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Review on Renewable Energy, Sustainable Energy and Clean Energies

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Technical Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences
Available online at www.tjeas.com
©2014 TJEAS Journal-2014-4-3/120-123
ISSN 2051-0853 ©2014 TJEAS

Review on Renewable Energy, Sustainable Energy

and Clean Energies
MehrdadSobhani. ShervinZakeri, Mohammad Mehdi Taghizadeh

Department of Environmental Design Engineering, Islamic Azad University, Estahban branch, Estahban, Iran
Department of Industrial Engineering, Islamic Azad University, Arak Branch, Arak, Iran
Department of Environmental Engineering, Stahban branch, Islamic Azad University
Correspondence author email: Shervin.Zakeri@live.com

ABSTRACT: Reducing of fossil fuel sources and consequences of environmental problems arising from their
consumption makes man to look for alternative energy sourcesare including renewable energies, clean
energies, and sustainable energies. High consumption of fossil resources in the world is a warning for the
necessity of exploiting the available abundant renewable resources such as solar energy, wind, geothermal and
small hydro power plants. Therefore instead of growing reliance on declining underground resources, it must
invest for the development of renewable energy utilization. This paper aims to review on sustainable energy,
renewable energy and clean energies such as solar energy, wind and geothermal energyand their applications.
Thepaper begins by discussion about clean energies; sustainable energy and renewable energies.
Keyword: Review,Clean, Sustainable, Renewable, Energy
INTRODUCTION

In today's world, prodigious development of science and technology has caused the welfare of human life. But
this development is a source of new problems for mankind including: environmental pollution, climate changes,
extinction of plant and animal speciesand etc. One of the most prevalent energies that utilizes for firms,
industries, cars are fossil fuels.Fossil fuels provide numerous environmental pollution (Kaygusuz K.
2012;YukselI, Kaygusuz K.2011;Ocak M et al.2004).Actually by fossil fuels burning, toxic gases enter the
environment, makes human breathing difficult and pollute the environment. On the other hand the
concentration of these gases in the Earth's atmosphere preventsheat leaving from the Earth and causes the
increasing temperatures and extensive changes in Earth's climate, which is called the greenhouse effect
(Anderegg, 2010; Doran and Zimmerman, 2009; Hansen et al., 2008; Oreskes, 2004).If the temperature
continue rises in accordance with the current trend, it will be impossible to return to its former condition.The
best solution that can be offered is to stop the growing trend of these harmful gases and to utilize of other
energy resources such as solar, wind, geothermal energy,thus this paper aims to review on these resources.

SUSTAINBALE ENERGY
Sustainable energy means the persistent supply of energy to meet the needs of today without compromising
the ability of future supply needs without compromising the ability of future generations for supplying their
needs. The technologies that assist the sustainable energy are including renewable energy sources such as
hydropower, solar energy, wind energy, geothermal energy, the artificial photosynthesis and wave energy and
the technologies that are designed to improve energy efficiency.As follow as H. (Lund et al.2014)the design of
future sustainable energy systems including 100 percent renewable systems is described in a number of recent
reports and studies includingMathiesen BV et al .2013),(Lund H et al .2013), A. (Østergaard et al
.2010;Østergaard P.A, Lund H 2011;Lund H, Mathiesen BV . 2006;Lund H .2007). However, According to(L.
Zhang et al .2014;Shen YC et al.2010;Tsoutsos T et al .2009) and (Wang JJ al.2009)sustainable energy should
satisfy technical and cost limits and must contribute to environment protection and social development. For
more studies about Sustainable energy and its application see (H.Serencam, U.Serencam.2013;R.
Verhoevenetal.2014; M.Y. Recalde.2014; J.D. Mondol, N. Koumpetsos.2013;M. Mansoor.2013;Kh.B.
Abdallah.2103; L. Garniati et al .2014).

