AN INTELLIGENT IOT BASED REMOTE

PATIENT MONITORING SYSTEM USING

SOFT COMPUTING TECHNIQUES
Under-Graduate Final Year Project Report

M. UMER HUZAIFA FA18-BCE-004

M. ABDULLAH ASHFAQ FA18-BCE-014
HUMA GHAZANFAR FA18-BCE-024
M. NIBRAS QURESHI FA18-BCE-079

Project Advisor: Dr. Khurram Zaidi

SPRING 2022

COMSATS UNIVERSITY ISLAMABAD,

LAHORE CAMPUS, PAKISTAN
 Submission Form for FYP Report

NUMBER OF
PROJECT ID 33 4
MEMBERS

AN INTELLIGENT IOT BASED HEALTHCARE SYSTEM BASED ON SOFT

COMPUTING TECHNIQUES
TITLE

SUPERVISOR NAME Dr. Khurram Zaidi

CO-SUPERVISOR Dr. Mujtaba Hussain Jafri

MEMBER NAME REG. NO. EMAIL ADDRESS

M. Umer Huzaifa FA18-BCE-004 Fa18-bce-004@cuilahore.edu.pk

Abdullah Ashfaq FA18-BCE-014 Fa18-bce-014@cuilahore.edu.pk

Huma Ghazanfar FA18-BCE-024 Fa18-bce-024@cuilahore.edu.pk

M. Nibras Qureshi FA18-BCE-079 Fa18-bce-079@cuilahore.edu.pk

CHECKLIST:
Number of pages in this report 61
I/We have enclosed the soft-copy of this document along-with
YES / NO the codes and scripts created by myself/ourselves
My/Our supervisor has attested the attached document YES / NO

I/ We confirm to state that this project is free from any type of

YES / NO plagiarism and misuse of copyrighted material
 MEMBERS’ SIGNATURES

Supervisor’s Signature

COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering

This work, entitled “AN INTELLIGENT IOT BASED HEALTHCARE SYSTEM BASED
ON SOFT COMPUTING TECHNIQUES” has been approved to fulfil partial
requirements for the award of

BS in Computer Engineering to
M. Umer Huzaifa FA18-BCE-004
BS in Computer Engineering to
Abdullah Ashfaq FA18-BCE-014
BS in Computer Engineering to Huma
Ghazanfar FA18-BCE-024
BS in Computer Engineering to
M. Nibras Qureshi FA18-BCE-079

SPRING 2022

External Examiner:

Head of Department:

Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering

COMSATS UNIVERSITY ISLAMABAD

LAHORE CAMPUS– PAKISTAN
 Declaration

“No portion of the work referred in this report has been submitted in fulfilment of another degree or
qualification for any other institute or university”.

MEMBERS’ SIGNATURES

4
 Acknowledgements

Allah Almighty is to be praised for giving us the resources of every kind so that we can use them properly
in the service of mankind. Thank Allah for continuing to provide us with all the resources and guidance
necessary to help mankind. I pray for you in the name of Almighty Allah, the kindest and most merciful.
Our gratitude goes to Almighty Allah, who provides us with all the resources, so we can make proper use of
them for the benefit of humanity. We might want to expand our monstrous appreciation towards our folks
and relatives who kept sponsorship us up in every one of the circumstances, both fiscally and ethically. We
are immensely appreciative and profoundly obliged to our supervisor Dr Khurram Zaidi as well as co-
supervisor Dr. Mujtaba Hussain Jafri for their direction, edification and support to buckle down and savvy.
We have discovered them especially accommodating while at the same time talking about the improvement
issues in this paper and in addition down to earth work. Their basic remarks on our work have unquestionably
influenced us to consider new thoughts and systems in the fields of improvement and in addition
equipment/programming incorporation and re-enactment. We are famously appreciative to the greater part
of our gathering individuals who proficiently figured out how to finish this task inside the given time. This
project could not be completed without the individual efforts and team cooperation from our group members,
M. Umer Huzaifa, Abdullah Ashfaq, Huma Ghazanfar, and M. Nibras Qureshi. We might want to express
our acknowledgment and thankfulness towards the staff and also offices gave to us in conclusive year
venture lab. We likewise laud our companions and respondents for their help and ability to invest some of
their significant energy with us to fill in the polls that turned out to be exceptionally useful for the satisfaction
of our objective. Be that as it may, this task would not have been conceivable without the kind help and help
of numerous people and specialists, we might want to stretch out our earnest respect to every one of them.

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 Abstract

Primary healthcare facilities are modern-day major challenge for developing countries where
medical experts and high-quality hospitals are deficient to fulfil needs of people especially in remote areas.
Diseases are caused by an aging population and a high rise in chronic illness, that require on going medical
attention and treatment. Which it not possible to treat such patients manually by examining their vital sign
day by day. We know artificial intelligence and internet of things has revolutionized various fields of life
and undoubtfully popular during last decade, due to its deployment in banking, marketing, business, and
health etc. The current method of conventional telemedicine is facing some problems, like it requires local
health center with dedicates staff, verifying patient reports from main hospital, cost of health centers and
time constraint of few hours to wait for report.
In this project, we introduced an intelligent healthcare system that is based on modern technologies
like Internet of things (IoT) and soft computing techniques. This system will be able to reach intelligent
conclusions by processing a patient’s data through a medical decision support system. The soft computing-
based decision support system will be used to develop and identify the relationship between health sensors
and the symptoms and will also be used to diagnose the patient with possible cure. Online datasets will be
used to train the soft computing-based algorithms. The proposed system will also be developed as a portable
unit where the desired information will be available on android phone.

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1 Introduction
An intelligent IOT based remote patient monitoring is comprised of many technologies. Internet of
things (IoT) is a network in which many devices are connected, and these devices can communicate by a
computer network. By this worldwide network, we can get information through sensors that relate to it. By
using a computer network, we can access this information anywhere in this world. Internet of things can
connect physical objects to the Internet and can provide opportunities for building systems that are based on
various technologies such as near field communication (NFC) and wireless sensor network (WSN). In a
wireless sensor network, sensors sense the environment and send information to the base station [1].
Nowadays, we can connect everyday useful objects for instance sensors, actuators via IoT to provide
an easy and efficient digital environment with the add-on of soft computing techniques. Soft computing
techniques (SC) allow us to analyze the data as well as in finding relationships between diagnosis, treatment,
and the prediction of the disease in different healthcare scenarios. This system can provide fast and accurate
results by gathering relevant information. IoT can help the disabled in several techniques which consist of
stopping diseases and disabilities and managing continual diseases. Remote tracking may be performed with
IoT gadgets to locate critical symptoms and symptoms in sufferers in order that on-the-spot motion may be
taken through the caregiver to advantage the patient. Early prevention of sickness is feasible via such
tracking structures as the ones struggling with a few sicknesses like diabetes may be monitored and thus,
averted from emergencies
There is really no domain of healthcare system in which IoT technology is not employed or will not
employ in the future. IoT-enabled devices help doctors and physicians to obtain health data that can be
unknown otherwise. Patients with troubling health vital signs that might not cause symptoms would be
detected by doctors and physicians before they lead to more severe diseases. Doctors can not only use this
data to understand the health data of an individual patient, but it also can produce detailed datasets for the
subgroups of patients.
Soft computing is a sub-subject of artificial intelligence that utilizes approximations to discover
imprecise, however usable, answers to complicated problems. Soft-computing strategies are tolerant of
imprecision, uncertainty, partial truth, and approximations and are characterized via way of means of their
tractability, robustness, and low answer cost. Some soft-computing methodologies include Neural Network
(NN), Fuzzy Logic (FL), Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), Genetic Algorithm (GA), K-Nearest Neighbor
(K-NN), Support Vector Machine (SVM), and Naïve Bayes (NB) [2]. These methodologies have performed
important roles in scientific area research, both in my view or in hybrid modes that take gain of capability
synergies among strategies. In the subsequent sub-sections, several not unusual place technologies are
discussed. In recent times, behavior observance has become tougher because of the speedily increasing data
induction from electronic sensible devices [3]. With the expansion of the web and technologies, the
information has become immense even once it’s originated from one source. Hence, when the data is
originated from varied heterogeneous sources during a distributed international situation the data process
gets a lot of sophisticated due to the magnitude of data. Soft computing techniques became common in
providing promising solutions to the processing, prediction, and visualizing of the data received from the
web of Things. Soft computing techniques will bring the chance of predicting any misfortune even before
they happen. [4]
ZigBee protocol is the widely used protocol in smart cities, including other industries. With the help of
improved IoT devices, the quality and condition of healthcare can be improved. But the devices used are
limited in battery power, and the ZigBee lacks security and limited coverage area. For ZigBee compliant
devices to work, one must have the appropriate knowledge about this subject that the researchers did not
cover in the research.

