CEBU INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

UNIVERSITY

HUMAN CENTERED
DESIGN
SSP031
CREATIVE THINKING TOOLS, TRENDS, & TECHNIQUES

Members:

NOAY, RYAN
ORCULLO, GIA MAE
ORSOLINO, ALEXAM
PATRON, LESTER LOUIE
PILAPIL, ALLAN JR.
RANOA, VINCENT
ROTOR, JHAMES, PAUL

ENGR. YVONNE MOMONGAN

INSTRUCTOR
 A Summary of HCD’s different tools per phase

HCD or Human-centered design is a creative approach to problem

solving consisting of three phases, inspiration, ideation and implementation,
and is commonly used in design and management frameworks that develop
solutions to problem by involving the human perspective in all steps of the
problem-solving process. It’s a process that starts with building a deep
empathy to the people you’re designing for, generating tons of ideas, building
a bunch of prototypes, sharing what you’ve made with the people you’re
designing for and eventually putting your innovative new solution out in the
world.

Phase 1: Inspiration
How do you conduct an interview?
 Body Language – The right body language, eye contact, and facial
expressions can help you learn more and engage deeply while
interviewing rather than replying verbally in every sentence they say that
will only cause interruption and loss of focus.
 The Five Whys – is a method used to get to the core of a person’s beliefs
and motivations by having a follow up questions of “why” five times.
 Interview – Talking to the person you’re designing for directly to get a
better grasp of their hopes, desires and aspiration.
 Group Interview – Talking to a group of people you’re designing for to
have a better understanding of the community and their lifestyle.
 Expert Interview – Talking to the experts to get a firsthand advice that’ll
help in you’re plans and to have a new or different perspective.
 Extremes and Mainstreams – Designing a solution that will work for
everyone means talking to both extreme users and those squarely in the
middle of your target audience.

What tools can I use to understand people?

 Photo Journal – Asking the people you’re designing for to take photos
beforehand and during the interview ask them the “why” behind those
photos to dive into how they feel.
 Conversation Starters – Having a small talk with the people you’re
designing for before diving deeper and talking or asking about the
specifics.
 Analogous Inspiration – Shifting your focus to a new context to have a
fresh perspective on your research.
 Collage – Asking the people you’re designing for to make a collage and
explain what it means to them. This can help you understand their values
and thought process.
 Card Sort – Asking the people you’re designing for to sort a deck of cards,
imprinted with words/image, according to their preference. It can be use to
know what s/he values and why.
 Guided Tour – Immersing with the people you’re guiding for will reveal not
just the physical details of the person but also the habits and values.
 Draw It – Incorporating pen and paper by making a sketch, graph, or
timeline to visualize feelings, either you or the people you’re designing for,
that can also be use as a conversation starter.
 Resource Flow – An exercise that can be used during an interview
wherein you list or draw assets. Organizing and visualizing how a person
or family spends money, you’ll see how it comes in, goes out, and
opportunities for more efficiency in the system.

How do I get started?

 Frame Your Design Challenge – Putting your design challenge in the
appropriate frame will help you succeed. start on the proper foot, arrange
your thoughts about your solution, and at times of stress,Help clarify
where you should push your design by removing uncertainty.
 Create a Project Plan – Get organized, understand your strengths, and
start identifying what you’ll need to come up with innovative solutions.
 Build a Team – The proper blend of thinkers, producers, and doers is an
interdisciplinary group. Any design challenge can be met with this combo.
 Secondary Research – There will be times when you require additional
background, history, or information, data than a typical man-on-the-street
interview can provide. Challenges in the social sector might be numerous.
Secondary Research, whether conducted online or through the study of
books, is extremely difficult. We can assist you in asking the appropriate
questions by crunching numbers.

How do I keep people at the center of my research?

 Recruiting Tools – By planning ahead what to do is the best idea to make,
mapping your moves step by step to make sure the flow of your plan is
smooth and organized. Start on what strategy would you used to
approach different kinds of persons, then what should you ask them or
what pieces of information you want to gather, being simple is the key.
Once you have done this you can assure your plan will go smoothly and
this can lessen biases and it would be fair to everyone.
 Peers Observing Peers – Knowing the community you’re designing for by
socially experience on how they do in their daily life, what is easy and
what is hard. learning from the people you’re designing for can also mean
empowering them do some of the research themselves and then share
back with you. You may also find that social and gender dynamics, or
 research around a sensitive subject, like sexual health for example, may
limit how much the people you’re designing for are willing to tell you.
 Define Your Audience – Before you dig into your in-context research, it’s
critical to know who you’re designing for. You’re bound to learn more once
you’re in the field, but having an idea of your target audience’s needs,
contexts, and history will help ensure that you start your research.
 Immersion – There’s no better way to understand the people you’re
designing for than by immersing yourself in their lives and communities.
The Inspiration Phase is dedicated to hearing the voices and
understanding the lives of the people you’re designing for. The best route
to gaining that understanding is to talk to them in person, where they live,
work, and lead their lives.
 How Might We - Use the How Might We format because it suggests that a
solution is possible and because they offer you the chance to answer
them in a variety of ways.

