protozoa Disease Transmission+Infective stage diagnosis

Intestinal
1- Entameba histolytica -Amebic dysentria (diarrhea)
( pseudopodia)large intest
2- Giardia lambilia
(flagella) small intestine
3- Blantidium coli
(cilia) large intestine
1- Trichomonas
vaginalis
1- plasmodium malaria
( intracellular )
2- Toxoplasma gondii
(intracellular)
-Liver abscess
Giardiasis ( diarrhea )
(diarrhea)
Urogenital
-Vaginal inflammation
-Abnormal discharges
Blood
Malaria
Toxoplasmosis: abortion &
congenital abnormalities in
fetus
Fecal- oral ( trophozoite & cysts ) with 4
( trophozoite & cysts ) nuclei
Fecal- oral ( trophozoite & cysts ) with
( trophozoite & cysts ) 4 pairs of flagella
Fecal- oral Ciliated trophozoite & cyst
( trophozoite & cysts )
Sexual (Trophozoite) Trophozoite only in : urine &
swab discharge
Sporozoites infect RES Blood film schizont & ring
by Female Anopheles stages in RBCs
Oocyst in cat feces -Serological test (Sabin-
( definitive host ) Feldman dye test)
-Blood film

3- Trypanosoma cruzi Chaga's disease Roduvdii bug Blood film

( American) ( myocarditis ) (trypomastigote)
4- Trypanosoma Sleeping sickness Tse Tse fly Blood film
rhodesiense (African ) (trypomastigote)
5- Leishmania donovani Visceral leshmaniasis Sand fly Blood film
( Kalazar, Black fever ) Larva (promastigote)
1-Protozoa (9)

2-Nematodes (Round worms) (10)

 Intestinal(6)
1-Ascaris lumbricoides Abdominal pain & Fecal- oral, Eating ova Ova in stool
Pneumonitis Emberyonated egg.
2-Trichuris trichiura Abdominal pain & Fecal- oral Ova in stool
( whip worm ) vomiting Eating ova
3-Enterobius vermicularis Autoinfection in children Fecal- oral - Ova in stool
( pin worm ) Eating ova - Ova on perianal region
-Scotch tap technique
4- Trichinella spiralis Larva encysted in tissues Encysted larva of Uncooked Not lay either egg nor larva
(muscle inflammation ) pig meat in intestine
5- Strongyloides pneumonitis Filariform larva penetrate the Rhabditiform Larva in stool
stercoralis skin
6- Ancylostoma -Pneumonitis Filariform larva penetrate the Ova in stool
duodenal -Bleeding in stool & skin
( hookworms ) anemia
Tissue(4)
1- Dranculus Skin ulcer Larva in copepods ------
2- Loa loa loiasis Larva in deer fly Microfilaria in blood film
Skin swelling ( mango fly )
3- onchocerca volvulus -Blindness Larva in black fly
Skin nodules-Skin sniptest
4- wuchereia bancrofti Filariasis Larva in female Anopheles
( elephantiasis ) &culex
3-Trematodes (flukes) (4)
 worm Habitat Disease Transmission Infective Diagnosis
stages
Blood fluke
1-schistasoma Mesenteric -Schistasomasis Human egg in water
Swimming 1- Ova with lateral
mansoni venules -colon Damage Miracedium cercaria spin in stool
Mesenteric penetrate the 2- Blood in stool
Cercaria snail
plexus
skin
2- schistasoma Bladder -Schistasomasis Human egg inwater
Swimming 1- Ova with
hematobium venules or ( Hematuria ) Miracedium cercaria terminal spin in
pelvic -bladder Damage Cercaria snail penetrate the urine
plexus skin 2- Blood in urine
Liver
Fasciola liver -Abdominal pain Human egg in water
Eating Ova in stool
hepatica -jaundice grass Miracedium metacercaria
metacercaria snail in grass
Lung
Paragonimus lung -Chest pain Human egg in water
Eating Ova in sputum
westermani -cough crab Miracedium metacercaria
metacercaria snail in raw crab

