LOGICA, ARGUMENTARE $1 RETORICA DB LA RATIUNEA TEORETICA LA RATTUNEA PRACTICA IN DISCURSUL PUBLIC EDIVIB REVAZUTA, ‘Tomipl CIULE) Copyright Batra Lumen, 2014 Tai, Tepey Vou, on Elitars Lumen este aeredtaa CNCS cslturalumen@ geail.com pprlamen@gmacom ww w.ediuelumenro woo ibeaiaviersla com Redactor Roxsea Demeua STRATULAT Desiga coperté: Roxana Demetra STRATULAT Reproduceresoriciei pie din prezeatil volum prin Forocopiere, scanare, mulipheare vnewtoriaes, indifereat de -medish de ‘Descrierea CIP a Bibliotecii Nagionale a Romaniel (CIULEL, TOMITA Logics, argumentate gi retoried: de la ragiunea tcoretics la tafivmea practied fe diseursul public / Tomi Ck» Bal sev. fag: Lumen, 2014 TSBN 978.973.166-579-1 16(0758) LOGICA, ARGUMENTARE $I RETORICA. De la ragiunea teoretica la ragiunea practica in discursul public (cdigie reviews) Lamen Tayi, 2014our 5 ‘oygnd miyaiuna you>wip uy sane amodsy Ze ‘ype emo ws ORCA TE mminsanosip voniaeid ay aoqfojonuoap 1§ 90n9 yunssusaNNCL eH 8 vneg, gna yopssmasip are1ouDI.C 7 ‘md wand C22 mqmsanonp ae 6) 8 ung Cee ‘mission usaoans 727 reveal nate 212 ouNISeRSIOd STZ ousyos 1 vsmoounty E17, -sanampor gjanuaanwooney 22 ‘danaapop sjpmzarvosey “TT atone NCL Woreueandie Susareuorter wr vou z suaeouno # ouen>y 22 ppnorsi09e 1 HOM TTL supfeouna # BUOY TT equa ¥ asiseo0 "C1 aga 8 apes HOT TT soarayanioa # a0¥8oy mca “FTL “ayeyuneuo> wae "TY araigvouns # fea *eoysiory Teouea ofp vides WON, sunday‘Fomiyi Clu Anes Bibliografie 185 261 Now pea editiei! Ted de la inceput tebuie 4 sublines fpral cf sindusile ce urmea2s ii dorese a ave, intinte de toate, un seop didactic De aici si slabs ceprezencare a nowt informative jn Eavorres prezentini twzelor consacrate si venifcare. Nowtate reziding, poate, ia strmctura $i arbitecturs aggumentsi de la principile orale, strctusal, ale gindici la cele determindad comunicnea ‘rcomstanit ‘Acesindu-m, in prin sind, suadenjor ce se formeact {in domeninl comunicii, dae i celor ve at injeles ct indiferent fate le este specialzares, comunicaren reprezintd © ane ‘ransndoist a ailelot noastee, am ales a evoca texte funn mentale penrmu a intemeia ele expose, de Ia Platon $4 Anstorel La Kane, Wagenstein sau Saussure, 31 pind la operele unoe iste profesori somini care eau dedicat studiulsi disenrvui si ‘comunicie in spatinl public. St md sefer aici la operle wror worl precom Cin Saliistrs, Dumitma Borqua, Ghe. Mia, Septimiu Cheleea, Daniela Rovenja-Frumusani, ea si amintese done cijva ditzeaceytia, ‘Modlin care lucrarea este structuraté reprezintl pesca ancora asupra a ceca ce este dscusul poblic: un produs, un lect al unei tape epistemologice, determinate’ in timp, revendicindu-se ia formi de In stractati Iogico-ormale, sii matede de la adevit: Este @ icoand a vremutilor, 0 consiuctc social ascultind fost de rigorile rafiail pure. Cind discursal public se dezice de osicare dine sceste dimensiani esueacd in patologi comunicayionale, wnele nevinovate, ale pistrind morales resortusor ce leas provocit, Tn pe, ea de Gt tloeerc ein dn 200 elie cise, in acon tatorl ones or rt mas Se fun ae de emp fon etd ‘eta in spa pubsuarfeouns 16 youo1ay 271 pouorsr0.u i youeIa TZ arovéeouns #6 -9H01DH ZL fequat 6 a10¥8000N9 “ECT fequay 16 apap rope -2r woresqunuuos 16 a0] SHdIDUBE TTT areoqmeoo 18 yoo TT aaogeouns 18 fequay go13oT yeaued siqosed sun otsod 25 29 (rs) alum’ un yaosas susap ‘mgm pres Uf mse saquwul oF uo ede “eoNUNBOD Sarube ¥p tee nodoqatoy saga oun ajaeds wy “pias won ey ERS] TON foe mes smdanfe ‘uppmane ‘suonmzaduiog (jaorq ty) UIpoL ¥ 9p woope supsyunuios wloany samodu yeu 9p> ANUP pun vonruyeuy ame ys aoe ‘qgnd mpsinosyp © ayes 16 qeanos-oog8o}auspered yun qeis HoAaU I Dre 9¢, reo vio1.1, Logica si comunicare Fisk indoialt ck sist asia comunicisit publice, in speci, 14 comunicic io general a poate debuta Eek wn recs necesar in fandamentele lice Hi epistemelogiee ale acest Micar pentss faptsl ci logics ate ca depr cbiee gindrea fomencisch ia toatl destguncea eb deh rajonamene 3 fntorene, la arguments 3 judecip. Logica stabilyte cate sine regulle si normele pe cae ebuie si le rexpectim, or de cite ot vert un act cop, asfel ineit sf amdner to sler Sdevaeuls Daca aceass conn poate tne de conpinstl ganic font, logics vine # intereia, Ss primul snd corectaines formals « ginditi oasce. Cul ake cuvinte, logica au exe inoresat act de adevirl conyinuarlr nonstre cagnive ct ales de valduaten operpilor pe cae le ntepindem co accste onfsutr Or rumalaceat tex a fi suber pens cm once Sodio ansps coroner ad inceapa en o anne revendiore din logica fornals Penta ck inteaga comuniare ete un corp de conju consi, is, into andme formd, Este siudinea ce caracterzesed comnicatea in mod special in cea de-a dosa pate a sce XX. Este o acmadine determinatd de mutates Sccentls dinspre ethos (catacteriaing limes gresc) si pathos (Cancersica givdisi wodeme) inspre ,tcoretzatealogosuhi “Monopolal loge al ings ae ic wn oaecare ameter. Ca distngs sot at maze Gini cuviore sen, cod a acelest ‘storie ever, 2010: 72 Gidea valid, conces, umateste prndrns sdevinu fina, © dau gist, aces erebuic lpg. lar acest cra se fncimpls prin communicate, pe care dela bn incepto dicen de jarnasm. Rela lr ete una de Ingen Ia spec: comunicazea ‘i ente doar uma, isa jrmabmsl ete dose comnicare Aleman poate pen erage cel pu cea des dows pate. Aver inn in vedere da apeeal somninafoan al jrnalvnah adi cle ns tn - ws on jad ap emwang “y29yiad asa na eansow) anaiqo 6 (mans) ames anup “YopumeDe eiuapaodsaz0;) ‘anavouniaie 9p zopojoned easy uy cioaopeu 2 of us apas mon uno aft “aes ad aus sears vf 2p aunfopeed 