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 Nowadays doctors can analyze and treat more infections than before because of the advances like
IoT and Artificial intelligence as they can assume a vital part in offering dependable help for deciding an
analysis and the best course of treatment. For example, neural organizations can rapidly investigate the broad
measure of data accessible to doctors, smooth out the analytic cycle, and assist with keeping data by
incorporating both recorded information and explicit patient data.

1.1 Aim of Project

The aim of the project is to design an IOT based remote patient monitoring system to ensure better
cure for people. People face problems because of lack of resources or access to the doctors. In remote areas
many people loss the battle of life against death because of poor access to doctors and hospitals. We are
going to design testbed for patient that will generate alerts based on symptoms found in the body by
measuring vital signs and some other parameters using soft computing techniques.

1.2 Block Diagram

Figure 1 Block diagram of system

Figure 1 is representing our system’s block diagram. Data from different sensors are acquiring using
Arduino. Then sending to the cloud database. Web based application will then acquire data of sensors from
cloud to show on laptop/mobile screen.

1.3 Objectives
1. To develop a Simulink based testbed where the decision support system based on soft computing
techniques will be used to sense and process the health sensors data to identify the relationship
between sensors values and the symptoms on the basis of which cure will be suggested.
2. To design web-based application through IOT cloud database to view patient record/ history and
share the patient’s data on Android app.
3. To develop portable android phone based smart alert, health monitoring, diagnosis system which
will also suggest the proposed cure.
With the help of this system, this technology can help to improve the flexibility, capability of the
services, efficiency, and decision system for further processing. This smart system can monitor and sense
the conditions as well as to measure the activities on the installed platform. The gathered data can be

8
transferred to a management unit for further processing. The data collected from the sensors can help to
understand the current situation by monitoring the status of the complete system [5].
In order to make decisions before, rule-based systems were used when it comes to decision-making in
health care departments. In this system, rules were obtained from the domain experts, and further processing
was done by an expert system. The method of this system was simple to use but there were some
disadvantages of this system. For instance, the

• first drawback of this system was that it required a lot of brainstorming.

• Secondly, it had a lot of inaccurate and incomplete information.
• Thirdly, the classification of the system and recognition of the constructing patterns was
unmanageable and inconvenient.
These types of systems are very difficult to maintain as there were effective changes such as the addition of
new rules. As it was complex and had a lot of drawbacks, it was not sufficient to rely on a single method. It
was important to have a combination of different techniques according to the nature of different problems.

Non-invasive diagnosis technique is turning into additionally outstanding in diagnosing diseases

thanks to their unpainful and easy monitoring methods. Lieschnegg et al. have developed a sensor to detect
failures and material imperfections in total joint prostheses based on acceleration measurement
noninvasively. We can also detect diabetes using different noninvasive methods.

9
2 Literature Review
Conventionally, the glucose level is determined from a small volume of blood sample collected by
finger pricking. Though the required test may not pose any risk to a healthy person who goes for a diabetes
checkup regularly. When the needle is pricked in the patient’s finger, it is very painful and as it needs to be
pricked every day to maintain a record of the patient. This invasive technique relies on the catalyst chemical
process principle wherever a skinny needle is employed to prick the finger of the patient to reduce the
discomfort. Extensive research has been devoted to developing non-invasive techniques that measure blood
glucose levels without taking the blood sample to avoid such painful diagnoses.
Luaibi et al. used nuclear magnetic resonance technique to measure in addition to this, other
noninvasive techniques used are electrical impedance, NIR spectroscopy, respiratory analysis, ultrasound,
and thermal spectroscopy. However, none of these methods appear to achieve the desired accuracy due to
varying environmental conditions and physical movements, and therefore none of them have resulted in an
accurate and safe commercial device. Furthermore, compared to the breath instrument other techniques seem
to be overpriced because of the sensing element parts involved. [6]
The objective of it will be to treat and prevent the most ancient diseases of humanity. Hospitals that
have always produced and stored a large amount of data can use IoT to find actionable intelligence in the
collected data with the help of SC. This system can drastically improve treatment, particularly in emergency
situations. A paramedic can use this system to take a patient’s vital signs and other statistics which no longer
will doctors waste their valuable time in understanding a patient’s condition because they will already know.
Additionally, we present a Simulink-based testbed for an intelligent healthcare system that is built
on cutting-edge innovations like the Internet of Things (IoT) and machine learning. Through a medical
decision support system, this system will perceive and process patient data using soft computing approaches.
The development and identification of a link between health sensors and symptoms, as well as the diagnosis
of the patient and potential treatments, will be done using the soft computing-based decision support system
[7]. Online datasets will be used to train the algorithms based on soft computing. The proposed system will
also be created as a portable device with access to the desired data via an Android phone.
One of the fundamental ideas guiding the technology advancements in healthcare is the connectivity
between these devices and computers. These capabilities include the ability to track and monitor patients
using wearable technology, provide remote care via telemedicine, and conduct remote diagnoses. These
features are essential for providing emergency detection, information management for medication, therapy,
and medical advice, and cross-organizational integration of hospital information systems [8].
Felkey and Fox (2016) emphasize the need for mobile connectivity to make medicine
administration highly direct and active. They go on to describe the effects of the Insight Wire app, which
promotes communication between doctors, patients, and electronic health records and requests, records, and
requests medication adherence behaviors from patients and their careers.

Moser and Melliar Smith proposed a concept of non-public fitness monitoring gadget using a phone
called Well Phone. The tool uses text to speech and the era of the popularity of speech to speak to the user.
It maintains a document of the semantics and big records which might be associated with the records received
from the dimension tool. The records are likewise saved at the cell tele cell smartphone. However, the
records of Well tele cell smartphone are nonclinical [9].