Phase 2: Ideation
How do I make a prototype?
 Journey Map – A visual representation of the researchers' ideas and facts
that could help them imagine the experience of their customers.
 Determine What to Prototype – Find out what you'll need to develop a
prototype and make a list of everything you'll need.
 Rapid Prototyping – Developing and providing prototypes to respondents
in order to obtain feedback.
 Storyboard – A visual presentation that will assist you manage your notion
from start to end, often consisting of a series of drawings with some
directives and conversations.
 Role Play – To ensure the efficiency of their dealings, researchers will
need to play them out.

How do I know my idea is working?

 Gut Check – Evaluating your ideas and pursuing the ones that are
necessary while dismissing the ones that aren't.
 Get Feedback – By sharing your thoughts with your respondents, you can
get feedback and suggestions.
 Integrate Feedbacks and Iterate – Examine the input from your
respondents and combine the most beneficial ones to learn and improve
your ideas.
 Explore Your Hunch – Follow your gut instincts now and then; you never
know when it will lead to a brilliant idea.
How do I make sense of what I’ve heard?
 Download Your Learnings – Gathering and sharing all of the information
that you and your team have created.
 Share Inspiring Stories – By telling a tale to your team, you can provide
them with vital information. These will aid in the development of
everyone's creative abilities.
 Find Themes – Create a specific theme or setting based on the
information you've gathered and turn it into design possibilities.

How do I turn my learnings into an opportunity for design?

 Brainstorm Rules – A good brainstorming session can greatly assist
everyone in gathering ideas.
 Bundle Ideas – Organizing ideas into groups and rejecting the ones that
don't work.
 Create a Concept – Make a broad concept that is adaptable enough to
deal with the problem you're seeking to tackle.
 Design Principles – In your post-its and themes, write down any principles
that you see based on your observations. Make sure they address all of
the important components of your solution.
 Create Frameworks – Create a structure that displays important linkages
while also advancing your goal.
 Mash-ups – Combine ideas from a variety of sources, most commonly
from real-life examples (e.g., brands).
 Top Five – Sort your ideas into the categories you want to work on.
 Create Insight Statements – Make some insight statements by removing
your themes and rewriting them as a brief statement.
 Brainstorm – A session in which everyone is encouraged to contribute as
many thoughts as possible.

Phase 3: Implementation
How do I assess if my solution is working?
 Define Success - Visualize what is success looks like with a help of the
team. Plotting the important steps to keep moving forward.
 Measure and Evaluate - Make a plan that you will measure and assess
that to make it your own solution.

How do I make concept real?

 Live Prototyping - Helps on creating the possibility to apply all the
solutions into reality in a couple of weeks.
 Pilot - Is a long-term test of your solutions and the most serious stage
before proceeding the market.

How do I plan for what’s next?

 Build Partnerships - Sustain the support of partnership to help you putting
your efforts into the market.
 Road map - Construct a proper and clean timeline that guides your all
action to obtain your goals.
 Sustainable Revenue - You’ll need a long-term revenue strategy in order
to attain maximum impact.
 Staff your project - Build a trusting team to put all the ideas into a visual
concept and the one to make all plans to accomplish.
 Capabilities Quick sheet - This method shows the effectiveness and how
practical the solution is.
 Create a pitch - It is a great way to convince everyone the worthiness of
all your ideas.
 Funding Strategy - Any project requires the capital money to launch the
project with the help of stakeholders, partners and your team. This
strategy provides the financial plans and raise money if the project is even
better.
PHASE 1:
1st METHOD
CONVERSATION STARTERS
1ST Target User:

2nd Target User:

3rd Target User:
 2nd METHOD
EXPERT INTERVIEW
The interview was conducted through messenger chat.
The respondent was a dealer of sofa beds before.