2onp mid mise waresjeaty “opens ean “ovo op Suu “auia my sfuma9 ¥> nnvog snmp umama 29 voo> wauod Ande a9 abnnuep: mpidioaad eommaadsar ‘sreapues up "Sioa9e page Bs eng womiou equmissow swaps © jasego wsUy HEC] “atepaHS Hrouipous auodas gs sigan eaenilou 1 sptasossuen aNajn8 F mDvIgo BEET IME sie evel o» paB mua “oheagrULEDS esuoa 1 woIpe “eksut v9 na yopeopr asd sumtlou ‘29 rg qH08 we ua 9 489 ‘siopaluy znd ou nu “qeanuya slows foisooe waregodssr Bt, esos souap sam pues us pspoay and wpe “pnt ads “goumjoa e> eusepos sbenespy aldiven, “jnspatun osm ane ‘peopr mes eas ‘asago asauayip wooyas "siuar9y8 aprunan> snodsor ‘opuniton, siurano und yal wy aenzaedss Wats pevoindo eospuy “unsopsluy Hrapa2e Hoae we me 259800) 989 a susan ep moka yy Yarendaep lesan vosBopoy inunye apqure w aawgo pepe ypueaudss q yowp und { 282 7) 9 6 Yan aes 0 (akpaoa amano UD tpqeie wind ‘5 2189 ¢ 8 gai J yore eazy ade ap eal ena 2 Bu-npuuayor“Yoep “mrruores rqe> ad “sauyeuy sed um or 92 sind my Minnuspr midiound romaadsos eazy oyu) aeod 35 nit roavo> areiueumie © py) -amauoKMee vt “aseaUMMED ‘a “nposmonp oat up angus” 29y 36 ehnIOpr endian vioodso1 9je orwezoduas wear as>_applurasuo-y es whumisqns uy epsoe tapas Fs elune 259 99 e209 “sauaproe ap ojooup > sundeinwlBUapE [eudung pag nee» anongaewinrsid punyoud ree ays sa eet steniopr juxlourg syafuasunon “worse sreeneurutase Tuna espjor 96 nu Aleneapuy jun “empwoyy ender ‘2 whic azeoypup ap eesado amp fa puido nu (en) atop aepanein iry a 20] sormpade age suuSba yoxrwo> unais gue apHIO.UT emEEL O- Bese ans yc pe ow a a $y te pad sume Se psy me ast op ahlo hp ley a oat eso’ oud > uma pumudxo nu “Ged ps us) gee we o-mut ¥se © apmyour 6 “Gnas 30 pd) r2Nq8 ya eDRpand un eEaEOSE ‘hu [Bq3>A, AGoEODp soqaluy uM AkAUOD IS99F OF AME A RDA, ine enpaa a0 mae ys er (woud va ‘SuRHOU os us) 7 Heeoamand ypIY veuO] “wa! un mee aFofoANeD O ‘iso no ganuops ydoau 297 en ay sey snUe| Op mhanvep: pdiound eons pica no aeuoy ¥ ase 9 eC {890} FOP vo mO298 2 man HIE azHD Uf 29 “UES No ANVAPT 282 m0 on xD tuBuNds pulD putyr Yo EN e> emaDny AONE Yee Fonopisuos up yyj2as an easze ne ayemyd faut uonsr ap annum o “pexun 9p [5 an a9 wassup apodn aso: we acy eoxonvapr peesesIoeED (6A ‘S9GL) Mgr ‘uy nsy piugap room n> if soppzoRone> wos so pages] 1 mhnntopr spaua|goxd ature xo eeRMERD ¥ JBOMEY wry aSesuy¥9 3 ponops albu ag xs amgan aunfou 2950] reimuueD asonuRoTe 99 sopi0t #201 1 aumsfow 29H ang} avemERpT BIN Bs oman ‘snds [apy ‘piumsuoo yuu ys amngan andow pen Hnuyep 1 ars midouud masse jsojluy “gasuapy yardiouag -e “pdound sowsaoe exe uy andeysop sweod 2 nu post09 opin 0 DN HOT Cd) ua) Ip pI waren my soup wdpond eouaaiose mayen easepoey ‘epee? ‘prdoned “spar 2014 yw oes “H80] aypdioutsd ut es 380 ‘epUUDINY AmpuES eoMpIEA BHOD ‘enerarOMuON tHEO, vawoqunuos 16 aofo} aqHdouBd “FET Bin amonTorii Ciulei obiect, un obiect - un Sema. Aceasta se eealizeazt abia in linbyee formal, construire seal, In cadrul Hnhyior mut, se realizeacd 0 vorpondin:t multoes, de pul un sema - mai mole obiecte, un obiect ~ mai multe semae, Dupd pireres iustolat prof Botezara: fv ast fe apar omninia i sinaninis, Sceasch Stuapie, cate denotd complexes caportulsi dintze limbs sé indie, fore denumit dai asm al remains. Cae Sint recomandésle priscipiuisd sdenetagi pentru a domian Aliculeile generate de imervenia poisemiels sinonimnei? ‘Anais kid eet sfiontd pent a werifin meets princi ide trai examin nine ideo Tntracit contoful ingcleslsi uns cavine na se poate reales decie prin intermedivl defini, se recomands 23 anor precnt p ling far terme dfs acta. Noma in acest chip fe pot evita canéuri », Principiud non-contradicyci. Pe scur, acest principin poste fi astfl fotmolat omit of 18 fe ats {inp ss a’ rigor. Formal, worbim despre negarea conjunc ioe pimp. Sou altel sei: ~ (P&P) fn fond, princpiul noa-conteadicii se poate reduce la prineipil idem, clei dacd o nofiane este identick cu sine {ns cu se poate sci aibuim st ma abu in acest damp si sub aclag rapor, nist cle. Unis aceliaginoyiun aise pot atrbui dowd insist cooteadcrori Si acest princpia fi are o prims formulare in opers. hi Avitoel. Stagiciul este giadivorul care I caraceriznt pris, ‘idicindu la demnitate de prineipia suprem al ucror leraoe Ae ee ops din ceniple pebnae ale une deste dete, ‘somone Ci thet cee sigurteteat pe um coupna era pen ‘Stocun sont Gall xe ope dar Wet cw Serre 1“ Lag sets ri 4 gindosos, ua puinapa sigue sh neces. Print cma (@ipt numele sta wadifonal) este expos kana in Mee (1965,1V, 3, 1005 b 1) Jap cum urmeaad: "este peste pag ca unin acelin subioce x se potivease, 9 ota nase pocrveaset su acclapi raport ooul si aclyt predicat. Acct Principe el nat sigue inte toate ci el cuprnde In ine Caractersccile atte tl sus, Inseadevds,« peste pigs ca un om si post nchipu ck uml acl fee est ota a Gu ate cuit, te impr cam ro pd of mw pore aco propriate (i. acelasi tpi sub als spor). Consideind “proponqile si vsloarea lor aletie abner tsexunen el teins ao prope ma deat (n cli inp sub aelag apo DDacd prince nn este conexat cu opera logiet & oma sel ch ete expat a oss Ngai (at ant toe ea 8 et), pindpiad nora (halter exch) ete Jnim asoca eu operapia logic nuit. Pcp acconeadice sc rele In propoale conuadictort (aca In care una exe neg ela), supulnd eX dows propoaicontadictot 30 pot f ambeleadevitite Qn acca Up yb celgl rpor. act von este adevirs, cea rbot fie ab "Ansotel a sabilie acest Principia fa hpta sa inyposva sof, care uimireay descon st semene ‘cinercderea in gett sind. Tot el» specifint et eens neconediyic In alate de princi, a poate W demonstrat, find impos 8 © deducem dinteo lege mai genera. Valblates rap ons «ary ean} woes ASAE 58 as Sido aw yore pe [fun o Sqgneo an soe tee a euope ag 8 eid 8 no ead Mad oo mis ainodoad feos af Spgs ora ot) 9 ea a pmunuoo mean se Houpofur noua 2p sunday asard Sr dy ee sed a ay epee aye 3 unye snp 26nd menaon on on apousaly EoD fb coop wnoooe gpa ud uy un Mae UD fe cous te pgype gar pound oe page» ap Sd spe spas ys wolmota exaouop og Rpoppond anboy rou ae as ay ows seopeow aman qe ou dep "ompseD Soe sues Srueat Rep. ope amy MO oR tn oro ge py und wasn yess se 3 > 3p po uganda odes oy ren) “add Thad espeeaen pa poteny (1101-2 ADORE M| opaque Boyds eon 304 208 9 ap ote Rou ts stp opp db ao i a fp a atood py abe eo 1 mo 2200 tran nto noe poe ee new FPO Shea "awnmapeTesou pour oo oj peu rods Sop ie cn epee ed Rete o pis see unten pp anluca 29 en ews wena oes 2 Ekibinalo jenuat yon mapenoos oun Saute ore sp, Bip “nous fdas @ wapenaes seelond Coy of pdt sae pibodead mag gaowrpenvo> sapere yop 22 UP. jun aydeou oman 36 1 ¥6 Tulou foun > sendin ardouUd ssan6 ioe wou wor ym amos yogslans yaydroua “> “omod ‘myotonuioo woxpop pou uy She ad yoasay wo 29! HHSEOE sedosy ‘mpuomooy aye eduesunon aosorauy op sreuRIa.9p ‘quos poosope “ridound mssoe ¥ aeqgam 2p aduono ap ypinge mmsinosp e023 unzuo> asasait # aloppuat RUN 298 purp ume ‘uoued soy syzdoud uy worenuon 96s HuauztO ¥> tHo2sap yjdumnur 9s seq] yMpE H uO mS FarEEoKENSN wy DU) nord us 2369 mymuap: yadouu sorrenweD 2 na pu uid wy yoesrasuy 2309 ewusuMe y oxloypenUEDoN udu 2p puNOp aas9 PEWS HHO wNNuoREN ® Py ean Jmnise oxtypenuosoe elon yiaae mpuT y]Ue> mlAUop! Imymudiousd eareosdsos pec, “eFtuauepuny 2359 -mymENINIP tuon wy mdpund muse mnaodsar elomnoduiy pmsge eae = nspy dum séepow of ¥ yeapsope aunds ze eoumyyav08 Eps 0) 9 Monsey ead se oe puqupe -sepmnsqe WOR Ye ‘pinsqe wire 16 259 Dap ‘quae ea one non aso pr roner ienusp!ydioond sega 9 28 tatoo oy no ‘aie pang pans so estoy soo aEpAMEGE EROS Ee ‘pmsqe ‘uso 29 ea9o ‘aman; nied ase nu 1 ase poem x ‘yeuovle hey fi80 nu ays jruso wo wdaoow ys weOSUE TF TUNE “puNpDE no xpunjuo> 95 wuoso w2eq] ‘ay mu gs H ag Hs 2i8od IruBapHOE una sooxeoap “guspr2e yay apmineay sO, epemny po geriespntnny duo ny supaos mu sponge sad 5 ‘caved asooe ope pang glues ene por ule = pony agupgeeasa waned: gums “opqedaooeu aus Ponon S uepounln Qe Bmp vino,Tomi Cie infin, cic in fond, a wei vloare imple exstenp valon stint, soceraele pot i impie le nes CCondiile de apleabitate a teruni exchis sint cele tamoscue de la staal prncpilor aneroae,eefertoate Iain ‘aa din help Rog 0 lah eae de bic cane in carl prncpilorsntesioare na 4 fost specfcah, deoarece ns cts fect. Cand fonmuliosexigega ccontadiei nivel fomtologc: timp cn wn non 1 oud pb mu ote ath Drop, ext indcas expres Mentates propre, dar este presopuni ji denstates hues a rebut precza cela. ae Tnvcanul li drs no dat, stipulaea ident obec este de sigoae, inde afl se cree confi fin concluxe, peicipiul contd are cx predate se ols pe ala, Sa Enter or ip eich fenuli excls mu ceca do a, bite tml rl on. Trt non dat 2 tea soap 8 0 ei. Irie este Bois stu in Sits, « ei eventuatate este excl, prediatle in caisé find constadctors. In simp ce principal fecontadciei ne sjct la sabes flay unc toe cel cachis poate incemeia adevaeul unc exe Pe acest rcaninn logic fe spin demons inde, acclea cate operessA pri rake (hunt Aderieil tei result in falitates proposifes ontmdictortacestcia (acd te afk ft in {4X cma dou rung ops. . Principiul rayiunii suficiente. Este considerat, in general, un ait fp de principin, adzugindu-se cumea celor we considerace 2 f fandamentalé, $i cotusi tagunea noastek este astel "Aces prep ns epesot ole ie st femal ca cde pnp CConaiooaren aa sepa vico lege col semente, teu spect area acon lst acest argue. And het pipe {pest exigeg cndipone wu pote soprima ito fred de gk ‘merit Acetone nde pe wr le ei ut chm repent © lege lg fos, dopa plsres pot P- Bota i eae, 18 Lagi, arguments 9 rebar consti ioe refues 4-9 Jochiped exits unui Ines sk © ‘uch ate shi fi dat eaters. On expla ces Intemeiaza pe Injlegeen accor cause se sumneye tocmal re ayes ovcit fnomen, runes oat sngind vols de wt gi ‘ajhaea sficint. Prada! rans font a fost descoperix de Leiba, consivind 0 piesd principal flosofic aa. Afsmares acest panepia este condijnaes de ditneja fundamental pe care 0 Dperetst suuctl inter inse tere dernier fot {Bxist de asemenea dowd flu de adevarun, cle de item Fieele de fps Adevsrarie de rafnament sink necexare op Tore impos, ar cle de pe sine coningene opus oe ete posibil Cind un adevie este necesat, it putem pis emeil prin nals, reolvindlin ide 9 adevirs oa sine pad sjongem Incl paimicve" “in ordines teores scum, a genera, a rose sxguinentis ia special, aces princpi pare a avea 0 important Geosebit. Situapia acevirunlor de raptne exe reglemeneatd de price! snr’ earn oncor ator supmapune prices Isenergi), in timp. ce posifia adevinurloe “de. fap este dleterminats de piped rans mse, Raionanventsle noastee Sine intents peda mar prin pride, in ‘ates cdtsia sccotim far to ce coprinde fn sne © contac ado, ceva ce ent opus all, acct In contradic co cesta. $ prin rin fos, a virten chia consiesimn ck ‘ccs consti wn pincpa metabo, cerned eee gc gt ‘tor pliner Dia pal de veda gh exigent eunode aia cl ti copa Glad opto once deters a Fens ge Rela de condfonse ee hers, especie Propostile ce exprimt congnofle noate despre. iene lar {stg ne dos enon con ec econdonesrh tind vec ‘long 9 condi mau coneca (cca ce ete conan etme Se ‘ude cepectel) Condjonnren te tse Io peal pesca Se ‘eens cna este aso cu pcen sus abn