4-Cestodes (tape worms) (5)

 worm Disease Transmission infective stages Diagnosis
1-Taenia saginata taeniasis Eating 1- ova in stool
(beef tape worm18) Human egg
uncooked beef 2- proglottides
Cyst in muscle cattle
cyst in stool
2-Taenia solium Taeniasis Human egg
Eating 1- ova in stool
(pork tape worm13 ) (cystcercosis) Cyst in muscle pig uncooked pork 2- proglottides
Cystcercosis human ( pig) cyst in stool
3-Echinococcus hydatid Dog ( definitive host )
Ova of dog Ova in stool
granulosus Sheep egg feces
(Dead host) human
4-Diphyllobothrium Vitamin B12
Human
Eating Uncooked fish Ova in stool
latum (perinicious anemia) Plerocercoid larva in
(fish tape worm ) fish muscle.
egg in water

Fish copodes
5-Hymenolepis hymenoleposis Human Fecal- oral Ova in stool
nana Eating ova
Egg Cysticercoids
(dwarf tape worm)
Rodents

Parasitology
:a-Parasite in blood
*Protozoa:
1-Malaria:
- Malaria habitat blood.
- Intermediate = Female anopheles mosquito.
- Infective stage = Sporozoites.
- Malaria detection by Thick blood film.
- In malaria cause lysis of RBC.
*Types of malaria:
1. P.Vivax = cause Enlarges RBC.
2. P.Falciparum = cause malignant malaria and it is most abundant prevalence.
3. P.Malariae.
4. P.Ovale.
2-Toxoplasmosis:
- Diagnosis by = serology test (Sabin-Feldman dye test).
- Intermediate host = human.
- Man may acquire from cats.
*Toxoplasma gondii:
- Non motile protozoa.
- This organism multiply intracellular parasite.
- Can cause fetal cerebral infection.
- The definitive host is animal (cat).

3-Trypanosoma:
- Trypanosome habitat blood.
- Intermediate = the bite Tse Tse flay and Roduvdii bug.
- Infective stage = stum by trypanosome (Trypomastigote).
- Diagnostic by = Trypomastigote in blood film.
- Trypanosome move by flagella.
-Xeno diagnosis test to detect trypanosome Cruzi (American).
*Trypanosome type:
1. Trypanosome Cruzi (American):cause Chaga's disease (myocarditis).
2. Trypanosome Gambians(African): cause sleeping sickness.
3. Trypanosome Rhodesians: cause sleeping sickness.
4-Leishmania:
- Leishmania is intercellular parasite.
- Leishmania causes 2 disease:
Visceral leishmania and Cutaenous leishmania.
- Transmits by = sand flay.
- Infective stage = larva (promastigote).
- Use stain fields stain and Giemsa stain.
*Leishmania Tropica:
-Cause oriental sore disease.
*Leishmania donovani (Visceral Leishmania):
-Cause kala-azar and black fever.
*NNN culture media: -used for diagnosis of Leishmania.
1-Leishmania Skin Test: -used for post kalazar Dermal Liesmaniasis (PKD).
2-Intradermal test or Leishmanin test: -by monteneqro reaction.
3-Formal Gel Test: -Screening test non specific test.
B-Parasite in urine:
*Protozoa:
1-Trichomonas vaginals:
- Habitat = vagina, urethra, prostate.
- Infective stage = Trophozoite.
- Diagnosis by = Trophozoite in vagina, prostatic secretion, and urine.
- Can be detected in vaginal and urethral discharge.
- Protozoa in sexual reproduction.
2-Schistosoma haematobium:
- Habitat pelvic plexus.
- Infective stage = cercaria.
- Diagnostic stage = egg with terminal spine in urine.
- Mode of infection = Cercaria penetrates skin.
- Cause Egyptian haematuria.
C-parasite in stool:
*Protozoa:
1-Entamoeba histolytica:
- Habitat = Large intestine.
- Infective stage = mature cyst. Size 10-15 um in E.Coli 15-30 um. V.I
- Mode of infection = ingestion of mature cyst.
- Diagnostic stage = Trophozoite and cyst in feces. Size of Trophozoite 15-30 um. V.I
*Test used to detect E.histolytica:
*Cellulose Acetate Precipitation (CAP) Test:
-Used serum patient with amebic antigens to detect liver abscess.
-Aurdin orange & Burrows stain: stain chromatin bodies of E.histolytica.
-Beyers solution-Poly phenyl Alcohol (PVA) &Sodium Acetate Formalin (SAF): used for fixation of E.histolytica.
*Types of Entamoeba: 1-E.h 2-E.C 3-E.hartiman 4-Endomax nana.
5-Idioamoeba butchili: round Cyst with one nucleus and contain glycogen inclusion.
2-Giardia lamblia (mastigophora):
- Habitat = duodenum.
- Infective stage = mature cyst. Size 7-10 um V.I
- Diagnostic stage = Trophozoite and cyst in feces.
- It is associated with Steatorrhea. Size of Trophozoite 12-15 um. V.I
*Test used to detect G.lamblia:
A-Concentration technique:
1-floatation technique: used 33% Zinc sulphate.
2-Sedimentation technique: used formal detergent or formal ether concentration.
B-Entero test capsule: used gelatin capsule with strong thread for adhesion.
3-Schistosoma mansoni:
- Habitat = Mesenteric plexus.
- Infective stage = Cerecaria.
- Mode of infection = Cercaria penetrates skin.
- Diagnostic stage = Egg with lateral spine in feces.
*Nematode (round worn):
1-Ascaris lumbricoides:
- Habitat = small intestine.
- Infective stage = Embryonated egg or larva
- Mode of infection = swallowing water or vegetables.
- Diagnostic stage = Fertilized Egg in Feces.