Smartphones powered by Android made up the majority of the systems examined. Android is an
open-source mobile operating system that is primarily made for touchscreen mobile devices like
smartphones and tablets. It is built on a modified version of the Linux kernel. Compared to other proprietary

10
operating systems, Android makes smartphone sensor data more accessible, making it simpler to construct
smartphone-based health monitoring systems. More than 2.5 billion Android devices are currently active.
Currently, Android smartphones account for 75.85% of the market for mobile operating systems. So it's
possible that health systems may eventually support Android devices. [10] One of the most significant uses
of IoT was described as serving as the primary provider of healthcare systems. helps to improve the delivery
of healthcare by removing constraints related to time, geography, and other factors, while simultaneously
expanding their coverage and effectiveness. It's possible that the IoT health revolution may materialize, in
which case people will receive affordable, high-quality care. These applications generate a lot of sensor data
that needs to be appropriately monitored and handled. Through its Base, cloud computing offers a promising
strategy for quick knowledge processing in the medical field. The unique architecture offered can be utilized
to manage patient-specific network and cloud device data. The cloud app, which is based on IoT and its
design principles, enables direct communication between sensor devices while also being flexible and
effective in serving stored data, users, and sensors. Wireless sensor networking in which the entire system
service and embedded sensor control systems are accessible from a single point. This system acknowledges
the necessity for progressively integrating the various IoT services and leads to a fully integrated IOT-based
health care system.
Over the years, the elemental principles of soft computing have concerning inaccuracies, fuzziness,
and low answer cost. many techniques are planned to use the utilization of soft computing in medical
connected fields. These techniques use symptoms to spot diseases.
Such symptoms may involve clinical parameters like blood pressure, blood glucose, sputum, and scanning
reports. the utilization of clinical parameters by laboratory diagnostic techniques like smear microscopy,
radiography, molecular methods, etc., haven't yielded satisfactory results thanks to the time it takes to
complete take a look at the analysis and their inability to identify similar symptoms. These shortcomings
encourage researchers to show their attention to victimization soft computing techniques in a tropical illness
diagnosis.
Laboratory and applied mathematics techniques haven't been ready to upset advanced clinical problems,
which paves the method for the exploration of soft computing techniques in medical diagnosis. Soft
computing utilizes unstructured, imprecise, and dynamic knowledge, which characterizes the sources of
knowledge out there to call support systems. In [11], C. Rotariu and

V. Manta propose WSN for observance patients’ pulse and substance saturation. W. Y. Chung, S.
C. Lee, and S. H. Toh enter procedure (ECG) and force per unit space sensors into a cellular phone [12]

The wireless body area network serves as an illustration of how to effectively use the IoT healthcare
paradigm. Wi-Fi technology is used by S. -L. Tan, J. Garcia-Guzman, and F. Villa-Lopez to communicate
data to the bottom station about body temperature, blood pressure, heart rate, and oxygen saturation [13].
Bluetooth technology and a smartphone are used by J. Wannenburg and R. Malekianc to monitor the patient's
health indicators.
Bao and Intille [14] present a system that’s able to notice varied motions and activities mistreatment
the user-mounted acceleration knowledge from a variety of on-body measure devices, that embrace walking,
sitting and relaxing, running, functioning on the computer, reading, strength-training etc.
A promising approach to the multi-environmental patient monitoring system is proposed by R.
Tabish et al. [15] They propose an observance system of the patient’s temperature and EKG supported
3G/Wi-Fi IPv6 over Low Power Wireless Personal Space Networks (6LoWPAN) whereas the monitored
person happens in an internal environment, the system uses local Wi-Fi for sensors’ information transfer,
and within the case of the outside environment, the 3G/4G technology may be applied. the disadvantage of
this resolution is a restricted range of monitored very important parameters.

11
 We have gained a significant edge in the enhancement of current medical treatment thanks to IoT
in the health monitoring system. IoT-based health monitoring systems differ significantly from traditional
health monitoring systems in several important ways [16]. It is challenging to integrate IoT into health
surveillance systems. Here are a few of the difficulties:

• The majority of IoT efforts have not yet been fully implemented.
• IoT devices produce an enormous amount of data, which needs to be managed by big data platforms
and specialized data warehouses.
• Security is a big issue for IoT systems because hackers can easily obtain sensitive private data from
users in case of buggy or outdated security protocols.
• Outdated infrastructures can cause problems because they are not updated with recent security

Table 1 Table of Related Study

IOT Soft-
AUTHOR Techniques / uses COST Computing

✓ ✓
. Lieschnegg et al. [6] detect diabetes High cost
 
Luaibi et al. [6] nuclear magnetic resonance technique High cost

Felkey and Fox [8] Medium cost ✓ ✓

records medication adherence
behaviors performed by patients and
their caregivers

Chronic disease progression High cost ✓

Moser and MelliarSmith 
[9]

WSN for observance patients Medium cost ✓

C. Rotariu and V. Manta ✓
[11]

High cost ✓ ✓
W. Y. Chung, S. C. Lee, enter procedure (ECG) into cellular
and S. H. Toh [12] phone

Use Wi-Fi technology to transmit High cost ✓ 

S. -L. Tan, J.
knowledge regarding the blood
GarciaGuzman, and F.
pressure
Villa-
Lopez [13]

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J. Wannenburg and R. Low cost  
Bluetooth technology and a
Malekianc [13]
smartphone for the observance of the
patient’s health parameters

Bao and Intille [14] Medium cost  ✓

notice varied motions mistreatment of
activities

R. Tabish et al. [15] overpriced. ✓ 

observance system of the patient’s
temperature and EKG

High cost ✓ ✓
Jun Qi, Po Yang, Lida Xu, the IoT-compatible Advanced
Geyong [17] Personalized Health System (PHS)

✓ 
Sarfraz Fayaz Khan [18] RFID and IoT tags in healthcare High cost

continuously monitor the parameters High cost ✓ ✓

Abhishek, Gaurav,
via the Raspberry Pi gateway via the
Sasikumar [19]
Internet

Catarinucci.L [20] High cost. ✓ 

wireless sensor network (WSN), the
constrained application protocol
(CoAP), RFID

Medium cost  
Melisa Pereira and using LPC2129 considering body fat
Nagapriya Kamath K [21] percentage and heart rate

Tati Erlina et al. [22] Medium cost ✓ 

monitoring the psychological
conditions of the patient by
monitoring pulse rate

High cost ✓ ✓
Mr. Ryan Fajar Nurdin, transmission of ECG signals via
Sugondo Hadiyoso [23] Zigbee in wireless mode

Zia Uddin Ahmed [24] Medium cost ✓ 

well-being of the patients with the
assistance of wearable medical
specialty devices

Abhishek, Gaurav, Sasikumar proposed the implementation of Raspberry pi (Linuxcomputer) with IoT
for the design and construction of the system in the medical services. The researcher came up with the idea
of measuring the patient's heart rate using sensors. In this system, the doctor can continuously monitor the
parameters via the Raspberry Pi gateway via the Internet [19]. The researcher introduced the idea of