condo (98S 3 9Wz jreorppsouno munierfarrauo ajtunsgasos puny “a8upnsu0> ag) 3UIS w) 2p undan 35 1p9 suisia wpe axsoo9e Hf "D=IqO oP austoypur ‘anno ssewp jayouo yale 95 > Raed aS19410), ‘resan0u 16 34> ayeuaalUN pe ‘znodoap “wane apeHEI tfind 29 “noo adound e aunde enon “spn(ou09 1 “rungs 0 2zorouiuy vs ane y2asop awuarnn 999 © 3p vfuaiosd wast Foep ssodepe Huisuns aqeooseaqunusos wojowed sowooe whey uy “amy nes muster ‘smnur anseou astuHOP 1S vo eureas wap 2u ys wae esEOU EDgpaleluanyju od asd oun & nes preuoszed oun ¥ au ap uimundls 1 ewHOIN “ojoyp sojaruan> varersdar “mens wwouna: duunuy sojpuvosiad 2 aoppusans « pues rapped pepo aneo ad pautad wey asodgpe e 2und aur ono vompues oyun mus 2p wntos 239 yoep "owe eluatidsa HE mvoqdh9 wos 1 “pnsHow Hustods9 ad una ng tulads wrod ayy gun nes yuo Huouodso Up ‘temp ap ad Mf p slycodasd aye wp ropHionpap yorounie no suas Bwana nu geeszqies 96 sopizodasd eaDEOSU sopundiase v aiejonuossu yrdsooe poppe ‘uspenop 2p rmuqouo sundo 9: 29np9 ampug? elena suapams NEON 219 39 vo09 fEeNNU wI9pEID ys 19 “axed aoHEOHO Thun n> HEHE eosopazou unpio7e nu WS mm sup njui aesyde ‘siuspyns wontes (anions (ezepuiyy 28 ue» ad) sunoz0n1 date 9p wiwuoskpuos aso pursoa) 22H0 3—> aUIBIA RIE Sarre ‘uy uy “(ezeourioy Ws 2309 2d) umpsapE aye ap wwHO! “ypu ais sgaxpe 2010 yo enwod suuruag Heme DUESI 38 a> ‘sa f aupuodin erg « 26) sriezdasd aye ap rimuodppu0> 2189 ayiadosd 2ab0 ga jsu2s cy ya) sana on 2 auszaaip 96 ndroud 1300 1G (G61 $961) a9 23-980 ap HU ep eUoLPRED sie9 NADA soo yon Ful “HAUDHY aye PeeoKOHpUOD won au Seo bp “(or0%8 mionpult neapars win) nian ae antouo eexauodpul rupoy 20n0 my “Grzodosd) prusey aay aie no (ileedond) jprasnj swine pueme poor “auaojas Fevaxony oman, 28 m9 own 1 “aopes wHOD up axeods) pomey 2889 ne “(phvodoud nes) ansony yop anmato anu yeeasodo ma “eesioazn Mop ‘owas 9p ey p> vupemend ys omgeay, salu rumpcuas wes sfupunfpaas nfo Ww 96 99 999 28 "ANID sone opsoyuew if tluaisxs op ope apapsayiuraa ¥ eivaisy> 3 wapundap ss wapn] asu0 FS Ng upwHipun pdm” midiousd s30e yoseoumu ye wajard mneZsIOg IOHD}OK Djutmaope mau FOPINEORE Trioinle > ser ousioys und yeeonioays 2 eeensuoMagy TIE ou WS we oD 2D sp waa 9a amd (myn, Fe im mu p> yusuas uy) vanes yuadoosap es pups ‘anqinaanp us pup pune ares209u wIRp spsluounD ww aha eyo 20 ‘aaird edu op angosoop suds ‘lu! x2 aeoaqaaotes fus20y Jaowmy easy 9p (Qeznas00s Hb anNOP ye BIR) sep) amasoasuoo yep 260 «youu ooaon on pny WeneaaPe 10d nu aizodord o pre yo fluo eanoy qne 9 fads wsgaoyes v8 aned 9 te somzodun my (ot *¢96) ‘NIEZDIOG) ,.21I99u lp 16 cunter upp sor 1 “snow wey sump 2d 9uNs nn Ean, Jun uN’ Sesepap 1 ve sundry ws eauea up a9 “donor od ‘ap woind g apey “kangpaue up yout atuopasorae seeor=Ua ‘upimsuoa Fxs ane 9p 2159 nu ‘armuauNdsY 9p 398 2210 4 ny skoeondanuo puny wep sep “ugly ny supaspsoa no ourlaede owes mnidound v are maxrano} waeusaed yc, Amas0und y yod 98 ma Bo aya Yeu ooo op vaooe ayimpoury Sp “yyy na 1 eB ame 3pNE30) dyvo anuod fusrges aunyler o DUS) Un SIs ES fae) PIPES aireodosd opm “yas nes megsape y attod au ade un De BIND waNHIOS,‘Tomipt Ciulet 1.1.2. Logica, gindire gi limba} Gina se expr in limba prin proporitt si feaze. Mah mult in see, XVI s¢ XVII in Europa se considers ci limba este, fn fond, o reprezentare a gindini, ba chiar 0 ptund fle 9 acesteiz’ Aceaseh teosie contazicea twos cartesuand 2 idelor ‘considerate ase afla dincolo de timp, i percepute uncot print-o fntige apart, Teoria prin cate limba este expresiaginditit pune sctal gindiry i invasabil limba, inp. Atit gandites et limba runt dependente de timp, pastrind semnele imp lor. gnc ‘© nofiune ingesrond in fond a 6 constr. Accasl consteseyie ni se relizeazi i ilo tnpors ch intron timp real, defiit, opera Cuvinele, prvite ca semnificate de putere, reprezined wandizes puma in misora in care sone onganivate in sisteme si fecare sistem repeezinek timpul operate implicat in gindiea unei ogni, Fiecate cuvdat al sistemului sepeezioth o utilaare ‘unidiecsionals, i seneul ch folostes pariculard a unui cuvine rn discurs marcheazd un puncr, o decupare a une realty, Taraceste decupit discursive constitue bazs sensu cvintelor, Aveasttracucere pentra alta a gindal interior ae crepe cconsecinge, prinue alte modifcis, tranzijia de la ineije Ia siseurs, de lt complexe neconturste la demersus precise. Pot fi desigur $i pieedesi din local jngelesului origina, dar se cstigh Jncomtestbil in ceea ce priveste aspectul configuratie, care se ‘atetiaizear prin vorbice ori severe gi se consi ast ca un ‘object vieibil si analiabil. Regisimn aici yuna dia male carsctetvdci ale secoluhui al XXCtea, dincelo de. sevaluile Stlingfice pe care e-a cunoscut, a fost rolul peponderent jucat de limba}. Seracrralismol a ficue din el matrices singelor umane Go." (Meyer, 2010: 72) Din punctsl de vedere al sstematisiit investiga, sis- temal de semne posed im dawensient relaile dine semne, relajile temaclor eu obiectele pe cate Je desemneacs, eelapie semnelor cu subiecmal cate foloseste semaele. Discplina care 2 Lag arene ric inwypeiad toute cele tel aspect ale cree semiovice dit tenga acordath to pein! sind. relajilor semn-subict este Prag gd. Dick clininsmn setae semnelor cu subieetul bfinem semantic iyi dicipliok cate stnie asupra seapilor temne-obiecte, folitrind 9 celaple.semnclor cu obictle imine sinuocr Agi penta cave snk relevsnte noma rlgile tines semne Conaideraes sistem loge ca limba wad Iogica in lineata vecndtate a ingyistc snl eu care deat! logis -4 flat dntordeauna in stense reli. Din teenie, aces rapt a fost niciodac conceput cu claate tn mod