour ‘ny ouxovou Bgaormn 19, 0: 6pot outsourcing (eSuregenss, + exon eo ycovas) xa offshoring (une Ova evan egy eSurnign doen eeyuatag) Eo hier easiow 01 Bom oo Hed NO IE oxLovOWIS yeerycepiag, O ebomngiouss> xadieQ6 yee ore wy mg Bexcetas ov 1980 ns 0V vhaboxs vino tow exaigey mQ0Go- Loaf ye ea egryedper ny eeBeon 5 aver He rapenchodtmong a pogooueniy everday wey ex patsy or eBerhoxeyitves engeies ng0- Footajs. Terioga aeoighafe to avoho ‘oy herowgyuiy eoy exergioran wat c= vasaeforoe tov 6o0 unegyohapia, O Be 290 0g, nov arodiBera negugganrind ‘nu cP wg euegeBv) ave 0 ‘yealags, evagégerat oF rEuapIa'S AO ohozingeiveren 0 resen, ts peng ‘nga (Hunter 2006: 1) Bovgyetov) ota. goo tg Sexaerias tov 1980 onpatodémoe mY ApTH avtt- orgogr] omy xatevBuvan te dieBvoUs exevdutais xivnong (Allen 1995: 57-58). “Buuc tore o1 ewe gysueves Qoks AEE atic avemtuypeves yQec moOkOXOVTELY a- rowhevorund cid ches averrvyneves YGpes, “Extore €fovv axohoubhjoet agxe- 1d xagsuoia exevOutved oxéd1«.. Ta tehevtata yoda or ayerués evapones crov dte6v¥, tino Exouv jihAov avxvGaEt, XagormMpLOTIAG nagadetyworta atO- eho 9 eEayoRS tov Turfuatos AQOGUMTAGY UTOOYLOTIAV tHE IBM, evAUQECaS- onpbdhov ms aueoudvinns urepoyris oro topéa me hqgopoQUAs, azt6 THY He ‘vécven eraugia Lenovo Group (AexéuBg.os 2004), n e€ayooe me ayyho-ohkay- Suns xakvPoveyias Corus cand thy wBvey Tata Steel (Ievoudguos 2007) xa atoy TonEa tov THEmtZoWovudy 9 EECyORE tg ttahuzyf¢ Wind Telecomunicazioni eat TOV EXAnVeEO TUHwertOs tHe Tim ad tH axyvsricHes| Orascom (PeBQovee (0105 2007) (The Economist 08/02/07). 3.3, Néor rodmo d1eBvous yewyoagunc exéxxaoys Acv efvan equerd var yivel eviata avacpogé orig oxoamynés dieBvotc edoatin- ong xov eqaguctovy ot A.E. Oc extorore ngotegcudmyres xa. emthoyrés tiv He> Hovonévoy A.E, Siaxpogortoidveen onuavtied om Béom ule GeIpds KOLOCOY Gms n p60 MQOEAEVaMS, To NE YEBOs,"* n xadVA CwBEn, to ét0g (SQvONE, 1 ovynenouévn otogia ms nde emyelonons %4., neu ExovV «og axoréheoa MH Siapsoqpwor Siapogorornévow orQaMMyLAiv. Ze Gkhes eguordaers divera mootepaismyte omy entrev’n ovovowudy xuccaas xaw/ OxomON, oF GES oT Snywovoyta. xu weréidoan yvesans, omHY xQOGAQHO'? tov xpdiSVE0< oTKG TOMES owvOrixes, om eCan tov gfonov x.0.x. Era mhatoue cunig ms EverATS CATO}LO- névovte xe oxoludCoveen cuyKeKomevEs ders TOV oTQEEMMYLAGY yEayoaRpUAIE ex€xtaoys ov eGagHEtouY oF neyadaitEgEs ALE., nov amoxabintow Tis EES nogges toms tous euréduons oTIs po5QES Ket MEQUPEoELES Snov BoaCTHOLO- owsivrat, And 1s agys mg Sexaeriag tov 1980 o1 peydhes A.B. dgpioay va te1ga- naritovran pe véous tedmovs diovmtearis ooyavoons Kau yoguars SudétaEys wo SoaomoLTITWW ToVs, He GxoAS MY xadETEON REoGAOLOY}| TOUS oS CWErTKES aordBetas, apefoudmyrac, yoryoowy akAcyGY xat evtetopevne dieBvoRothans ov xagaxmmoovv to die6vés emtyerqnpeenzd meQiBadhov. Zmv xcecevOuvon