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broadcasting live video of the patient through the monitor via a camera, which will increase QoS in the
healthcare system.
This system can be operated in real-time, but if any type of anomalies occur due to any reason, the
system does not have the appropriate plans and procedures to prevent disasters. The researcher did not
mention the titles and backup plans associated with the system which will increase QoS in the healthcare
system.
Ravi Kishore Kodali and Boppana Lakshmi came up with the concept of implementing sensors through
microcontrollers and transceivers. They talked about medical devices using the XBee S2 module with LM35
temperature sensor and about the Intel Galileo Galilei Generation a pair of cards with another XBee S2
module to act as an entranceway [20].
A health care system was created by Kong et al. Based on a cell phone, this method was wireless.
The system is intended to manage the health of the entire family. There are 3 parts to this procedure. The
electronic communication designation, the Android mobile client, and the system server are the names of
the components. The server's and Android terminal's communication is processed by the information
communication system. The Android smart terminal is where the mobile client is designated to operate. The
webserver in charge of the hub and the primary data management system is the system server. Due to the
volume of data, SQLite, however, cannot deliver sufficient results. This restriction will be overcame using
MySQL.
Catarinucci.L proposed the idea of using a wireless sensor network (WSN), the constrained application
protocol (CoAP), RFID, smart mobile, REST network infrastructure in (SHS) smart hospital system. The
author suggested that SHS would be able to operate in real-time, in a lowpower hybrid detection network
(HSN), and even in UHF RFID [21]. The system collects data from the sensors and sends it to the control
center which can be accessed by local and remote users through REST.
Melisa Pereira and Nagapriya Kamath K tried to solve the wireless data transmission problem using
LPC2129 considering body fat percentage and heart rate as its main component. For the proposed solution,
they use the Arm 7 processor which works on data transmission via Wi-Fi. The whole system seems limited
due to the use of technology that does not support such long-range communication. [22]
Tati Erlina et al. Created a system to unravel the matter of monitoring the psychological conditions of
the patient by monitoring pulse rate, respiratory rate, and eyelid conditions to display different measured
readings. But the solution got failed to maintain the security of the system and put important data at risk.
[23]
Mr. Ryan Fajar Nurdin, Sugondo Hadiyoso and Achmad Rizal presented a prototype of lowcost Internet
of Things system for ECG monitoring multi-patient which was designed to operate the transmission of ECG
signals via Zigbee in wireless mode. The sensors at totally different nodes of the body collected a series of
information in analog type and they also created an online application which showed the individual readings
in keeping with the patients. Their application is limited to only 20 users, add data contains several
bandwidth issues causing errors in the proposed output.
[24]
A. G. Ismaeel and E. K. Jabar's [26] goal was to achieve health by using mobile GIS to develop a
healthcare system for expectant mothers. By sending SMS to the system server with her ID, phone number,
name, and age as well as locating the position using a mobile built-in GPRS technique, this system enables
the pregnant woman who needs advice, revision, and succouring (from their home) to register in a maternity
care centre via the web interface.

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 An intelligent service model for healthcare was created by B. M. Lee and J. Ouyang [27]. To
communicate and exchange the risk-related elements amongst IoT medical devices, a protocol has been
proposed. The collaboration protocol is an application protocol made up of a number of events that are used
to coordinate the data flow between IoT devices. The boot event broadcasts a join message to all the IoT
devices in the system, initialising them all.
A low-cost ECG monitoring system was put into place by A. Ahamed et al. [28]. This system comprises
of four units. An ECG acquisition unit uses a Bio Protech T716 electrode to sense the patient's ECG data
signal, and this information is then sent to the amplifier input. The AD620 amplifier and numerous other
methods are used by signal conditioning units to boost the data signal and lower noise levels in order to
obtain a pure data stream.
Using cloud computing, B. Padmavathi and S. T. Rana [29] created and built a framework for an Internet
of Things-based healthcare solution. There are five layers in this architecture. Data from sensor-based
technology is identified and located by the data processing layer using digital cameras, RFID, ZigBee, NFC,
and barcode technologies.
Using a Raspberry Pi microcontroller, S. LAVANYA et al. [30] presented an IoT-based healthcare
system to gather patient medical data like heart rate and blood pressure. At home, the patient's heartbeat is
monitored every ten minutes. This technology will quickly and accurately send an SMS alert to the patient's
doctor in the event of an emergency. Three components make up this system; the first is the smart medical
service, which gathers data from sensors, processes it on a Raspberry Pi, and then displays the findings on a
monitor.
A. Kubal and C. K. [31] created an E-Health monitoring system for the patient using a Raspberry Pi
board with four sensors. Through the selected GPIO port, it gathers the patient's health information from
these sensors, processes it, and displays the results on the graphical user interface webpage. The doctor may
quickly check on the patient's health status using an internet browser because this page is locally hosted by
the Raspberry Pi and is displayed when the healthcare practitioner connects to the Raspberry Pi local IP
address.
Using five levels, Z. U. Abideen and M. A. Shah [32] created a strong healthcare module. The 6LoWPAN
border router (6LBR), which serves as a gateway, is used by the IoT sensors layer to gather data from sensors
attached to the patient's body and transmit it to the top layer. When the patient's wi-fi is turned on, the
network layer takes advantage of the 6LBR's wi-fi interface to connect the device directly to the internet and
send the data it has collected to the server.
P. Kalaivani, et al [33] .'s goal was to develop a healthcare system by constructing a wireless patient
monitoring system made up of an AD8232 ECG sensor and an IR sensor for reading the patient's heart rate
and saline level, respectively. The Arduino Microcontroller is connected to both sensors; Arduino reads the
data from the sensors and displays the saline level result on the LCD, while the ECG output signal can be
seen on a serial plotter or transmitted through Bluetooth module to be shown on a smartphone.
Governments and the business sector are more actively integrating information and communications
technology (ICT) into a wide range of services they provide as a result of the quick improvements in sensor
and communications technologies. Because of its significance and immediate impact on the population's
overall welfare, the field of health care stands out. The World Health Organization (WHO) has urged action
to ensure technology advancement and universal delivery of health care globally using a variety of e-Health
measures as part of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) [34].
These technologies work together to enable the creation of highly specialised applications that provide
unique solutions in a variety of fields, including environmental monitoring, e-health, intelligent
transportation systems, smart cities, disaster mitigation, etc. Future technical advancements will prioritise
integrating mobility with ICT to offer users a wide range of services, with social and health services ranking

15
among the most crucial. In order to achieve this, a wide range of e-Health and Tele-Health applications will
be developed, which will completely transform current healthcare models. These applications will be made
possible by new mobile devices and a robust wireless infrastructure that enables seamless connectivity
among various fixed, mobile, and satellite technologies. Future healthcare models will be more proactive
because their focus will be on prevention and early identification of illness before symptoms arise. At the
moment, healthcare models are often reactive and respond to illnesses after symptoms appear.
Patients in the DIAL experiment [35] were monitored over the phone and given education by centralized
nurses who were skilled in the treatment of heart failure. The intervention was built around 5 goals: symptom
monitoring, medication and food compliance, fluid balance optimization, and daily physical exercise. A
software application was utilized by nurses to determine call frequency (calls occurred every 2 weeks for 8
weeks then at a variable frequency). The nurses followed a defined approach to modify diuretic doses or
suggest urgent medical consultations if clinical worsening was found. The key combined outcome of heart
failure hospitalizations and mortality saw a 20% relative risk reduction (95% Confidence Interval (CI) 3-
34), mostly as a result of decreases in heart failure hospitalization.
These telemedicine technologies were initially intended only for a single use (e.g. telecardiology,
teleradiology, tele spirometry, and teledialisis). Then, with the development of location-based services and
the emergence of internet-enabled platforms, particularly mobile platforms, remote gathering of
contextualized data from sensors (on-body, stationary, at home, or in other contexts) became feasible.
Innovative actuators and sensors have created new healthcare scenarios and e-health service prospects, many
of which are being studied by publically supported research initiatives.
Traditional telemedicine initiatives concentrate on specific fixes. Their main objective is the gathering
and transmission of sensor data to medical staff. Decision-making and data mining are briefly discussed.
These systems are typically based on certain sensors. It is challenging to add devices made by several
manufacturers, using various protocols, or utilizing various technologies. For instance, the IST Program's
EU-funded project OLDES (Older People's e-Services at Home) [36] supports a predefined set of
instruments and VoIP technology with the goal of planning and developing a technological solution for
teleassistance and tele accompanying.
AILISA [37], a French programmer supporting an experimental platform to assess monitoring technology
for older persons in their homes, is a project that is comparable to this one. All of these initiatives take
advantage of the development of ICT technologies; however, because these technologies lack an automatic
decision-making process or interoperable solutions, they are not able to fully realize their potential. They
are all aimed at the elderly and use the traditional telemedicine approach.
"Health smart houses" aimed at the elderly and disabled persons at home contain these elements. A
"dwelling containing a communications network that connects the essential electrical appliances and
services and allows them to be remotely controlled, monitored, or accessed" is what is meant by a "smart
house" according to the definition given by [38].
Nearly all of the South American nations experienced a significant burden on their healthcare systems as
a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. In hospitals and other healthcare facilities, there was a shortage of
resources, including medical staff and space. This created a pressing need to automate the fundamental
decision-making procedures for giving patients guidance [40]. AI has a significant impact in this area,
helping doctors identify COVID-19 instances early by quickly assessing unusual symptoms and other red
flags and notifying relevant parties like patients and healthcare authorities [41].
In publication [42], the authors described a workable method for a remote health monitoring system to
track and monitor remote patients' vital signs using wearable sensors. Wearable sensors keep track of vital
indications like pulse, red blood cell count, and blood pressure (BP). Based on vital signs, the system creates
a report and forwards the patient's medicine recommendation to the appropriate health authorities for