necontoversat. Pe vere cind logic era consider ying gin, se discuta €3 andere problema rapomtla dire glade limba, logciens sub inpeesia cert + siictanss categorilor gramaticale in detezminaten categoridoe loge, ae Ingpt egal de convingt ch login este accea cae impieteasdasupen gram. Nov gt ni sstai dae nou de sublet 3 predea sint a eigive de naturk fuamatical on ogi, incenitudine care lsd fied fondament ‘ingle dhputa de msi sus. Este cer ef losofia loys» la Aristorel ext marcatk de dine gramatical, ceca ce ae seared in primal sind In tabell categordor. Limbajl coud este © parte »organsonuli uman #1 na mai pujin complica ea acest Este cmeneyteimposibi 2-4 exragem imedit logic lal Linbajol eavesteste nies, Si in aga fel ince din forma catercard a imbreiminjé no se poate conchide apes forel finde wavestte; deontece forma exteroarh a imbrictin tumarejteca ot al sop deci ane ingles reeunoaytem forma corpului Convengle ete penta ineegeren limba cotta se enoem de complicate.” (Soteza, 1985: 80 fm) Tigiater lnbyjul lie este depp de pasectatea limbsjelor ‘naturale, cict o- descopenre 91 mal importants serait lingisoce este contabuyjasistemelor semandce la procesul de eanoaytee a hin. In modal nostra de « concepe alata, dea opera demareati, asics, coneeptalizt, un fl 2a ay 9 apgan ar iOpen wameT 2p snpuos ay ¥s 2mqan Duma xp 2709 epoe [ASE IOI “HY [AS oman axe> ad rN, opt sve wane aou0 ato edgy ‘asu [2 M9 wyMIBAS [ea ‘Sabian Soqep un ais eanpusl ¥> waopt wap eDea\d 3109 "uOreL ap ssoxdsos nas nom ais0¥ a4, salequ « esque whens Sedans oreo euoa1 ep He “ojsistan> oytleageuusss wa YIpE “ofan anfeouns « vay lequay un waseeqgus 25 ¥spqsod 9159 > lane nu yooas atesow mp wun qu > jade eae! WO, (6 9¢h atin “IM "3461) ‘29MDE] WEHeoUND Bs sesI9MN HIP 1:9 IORND -n] sumnu ep voind ¥ aanuod ‘mds pry “sjma2ny 16 afoun> ‘yronano aigeouns anes ep2e Hoy MEU 3ye “TORUDTY s0pe!UD.D yr amrodap toys apuuiana stoird any 9p swIAE Kee 59 Hloqmp of yondsa ais9 ae ima He NDE M1 Jods"p “pass my wildaouos Wye a6 ansomacy sa faza) esndG) "un 24a poy ey ie vr ond areatoeop © eye ws gan ae ano snoiqo aya 18 aun aus yeas ne axe ooigo vise “wleyruws ayu rus n> siuLAMD HistD ‘DanOUE oppreoyeanmn wzeq ad ss0u9¢] 2p pansns 160) v auedo Easroy Engle pour uf aapsuy ais jlequuy ‘xbaed we © dnc] + nosy army 0 aso yolequiy ato yap (eejndod) afdo2u09.Q ‘wow 2p araeuyfoquay aad idaon0> ran szeu uy sans vod ag yoy enna If wz0u8 aidsap “equ o3eop. oar stiaap "vousuase ap “S98 won Yonue m5 UL (‘ng TUBA] ypasod wy UIE}GEND eeamdss y69 ayfeouns sup ypu ‘tuan] 2p Wij [OBST 259 aun ‘marsue> eqpor © Fepup “afspued aze> mp row 1 puDn puyUDYD “srrowoA> sxoINd o axe “jEMIEN IuI|GUD Bun © ypeooa yurs|quuD ¥o fuulaND “MsaPe yey uF andoouO7 Sumronid rariran 9p wey ¥ajdno9 un yooas 19 “suadamaopa naga ww ‘oensqe adaouo> un watozqoquls aw [RUAN vidoe Yun warppas. up used iwpoult 193j9 un 3ugo F sanod ‘pup ocd uy eavouo 1 nana9ye sucoeIoS op semi 9359 Pron Hampunntin ry Ww seme tm aap 298 2 atdinegu “ea sy steed adap ee spas {reg sano maton Fre ats oy oy {aap sstsape of siae ae # toga me maaay ‘Reson Sete ap” peat han on qa tne on cao’ Shia phy ‘tay askin anon su ye gun epee “OG NI, ‘pomp porey aunds au vamys leq TooeIqo Ho Wamp aifoon are> fuss 0 © Iopysuan asa qeleqeny p> “oiedap 2p ape aGiou 36 osu, ‘jomqo aatapeR a7 FORp UR 9p 1 My Jrioaigo 9p 389] panonnsopur ais ylequay ezvun Mee woe nw "HOUYD eyOsoy UE eK Rssounsas oiea AvIESD vouadeouns sy my mypas ¥ 1 myalequay eboemodeay ordumqasi 9 1 3p dup uy emigre pou uy aleagjaaios o # yusluos un sade 1 gst pees “oeoyrows 2ou0 1 anutfaos a9x0 9p pra ‘UE ‘uy fequay mun woapr pops widaaue> apquay’°> ap WH yeas ‘nu aep “wns2oe teuoprogns “espa! © ampyds 2p wotonaen lun a2 esoudxo ase dnp eidzouoa Hf ye ad een om 3 anno 40] voreuorlouny uy wove 16 wisadso 9p epgesndasun 2389 eampurS azeo wdap wdsouon :anop wf enpas 10d 2OyOzON opqess zommm 16 ropjozoyy soma apphod “pexous8 wy “peep ef aopudl pan eompe® op woueane suoumaiiy un oo) FPfequny mp anoxy e-s nu “lum ope ayeauoy sojouraee efede ‘y yard “ywapou eood> wy fre ‘mpos jad uy Bu onerous Duns soyueur wpsrapei8 eyozoqy Uy To MEDORA HORN {wu "u2mpur yr rauyD ef “Bods © BU Uy “EPORNT [PGE Wo, “PYoZay spmndoour wap Hau; soyoZOR) rosa BAGS aeoy e fequM-oRpUG p2odey, “dostwo4y iy e anges exonand vray urpusda 20 2 “pgp news oonpod "uy x "rod ys yoyusoous arenqde sos¥> © Pay ap yg pry e> gum we yeuoy sfusnynsuo9 pfaor US woe mip wong pods © ef yebos mpidesd praqeiooes“sopmeonIgo Lojipen jv aowamd #2 yrlequn ¥ earBear amnqan amore PRE Sao,Tomipé Ciule fume. Paton, 1978, 1, Crapk, 389d) In ela acest Coovineleservese Is anlizalucrlor pri inet itn lor 3 sting movable de af alehaeanlor. Limbs et, sete, © instr natal, si as arbiter Mat mle, limbaol este 0 consecing »gindit pe care o exlictenzk Nu exit cuvint fra unoageres lcm pe cre acest cuvint il umes Astor, fird a fice 0 woe ampli supra acest: probleme, cu toate ch nbiiyigeazh_ tena conventional Timbjal, face din cain, et tof indo grec an sibo a smouifcror sual” apa dupa cam srerea este seprezenarea rodifeti vor. (Depre ntpriae, 1, 16a) Aeeast meena ‘uma aceast reprezenate acon cunt o serie: Pan fume, site Ariston, inflegem un suet avid wn nfl prin convene, fick eaportare la mp gi din cate nic o parte au ate ingles, scoas din ote,” (Dest ntrpra, 1 16 4) Seg fp confirma teza prin analin sofismelor, cate sine dtr, in speci, ree ntebulpit a euvinteoe ce tu din motive fear provoacksoGrmel), cel mat naturals eel mai tobignt este acl care fine de ntrebuingare cvintelor Findes intro discus na este posi sf aducem Incr ins, ci tebuie