ceunfy exuetadredovean is Suveesumtes tow Texvohoyusy Tangopoguag xa Envxowawudy xan €xouv Savevares ororyelo, dkhes neQioastego neu Ghk_c ys TE QO, ad weO6BOUs OoYdvaaNs Ms AAQAYUr?s ROU aevEERTE_AMeaV GT [LETELKO- eure Teowovta., Aev €xouv xeradaffet oF xatoW eviato xEGtuR0, worSa0 o1 ne- o1wodreges and avtés HorodCovren wa GeLed Kore yagcnemoLTTLAG, 60S 1 Suvardmpte Yorfyoons adcepg tov xapammorotuxcsy me aOAYERYIE, N THON Tov ehéquotov Svvory anoBe dro, n evEhve ogycvwon tay EoyALOREVOY, 1 avenruén otevy oxsoemv avveoyaatas eras mehervay eeu noOUNGELTEAN wat n evgeta exydenon egyacdy oe rOltes emrzergrjaets (outsourcing)” (Hudson 1997: 469-470, Dicken 1998: 168-172). OveSehiEerc aveés Exouv odnyriaet oro weraoynpeions mg nohveniicedns weqapxunis Biovertuars Somnis ve m0 weharvopéve. nau yewygupind werapar- AGueve Srovetad teoagy rd oprucera, Be axgates negurrioers de n eeagyt dioventwe} opydevoon Exer avernceraoradel and Suéraén ohoxdnoouévou 81-yndov. H duewerey woo epagusteras 600 evtds ts enryeConons (evdoera- nd dbewv0), Goo xa extds (eEweraugLes SCxrv0) (Dicken et al. 1995: 30). H ogyavoon Hayxdopov Hogaywyav Avia (IA) cvvegyatsevoy em- {figrfaeav Tov SoaoTHLOTOLOLveaL, UMTS TOY avOTIOS Ehey;o THE KEVTQLAS E mjelonons, 0€ dieOvy xMlucrxa. atotehet héoy iaiteoa SadeSouery moaxc- ‘af, O1 Sicovvdéoeig xc adImdekuonjosis uetass voy ovowarvasy ororyetov ‘wo HINA, rou urcopet va. efvan wrxo€s rj weydes, tonnes 1 SteOvers emexerorior ivan haBugw8Gbers. Maroge’ va apogosy omy nagaywry Ev moRI«Gy pot- vray, omy extéheon néQous Hay} Sing THs AaQAYwryLAIs Stadteaotas, oF Cn- aruota. égevvas, azed1aH08, marketing xa opyavaons SumTbwv diavouric (Kaplinsky 2005: 101-102). Eqpeuusverar Lousy evrummoucray] axiEyon ms exxdQnons EQyaouiy xo nQONYOUIEVINS OhorAMQdvovta EvTEs Ms Emr{ECONONS OF EntyeLoroEts TOU Si- xnéov om Baon GuuBohaioy extéheans. Pevend, o nEpWdovg aordeLas HAL euperdipinms Simons, o eomoguoyds xQoTIpcéran cas mv xaBETH OhoxRHOO- on Yuet eEcarpaakiter omy exrye(onon-evtohéa Suveersmmre yoryoons *QOGGO- porns xa perceatinang (WEQovs) tov xdatOUS xa TOY AivDtIVOY OV ROOH- mrovy ond cuopersaeis ms Cyimons om aveoyatsuevn emrzeconon, eve Sua -rnget wdyfon tov eyo ove. xoto ma anela Toy TeRVAGY HL WOLOTIAGY TQODIA- ‘YoU Kau ms Qoris THs Magayeryrers Srabreciate. H exxégnon pdcewy ¥ tov awdhou me nagaywyris modiSvte TOU tete- ourixot tonic etvan nob SiadeSouévn enryeronpcrrraf nocoetuAy BG naw xOh- és dexaertec. Zuvifbas Sus n emxeiQnon-evrohéag trav eyzateoruey OYE ‘and xovrd omy exryeiQHan noV avedaufare va extEnEaeL THY EQYCOTa, «bore VoL yeu duverseyre Gqieoou Ehéyyou. Exe whaiou tov vEow AKE avaréOnxay ev- és SieOveis unEQyohaBKec otoV toEa ms HEtcToMHENS. Modoqata. Raga peircu onpaveiacrveyon ms aveBeas SteBvav uEOYOHAPLBY HE xGQL0 OO0- uoRs Tc {50Es ZeUNP.Os egyorLxoL xGaToUs THs A. xaL