16
additional assessment. In [43], the authors created a method for remotely monitoring patients' health to
identify irregularities, such as ECG and HR abnormalities. The authors of [44] presented a model to identify
irregularities in distant patients' health situations, which is used to treat remote patients' severe diseases by
taking preventative actions. The generated application's security threats for treatment support, diagnostic
support, and remote monitoring were also examined in this study.

17
3 PROJECT DESIGN
This section includes implementation of both hardware and software of our proposed system.

Workflow of project
.

Figure 3-1 flowchart of our project

Figure 3-1 represents the flow of our proposed system. The system will include several sensors,
including temperature sensors, pulse sensors, acetone gas sensors, heart rate sensors, blood pressure sensors,

18
and ECG sensors to detect patient's temperature, heart rate, acetone levels, and blood pressure, as well as the
pattern of waves. In addition, A power source and an Arduino Uno will be needed. After that The WIFI
module will upload the patient's reading to the database. The database will contain information about each
patient, including their name, age, disease, etc. By logging into their account, the doctor can view the reading
from a remote area. The patient's data will appear on the medical app. There must be an active internet
connection to use the system. The device can be used anywhere using Wi-Fi modems. In addition, the
monitor will not interfere with the clinician's ability to move from one place to another.

3.1 HARDWARE DESIGN

The components of the Hardware part are briefly discussed in the following section. This section
starts with electrical design of our healthcare system.

Figure 2-2 Electrical Design of Proposed System

Figure 3-2 represents components integration with other components. This integrated diagram
represents electrical design of our system. In which two microcontroller are in serial communication
mode. Arduino is slave and Node MCU acts as master. Max30100 and MQ138 are connected with
Arduino. AD8232 and DS18B20 are connected with Node MCU. Some pins are not used, they are
not connected to microcontroller.

3.1.1 Microcontroller
A microcontroller works as same as a small computer (also known as a microcomputer). It can
perform embedded system operations. A microcontroller consists of a processor core, memory, and different
input/output devices. In this project, we are using ARDUINO Nano and Node-MCU. Arduino is a very
simple, flexible, and open source yet very refined platform for research purposes. The Arduino board acts

19
as the main unit of the system as it is responsible for controlling other parts. We are performing serial
communication between Arduino and Node-MCU.

3.1.2 Arduino
Arduino is an open-source electronics platform based on easy-to-use hardware and software.
Arduino boards are ready to browse inputs from lightweight on a sensor, a finger on a button, or a Twitter
message, and these inputs change into an output like activating a motor, turning on an LED, publication one
thing online. You can tell your board what to try and do by sending a collection of directions to the small
controller on the board. To do so you employ the Arduino programing language based on Wiring, and also
the Arduino software package (IDE), based on Processing. All Arduino boards are utterly open source. and
authorize users to create them severally and use them to their specific needs. Shown in figure 3-3.

Figure 3-3 Arduino board.

3.1.3 Temperature Sensor

Advancements in sensor technology have led to the creation of new applications that can improve
the quality of human life day by day. One of these is in the health field. But unfortunately, the cost of
providing health services is very high in developing countries. One critical area of research has seen the
adoption of technology in the health area. People in need of health services find it very expensive, this is
especially true in developing countries. A Health monitoring or surveillance or monitoring system that
records the heart rate of the patient, body temperature, pulse rate, acetone levels and the ECG patterns of the
patient and sends an alert via email or SMS whenever these readings exceed the threshold values. The
temperature detector may be a device specially designed for measuring the temperature or for the human
body. The LM35 is an efficient IC temperature sensor with its output temperature. With the LM35, the
temperature can be measured more accurately than with the device that changes resistance as temperatures
changes accordingly. In addition, it has a self-damaged bass and does not cause more than 0.1 degrees
centigrade by increasing the temperature in the fixed air. Shown in figure 3-4.

Figure 3-4 Temperature sensor

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 3.1.4 Pulse Rate Sensor
The operating of the Pulse rate and heart rate device is very simple and easy to use. In the sensor,
there is an LED (light-emitting diode) and a lightweight sensor on one side, and on the other side, there is
some electronic equipment. Essentially, this equipment is responsible for the noise cancellation and
amplification of the system. On the front side of the sensor, there is a light emitting diode placed over a vein
in our body. If it is your fingertip, or if it is the tip of your ear, it should be placed directly over a vein. A
heart rate monitor that plugs into Arduino compatible boards may be the Pulse device.

It will be used by students, artists, athletes, makers, and game & mobile developers who wish to simply
incorporate live heartrate knowledge into their projects. e pulse readings.

Figure 3-5 Pulse rate sensor

3.1.5 ECG Sensor

The electrical signal generated by the heart is studied non-invasively by electrocardiography.
Patients are monitored with electrodes at different points on their bodies to record their heart rate. Every
time a heartbeat occurs, electrodes detect very small changes in mV, which result from electrical changes
in the heart muscle cells. For ECG measurements, we used the AD8232 sensor, which is a commercial
board used for calculating the heart's minimum movements.

Figure 3-6 Ad8232 sensor for ECG

3.1.6 Acetone Gas detector

MQ138 gas sensor has high sensitivity levels to different types of gases like acetone, toluene,
methanol, alcohol, also can monitor hydrogen and other organic vapor well. It can detect kinds of organic
gases and is a kind of low-cost sensor for kinds of applications.

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 Figure 3-7 MQ138 sensor for Acetone detection

3.1.7 Wi-fi Module

Due to the low cost and simple process, many Arduino developers are now switching to ZigBee
protocol for the wireless solution. But neither Android nor IOS support ZigBee IEEE 802.15 protocol. On
the other hand, both operating systems support Bluetooth [17. Google. Bluetooth, 2014.] or Wi-Fi module.
The main research attempt is how to establish communication between an external device and a mobile
phone and send the received data to a central server. A device capable of monitoring health, such as a blood
pressure monitor, can send the reading directly to the server using the Arduino Wi-Fi Shield, meaning no
mobile device is required. There is another problem if we eliminate the mobile phone that continuous battery
use is likely to be too much for power consumption. Reliance on Wi-Fi Shield will make the system less
free to use as users are faced with security protocol for each different Wi-Fi environment.

Project Components Pinout Chart

Table 2 Components Pinout Chart

Component Name Component Node- Arduino

Pin MCU pin Nano

Vin - 3V

MAX30100 SDA - A4

SCL - A5

GND - GND

OUT A0
AD8232
Lo+ D6

Lo- D5

3.3 V 3.3 V

GND GND

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 Vin 3.3V -
DS18B20
OUT D4 -

GND GND -

Vin - 3.3 V
MQ138
Analogue OUT - A0

GND - GND

Digital OUT - D7

Table 2 shows the pinout of our sensors that are connected to Arduino Nano and Node-MCU. We are
communicating Arduino nano with Node-MCU using serial mode of communication. We have five sensors.
2 relate to Arduino nano and rest of three relate to Node MCU. We are using two microcontrollers to avoid
from malfunctioning of sensors due to baud rate. When sensors are connected to same controller, they may
behave badly. We faced this issue that is why we are using two microcontrollers. This is end of hardware
sensation next is the software design section.