Interview: (4th user)

1. Since we are in a pandemic and we always spend our time at home,
how comfortable are you in your current setup with being at home almost
all of the time?
 Though I spend most of my time at home, I would not say it is
comfortable. Since I’m the youngest among all the siblings, it is
unavoidable that most of the chores are being assigned to me, and I
am busy doing school works and selling pre-loved items when there is
still time left. I could say that I have not been that relaxed in a while.

2. How do you feel as an owner of a Sofa Bed? Is it beneficial and

convenient to own one for you and for your family?
 Owning or having a sofa bed at home is quite convenient, especially
when the room is not spacious enough. It could maximize the space in
the area since the sofa bed is foldable, and you can utilize it in two
ways, either using it as a bed or a sofa. It is also handy during an
occasion, where relatives usually stay at home, and thus you can use
the sofa bed at a time like this.

4.I heard that sofa beds are not as comfortable as the regular beds, do you
happen to agree? Do you think we have a problem there with the use of
mattress?
 If I were to choose, then I would preferably buy a regular one. The first
reason is that the material used in the sofa bed is not that soft
compared to the regular bed that we have at home. The second reason
is that the longer the years of using the sofa bed, the material or the
foam of the sofa bed will not be the same, and it somehow becomes
flat. Lastly, it is quite a hassle when it gets dirty.

5.With the country's most common sofa bed design, would it help in its
sofa feature to have an arm rest or legs? And what are the other features
of a sofa bed that you want to be considered to make it more comfortable?
 Adding features like armrest or legs to improve the design and the
function of the sofa bed is a good idea, but it still depends on how it will
turn out in the final product, and also it depends on the preference of
the buyer. I think the best part that should be focused more on is the
material of the foam itself. There is a need for improvement in that area.
 3rd METHOD
SECONDARY RESEARCH
In order to gain understanding and perception from the respondents
and make a better and quality design, we have gathered three cites that might
be helpful in our design:
First is a research journal article from the The Journal of Aesthetic Education
“Reflections on a Sofa Bed: Functional Beauty and Looking Fit”. According to De
Dlercq (2013) it seems that the term “functional beauty” may be gaining
currency among philosophers of art. Here is an abstract from their study:
This essay argues for two conclusions about functional beauty as the
notion has been understood by Glenn Parsons and Allen Carlson in a recent book
by the same name. First of all, it is argued that functional beauty either is not a
distinct kind of beauty or that the members of this kind are not all and only
instances of the property of looking fit. Second, it is argued that functional beauty
is relative only to categories corresponding to essential functions. The second
conclusion contradicts what Parsons and Carlson write about functional beauty,
but the first conclusion does not, since they agree that looking fit is not necessary
for functional beauty.
Source:
Rafael De Clercq (summer, 2013). Reflections on a Sofa Bed: Functional Beauty and Looking Fit.
Retrieved from: https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5406/jaesteduc.47.2.0035

The second cite would be from Merzali Celikoglu, Ozge / MSc / Technical
University of Istanbul / Turkey ER, Alpay / PhD | Technical University of
Istanbul / Turkey. He writes and examines convertible sofa-bed with all its
functional, socio-economic and socio-cultural dimensions. Here is an abstract
from their study:
An ethnographic inquiry was conducted to find out why people
preferred using convertible sofa-bed and how they used it in their houses. The
research also helps to understand the way it was used in the past and the
change it has been through, in terms of its former physical configuration and
location in the house. The change of the design of the convertible sofa-bed is
parallel to the change of the traditional Turkish house: It is a partial solution in
the inner space because the household population increases while the
dwelling becomes less affordable. To summarize its symbolic and functional
value in Turkey; on one side, convertible sofa-bed represents in-migration to
metropolitan areas, unplanned urbanization and housing problem; on the
other side, it represents hospitality culture despite the lack of space,
traditional housing and sitting habits. The analysis of the product shows how
these aspects are combined together and what kind of a solution the
convertible sofa-bed proposes for this situation.
Source:
Merzali Celikoglu (2012, April). The story of convertible Sofa-Bed: reading the social change
in Turkey through the design of an industrial product. Retrieved from:
http://pdf.blucher.com.br.s3-sa-east-1.amazonaws.com/designproceedings/icdhs/icdhs-
111.pdf

For the last cite is from the article of sofa bed of Mid Century Sofa Beds and
Sleeper Sofas. Mid Century Sofa Beds and Sleeper Sofas is well known for its
great design and quality products. Here’s a part of the article that posted on
their cite.
“ Article’s catalog of mid century modern sleeper sofa display like a team of
exceptionally comfortable transformers, each with their own specialty skills for
particular situations. There are casual three-seaters, modern sofa sleepers
with removable top cushions that can go from hosting a couple of friends over
a few glasses of wine to a bed for said friends in a blink; stylish mid century
sofa sleepers that masterfully tie a living room together in one moment, then
turning it into an impromptu bedroom with ease in the next; spacious
sectionals that fit the whole family on movie night and can open up to fit two
families on movie night, if you know your neighbours well enough; and of
course, the explosives expert.