2-Trichuris trichiura (whip worm):

- Habitat = Large intestine (caecum).
- Infective stage = Embryonated egg.
 - Mode of infection = swallewing water or vegetables.
- Diagnostic stage = Egg in feces.
3-Enterobius vermicularis (Pin worm):
-Habitat = large intestine.
-Infective stage = Embryonated egg.
-Diagnostic stage = Egg on perianal region.
4-Strongyloids stercoralis:
- Habitat = small intestine.
- Infective stage = Filairiform larva.
- Mode of infection = when the filairiform larva penetrates skin or mucous membrane of the mouth.
- Diagnostic stage = Rhabditiform larva in Feces.
5-Hookworms (Ancylostoma duodenal):
-Habitat = small intestine. -Infective stage = Filariform larva.
-Mode of infection= when the filariform larva penetrates skin or mucous membrane of the mouth.
-Diagnostic stage = Egg in Feces.
*Trematodes(Flukes):
1-Fasciola hepatica:
- Habitat = bile duct of man.
- Infective stage = encysted metacercaria on grass or in water.
- Mode of infection = ingestion of raw vegetation or water.
- Diagnostic stage = Egg in Faeces.

2-Heterophyes heterophyes: V.I

- Habitat = small intestine.
- Infection stage = encysted metacercaria in fish muscle.
- Mode of infection = ingestion undercooked fish.
 - Diagnostic stage = Egg in feces.
*Cestodes:
1-Taenia saginta:
- Habitat = small intestine.
- Infective stage = Cysticercus bovis.
- Mode of infection = ingestion undercooked beef.
- Diagnostic stage = Egg in feces.
2-Diphylobthrium latum: V.I
- Habitat = small intestine. - Diagnostic stage = Egg in feces.
- Infection stage = Plerocercoid larva in fish muscle.
- Mode of infection = ingestion of undercooked fish.
3-Hymenolepis nana (dwarf worm):
-Habitat = small intestine.
-Infection stage = Cysticercoids.
-Mode of infection = ingestion of egg or inset.
-Diagnostic stage = Egg in Faeces

V.I
2010 ‫أهم األسئلة اللي جات بالهيئة‬
1-Chagas disease caused by?
Trypanosome cruzi.
2.-malaria diagnosis by?
Thick blood film.
3. Taenia saginate diagnosis by ?
Egg in stool.
4. Ascaris lumbricoides infection stage?
Emberyonated egg.
5. Rice water stool can caused by?
Vibrreo cholera .
6. Lactobacilli isolated in?
Stool .
7. yellow brown barrel-shapped egg , coloeless produce plug polar is ? V.I
Trichuris trichiura
8. parasite cause cerebral malaria ?
plasmodium falciparum .
9. infection stage of ancytlostoma ?
Filariform Larva
10. transmitte through sexual intercourse ?
Trichomonas vaginalis .
11-human scabies diagnose by? V.I
Skin scraping of lesion.
13 - Cause Kala-azar:
a- leishmania tropica
b- leishmania braziliense
c- leishmania donovani#
d- leishmania mexicana
14- Cause oriental sore:
a- plasmodium ovale
b- leishmania tropical #
c- leishmania donovani
d- trypanosoma rhodesiense
infective stage of S.mansoni -15
A- embrynoated egg
B- larva
# C- cercaia
D- oocyst
:The cause of sleeping sickness -16
a- trypanosoma gambiense
b- trypanosoma cruzi
c- trypanosoma rhodesiense
# d- (a) & (c)