3.2 SOFTWARE DEISGN

In our project we have made this application by using Java Script programming language. Then we
have used a tool called react native. The reason we have used this tool is that it helps to develop the app in
a quick manner and one of its many features is that it can have instantly changes in it. This tool is basically
made by Facebook and the main purpose of this tool is to compile the code written by java script
programming language.
First, we have used a lot of components in it while coding. So that we can reuse them again and
again according to our requirements and needs. By keeping in view, the layout of our application we have
made different screens which include a login screen, a dashboard screen, a screen having detailed values of
the patient’s vital signs etc. Other than that, there are also the option of updating the record so that every
time a user wants to update his/her data there would be no problem in it.

3.2.1 Arduino IDE

It is Software (IDE) that makes it easy to write code in C language and upload it to the IDE supported
boards. It is open-source software platform and free of cost for users. I have programmed both Arduino and
node MCU with this Arduino IDE. This software can be used with any Arduino board.

3.2.2 Thing Speak

Thing Speak is an open-source software platform. It is developed on Ruby (Ruby & Rails) which allows
users enjoy the facility of IOT based projects, to communicate with devices that are in remote areas with
other ones. It facilitates data access, retrieval, and logging of data by providing an API to both the devices
and social network websites. We are using this as a cloud for data acquisition from Arduino board to store
in data base. It acts like a cloud for mobile application for patient.

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 3.2.3 Microsoft Azure
We have used Microsoft azure for our backend needs. We have deployed our backend app on Azure app
service. It is a Paas(Platform as a service) where we only need to deploy the code of our app or deploy it as
a docker container and the rest is taken care by azure. It saves us time from configuring and setting up a
server which is handled by azure. We have setup continuous deployment and testing in the azure app service
plan meaning when a changed is uploaded to git it is first tested and if it passes the test it is automatically
deployed to azure.

3.2.4 Cosmos DB
For database we are using Azure Cosmos DB For MongoDB. It is a highly scalable database provided by
Microsoft with backups and guaranteed speeds.

3.2.5 Node.js
Our backend is developed in Node.js. It provides us benefits like non-blocking I/O, fast and low memory
consumption. Where another backend like Spring Boot would take 300Mb to 600Mb to operate. Node can
operate in 30Mb to 100Mb of RAM space. We have used jest and supe test to test the backend achieving a
test coverage of 80 to 90 percent.

3.2.6 React.js
Our frontend is developed in React. It is a frontend library created by Facebook. Using React for our frontend
requirements increased our development speed and removed common obstacles for us.

4 PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION
This section covers the details of implementation. Our project comprises of both hardware and software.
All sensors’ pinout is mentioned in design chapter and implementation is coming below.

• Hardware Implementation
• Software Implementation

Hardware Implementation
• Node-MCU Wi-Fi Module
▪ Arduino Nano Microcontroller
▪ MAX30100 Heart rate and SPO2 sensor
▪ AD8232 ECG sensor
▪ DS18B20 Body Temperature sensor
▪ MQ138 Acetone sensor
▪ OLED for display

Software Platforms
• Arduino IDE
• Thing-Speak
• React Native
• Node JS

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 • Mongo DB atlas
• Microsoft azure

4.1 Hardware Implementation

4.1.1 Node-MCU
Node-MCU is based on ESP8266, which has low cost and high-performance features, makes it an
ideal module for Internet of Things (IoT). We can use it in any project in which we have to send data from
one place to another place. We are using Node-MCU to acquire data from different sensors, sending the
sensors data to Cloud, and then mobile applications is receiving data from cloud. We are using almost 1214
pins of ESP8266 Wi-Fi module. It automatically connects to our Wi-Fi and start acquiring data from different
body sensors and after every minute uploads the same data on cloud. If Wi-Fi is not connected, data cannot
be uploaded on cloud. Node-MCU is operated by 5 volts externally with USB cable. Figure 4-1 is
representing Node-MCU.

Figure 4-1 NODE MCU module / Wi-Fi module

4.1.2 MAX30100 interfacing with Arduino

The connection or pinout of MAX30100 sensor is shown in above table. When Wi-Fi is connected,
firstly MAX30100 is initially starts functioning. SDA and SCL that are serial data transfer wires and clocks,
are checked weather they are correctly connected or not. If they are connected perfectly, Successfully,
connection message in appear on wrist band screen. Then system go for checking the Wi-Fi connection.

Figure 4-23 MAX30100 sensor for Heart rate and SPO2

Heart beats and oxygen saturation are outputs of this sensor. After every 3 seconds, it returns above
two parameters with accuracy of ±3 units. It measures readings from finger. A red light turns on when this
sensor starts working. Entire working is shown in components detail section. Figure 4-2 is placement of
sensor on forefinger.

25
 4.1.3 MQ138 interfacing with Arduino
MQ138 sensors has high accuracy to acetone. We are measuring acetone level from human body to gauge
an idea about its sugar/ glucose level in the body. Because as mentioned above in literature review, many
study proposed and show the relationship between acetone and blood glucose level of human body.

Figure 4-3 MQ138 sensor placement on mask

Figure 4-3 is showing the MQ138 sensor placed inside face mask. We have placed this sensor at
front of mouth with the help of copper wire. Outer covering is done to avoid from external air. This sensor
also senses air and then effects the accuracy. So, to avoid from this error, we have placed covering on its
outer surface. It reads both digital and analogue readings of acetone level of human body. We are considering
only analogue readings. Our concern is to measure acetone level and then predicts the patient future dosage
based on doctor suggestions.

4.1.4 DS18B20 interfacing with Node MCU

This sensor in our case is used to measure body temperature. Traditionally body temperate is usually
measure by placing thermometers under arms or in mouth. But we are measuring it from writs. In our
designed system, it is placed at bottom of wrist band that is directly connected with the body. This sensor is
also covered with silicon to avoid from external temperature of room. It measures readings with accuracy of
±1 units. We are measuring temperature in Celsius. Then for convenience showing in Fahrenheit and storing
same in database. Figure 4-4 is representing DS18B20.

Figure 4-4 DS18B20 sensor for body temperature

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 4.1.5 AD8232 interfacing with Node MCU
This sensor in our case is being used to check heartrate’s rhythm and its electrical activity. This sensor
in our case is supposed to work when it will need. When patient will need it, it will be active by pressing
button to check its ECG. Otherwise, this sensor is disabled to save power and computational speed of system.
We are using AD8232 sensor of three wires. That are connection on left, right of heart and top right of Bally.
It has three wires with red, yellow, and green color. They are connected in following sequence: Yellow is
left side of heart, red at right side of heart and green at bally. ECG graph is generated, and this will be visible
on mobile screen for patient, doctor, and emergency contacts as well.

Figure 4-5 AD8232 sensor for ECG

4.1.6 BM407 interfacing with Node MCU

This is using to measure blood pressure from human body. This sensor has dc motor that rotates and
pumps air in the air-cuff. Air-cuff is connected to arm. When start button is pressed, air pump starts filling
air and sir-cuff starts stretching arm and stars measuring blood flow from arteries. This is operated with 6
volts. We use i2c concerting for regulating power.