NA Actas, Tagdkana, pars naQKYErys UYNASTEONS TOOTOE KEVNS Alas aNoKEVTEGVOVTAL, AOL ‘og ad AE, we 6590. xsga-yuEhos THs E.E. nau Tig HITA, og yertovinds KES ME A. Bugdimys neu Kevroiinfg Aueguers cevefovorya. Emyy egiartooy caver ovvy OE eran emyelonon nov cevaBEret my vTEgyohaa va. nagayoget ta cavaAgatey- Te poygecvcert xeu exSixE vpEevO TEZVEAS AOGUMRG HOV EmIBhEREL Tm StadLAA~ ofa nagaeyaryyis (Hadjimichalis 2006: 92) Ze axgaies, wkd 6. ondwies mhéov, neQuTTcels 1 eragela-evtoH.éas €- EonogiGet to advoRo tHe LetaroUNTuA|s naoAEYOryrg THs. Ot ReySuevES eKHOME 6 emujelonoeis 1 empergyoeic-pavtdquara amotehosy évay VEO opyavoTLAS ‘nino envgelQnome ov oyed6V Ghes ot errovoyles ts naoayarytnic ahvoidac, ents cand EXEivES OV AAPOQOT OtOV HEVTOLAS EEYO, TO GUYTOVIGHS, TO OYE~ dtaous xa1 to marketing tov tehvasy nQOLSvEaw, extehosvren Ge vmEOYORABL- raf Bon ax avekdgmytes emyerorfacis. Xagaxmororrés megiATOEIS HeTA- nomrdy AE, ool netaxomtix Soaomotserta anotehowy ot A.E. Nike Cty TONED Tay ExVUUOY aBlayEHAGv UsLOBNLEEKOV, Cisco Systems xat Dell oTOV ToULéa. eomduopod whngopogueris. Me tagdjioto Ted dieBvels enmogLAs a- Inaides nagemdpmrovy tehe(ws toVs xapAdoaraxor's MooUNBEUtES TOUS HeLL ooumbevovrar amevBelas ta euunogeduand ToVs and maryAGoWie RapAVOYE diva ov opyavvovean neu uvrovEovtE GyL ard percenoureoAt emMECOnON, ahha Ux6 TOV TEAS ayoQUon-avor@inn| (Klein 2000, Rifkin 2001, Kaplinsky 2006). YOOIA SKOPAIAH 670 TEQIPAQIES, N°16,2010, 5275 H exgignon tw egyaody yiveran o¢ tomueés emyergrjaic ae eerdixev- néves A.E, exrzevrpopéves omy peraoutuaf hettougyia, xov avahauBavouy Ty ohordyjquian tov ovvshov ms wetatoutins hettovgylas ovjpaves pe Tg UMOdEL- Eeig neu nodiayoupés me A.E. nov avadérer tyy egyaota, Or m0 yoorts and avtés efvau ot A.E, Flextronics, Yue-Yuen xcu Li & Fung. H xodm, we €9c m Zxynosnorign, diabérer eyraraocdaeis oF 30 yges a arraayor.et 300.000 eoya- Couevoucies. Biv 1 nyervay emyelonan omy xaraoxevr) ohoxnowpé very 20- nhopdroy oe nayxsowo eninedo, we xehdres us meQOGreges ALE. mov Boa- omptonorotiveat orous topeis ms ThngowpoQuars, xuvINIs Meqavias xaL mht secgoveady. H dettegn, ue ea ty Taiwan, xaraoxeviter vo 14% ms xaryX omias naga yuri exsvunoy vnodmitay otis eyRcetooTdoELS ms. Mévo oF Eva egyooTaAWURS oUyxQSTPE om Kéver encazor.el 54.000 egyaksuevoucies, eves draBErer eynaraoréoerg oe OkAE XeQeC Ms NA Aotas xeu nodopaTa EYE. xQ0- qogricer om Sqwovoyla peydins novadas omy Ivdia, Kat ov dv0 tovg etveu je yaéhes uaBeronomuéves emrzerorjoeis TOV oLoxA|QUVoWV dhes Ts EYAO.es TOYS ons eynaraordoeis tous, H Lu & Fung, evaige(a nagaryanis evouudroy pe éSp0 w Xovye Kovyr, &4et mo axoxevtoanérn How. H petaxonjrant Ketovgyia exyegettar oe exarovrddes emyergrjaeis om yettovuny Kiva, oe xe5ge¢ tg NA Aotac, cxxsyn xa ory Acgguay (Jones 2005: 105, Klein 2005). Mic. czy ompoovever eBEEn Eyer vor never we mv AOQSe exA5ONON EO yaousy yougetov. Agnixd expoortnxcy ovyxexomiéves eoyaotes youpetou vyT dag eSevdiuevons. 