Strength of Materials-II

Lecture 4: Transformation of Strains

UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, TAXILA 1

UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, TAXILA

Chapter 8
TRANSFORMATION OF STRESS AND STRAIN; MOHR’S CIRCLE
• Introduction
• Plane Stress
• Stress Transformation for Plain Stress + Ex. 8.1 and 8.2
• Principal Stresses and Maximum Shear Stress + Ex. 8.3
• Mohr’s Circle for Plane Stress + Ex. 8.4
• Absolute Maximum Shear Stress + Ex. 8.5

• Plain Strain
• Transformation of Strain in a Plane (Equations)
• Mohr’s Circle for Strain + Ex. 8.6
• Measurement of Strains: Strain Rosettes

2
UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, TAXILA

Plane Strain
Deformation
When a force is applied to a body, it
will tend to change the body’s shape
and size.

These changes are referred to as

deformation.

They may be either highly visible or

practically unnoticeable.

The deformation of a body will not

be uniform throughout its volume.
3
UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, TAXILA

Plane Strain
Strain
To describe the deformation of a body by
changes in length of line segments and the
changes in the angles between them, we will
develop the concept of strain.

Strain is actually measured by experiments.

Normal Strain.
change in length of a line per unit length

4
UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, TAXILA

Plane Strain
When ϵ or (ϵavg) is positive, the initial line will elongate, whereas if ϵ is negative
the line contracts.

Normal strain is a dimensionless quantity, since it is a ratio of two lengths.

Sometimes stated in terms of a ratio of length units.

Usually, ϵ is very small. So measurements of strain are in micrometers per

meter (μm/m), where 1 μm = 10-6m.

Sometimes for experimental work, strain is expressed as a percent, e.g., 0.001

m/m = 0.1%.

A normal strain of 480(10-6) can be reported as 480(10-6) in/in, 480 (μm/m) or

0.0480%. Also, one can state this answer as simply 480 μ (480 “micros”).
5
UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, TAXILA

Plane Strain
Shear Strain.
The change in angle that occurs
between these two line segments
is referred to as shear strain.

This angle is denoted by γ

(gamma) and is always measured
in radians (rad), which are
dimensionless.

6
UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, TAXILA

Plane Strain
Cartesian Strain Components.

Δx elongates by ϵxΔx, so its new length is Δx + ϵxΔx.

Therefore, the approximate lengths of the three sides of the

parallelepiped are
7
UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, TAXILA

Plane Strain
If the element in Fig. 10–1 is
subjected to plane stress σx and
σy, not only are normal strains ϵx
and ϵy produced, but there is also
an associated normal strain, ϵz.
This is obviously not a case of
plane strain.

In general, then, unless ʋ = 0, the

Poisson effect will prevent the
simultaneous occurrence of plane
strain and plane stress.
8
UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, TAXILA

General Equations of Plane-Strain Transformation

Sign Convention.
Normal strains ϵx and ϵy are
positive if they cause
elongation along the x and y
axes, respectively, and the
shear strain γxy is positive if
the interior angle AOB
becomes smaller than 90°.

9
UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, TAXILA

General Equations of Plane-Strain Transformation

The problem here will be to

determine at a point the normal and
shear strains ϵx', ϵy', γx'y', measured
relative to the x', y' axes, if we know
ϵx, ϵy, γxy, measured relative to the x,
y axes.
If the angle between the x and x'
axes is θ, then, like the case of plane
stress, θ will be positive provided it
follows the curl of the right-hand
fingers, i.e., counterclockwise, as
shown in Fig. 10–2b.

10
UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, TAXILA

General Equations of Plane-Strain Transformation

Recall General Equations of Plane-Strain Transformation

11
UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, TAXILA

General Equations of Plane-Strain Transformation

12
UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, TAXILA

General Equations of Plane-Strain Transformation

13
UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, TAXILA

Mohr’s Circle for Plane-Strain

𝛾𝑥𝑦 S2
𝑌 𝜖𝑦 , −
2

2𝜃𝑦𝑝2

P2 C P1
𝜖

2𝜃𝑥𝑝1 𝛾𝑥𝑦
𝛾𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝛾𝑠1𝑠2
= 2
2 2 𝜖2
2𝜃𝑥𝑠1
𝑋
S1
𝜖𝑎𝑣𝑔
𝛾
𝜖𝑥
2 14
𝜖1
UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, TAXILA

General Equations of Plane-Strain Transformation

15
UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, TAXILA

General Equations of Plane-Strain Transformation

(a) Using a square of unit length in the x and y directions to represent the
undeformed body at this point, draw a sketch of this elemental square before
and after deformation. (Exaggerate the deformation.)