CLEAN ENERGY
As global interest in technologies that can either replace or improve the efficiency of fossil fuels increases, we
are seeing increasing calls for international clean energy research and development (R&D) partnerships, both
to harness the unique technical capacities and market characteristics of partner countries, and to promote high-
Tech J Engin & App Sci., 4 (3): 120-123, 2014

level political cooperation(Lewis.2014).The transition towards sustainable and low carbon communities requires
the development and deployment of a range of new and existing energy technologies. Globally, many nation
states, such as European countries, China and South Korea, consider clean energy policies as strategic
pathways to enhance national competitiveness in science and technology (Hongtao Yi, 2013). Industrial
productions such as automotive manufacturing require significant amount of energy inputs for the process
operations (Q. Zhai et al, 2014;Unander et al., 1999; Yuan et al., 2006; Gutowski et al., 2006). As current global
energy supply is mainly produced from fossil fuels, the energy consumed in industrial productions generates
huge amount of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions which are of grave concerns worldwide due to their global
warming effects (Q. Zhai et al, 2014; IPCC .the Inter government, 2007).According to (A.Paulet al.2014) A
clean energy standard (CES) is a flexible approach to encouraging a cleaner technology mix for electricity
production and based on(L. Baldi et al.2014)Clean energy is a dynamic and promising industry,with a double-
digit growth market rate over the last few years. In clean energy, rare earth materials (REMs here after) ,such
as dysprosium, neodymium, terbium and yttrium are key components in the development process of new
technologies.There are several studies (K. Habib, H.Wenzel,2014;A.Paul et al.2014; S. Rauscha, M.
Mowersc,2014;M.L.Bustamante, G. Gaustad,2014; J.I. Lewis.2014;Jiahai.Y et al,2014;Hongtao Yi, 2013;
J.W.Lee.2013; M.N. Anany et al, 2013) include the application of clean energy on various subjects.

RENEWABLE ENERGY
By using renewable energy such as solar, wind, geothermal, hydrogen and energy instead of fossil fuels, the
environmental pollution and associated risks will be prevented. On the other hand fossil fuels such as oil, gas
and coal will eventually come to an end and by ending of them, the human civilization which directly depends
on energy, will be faced with a serious challenge. Renewable energies such as solar energy, wind, wave,
geothermal, hydrogen, biomass, are increasing their share of global energy supply system and designing,
development and dissemination of appropriate renewable energy technologies is important for meeting the
growing energy requirement for economic growth as well as for improvement in the quality of human life
(REN21, 2012; a road map to 2030, 2013;Sathaye J et al 2011).According to the (J. Philip, L. Chris.2001;J.
Philip.2009) education is one of the most effective tools for providing solutions to the problems faced by the
society and Renewable energy education, in essence, is the treatment of various topics and issues related to
renewable energy resources and technologies as an independent subject and its specific objectives include
(BerkovskiBoris,Gottschalk Charles M,1997; Garg HP, Kandpal TC, 1996; J. Philip, L. Chris,2001;
J.Philip,2009).About economic aspect, There are several studies (Apergis, N.,Payne,J.E 2011a, 2011b, 2012a,
2012b,2013;H.T.Pao et al 2014) that using panel data to study the causal relation- ships between clean and
non-clean energy expenditure and economic growth. There are various studies about renewable and its
application include (A.T. Gullberg et al 2014; C.W.Lee, J. Zhong,2014; Ch.I.Ossai et al, 2014; K. Kusakana,
H.J.Vermaak,2014; C.Houston et al,2014; S.Sh.Alam et al,2014; A.Zyadin et al, 2014).

CONCLUSION
In recent decades, human has realized the necessity of development clean renewable energy sources.
Therefore, mankind aimed to reduce energy utilization, along with the development of clean energy sources to
prevent his dependence on fossil fuels before completion of these resources. As mentioned above this kind of
energy in their all steps of production, distribution and consumption has adverse environmental impacts.
Therefore we need to find, use and develop new sources of energy which has no adverse
environmental impacts and has no worries for their completion. In this paper, we review on clean energies,
Renewable energies, Sustainable energies, the reports and studies about them and their application on various
subjects.
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