4.1.7 OLED interfacing with Node MCU

OLEDs are used to create digital displays in devices for different applications such as television
screens, and portable systems such as smartphones and handy watches. It has high resolution many times
greater than traditional LCDs. We are using 128x64 pixel resolution OLED. We can display multiple colors
on screen with this device. The beauty of this display is high resolution, dynamic display, variable graphic
size and a smaller number of connectivity wire.

Figure 4-6 OLED that display values of sensors

27
4.2 Software Implementation
We used the WIFI module to send the data from the sensors to a server as part of our project. In the
end, we decided to create a mobile application. Whether it is an android phone or an iPhone, the mobile
application is accessible from any platform. Android offers a world-class scene for building apps and
entertainment for Android customers around the world, as well as an open mall for immediate traffic.
Expanding into the Linux community with over 300 hardware and software material. In just a few short
years, Android has become the fastest-developing handheld operating system. The core objective of our
platform was to make it easier for patients and clinicians to communicate, even if they are not physically
present. Choosing the name "Mini Doctor" to name our application, we mean that it will serve as a useful
mini doctor app for patients in need of it.

4.2.1 User Interface (Software details):

Any project that requires human-machine interaction must consider the user interface. Despite this,
this project does not require any human machine interaction, so it runs solely in the background without any
user interaction. Our Web Based Application is fully functional and shown below.

4.2.2 WORKFLOW OF MOBILE APPLICATION:

In our project we have made this application by using Java Script programming language. Then we
have used a tool called react native. The reason we have used this tool is that it helps to develop the app in
a quick manner and one of its many features is that it can have instantly changes in it. This tool is basically
made by Facebook and the main purpose of this tool is to compile the code written by java script
programming language.
First, we have used a lot of components in it while coding. So that we can reuse them again and
again according to our requirements and needs. By keeping in view, the layout of our application we have
made different screens which include a login screen, a dashboard screen, a screen having detailed values of
the patient’s vital signs etc. Other than that, there are also the option of updating the record so that every
time a user wants to update his/her data there would be no problem in it.
In the backend portion of our coding for the application we have used

• JAVA Script
• NODE JS
• EXPRESS JS

The reason we have used node JS is that it can easily utilize the real time data without causing any type of
trouble in it. Whereas on the other side express JS have a very small size which is very easy to insert middle
wares.

4.2.3 DATABASE:
The database we are using for our application in this project in MONGO database. It is a no SQL database.
The advantage we have of using it that it works similar as SQL database, but it doesn’t have any
complications and operations like SQL database. It is relatively faster than the other databases and is very
easy to use. But a lot of storage is required for it because to store data it has data duplication in it.

28
Figure 5-7 representing database layout. We have used mongo for our database needs. It is a NoSQL database
and uses a JSON like format. There is a cloud provider too Mongo Atlas which hosts mongo databases on
fast servers on different countries. We have used Mongo atlas.

Figure 4 Data Base Layout of application

Above description is shown graphically in figure 4-8.

29
Figure 4-8 flowchart of patient's interface

30
4.2.14 Interface flow of doctor application:

Figure 4-95 flowchart of doctor's interface

31
4.3 Fuzzy logic implementation

Figure 4-96 Ranges of Membership functions used in our system

In the figure 4-9, the ranges of membership functions are defined which are low, medium, and high.
The low range of temperature is [95.01 97.5 99], the medium one is [98.9 100 101]and the high range is
[101 103.5 107]. Secondly, the low range of heart rate is [70 90 100], the medium range is [100 110 120]
and the high range is [119 140.5 180]. The third parameter is oxygen saturation level its low range is [75
80 85], medium range is [85 90 95] and high range is [95 98 100]. 4th one fuzzy parameter is an acetone
level. The lower range of acetone level is [556 600 650], the medium range is [650 700 750] and high range
is [750 800 850]. Moreover, the result we defined by using these four input parameters shows that the low-
risk value is [0 1.5 3.3], the medium range of risk is [3.5 5.7 6.5], and the high range of our risk parameter
is [6.4 8 9.9].
4.3.1 Oxygen saturation level:
The figure 4-10 shows the oxygen saturation level and the graph showing ranges we mentioned before. In
oxygen saturation level we have taken the values we have decided before according to our requirements in
which its low range is [75 80 85], medium range is [85 90 95] and high range is [95 98 100].

32
 Figure 4-10 Membership function for Oxygen Saturation level

4.3.2 Temperature and its ranges:

As we see we have temperature and its defined ranges which are according to the requirements of the
project in which the low range of temperature is [95.01 97.5 99], the medium one is [98.9 100 101]and the
high range is [101 103.5 107]

Figure 4-11 Membership function for temperature

In the figure 4-11 the membership function of temperature is defined, and the graph is shown. Graph show
different ranges we picked up for temperature.
4.3.3 Heart rate and its ranges:
In figure 4-12, heart rate and its ranges are also defined. The ranges are defined as low range of heart rate is
[70 90 100], the medium range is [100 110 120] and the high range is [119 140.5 180].

33
 Figure 72 Membership functions for Heart Rate

4.3.4 Acetone level and its ranges:

Last but not least we have an acetone level and its defined ranges which shows that the lower range of
acetone level is [556 600 650], the medium range is [650 700 750] and high range is [750 800 850].

Figure 83 Membership functions for Acetone level

In the above figure 4-13 the membership function of acetone level is defined, and the graph is shown
and in the figure 4-13 which is given below the parameter risk is defined and its graph.
4.3.5 Risk rate and its ranges:

By keeping in view, the membership functions that we have defined were temperature, oxygen level
saturation, heart rate, and acetone level. As we saw that by changing these four parameters the result, we got
was the risk parameter. Furthermore, this risk parameter is also defined in different ranges which shows that

34
the low-risk value is [0 1.5 3.3], the medium range of risk is [3.5 5.7 6.5], and the high range of our risk
parameter is
[6.4 8 9.9]. These values can be obtained by changing the values of the above parameters we have taken as
an input so according to that our risk values can vary from low, medium and high as shown in figure 4-14.

Figure 9 Risk levels with combination of inputs

5 Evaluation
This section has all the results of our hardware and software. First the results of hardware shown and then
the results of software in rest the chapter.

35
5.1 Unit Testing
5.1.1 MAX30100 SENSOR:

Figure 10 Readings from MAX30100 sensor Heart rate

Figure 5-1 is representing heart rate of patient using Max30100 sensor. It measured when writs band is
attached with patient. It is normal reading. The heart rate of normal human body varies with age. This is
heart of 22 years old boy. This sensor is acquiring data from human body.

Figure 11-2 Readings from MAX30100 sensor of Oxygen saturation

Figure 5-2 is representing oxygen saturation of patient using Max30100 sensor. It measured when writs band
is attached with patient. It is normal reading. This sensor is acquiring data from human body. Oxygen
saturation level remain same for all ages. It should be from 90 to 96 of healthy person.

5.1.2 AD8232 SENSOR shows ECG Plots

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 Figure 12 ECG Graph 1 from AD8232 sensor

In above Figure 5-3, ECG is measures without connect to human body. We can see result has abrupt peaks
and downs. This image does not reveal complete information. This shows sensors is working fine and graph
is inaccurate.

Figure 13 ECG graph when one of probes were disconnected

Figure 5-4 Represents ECG plot when probes of Ad8232 sensor were connected to left arm and one of the
prob was disconnected. Results has discrepancy in waves. This shows if one of the prob is not connected
properly or have fault, can affect the ECG plot.

37
 Figure 15 ECG Result when probs connected to left arm

The Figure 5-5 represents the ECG plot of patient when probs were connected to left arm of patient. Graph
is smooth and readings are scaled between 450 milli volts over 100 second. The result is between 3.90 to
4.23 units. This is accurate but not more accurate then desired. We have to place probs on some other parts
of body.