16
UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, TAXILA

General Equations of Plane-Strain Transformation

(b) Sketch a Mohr’s circle of strain for these in-plane strains.
40 80
-100
𝛾𝑥𝑦
𝑋 120, −60 𝑋 𝜖𝑥 , +
2
𝛾𝑥𝑦
𝑌 𝜖𝑦 , −
2
O C
𝜖 𝜇
A 200
𝜖𝑎𝑣𝑔 , 0

𝜖𝑥 + 𝜖𝑦 120𝜇 − 40𝜇
𝜖𝑎𝑣𝑔 = = = 40𝜇
2 2
𝑌 −40, 60

+100 𝑅= 𝐶𝐴2 + 𝑋𝐴2 = 80𝜇 2 + 60𝜇 2

𝛾
𝜇 = 100𝜇 17
2
UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, TAXILA

General Equations of Plane-Strain Transformation

(c) Determine the extensional strain in the direction n that is 30⁰ clockwise
from the x axis.
40 80 2𝜃𝑥𝑛 = 60°
-100
𝑋 120, −60 𝜖𝑛 = 𝑂𝐶 + 𝐶𝐵
2𝜃𝑥𝑝1 = 36.87° = 𝜖𝑎𝑣𝑔 + 𝑅𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜃𝑝1𝑛
R = 100

60°
O C B
𝜖 𝜇
A 200

2𝜃𝑝1𝑛
𝛾𝑛𝑡
𝑁 𝜖𝑛 , +
2
𝑌 −40, 60 From triangle XCA
+100 𝑋𝐴 60𝜇
𝛾 2𝜃𝑥𝑝1 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 −1 = 36.87°
𝜇 𝐶𝐴 80𝜇 18
2
UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, TAXILA

General Equations of Plane-Strain Transformation

(c) Determine the extensional strain in the direction n that is 30⁰ clockwise
from the x axis.
2𝜃𝑝1𝑛 = 60 − 36.87 = 23.13°
° °
40 80
-100
𝑋 120, −60
2𝜃𝑥𝑝1 = 36.87°
R = 100

60°
O C B
𝜖 𝜇
A 200

2𝜃𝑝1𝑛 𝜖𝑛 = 𝑂𝐶 + 𝐶𝐵
𝛾𝑛𝑡
𝑁 𝜖𝑛 , + = 𝜖𝑎𝑣𝑔 + 𝑅𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜃𝑝1𝑛
2
𝑌 −40, 60
= 40𝜇 + 100𝜇𝑐𝑜𝑠 23.13°
+100
𝛾
𝜇 𝜖𝑛 = 132𝜇 19
2
UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, TAXILA

General Equations of Plane-Strain Transformation

20
UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, TAXILA

(d) Determine the principal strains and the principal directions of strain, and
sketch a deformed element that is oriented in the principal directions.

𝜖𝑎𝑣𝑔 = 40

-100
𝑋

2𝜃𝑥𝑝1 = 36.87°
R = 100

O C P1 (140, 0)
𝜖 𝜇
P2 (-60, 0) 200
2𝜃𝑦𝑝2

𝑌
+100
𝛾
𝜇 21
2
UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, TAXILA

(d) Determine the principal strains and the principal directions of strain, and
sketch a deformed element that is oriented in the principal directions.

𝜖𝑎𝑣𝑔 = 40

-100
𝑋

2𝜃𝑥𝑝1 = 36.87°
R = 100

O C P1 (140, 0)
𝜖 𝜇
P2 (-60, 0) 200
2𝜃𝑦𝑝2

𝑌
+100
𝛾
𝜇 22
2
UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, TAXILA

(e) Maximum In-Plane Shear Strain:

𝜖𝑎𝑣𝑔 = 40
S2 2𝜃𝑥𝑠2 = 53.13°
-100
𝑋

2𝜃𝑥𝑝1 = 36.87°
R = 100

O C P1 (140, 0)
𝜖 𝜇
P2 (-60, 0) 200
2𝜃𝑦𝑝2

𝑌
2𝜃𝑦𝑠1 = 53.13°
𝛾 S1
𝜇 23
2
UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, TAXILA

(e) Maximum In-Plane Shear Strain:

𝜖𝑎𝑣𝑔 = 40
S2 2𝜃𝑥𝑠2 = 53.13°
-100
𝑋

2𝜃𝑥𝑝1 = 36.87°
R = 100

O C P1 (140, 0)
𝜖 𝜇
P2 (-60, 0) 200
2𝜃𝑦𝑝2

𝑌
2𝜃𝑦𝑠1 = 53.13°
𝛾 S1
𝜇 24
2