Structured Programming

 Structured programming is a paradigm that is based on improving

clarity and quality of programs by using subroutines, block
structures and loops (for and while) and discouraging the use
of goto statement.

1. History
2. Overview
3. Component
4. Representations in different languages(C, C++, Java, Python)
1. History
The Böhm-Jacopini theorem, also called structured program
theorem, combining subprograms in only three manners: 
 Executing one subprogram, and the other subprogram
(sequence) .
 Executing one of two subprograms according to the value of a 
Boolean expression (selection) .
 Executing a subprogram until a Boolean expression is true
(iteration)
 Some of the languages that initially used structured approach are
ALGOL, Pascal, PL/I and Ada. 

 By the end of the 20th century, concepts of structured

programming were widely applied so programming languages
that originally lacked structure now have it (FORTRAN,
COBOL and BASIC). Now, it is possible to do structured
programming in any programming language (Java, C++,
Python ...).
 ADVANTAGES OF STRUCTURED
PROGRAMMING
Programs are more easily and more quickly written.
 Programs are easier to maintain.

 if statement :
  It is used to decide whether a certain statement or block of statements will be
executed or not i.e if a certain condition is true then a block of statement is executed
otherwise not.
 Syntax:
  if condition:           
    # Statements to execute if
    # condition is true
 Example :
 i = 10
 if (i > 15): 
    print ("10 is less than 15") 
 print ("I am Not in if”)
 if..else statements:
We can use the else statement with if statement to execute a block of code when the condition is false.

Syntax:

if (condition):

    # Executes this block if

    # condition is true

else:

    # Executes this block if

    # condition is false

Example :

i = 20; 

if (i < 15): 

    print ("i is smaller than 15") 

    print ("i'm in if Block") 

else: 

    print ("i is greater than 15") 

    print ("i'm in else Block") 

    print ("i'm not in if and not in else Block") 

The if statements are executed from the top down.
Syntax:-
if (condition):
    statement
elif (condition):
    statement
else:
      statement the final else statement will be executed
 EXAMPLE

 i = 20
 if (i == 10): 
     print ("i is 10") 
 elif (i == 15): 
     print ("i is 15") 
 elif (i == 20): 
     print ("i is 20") 
 else: 
     print ("i is not present") 
 else: 
     print ("i is not present") 
Python is a multi-paradigm programming language. Meaning, it
supports different programming approach.
One of the popular approach to solve a programming problem is by
creating objects. This is known as Object-Oriented Programming
(OOP).
An object has two characteristics:
 attributes
 behavior
Let's take an example:
Student is an object,
name, age, gender are attributes
singing, dancing are behavior
1.Classes are user-defined data types that act as the blueprint for individual objects, attributes
and methods.
2.Objects are instances of a class created with specifically defined data. Objects can
correspond to realworld objects.
3.Methods are functions that are defined inside a class that describe the behaviours of an
object.
4. Attributes are defined in the class template and represent the state of an object. Objects
will have data stored in the attributes field. Class attributes belong to the class itself.
5. Abstraction Objects only reveal internal mechanisms
6. Inheritance A process of using details from a new class without
modifying existing class.
Encapsulation Hiding the private details of a class from other objects.
Polymorphism A concept of using common operation in different ways for
different data input