Figure 14 ECG final Plot when probes were connected to Chest

Figure 5-6 Reveals final heart rhythm of patient. This is more accurate then measured from arm. The values
in graph are from 500 milli volts over 100 seconds. The ranges become 4.80 to 5 units. This is most accurate
then measured from arm. So finally experiment proved ECG should be measured from chest when we
measured it using three probs.

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 5.1.3 MQ138 SENSOR:

Figure 16 Acetone reading from MQ138 sensor

Figure 5-7 is representing the level of acetone in the body. It is usually from 600 units to 1000 units in the
body. Acetone level has direct relation with glucose level in the body. The reading is high and predicts that
patient is diabetic and has high glucose level in the body.

5.1.4 DS180B20 SENSOR:

Figure 17 Body Temperature reading from DS180B20 sensor

In figure 5-8, result of body temperature is showing. This is normal body temperature measured from healthy
person. The temperature is in Fahrenheit. Risk is medium as defined in soft computing rules.

39
5.2 Function Testing

Figure 18 Final design of wrist band which have 5 sensors attached on it

The figure 5-9 is representing the wrist band of our system. As this is a picture, in real time it shows al
readings with delay of 2 seconds. When this result was captured, heart rate pops up on OLED screen that is
why heart rate is shown. The Results of test bed are attached below. They are results of Fuzzy Logic which
we proposed for decision making. In below figure 30 we have taken four input parameters i.e. temperature,
oxygen saturation, heartrate, and the acetone level.

5.3 Results
5.3.1 Low risk with gain slider
In the below figure 5-10, we have used the gain slider in order to get the values of our risk which is
low according to our given parameters. This is validation of our measured values and Simulink test bed
values.

Figure 19 Gain slider, showing low risk

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 5.3.2 Medium risk with gain slider
In the below figure 5-11, we have used the gain slider in order to get the values of our risk which is medium
according to our given parameters.

Figure 20 Medium risk with slider gain

5.3.3 High risk with gain slider

In the below figure 5-12 we have used the gain slider in order to get the values of our risk which is high
according to our given parameters. These values are matched when we measured values from patient.
Acetone was 670 and in below figure 783.

Figure 21 High risk with Slider gain

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 5.3.4 Web Application Layout

Figure 24 Login UI of Web Based Application

Figure 233 Login Section of Web Based Application

Figure 22 Sign-up form for new Patients.

Figures 5-13 and 5-14 are login and sign UI of web-based application. Doctors can login and new patients
can sign up reregistration and get supervision of doctors.

42
 5.3.5 Android Application

Figure 25 Android Figure 26 Android

Application for Application for
Patient Only Doctor and Family
Members

Figures 5-14 and 5-16 Shows our android application UIs. Left figure is very simple, and this does not
require login credentials to view patient health. While right sided image represents fully functioned
application that requires login credentials for accessing patient data. We have only added landing page of
applications, while they have more than one screen.

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 Figure 27 Hardware Design

In figure 5-17, we have all sensors that are finally attached on their respective places. MQ138 sensor is
placed on headset. Max30100 sensor is placed on thumb. ECG sensor on left arm of body. Temperature
sensor is on wrist of body. OLED is placed on top of wrist band to show values offline to patient and family
members.

5.4 Comparison

In above Section we have mentioned all results by comparing with the Simulink based test bed, designed in
part 1 of our project. Results obtained from sensors, real time data, has high values, and some parameters
are in normal rage. System predicts health as high risk. Test bed values and real time patient monitoring are
on board and have same results. This shows our proposed system is capable of making decision but still
requires doctor’s attentions and advise for better dosage.

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6 Conclusions & Future Work

We have designed test bed using MATLAB Simulink platform to define soft computing
membership functions. These membership functions are used to set ranges for different parameters to decide
health and generate alert for doctors and family members. For example, temperature has ranges low risk
[90-97] medium risk [97-100] high risk [100-104]. Our sensor measured 99 F. Acetone 680 which is high
risk. Usually, it is between 500 ppm to 700 ppm for diabetic persons. Heart rate measured is 76 bpm which
is medium risk, SPO2 is 96% which is low risk and ECG graph has 4 to 5 volts values. Which shows patient
is now in normal conditions except its acetone value. It proved by values that acetone has direct relation to
glucose level. The patient is predicted as diabetic. Accuracy of all parameters are 95 % except acetone.
Acetone is gas sensor which is affected by air. Data of all sensors successfully updated on Microsoft azure
cloud after 1 minute. More than 3600 values stored in database per day. Mobile application uses fuzzy logic
rules to generate alerts based on real time data. Sometimes sensors removed from body of patient during
testing, meanwhile incorrect data stored in azure cloud, and this affects the accuracy of decision. We used
average of values in the place of 0 stored values to insure efficient decision. Web based application is
designed for doctors only to perform CRUD operation on patients.
The prototype designed can get human vitals using sensors that are attached on it, while that data is
further showed on the mobile based application as well as on web-based application in Realtime. The data
first gets on the cloud-based platform and then reads on the applications. Health monitoring comprises of
being a crucial and important process when dealing with patients in hospitals. Some infectious outbreak
cannot let down the doctors from monitoring the temperature, SpO2 level etc. of the patient with the help of
such devices. The framework has the functionality of alarming stages, when certain levels of vitals get over
the threshold, the dedicated applications will generate an alarm-based alert system, which will be capable
of assuring the guardians as well as the doctor that the patient is suffering on its survival at that point, which
can help in immediate First aid procedures. Meanwhile the data acquisition is continuous and can help
diagnose a patient’s medical behavior even after 2-3 months. Classic synopsis of patient’s health is based
on random sampling, while this framework improves it as continuously getting the critical data of patient,
updating it on database, sending the data in soft computing algorithms and getting the results which will be
accurate, giving the doctors more efficient idea of what is the actual status of patient’s health, what is the
possibility of survival, how far can they go with the medication that is being given to the patient. Keeping
it more accurate, less fragile, and best case while handling in normal routines, especially during infectious
outbreaks as well.
The essence of this project is to make health monitoring autonomous, intelligent as well as less need
for human interaction while dealing with a patient. It will not only make the things easier at the doctor’s
end, but also can make health related issues more solvable. The framework is designed to carry easily and
can be kept tied to the patient’s arm without any problem. The system can be enhanced with various more
features that can increase the overall functionality and make it more versatile. It can be combined with AI
to get even more efficient and reliable outcomes and it can open a new road of research among doctors and
researchers.
6.1 Future Ideas

There is always a place for improvements and advancements in any project. Thus, future modifications can
be added into this project which eventually will state the flexibility and authenticity of the system with
respect to required changes. The modern age has so much to introduce, medical field is so versatile that
proper research and effort could enhance the provided system, with top notch advanced features. Which can

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emphasize less human interaction, Augmented reality-based disease prediction, future hypothesis of various
diseases. Since modern technology prefers non-invasive methods to identify health monitoring and disease
identification, this system is already working on non-invasive terms thus have more capability of introducing
new and updated technologies in it.

Idea 1: Augmented Reality

On a surface thought level, AR and Healthcare can be a compatible fit. This technology offers feasible
solutions to the many challenges of the health care system. It will make many things more convenient.
Secondly, accessibility to the service is improved. Finally, augmented reality in healthcare can have a
decisive impact on the effectiveness of the healthcare service itself and can significantly improve overall
efficiency.

Idea 2: More Sensors

Addition of more sensors can drastically improve the efficiency of the whole system. The more the sensors,
the more the redundant can be the system itself. The process of monitoring will also become more accurate
and thus more accurate. The modern age is making everything small and more accurate, hence addition of
micro sensors will make the device even more portable.

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