GOLD First Grammar Reference Unit 2 Relative Values | Adverbs 1.1 Formation of adverbs from adjectives 1 Many adverbs are formed by adding -Iyto the adiective form of the word, e.g. clear» clearly. Foradjectives ending in +, drop the y and add xl, eg. happy = happily. Foradjectives ending in -k drop the eand add-y, eg.gentle— gently. For adjectives ending in ~&, add -ally, €g.automatic—» automatically. 2 Some words ending in -yare adjectives only, not adverbs, eg. cowardly, friendly, ily. f an adverb is needed, a phrase must be used: They greeted us in a friendly way/manner. 3 Some words ending in -lycan be used both as adjectives and adverbs, e.g. hourly, daily, nightly. Take therneaicine twice daily (adv). There iso daily (ad) flight to the island. 4 Some adverbs have the same form as adjectives, eg early, fast, hard, stil, staight, beter, best, worse, worst. Hes gota fast (ad)) cor and he drives it fast (adv) Shehas straight (adi) hai. He looked straight (adv) at me. 5 Some adverbs have two forms, one like the adjective and the other for ending in ly, eg, clear, close, direct, easy, free, hard, high, late, There's usually a difference in meaning. Stand clear of the doors. (= keep away) Try to speak more clearly. (= so we can understand) He works very hard. (= he makes a lot of effort) He had hardly ary petrol let. (= almost none) The balloon was high up in the sky. (= a long way up) They think very highly of you. (= have a good opinion) Children under twelve travel free. (= dont have to pay) Youcan walk freely in the hotel grounds (= without restrictions) Thetrain arrived late. = after the time it was expected) He'snot been very welllately. (= recently) T[PageGOLD First Grammar Reference 1.2 Comparison of adverbs The comparison of adverbs is similar to that of adjectives. See 45. 1.3 Adverbs of manner These adverbs are used to say how the action ofthe verbis, carried out 1 Common adverbs of manner include accurately, badly carefully, patient straight and well. They usually come in the middle of the sentence, after the main verb. Ifthe verb has an object, the adverb comes after the object. He spoke (the words) clearly Shewent straight to the house. 2 Preposttional phrases may also be used adverbial to answer the question How? Jordered the book over the internet. He shouted in a loud voice, 1.4 Adverbs of frequency 1 These adverbs are used to tak about howoften we do things. We can put them in order from most often to least often like this ahways most often almost always generaly/normally/regularly/usualy frequently/otten/sometirnes occasionally almost /never/haraly ever/rarely/seldomn not... ever/never least often 2 In statements and questions, these adverbs came + after be when its the only verb in the sentence. Jam always a bit depressed in winter. + after the first auxilary verb when there is more than one verb. Ihave often seen her walking here. + before the main verb when there is only one verb We sometimes watch a video on Friday evenings. + In questions, after the subject. Dont you usually work with Jenny? 3 In negative sentences, not comes before always, generally, We don't often see him nowadays. 2[PageGOLD First Grammar Reference 4 With imperatives, always and never come at the beginning of the sentence. Always look on the bright side of ite Never refuse an opportunity. 1.5 Other types of adverbs used to describe frequency 1 These are common edverbs of frequency: once twice five tines several tines every day/week/month/mosning/aftemoorvevening every thiee/couple offfew years on Monday/Wednescay/vreekdays, etc 2 These adverbs usually come at the end of the sentence, 4. phone my sister several times a day. He goes jogging every morning. They goabroad every few years. However, they may come at the beginning for emphasis. Several times a month, [go to thecinerna, adayhweek/month/year 1.6 Adverbs of attitude These adverbs do not modify the verl, but express the speaker's opinion or attitude. 1 The following adverbs explain how he/she is feeling: honestly, personally, seriously, etc. Personally, | think it wrong to hunt animals, Seriously, this isan importantquestion. 2 The following adverbs comment on how likely something is: actually, certainly, clearly definite, maybe, obviously, perhaps, possibly, probably, surely, etc. Perhaps/Maybe it will rain tomorrow Surely he is going to come? Well probably be late 3 The following adverbs explain the speaker's reaction to some event: annoyingly, hopefully, luckiy, naturally, surprisingly, understandably, et. Hopefully, we'll win the match. Annoyingly, | forgot my phone. 3[PageGOLD First Grammar Reference 4 Adverbs of attitude usually come at the beginning of the sentence. However, the adverbs certainly, definitely, possiblyand probably usually come in the middie ofthe sentence, afier the verb be, before the main verb, or after the firstauxiliary verb. He's definitely nota trend of mine. Ml certainly be seeing her tarnorrove 1.7 Modifiers and intensifiers USE We can use adverbs to make adjectives, other adverbs and verbs stronge' (intenstfers) or weaker (modifiers). 