fine folosim, in lool lor, de covintele cite Je simboirea73, nos ‘redomcf coca ce este vali pent cunts cae val penta alee penta cate se Jucrus, aa cum se intimpli fntrebcinjeard pltecele. Dar acest cax nm ete asernbnitos, cel cuviatcle sit ip num fit, ca si mules idellr, in vimp ce Iuerutile slat in oumdr infin. De acees, acceai idee si acclai cuvint webuie st desemneze mai male lucnat. incocmat dupa ‘cum, in exemplul de mai sus, cei cafe mo ‘aa obisnuiga fn ‘minvirea pietcelelor snr ingelayi de cet care cunose [minsicea Jor, tor astel si in eiscupi, Cei care nu cunose puterea [ile seroniticafie] « euvinelor se ingals prin pasalogisme, He discutind ue Ing, fe ascalind pe al. (Respite, 1, 165 a) ‘De altel, Arstore completeaza mai depart, in acelai twata,idoea Ini poi afiemapia ch cine ste s4 distinga et precizie % Logic amumersare nti sensurile woul cuviat este foarte aproape de adevir. in adevar serie el, este grew de deosebie ce fl de lacrun sint semnifiete pin acca covin sce fel de leur sit seminiicate prin cuvinte Aeosebite, Cine sie facd accastt deosebine este fouste aproape de cunoasteren adevarsls ” (Resin, 7, 109 4) fin conclizie, odstd stabitd forma logicd limbajsi, enya se indrepes cltte conrinual acestuis, eXtre cuvinte ma cconeret, cici le vor devenii materia prié de cave au se poate lips nici un discars. Oni discureal se foloseste de pterea cuvintelor. Referindu-se la acest aspect, Popper adaugacelor tei funcyii ale lmbajulut enungare de Karl Buhler (expresivi, de femmalizare si desenpeivs), o 4 pate: funcyia asgamentativa Q001: 175) Primele cou fancy sunt infetioate, Hind comune axit omuhii cit si aninalelog, in timp ce ulimele doud sunt specifice doar limbajelui omenesc. lar dinwe acestea dou, cea ‘mui important era cea argumentauv. Maj era, 252 cum am vizur, 19 mare problems de rezolvat raportul dint cuntoagtere limb Stadierea acestul raport wrmiteste deslugites 4 yceet ce eagh ‘came inte ei gi oamenit cs Iumes, adies linmbajl si cawintl spunerea sspusul,adevinal sf enunyare lai" (Meyer, 2010: 73) 1.1.3. Cunoastere gi limba} Odaed co Imm. Kant se tcia soma gindini socetice privind cunosjteres, dar sia gindini grecest cu privite la Aiferenya inere opie $i convingere. Disinyia, deosebit de importants in gaoseologse, este la fel de important si in teori discussolui, delimicind aderiamea lao idee, fonctie de veriicabilittea ci, Distincjia opinie-convingete, translateazd in spayiul comunicirit in dissincyia dine demonstagie si persuasiune”. “Este de la sine ingles, serie V. Floreseu, o& idee de nos Plat, da ma lesb Aston cae proc fn m smoke dn in cnet ent pl ch demonstapa isso tes“ . tnousgese ano pen xen © irons im ed a setiosnd ‘ub a atad ro soy 9 asssatue? and acadaa ado Se ‘oyu 28 dap tod yo une 29 somos sopnanves op aon oars waenoday > ojon sage unin en ele ow ee eq. ual sopuuinop «He siden spurs © tapeas © sinopd tind mee aie esa id stan ed bpp 2p ad a mpi sopende We soem snout O'W aomap opens eos’ pon wseyep. aed 2p a jena aunaago top andor any puoanos Ske ssosuo myst sop © woes. fe tp aor 0 remade i Pepe nay aun 03 2ooason oso Sure fo Honor va Suny “> haynes Un tone o pooner mame ptm “your sapere yey ren un snp omy sto spray anfosep modo ay tenons top apo tive 9p jain Houades ad oun ant pate ‘un anf sprouse “orgdun easton en Se ee 2p aisoay 92> suns wsonde sonia satay mee uous 1 tues woe Wf (ee 6G6l EIEN are Foun toasoto9 konlna BD pode) © enswoump feonpay © apne simpy my ind ep eon lusptdans ap "op. simu ‘o" Equnoy sump, nusyrdas “Sinan aye m9 08 8660) «oe nso sd aso raraze ov smo) 2 BM Hap eure feu @ aod te pone ens a aratouo 0 nye ae sume 9 adh died 26 a glapaia © is oep uapa fe eponday ind Suny (~) aut masa yes span sega op Skate shes nw aeanago thon up a eanasetp wens ‘up arranie prE 82 ‘vez elnoue ey nope yminarsopqoad ee sop pe 1 sons po “sxvoméiu afuaxsoeuoour ndoaoe v 9p atzodspaxd {PR euro 1 FopmRUE spEMN aFeU YU 0 *Y>DOT W>>p SOARES ser op am gett pups spleasaqo if plostodso wp a¥enx9 tod 2s 39 ajaunurlgauy purang> 1 Spare ad ona pdomesu “ourduso 16 proy eps2osd & ap wsluar n> “POT He audouod 1g PITLAN f wpyOOo uiasoRL jUAMES mEDAdD: "SIE NES HUEADpE 2169 YEP IOIPUE “PssmY o0Ds “UNE sy ByosoL” ">IaU> ajsep jrusIndae UY NPE aeONUE AW sy vonvey ampued aestaud sémiex > a9qj 35 wey ‘a3veq>s0uND ‘orm 2p ammpsuo> sued up 2159 anas0un> 9p _jmDaIGO. ‘pp unuog sappp supisd> alunsuy ynop wens tampued fs woEIN Hono corojuo apipen pseaoe no dar ys EOKr 1UEyY w S461) .Fonoesd vio wy oregon pag NEOS 96 29 “suRIA HOE np sioees sopphaps wamodur wapay ysx0ed un apap a1s9 1 29 ein “ngoxiow Sg} ageao qanteouna mein 9d opis es}zs0g Soros ~ epgeuozas pando o manny + > 3aRye apap eioorye wound nu anasoe, HE ape ac “oaE) aH 9p yutopoid yasa2e ¥ amar expayens MeO} ND “PHERE O Pe Ae tu "oepdoano mypustueuin ye xowpuo} PREIELAPE “AEDES, HY Y eo2oe aso uma oeopaid o “eBoyoan 1 waed putida es wane 2109 ‘azes> mloiteouno v areyex> 2p 3eusp 36598 U] wnsAWED Sade 2g ¥s e5ar ragosoy tanvaniqaad uy > woo] ma "wUINS 9p anon 35 gs vaind nu ronor2) “murdo funpzape e1s038 v ap jndoos 19 prinuoumnire eos ztszundio ano yundissp #2 ondwos rypoz juno 9p anstou aR oF 7H “wstanIzod ap ¥é wsmdas ap ‘eres jweasfeuotis ap yode ‘yonsmoos op amuouiqe suusind ‘sxedo mnusd jeoorspen jsadeyp szommodiod ye apap sean nu (") auegoxd a aeaprgnet en ehsa09 n> 4p Shesgsope #2 uaoo nos0s « aundasard murda amo and EN Mt fe eoane iw “eyeqoad soiuoraggseen opssodasd = jpop weap "ei wnwos,‘Tomi Cle impowiva 4 ceca ce ginditoral scopian califica deepe pretengi fexcesve ale intelecult, ale rajiuné speculative, si nu