Mid century modern sleeper sofas like the Soma and Oneira are dressed in
plush fabric in a variety of colors and contain uber-cozy memory foam
mattresses—not to make your current bed jealous or anything. The sleeper
sectionals also come with fun bonus storage features:their Chaise modules
open up like a Pez dispenser to hold bedding, board games, your stash of
snacks, folders of very important documents, a shoebox full of coupons that
you’ll totally use at some point, gym socks that you’ve inexplicably hidden
your entire life’s savings in coins inside of—whatever you like. ”

Well this will surely catch costumers or visitors attention.

Source: ARTICLE (2021). Mid Century Sofa Beds and Sleeper Sofas.
Retrieved from: https://www.article.com/browse/28/sofas-sofa-beds
 PHASE 2:
1st METHOD
RAPID PROTOTYPING
Model 01: Model 02:

Model 03: Model 04:

FINAL DESIGN:
 2ND METHOD
GET FEEDBACK
After the design was completed, we have gathered some feedback
and opinions from our target users:

This is a copy and documented feedback from our expert, the previous dealer
of sofa beds, that was interviewed:

- Good Afternoon! We would like to show to you the product that was
designed by our team, and would also like to hear your thoughts and
feedback about it.

 Good Job to you and to your team for the improvements you’ve made with
the sofa bed, it’s well thought and fantastic. I like what you did with the
arm rest having small compartments and stuff. Although with the mattress
or with the foam, it looks comfortable and pleasing, but we somehow can’t
tell if it has improved, right? Overall, with the new design and features of
your sofa bed, it’s extraordinary, and will surely appreciate by many.
 3RD METHOD
INTEGRATE FEEDBACK AND ITERATE

Incorporating the input, we've chosen to move forward with a sofa bed, but
with additional characteristics to make it more comfortable for customers and
to differentiate it from other sofa beds. So, here's the list we'd want to see in
the design.

1. Additional Layer like mattress topper. As the name suggests, mattress

toppers are simply placed on top of your bed, offering an additional
layer of comfort on top of the existing mattress. A good mattress topper
can help reduce the effects of a sagging mattress by providing a more
even sleep surface.

2. Sofa beds must include a compartment holder, such as for a phone or

laptop, so that we can continue to work while lying in the sofa bed.

3. Arms and legs in sofa bed. Legs may seem such a simple aspect of the
sofa's of today however they are essential given the role they play in
the offering support. They create the space between the area to which
you sit and the floor around you. The arms define the ends of a sofa
and play a critical role in the overall look and function of the piece.
PHASE 3:
1st METHOD
ROAD MAP
STEP ACTIVITY DESCRIPTION TIME ESTIMATE

A Gathering of information needed for 3 weeks

the project(interview, immersion, and
research)
B Meeting assembly of the project team 3 weeks
for brain storming and compilation of
researches
C Team division, assignation and 2 months
actuation of tasks
D Raise funding for the project 2 months

E Design team collaboration and expert 1 ½ months

consultation
F Live prototyping 1 month

G Analyze feedbacks and make 1 month

necessary alterations
H Execute pilot training 3 months

I Build partnerships and signing of 1 month

MOA
J Official launching of the product 1 month
 2nd METHOD
BUILD PARTNERSHIPS
THE AGREEMENTS ON PARTNERSHIPS

1.) Contributions
Our side contributes 70% while our primary partner contributes
30% of the capital in the business.

2.) Distributions
Our side will receive 70% in the business profit while the other one
is 30%.

3.) Designated terms of ownership

Our team will still have more liabilities in the business while the
other one will have lesser.
4.) Decision making
Each partner will still combine the ideas and make a better
decision for what’s good for the business.

3RD METHOD
STAFF YOUR PROJECT
 PROTOTYPE

FINAL PRODUCT DESIGN: (SOFA BED)

Mattress and pillow are from Uratex that is even more compact
and can be folded down to a third of its full size. Made from high-
quality foam, it is durable and provides a plush cushion surface
that is perfect for midday naps.
-end-