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Or AEGoGparTes EPAQKOYEs TOY THE ExowV emcoE- ‘pet ny zajon LoQKA, aXodéouevaM uct GeIQas StadixaoLi tov TOE Tw Y- ampeoidy. “Evas x06; agi0nds AE, extehet tis egyaaies oe wiGumyres eyna- TaordoEIG ME EmYEOHONS Ge HeEHOLVEs KsQes-MQOOQLAHON. EUVHDETTERA N EO" yauata expogettar oe tolen eEerduxevpevy eexe onan, 1 omo%ee unoget var eit 10- sua exyge(Qnon vf Ovyeeroun exaugera eBerdexevuevys A.E. (Hunter 2006). Or ahéov dtadedouéves eoyaates pons eBerdtnevons oyerGovra Kem Ahngopopwn (avarrvEn hoyawixor, nevoryoapy xaddiec, oxediaAOHSs vorooedi dov %.4.). H Tvdia, n Lohavdia, 1 Poota, xiges ms A. Evang xeu n Kover ef var onpcevrnt né vipa exréLeons TETOUWV EQYAOLAY Ge MayZ6oNO ExinEdo. I- duavrego evdiapépov xagovordter 1 axoxévrowon EgyaoWGy Yoagelou ap Jag eBe1dtxevong (mindless jobs). Xaaxmeronés egycotes oovrivac etvet nhextQowwar ararzdiguon xeWEVON xa ATOLEteOV xaAL n RAQO; UAMQEOLY [E> ow mheqaiasy xévrowv (call centres). Kau du n Ivdia nate yet Seontovoa BEon oe aceyxdoqo extxedo xeu axohoudosy o1 dbrhutnives, n Zeyxanovgn wat va nord mg Kaigaiifvig (Sacks 2005: 18-20).Etvan noowpaves dun dieOvis yeoyoagta tov epyaawsy yoagerou etvan mio deowevtiay and my aeveiarougy yewygauplartys perccountais SoaoTHoWsey- ‘ac, Extds art6 10 peuwopévo epyarTIAd xSatos OL {s59EG-NOOOQLHOL TOETEL VaL deaBérowy egyeerrad Suvaquxd wong Kaul vpmPrfg eUdGevaNs, He éveon, OTH {yoooa. ms eraigetcs nov exxoget My eoyaata, Ot AE, we éoa tig HMA cu 10 HLB. BoCoxovtat oe aheovernndteon Gon héywo ms evgeias duddoans ms ry- ‘yung YRebooas. Or araunrjaers etven peyaviteges Yu to ROGMRLAS TOV OtE- Jeyaver ca xévI00 MPepavLas eEUAHoEmON HaL EoxeTaH dE KytEon MOOMORL- ‘nf emxowovia we TOVs eke THs A.E. To oGumUAs exmcudeverar mQOHEL- pévou Vat aztornjaet my xeOPOK THs nITOLAIS YeOCIS Ts A.E., CAG new stRN- oopogies and Ty have} xovAxoviga, Ts EMdSaEIS THY OMGBWY GLO ROBGALAIO, nig Sqoprhe’s mLeonants aeIQEs, Gove va. pTogotv va. ovperEpovv GE OvEr- ‘HoH pe ToVs weAdéres (Bryson 2005: 14-16), 4, Svpmegdopara. - ovtyron, Lwvowpitovrac, ans ree modira ovddua. eEderhwons ts vreoe Ovens maoaywyns é yas WLKQds AQLONGs ZoQGY mEQLaYPavraY OTIS 4siQEC-, http: news. bbe.co.uk/2hifbusiness/267671Lstm ‘sacbusiness (03102/2000), «Vodafone Seals Mannesmann Merger», hntp: news.bbe.co.uk/2hivbusiness/630293.stm Carrefour (2004), «Annual Report 2002>, http: ww carrefour.comfenglisinfostinancieresrapportAnnuel2002,jsp Fortune (2006), «List of Top 500 Corporations», ‘tp: money cnn.com/magazinesyfortune/global500/2006Icountries. 18eAN (International Baby Food Action Network) (2007), itp: www ibfan.orgsite2005/Pages/article php?art_ 234ui=1 ZOOIA SKOPAIAH 75