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    Coastal

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 91
    TECHNICAL ENGINEERING AND DESIGN GUIDES AS A FROM THE US ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS, No. 6 car tr ary Fan IIEARSHORE BREAKWATERS a= MERIGAN SOCIETY OF SiViL ENGINEERS a SS a ene AND a GUIDES US ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS, No. 6 COASTAL GROINS AND NEARSHORE BREAKWATERS ABSTRACT “This engineenng manual Coastal Groins and Nearshore Breakwaters from the USS. Any Corps of Engineers proviges guidance for the design ang placement of beach satilzation sthucures, specfically rors, nearshore breakwalers and Submerged sils ‘Since the design of beach stabilization structures requires Sralysee of the wave, current, and lengshore transport environments and the Cosstal processes at prelect sta, tis marual can only provide guidance ané tesign concepls in the area of beach stabiization. However, in action to the ‘eneral guidelines, the manual does present a ‘of the advantages Sed disadvantages of the various lypes of Beach stabization systems. Library of Congress Cataloging n-Pubication Data Coastal groins and nearshore breakwaters. ‘hc {Technical engineering and design guides as adapted from the US army Comps of Engineers, no. 6) Includes Uoaphycalrlernces ar index ISBN 6-87262-096-8 | Groins (Shore protacten) 2. Breakwaters. |. Amercan Society of Civil Engineers. I, United States, Army. Corps of Engineers. ill Seves: FeStivcal engineering and design guides as adapted from the US. Army Corps of Engineers; no. 6. Tosss.063 1994 94.258 27° 56—-20 cP “The material presented in this publication has beon prepared in sccordance win gerraly refogrized engineering panels and prachces, andi ov gene STinGeraied crip’ ths wermation shoe not be Used wiheut Wet seounra Zompotet vice wh respect fo ts suitably for any general or speci epics ‘ine contents ofthis publication are nt irtended tobe and should rot be eon, ‘tue to be a standard ofthe American Socely ol Givi Engineers (ASCE) and Jo not iended for usc as a relerence in purchase soecticators, contact, Tequatiors, stavtes, ot ary oer legal document. No reference made In this publication fo any speciic method, product, proba gt Sie taretttes oF mpies 89 encore, resorted. oF Wanranty thereot by ASCE. "ASCE makes no representation or warranty of ary kind, whether express or imped. concemirg the accuracy, completers, sstabity oF uty of ary infor, imatien, apparatus, product, er process discussed in this publication, and ‘aseumes fa lab terefor “Anyere uttang this information assumes all ability arising trom such use, inca but not hited to infingemert of ary patent oc Patents Prelocopies. Authorization o photocopy material for intemal or personal use Cer cleuristances na fling win the fa Use prewizons ofthe e ‘Sorared by ASCE tp Wren ard afer users reqatered wih the Copraht lean Carer (Cc) Hegatighl Rapetra tule, Bove base pecarice Pet ‘pais ect fo OOS, eng Shee, en MA O70 ine detec rASce Rods so ease $300 + iequeat or apes’ permscior of bi copy Sar fielid bs across fo Permissions & Conymaht Dept, ASCE. ight © 1004 byte Aeican Sey of Gi Ergear, a Ceneres Catalog Card No 84-258 COASTAL GROINS AND NEARSHORE BREAKWATERS. TABLE‘OF CONTENTS Chapter 1. Introduction Purpose and Scope Applicability... References... Background Discussion ‘Overview of Manual Chapter 2. Design Considerations for Beach Stabilization Structures General Design Objectives .......... General Data Requirements for Design... Detached Breakwater and Groin Databases Chapter 3. Groins Functional Design Structural Design Design Process Chapter 4. Nearshore Breakwaters Purpose Design Objectives Chapter 5. Construction and Postconstruction Activities Objectives Construction Records Inspections (Operations and Maintenance Manual for Local Sponsors... Appendices Appendix A. References Appendix B, Advantages and Disochentoges of Verious Beach Stbilzaion Skuchures Appendix C. Dimensional Analysis for Groin Design and Example Applications ‘Appendix D. GENESIS Numerical Shoreline Change Model Appendix E Dimensional Analysis for Nearshore Breakwaters and Example ‘Application Index Sees 39 39 51 51 51 55 56 62 76 78 85 DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY U.S. Army Corps of Engineers WASHINGTON, D.C. 20314-1000 ay B00cT 993 ATTENTION oF: Mr. James W. Poirot President, American Society of Civil Engineers 345 East 47th Street New York, New York 10017 Dear Mr. Poirot: I am pleased to furnish the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) a copy of the U. S. Army Corps of Engineers Engineer Manual, EM 1110-2-1617, Coastal Groins and Nearshore Breakwaters. The Corps uses the EM to provide guidance for the design and placement of beach stabilization structures, specifically groins, nearshore breakwaters and submerged sills. I understand that ASCE plans to publish this manual for public distribution. I believe this will benefit the civil engineering community by improving transfer of technology between the Corps and other engineering professionals. Sincerely, fd. Llsiitua, Arthur E. Williams Lieutenant General, u. Ss. Arny Commanding INTRODUCTION CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1-1. Purpose and Scope This manyal provides guidance for the design ‘and placement of beach stabilization structures, spe- cea groins, nearshore breckwaters and submerged si 1-2. Applicability This manual applies to major subordinate commands, districts, laboratories, and field i activities (FOA) having responsibility for the design of civil works projects. 