1 Wecan use these adverbs before gradable adjectives (le. adjectives that can be used in the comparative} and adverbs: + very, extremely. realy, porticularty terribly (emphatic) + quite prety, fairly rather (weaker than very) + obit 1 fel terribly upset when Iheatd the news, He drives rather fast. I thought the story wos a bit silly. Watch out! quite has two meanings. The picture was quite good, (= good but not very good) Her cooking was quite wonderful (= very, very good) 2 Adverbs such as almost, barely, hardly, nearly and scarcely have a negative meaning. They come in the middle of the sentence. J almost/nearly missed the train. Wecould barely hear the speaker. She hardly knew anyone at the party. 3 Extieme or absolute (nor-gradabke) adjectves include: amazing, boiling, disastrous, fantastic, freezing, impossible, marvellous, superb, wonderful, etc, We can use the following adverbs with extreme adjectives. absolutely, really completely. The special effects were absolutely amazing. Ivejust read superb new book about Egypt Hove swimming in the sea, butit’s absolutely freezing at this time of year. 4 Wecan use these adverbs to emphasise both adjectives and verbs: just, completely, totally (= in every wey) I completely/totally forgot about your birthday. {5 completely impossible to finish in ene, You lookjust fantastic Let’ just go. 4|PageGOLD First Grammar Reference 22 Verb patterns: -ing/ infinitive 2.2.1. Common verbs followed by -ing adrnit, qppreciote, consider, delay deny, detest, dislike, enjoy, escape, fee! like, finish, give up, imagine, involve, mention, mind, mniss postpone, practise prefer, put off recomenend, resent, risk suggest Idon’t recommend going to that restaurant 22.2 The infinitive The infinitive is used + after some main verbs (see 22.3 and 22.4) + after some adjectives wos happy to see her They were wrong to refuse. + after some nouns. Shenever reareted her decision to be « teacher. Its timeto leave. + to express purpose Iwent to London to see my aunt. 22.3 Common verbs followed by infinitive afford, agree, appecr, arrange, ast, attempt, begin, choose, consent, decide, expect, fail, forget, happen, hate, help, hesitate, hope, intend, learn, lke, love, manage, mean, ofer, prefe, iepare, pretend, promise, refuse, remember, seern, start swear, try, want, wish {can't afford to eat in that restaurant, 22.4 Common verbs followed by object + infinitive advise allovy, ask, couse, encourage, expect, forbid, force, get, help, instruct, intend, invite, leave, like, mean, need, ardet, persuade, prefer, remind, request, teach, tell, ermpt, want, wan He asked me to help him. 5[PageGOLD First Grammar Reference 22.5 The infinitive without to ‘The infinitive without to is used + after some main verbs (see 22.6). + after modal verbs. You must leave now. + after would rather/had better. Yould better come in now. 22.6 Common verbs followed by object + infinitive without to let, make, hear, help, see He made merepeat the exercise. Her parents won't let her stay out late theard her play in Min. Watch out! in passive sentences make, hear and help are followed by an infinitive with to Hewas made toreport to the police Let cannot be used in the passive form Instead, allowed must be used My parents let me stay out late lam allowed to stay out late by my parents 22.7 Verbs/Expressions followed by -ing or infinitive with a difference in meaning 1 can't bear/stand, hat, like love, prefer. When these verbs are used with the infinitive, they refer to more specific situations. When they are used with -ing, they refer te more general situations Watch out! The difference in meaningis very sight J prefer to work on acomputer than to write by hand, Jcan’tbear listening to hercomplaining all the time, [PageGOLD First Grammar Reference 2 remember, forget, regret, stop, ry + rernember/forget + ~ing refers to an action that, happened before the moment of remembering/fergetting + remember/forget + infinitive refers to an action after the moment of renembering/forgetting Iremember seeing you somewhere before. (= that | have seen you) Did you remember to lock the door? She had completely forgotten telling him about her cat. forgot to give Sally the book + regret +-ing means be sorry about an action that, happened in the past. + regret+ infinitive means be sorry about e presentaction, regret going to the party lastnight. [regret to have to tell you thatyour carhas been stolen. {= formal) + stop +-ing means stop something you do, eg. habit + stop + infinitive with to means stop what you are doing in order to do something else Istopped drinking coffee: it kept me awake at night. We stopped to have a coffee on theway home, + try +-ing means do an experiment (= doing the action may not be successful) + ty + infinitive means make an effort (= the action may be difficult or impossible to do) Try studying in the morning —itmight suit you better. Try to study at regular times. 7[Page