Anatomy and Physiology

Chapter 2a

Chemistry comes alive

Why is important to talk about chemistry
when we study anatomy and physiology???
Energy: Is the capacity to do work, necessary for many cellular functions
(growth, movement, synthesis of complex chemical compounds, transport...)

Potential energy: Stored or inactive Kinetic energy: Energy in action (doing

energy (have the potential to do work) work)
Chemical energy: stored in the bonds of chemical substances

Types of energy
Carbohydrates, lipids

ATP
Adenosine triphosphate
(the energetic currency of the cell)
Electric energy: due to the movement of electrons or charged particles
(ions)
Mechanical energy: Energy directly involved in movement
Radiant energy: Energy that travel in waves, forms part of the electromagnetic
spectrum.

Transformations can occur between

the different types of energy, always
with a lost in form of heat
 Trace
Majorelements:
Lesser elements:<0.01
3.9 %%
96.1
Matter: everything that occupies a space and have mass. Can be solid,
liquid or gas.

Is made out of elements (substances that cannot be broken down on

simpler substances)
Elements are made out of atoms of the same type and have specific
physical and chemical properties

All atoms (from the Greek indivisible) are composed by protons,

neutrons and electrons

Nucleus

Protons (p+) (positive charge, mass= 1 amu)

Neutrons (n0) (no charge, mass= 1 amu)
Electrons (e-) (negative charge, mass= 0 amu)
If all the atoms have the same subatomic particles, and the elements
are made out of atoms. What make the elements have different
physical and chemical properties??
 The number
Atoms of protons
of different determine
elements the atomic
have different number
number of protons,
neutrons and electrons

Hydrogen (H) Helium (He) Lithium (Li)

(1p+; 0n0; 1e–) (2p+; 2n0; 2e–) (3p+; 4n0; 3e–)
 Atoms
The have
mass the same
number number
is equal ofnumber
to the protonsof
and electrons.
protons plus
Atoms
the are electrically
number of neutrons.neutral.
1 4 7

Hydrogen (H) Helium (He) Lithium (Li)

(1p+; 0n0; 1e–) (2p+; 2n0; 2e–) (3p+; 4n0; 3e–)
All the atoms from the same element have the same
number of subatomic particles??
Atoms of the same element have the same number of protons and
Atomic
The isotopes from weight is an
the same average
element of the
have mass numbers
different of all the
mass number
electrons (have the same properties)
Mass numberisotopes considering
= # protons the abundance on the nature.
+ # neutrons
Atoms of the same element can have different number of neutrons
(Isotopes)
1 2 3

Hydrogen (1H) Deuterium (2H) Tritium (3H)

(0 neutrons) (1 neutron) (2 neutrons)
 Molecules and compounds
Molecules of an element: Composed by two or more atoms of the same
element. Keep the properties of the element.

Compounds: Molecules composed by two or more atoms of different

elements. Different chemical and physical properties.
How molecules get formed??
 Valence shell, contain the electrons
that can form chemical bonds
Electron shells

Does all the electron

shells fit the same
number of electrons??

1 = 2 electrons
2 = 8 electrons
3 = 18 electrons
Hydrogen (H) Helium (He) Lithium (Li) …..
(1p+; 0n0; 1e–) (2p+; 2n0; 2e–) (3p+; 4n0; 3e–)
The octet rule (rule of eights) Except for the hydrogen (which electron shell is
completed with two electrons), atoms trend to interact in the way they end up
having eight electrons in their valence shell.

Chemical bond
Are all the elements able to form chemical bonds??
When a chemical bond is formed, are the electrons
evenly distributed??
Electronegativity. Is the tendency of an atom to attract towards itself the
shared pair of electrons in a chemical bond.
More electronegative
 Ionic bond (Salt)
Cation (+) Anion (–)

Na Cl Na Cl

Sodium atom (Na) Chlorine atom (Cl) Sodium ion (Na+) Chloride ion (Cl - )
(11 e–, 11 p+) (17 e–, 17 p+) (10 e–, 11 p+) (18 e–, 17 p+)

Sodium chloride (NaCl)

Cl–

Na+
Covalent non polar bond. Charge evenly distributed among atoms
Reacting atoms Resulting molecules

O + O O O or O O

Oxygen atom Oxygen atom Molecule of oxygen gas (O2)

Reacting atoms Resulting molecules

N + N N N or N N

Nitrogen atom Nitrogen atom Molecule of nitrogen gas (N2)

Covalent bonds can be produced between elements with relatively low
differences in electronegativity

Reacting atoms Resulting molecules

H
H

H
H

+ C H C H or H C H
H
H

H
H

Hydrogen atoms Carbon atom Molecule of methane gas (CH4)

What happens when the difference in electronegativity between elements is
not enough for one of them to steal the electron???
More electronegative
Covalent polar bond. Charge unevenly distributed among atoms

Displacement of the Dipole (two poles)

electronic cloud
d-

d+

d+
Hydrogen bonds. Between the partially positive hydrogen and partially negative
oxygen
d+
H H Not as strong as covalent bonds
O

d−
Surface tension
Hydrogen bond
(indicated by
dotted line)
d+
H

O
H
d+
d− d− d−
H
H O
O d+
d+
H H
H
d+
O
H
d −
A water strider can walk on a pond because of the high
surface tension of water
Water can dissolve polar compounds and salts
d−
Cl–
O
Na+

H H
d+ d+

d−
d+

Ethanol
 Mixtures
Substances composed by two or more components physically intermixed
Solutions: homogeneous mixtures that have the same composition at any
point where a sample is taken, tiny solute particles that does not settle
down or scatter light

Gas solution 95% O2 5% CO2 Liquid solution. Water, Solid solution. Iron and carbon
bicarbonate, sucrose, colorants,
phosphoric acid……
Solvent: substance present in the grater amount (dissolving medium)
Solute: substance (s) present in the lesser amount
Colloids: (Emulsions) heterogeneous mixtures that have different
composition depending on the point where a sample is taken, larger solute
particles that does not settle down, scatter light. Some can go from liquid to
gel state.

Jello Citosol
Suspensions: (Emulsions) heterogeneous mixtures larger solute particles
that trend to settle down.

Sand and water Blood

Please read your book (Human Anatomy & Physiology,
Marieb and Hoehn 11e) from the pages 12-21 and write
any questions you have to discuss them in class

* This section handle abstract concepts make sure you go

over the information as much as necessary

Thank you!!!!
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S1LDJUu4nko

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lVSF2lP4oBA

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