impotriva ‘junit comune si a cercetini in fond, el criied idealismul Ccanoastert rationale in fivoarea snel invigdi din expesieng, a unei cunoastes iatemeiate pe convingeri naturale si ireduesbie Aceasté lmitare a canoapteni la fenomene 4 la zlatile dine Fenomene este impust de natura gi constiti ivelecului nos. Mai mult, © asemenea cunoastere este cu toma sufiientt acunci find este vorba de a asigura conducerea practick a viegi si cunoasteresindatovnior noasre™ Ponerea Ia indoialt a posibiltayit de a da o inemedere teoretieg, FilosoFict, unos convingesssle oamenilor, cum sunt cele cea prvire In existenja lumii extesioare si a selailor cauzale, constinuie panceu Limiet al sceptcismulu lai Hume. Scepticismal supra mafunis decurge din opovitia existenta. inne vegulle stinglor demonstrative, crept ifakbil,5faculigjle noasre, care unt aie nga. In aceste cond, serie Hume, noi rrebuie ‘4 supunem judecii, 2 fina sau contol, prima noastra judecath sau creding, sca toate a acestl revalude epistemologice vorn veda cum ont anoint dened tn nerd, in consecins apapr 1 canagad ‘syduns agape duns sesope ap aide yeu ‘syeuum ¥5 "suosueo im ¥> (azn 35 bre 1) aanoodsor mnuap jemand mqnsvas axéontnod 25 wep EEESOpE y WA RIOpr sed wey “aMaNUEP Wr99>H wr arEULOKOP SHppOpD apopr np axfoamod as yep wEHApE y eA osMUDP ‘Bpume o'n> a9pr 0 “mpuraspe wepuooe suse yee uy ‘> nns plenin vo nes mgd "enous voeyeos ef 2) rope wad aiucaanap “uoUH Toe oqOPH 9 ZO, 3TSPH arsuodes yy qusuno "pogo 9p “> HUIGRS BA a0 (ogg ‘1961 ‘>PeT) wumstisn advonde puny © afensqns aidp pine yeow® ynsvou vorafeoun uid wiied yor ‘yluewodan Yona ap ape ne w auiad 9p age duns easape aoc] (uu ~ genase) yhzodord eousuose unscad od om pv sued oats na nes ‘yeuruiou ensvou whuos9 n> HEA Sunauen oO ne ano pr ouiind apse muna “yupasuED Uy G61 81°16) “a490°D .ceost9a4un autpeaeIs> vane suo eu moaid ted av ‘ojafanisqns ye apex sjamesye pugzuudeooy “ayezouai 20 squrunuap ane> ap arewuazaidar “stumasqas a1ds9p sxayduioa‘S}2enSqe aYBp! P aopIs> 289" Bop “OHDND UP H49> y eode sep ‘Gopunriou) xopopr ye anqune vo yap yy a1eod ragsope wo ouitsns spor ‘suiana aye ng hia o nes ojfeune ‘6 “weaepal o wader puasosuy azoundnsaid wstaoe zr “yzvazodes ‘5 amu] ba3> [Bor n> MU nes ylBsOJUOD 2159 va9pr YD smmdosand 2 ‘ommodm wousunse o-nuy “~ enuad sj mes EIEADpE 1y 20d apppt “Youa1x> wp eaa> w yzeotiedus 25 Yup “qUINPS UL 2s] AU erEs9pe RU uns Ru 2p “yUoIIoU wuLO} gus EUAN 98 ‘oxajduon ay ‘aidan ay “nopt az uy anseu up sopunyfou 1 8 Je ‘toptesopnl qryaalu v] anede rapsope > SzoouniBe 15 woour Ea 2x07 “Hase|o3s 1 sep HRIOWSEE apen YAGI eno ‘aizodasd up p “anon oF 2389 nu apaope “MPO ‘uot "p> ruureasuy 39 vo09 “ade op opoumu Raed sopuWDE 1 aunuwarag seo" (C81 “ML 1961) «Re "> YUN gpiode 28 ‘hu nes epioae a8 9p op aneoyuDs ayueIaa] mina ednp iojuUIDs zw ameardap es snunai 29 RuRnope 9 pupzopIsu0D prisqoos 239009 © 228) Der ALAAPE wIAURDP UI . 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Dar, de eguld, aoi punem denumites in locil ide, =pentes cd idele eprezenute de aceste dennis sunt in cea mai ‘mare parte confuze, imperfecte si nedeterminate.” (Locke, 1961, TE: 184) fa. muke cazan, ieile noaste sunt imperfect, deoarece 1 punem denamires in Tocul esengei rele, despre cage ay avem rick o idee Tn al dolea sens, al saporuii la lumea extern, idelle simple au por st fe neadevitate, penta cl sant perceppi produse de insesioblectele esteme $i dectcovespund fie pureil hieualor fetetioare de a le produce in noi, fe noe calit azemantvoare fexstente io Micra. Dacd delle modudlor sunt concepute ca ‘expres de combinagii de calif existente Jo Iuerus, idee de subseange pot adevieate sau neadevitate.,Deci, scsie Locke, de cite ori “denumisile substangelor sunt menite ek specifice substangele care sunt premupise a fi alettite din exenye reale pe cate ni le esnoastem, denuimisle ni pot x8 duct cerinadine intclectlu, iar despre adevarel propoigilor generale Formate din asemenea termeni, noi nu patem fi sigur.” (1961, I: 190) Locke subliniasd ef idlle de substange sunt adevirare atanei cind ones ide simple apa cum sane mbinace in herus ‘alte cate Ie exprima, $ false cind asociaiaideilor simple no ‘cotespuade teunini existente in mod teal sau atunei cind sunt incomplete. Chir si aga, prea departe nu ajunger, pentzs cf desi facem mai determinati pi mat precisi semnificagia unvi euvint, aninei efad seunim eub 0 singued denumice mai mule dia Caltajle cate coexists intro singurs idee complexd, rons, prin a Lagi, poeta resort venta ficem iciodara semmnificaia mai suscepeibila de Cenivadine oniversalt in tapore cu alte calayi care nu sunt onginute in ileen noastra complext, deowtece 4 percepen conexiunes lor una ff dle alts, noi ignorind seit aledtuira cell pe cae se intemeiasé toate calc, fe gi in ce mod deeung ele sin aceaseitite.” (Locke, 1961, TE 193) Definind veridiciatea ideilor (ooytnilos) si prin concordanta cu lumea extend, Locke rea de fap, din perspectivn adevirols,consideraile sale pivind orginea nemijloits 3 idelor simple in experientd si puterea miogi de a labora idet complexe, fie in concordangi cu aspectele fenomenale ale lucrusilor extenoate, fie independent de acestes, Mele complexe au pot ‘exprima insisi existenja reali a Iverunlor, inerucit aceasta at Himnine ascunsd, imperceptibla, ,Proposiile genetale, serie Locke, sunt susceprbile de certitudine numa atunci cind cermert folosit in ele semoitics ital ettoracord sat dezacord ) este suscepabil sx fe descopesit de nol. $i atunci, suntem siguri de udevirul sau neadevarl lor, clad percepem et idle semnificaee de termeni se aconld