ACTIVITY NO.

3
COLLECTION AND PREPARATION OF
SEROLOGICAL SPECIMENS

BLOOD SPECIMEN
- should be collected before meal to avoid the presence of chyle, an emulsion of fat
globules that often appears in serum during digestion.
BLOOD
- should be collected by venipuncture.
VACUTAINER SYSTEM
- consist of a needle holder and glass vacuum tube instead of the syringe barrel and
plunger.
VACUTAINER TUBE
- once the vein is punctured, appropriately in contact with the needle, that required
quantity of blood flows automatically into the vacutainers tube so that the plunger ou is
obviated.

PROCEDURES:
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IN VITRO PHAGOCYTOSIS

PHAGOCYTOSIS
- is one of the first lines of defense against invading microorganisms.
- it is also important for the process of tissue remodeling and removal of senescent
cells.
 THE NEED UP OF APOPTOTIC CELLS, “ THE PROFESSIONAL” phagocytic
leukocytes (granulocytes, monocytes, and macrophage.)
GRANULOCYTES
- are found in the peripheral blood and actively travel to the site of infection adhering to
the vascular endothelium.
MONOCYTES
- migrate from the blood stream and tissues where they differentiate macrophages.
MACROPHAGES
- extend pseudopods in to the lumen of capillaries to clear the circulation of invading
microorganism.
SIX STAGES OF PHAGOCYTOSIS :
 CHEMOTAXIS
 AHERENCE
 ENGULFMENT
 PHAGOSOME FORMATION
 FUSION
 DIGEST AND DESTRUCTION
 ACTIVITY NO.6
ANTIGEN-ANTIBODY INTERACTIONS

ANTIGEN-ANTIBODY REACTION
- the interactions between antigens and antibody.
EPITOPES
- antibodies recognize molecular shapes on antigens.
- in terms of geometry and chemical character.
- antigenic determinant.
AFFINITY OF THE ANTIBODY FOR ANTIGEN
- is one of the most important factors in determining antibody efficacy in vivo.

ANTIGEN :
 COMPLETE ANTIGEN :
- CARRIER/SCHLEPPER MOLECULES - larger molecules attached to
haptens w/c confer antigenic specificities.
- HAPTEN MOLECULE
 INCOMPLETE ANTIGEN

ANTIBODY (IMMUNOGLOBULINS)
 IMMUNOGLOBULIN A - found in breastmilk.
 IMMUNOGLOBULIN D - most are present on the surface of
immunocompetent.
 IMMUNOGLOBULIN E - least abundant in the serum.
 IMMUNOGLOBULIN G - present at the higher concentration in plasma.
 IMMUNOGLOBULIN M - pentameric: with 5 basic subunits.

COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION (from initiation to membrane attack complex)

 CLASSICAL PATHWAY
 ALTERNATIVE PATHWAY
 MANNOSE-BINDING LECTIN PATHWAY
PRECIPITIN CURVE SHOWING ZONAL PHENOMENA