1-3. References Required and lated publications oe liste in Appendix A. . Background In high elie beach communities, the consequences of previously ignored or unanticipated beach erosion may become costly enough to warrant using structural measures. Such measures may consist of seawalls, revetments, groins, bulkheads, : ters, and/or beach fils. Generally, “hord’ structures require special siting considerations and an accom- panying beach fil to mitigate adverse effects on ad- jocent beaches. Beach fils are often the preferred and sometimes the most costelfectve alternative. These “soft” structures include arffcial beach berms ond dunes accompanied by periodic beach nourishments, feeder beaches, or sand bypassing systems. Periodic 6+ continuous replenishment of beach fils allows them to erode and adjust to the dynamic requirements of the ‘ocean shore and prevent retum of the damaging ero- sion processes to or beneath the landward develop: ment. Beoch fils emulote nature, are ceshetcely plssing contbue t recreoon, ond ed neoded material to the shore processes rather than sim- py redsrbting ovale sand. A manual on beoch- il design is in preparation at the U.S. Army Engineer ‘Waterways Experi iment Station. A. BEACH FILLS. Because beach fills are vulnerable to severe storms, they may be short lived when a storm is experienced soon afte the fil has been ploced, This short existence is often viewed by the pub lic as filure of the beoch fil, even ifthe loss proves to be temporary. litle, if any, notice is given 10 the pro- tection the fl provided to uplond arco andthe cor nomic loss it may have prevented. Also, the sand moy not necessarily howe boon los, but moy have been moved to an offshore bar. In some cases, the rising cost of sand placement is causing the economic via- bility of beoch fils to decreose. In other cases, repeated beach fills hove developed public perception that beoch fils and required periodic renourishments are wasteful. It is therefore politically and economically trcessary to lengthen the inkrval between ronourishr ments or rehabilitative beach fils that is, to inerease the amount of time thot placed sand remains on the beach. This increased longevity can be accomplished by the pruclnt design ond placement of severe! ef becch stobltzation sruchtes, the deign ond pce: ment of these structures, particularly groins, nea breakwaters, and submerged sill, is the subject of this manual. B. PROTECTIVE AND BEACH STABILI- ‘ZATION STRUCTURES. A distinction is made be- tween po and beach stabilization structures. The se rmer is to protect inland development ‘and to armor the shoreline against erosion; the pur- pose of the letter is to retard beach erosion, increase the longevity of a beach fill, and maintain a wide ouch bor desnage reduchor end recreation, Seavalk ‘and revetments are shore protection structures, whereas groins, nearshore breakwaters, and sills are beach stabilization structures 1-6. Overview of Manual The design of successful beach stabilization structures involves applying knowledge of the physical environment and coastal processes ata site 10 the se~ lection of a type of structure, the preliminary design of COASTAL GROINS AND NEARSHORE BREAKWATERS, thot structure or structures, and the subsequent analysis cond refinement of that design. The economic fate tion for beach stabilization structures is the savings re alized by increasing the amount of time that nourish ‘ment sand remains on the beach within a project area. The cost of hard beach stabilization structures should be less than the beach nourishment savings realized If for example, ineluding beach stabilization structures in a project increases the renourishment period from 3 to 6 years, the amortized savings accruing from the less nourishment is available to build the structures. A. SCOPE. Design of beach stobilization structures is complex. It requires analyses of the wave, ‘current, and longshore transport environments ond the coastal processes at a project site. It requires know!- of the functional performance of the various shore stabilization schemes, the application of engineering judgment ond experience to the design, and the struc: tural design of that will withstand the marine environment and function as intended. Beach stobili- zation structure designs are site-specific, and no single scheme is best for all situations. Consequently, design must be tailored to its specific objectives and site. This manual provides guidelines and design er cepts, but does not, in most cases, provide design procedures. References to sources of docied design procedures are cited where appropriate B. CHAPTER 2. ter 2 provides gen: eral design considerations ate stobilization struc- tures, ollernative types of beach stabilization structures, the various types of construction, and the general data requirements for design including wave ond water- level dato, longshore sand transport data, and shore- line change dato. C. CHAPTER 3. Chapter 3 deals with the functional and structural design of groins ond groin systems Groin dimensions such os height, lent spocing, and Silty, and ae o groin’s functional performance are bei cet long with the use of physical and mathematical models to evaluate designs. Wave, current, and earth forces on groins ore also discussed 1D. CHAPTER 4. Chapter 4 deals with nearshore breakwaters, artificial headlands, and sub: merged sills. Design objectives ore outlined along wih descriptions of single and multiple nea waters, artificial headlands, ond ere sills. De- sign factors include selecting the desired shoreline con- figuration andthe breckwcter height, lng, dance rom shore, permeability, spacing, and type of con- struction that wil ced! the dested fier The The effect of breakwaters on nearshore circulation, wave condi- tions in the breakwaters lee, longshore fransport, and onshore-offshore transport are discussed. E. CHAPTER 5. Chopler 5 deals with con- struction and postconstruction activities, specifically, construction records, inspections, and project monitor- ing. Monitoring data include ground photography, cerial photography, inspection reports, beach and dune profile surveys, wave dato, other environmental dota, wave force data, and ecological and archeolog: ical data. Requirements of the operations and main- tenance nat that must be developed fo assist local sponsors in pr ing beach stobilzation jects ore discused oe tenes required under ER 1110-02-1407. F. APPENDICES. Appendix A is a list of references cited. Appendix B is a compilation of the ‘advantages and disodvantoges of the various types of beach stobilization systems. Groins, nearshore break waters, submerged sill, and alternative beach stobil- zation schemes are considered. Appendix C describes dimensional analysis related to groin design and pro- vides an exomple application. Appendix D provides a description of the numerical shoreline change model GENESIS. Appendix E provides a dimensional analy- sis for breakwater and submerged sill design and provides an example plication for « detoched DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS FOR BEACH STABILIZATION STRUCTURES, CHAPTER 2 DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS FOR BEACH STABILIZATION STRUCTURES 2-1. General Design Objectives A. _ STRUCTURAL VERSUS NONSTRUC- TURAL ALTERNATIVES. 1, Beach stabilization structures alone do not provide the sand to maintain o wide protective or rec reational beach; they simply redistribute available sand. Thus, accretion in one area is balanced by ero- sion elsewhere unless additional sand is introduced into the project area. The design of shore protection without concomitant beach nourishment must recog nize that more sand in one crea offen means less in another area. The degree of allowable adverse effects needs to be addressed; however, if negative impacts cannot be tolerated, beach nourishment must be in- cluded in the project. 2. Beach and dune restorations are often vulnerable and short lived due to the frequency and intensity of coostal storms. In addition to providing pro- fection, however, they also contribute additional sand to the litoral environment. Frequent renourishment may be necessary to maintain a given level of protection. Coastal structures in conjunction with beach nourishment can increase the residence time of the sand, keeping it on the beach within the project crea for a longer period of time. Ifthe sovings realized by reducing the time between required renourishment exceeds the cost of the structures, their construction can be justified B, ALTERNATIVE TYPES OF BEACH STABILIZATION STRUCTURES. 1. Shore-Parallel, Onshore Struc- tures. Several types of beach stabilization structures: can be built parallel to shore on an existing or restored shoreline. Revetments, bulkheads, and seawall protect the area immediately behind them, but afford no pro- tection to adjacent areas or to the beach in front of them. While revetments, bulkheads, and seawalls can modify coastal processes such as longshore transport rates, cross-shore distribution of longshore trar t and onshore-offshore transport on the beach in of them (if they protrude into the zone of longshore transport), these modifications do not affect their in- tended function, which is fo protect the property behind them. These structures stabilize a shoreline by ends ing and protecting on area, thereby preventing the beach from functioning normally. The function and de- sign of revetments, bulkheads, ond seawalls is dis cussed in EM 1110-2-1614. 2. Shore-Connected Structures. __9.. Groins and shore-connected breakwaters category. Groins are the most common shore-

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