sau au , dup cum ele sant Aliemate sau negate na dealt, De unde putea hua noted nu se poate gis niciodara certinadine general, decir in idle nosste.” (0961, 1: 200) Ta consecingl, mai proprin ar fi ca ideile sé fe apreciate ca exacte sau inexacte $i nuimai proporipile despre ele ~ ca adevirate sau flse. in acest sens, si avind in vedere cd judecaple sone un fel de semne ale lverurlor, iar ewintele — semnele judeciilos, adevaral iaseamod vires stu despirirea semnelor (fie ice, fe cuvinte din cate aleituim propozii”) sdopi cusn luerrile semnificate de ele x acocd su nu se word ‘aul ewaeal.” (Locke, 1961, F377; hs 183) ‘Revenind la problems adevirulst, exist, in viziunea lui Locke, dout speci principale de adevit= adm! pur nominal (orb, neinsemnar cogniiv, $1 adem real, consideratus uu — duoudoasd) yop p amu ped, ‘peumdxo 16 Hepueypice sysosvaze anv ypu Wy > avoSkOuNa Uf fs UE RU INSESOPY Tarosunosmp pe i rapdoqerp youd ul waysuen aod 35 ps0oe roy topo fe plosezap ses prone yasane alamo OFIINAP Coedou mee oseunye ond ‘puto ses0pe vo pqsod ye pupua iniesapy opr anip myppuo2ezap wes wynpu0%e easanieouna Top suse fo pape #8 38mnie ayper “eoN= woaaey axdsop Srenmusd sopiizodend pigotvus eaupranso9 puySon (Gen a '1960 20D _gxpione 96 96 nes ypuooe ae oyutadt 2] ane ad apppr mM YN ‘Shaye und ajoun sopnsno warefou nes roreumge aio eae32e Sjoon wear eaa> youve so 0189 FBASPE HOw] eye pe ‘Tam sito ay 99 vo ‘erane “Tt ES EHIONE 96 YOMTEAS 2 350 ‘Sd opm nes 92 tia ydnp “satus a anzedsop mes reco [pyar aus SEP! 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Op fe Uf 301 mpNoneSp nie Ioproe sera Sead a ai ap oy era “> fomgan iy Mone nou I Mp psp at os tfpodond onan ap 2g agin mune st 9p inode SP on) Fp "POT so aN ra NANA Tain Hog,‘Tomipt Ciule ‘au se sunge la acord in privinga numéralu de obiocte, de pili dintrsin cos, sat a greotipi lor saw 2 hungim, de pild a unes Ducati de sofa, diferendal va f perfect aplanat prin numacare, ‘eintrire sau misuritoare, ceca ce, In alf temeni, inseamaa 0 Verifeare matemaicanid 4 aseryuti lecieuia. La fel xe poate pune despre demonstafia slogistct, Dack sccepram premisa tofi oamenii siat musitoi, care este evideotd ca 5 urmitoarea, Socrite este om, ar insemns si ne plasins fa afsealegilor gine, fn afara bumulul sim gi 4 criteriulat practic dick a-am accepta conelovia ei Soceate este maitor. Dar (..) exist un domeni ia ace ei ings poe a Bi fn deaacord, ec! nu exist ict un eiteriv de verficate, nici o auroriate unanim recunoscuta care si Be invoeath pentru a stibil acordul jn priviaga bine sirius, drepuigi 91 nedeeptii, frumosului i uriruh, adied ceea ce az ‘numim domenial valonlor sau al sxiologici Aceasts genial observayieavea #8 fie epetats pe alt plan de eftre Aristotel, care set dat seama ch gindiren dialectic, ca gindie a logosslus pus, este limita In adevirat gi fal Reflectind asupsa. peopoaiie rogaive, el ajunge It concia ed ,rugmintea nue nic adevaraes nit fils, observaia valabit si pentea alte catego de propozii ddescrise “mai src, com slat impesatvele, —optasvee, fexclumativele, dubitasvele gi interogativele, Da ji au, polit liberi dsletice, se adeverese neputinciogi in faja acextor ppropoziti, gi cle apecte ale logosvhi, sar dislcrca ineapabil st dieze, singurt, via pracicd. Si cam in vias practied toemai aceste propozii sint mai caracteisie, pst unei teze care si replementeze in mod rajional acordul apare si mai evident (orescu, 1973: 46) Locke intemeiaastel sostul diseursului prin poner iin Inmina ryan practice. Cam sapanes teoretict este lipsitt de preci, it evenea rajiunii pracice aceasta sarcin’ de indeplinie acjunes, Pentru inceput discusivi, si, mai apoi, social Da ce care va sere indus a teorile modeeneprivind semnificaia cuvintelor, pecoum $i importanga acestei teme in 38 Lage, aguas eric feoria discusului exe Bereley. Mule fositea de aceasta (aiudiaes svctorainti — mn) "gindircaanglossxond se reocupass, dupt MowoGi venest si german, de acu Semitealoe #1 struct Hinbjsk Tog sale bmbajl bignit Ne gin set ln Wigenstein, dar ila cof descendent 5 cate, dela Oxford Ia Berkeley, sa aplecae asus bend Dentrsastaiagindirea” (Meyer, 2010: 73) Procesel_de consivice « flosofici Ini Berkeley este ineparabllyat de tenaiva de diminate a idee absrcte pin reflec asupra semua cuvitelon.Agt se explickstenfia ct totul deosebita acosdattsnalizes lab 9, practi, fleets I Berkeley tu poate apropiaes 144 igeegerea aceite preocup a a Odatt eu Beseley, ceseatealimbajusi se trduce tn nunjarea cla a uaor pandpi semantic, cae apo! sunt apa tunlize!concepelor Este semnifieay in acest sens, pt a Tocke, consdcrajile asupra limbajuh sunt inwoduse bia in Gores «Ia 4 Eseubi abu, in timp cela Beskeley_acete considera formeacd conjinveil Inmdirs @00% 51-78) a “Tne! asia prncpler cama wane js loa Ue aitode de investigate Blosoie Pentns Berkely, existenja teorisi eromate idelor absacte se. datorearh nor erot de lin, pentza ck toemal cxstcn semnelor geneale ~ cuvintle, a dus laconceperea uno preinse det absoacte. Dack se admite ch Recare ume Simbolizetato singut dee, atunc, intuest pumice sunt tees general, dele smboliate de ele no pot decitabetace. Ine, Spune Berkeley, un nume no simbolioeaek 0 singurt ide, cn ‘numie mae de dei pariculte, stl inet existenga termenilor ener nu impli exten unor id! generale baat. CCticind teen lockeeant + sdclor sbstscte, Berkeley contecice, in eonsecig,panepil semantic poet cia un caerng, un semn, simbolcescto sing idee. (2004 59-60) Toc Locke afemave inst cd au semnificaje au cele cuvinre care simbolizeasd ide. Berkley v2 plan nest pincpi, admiand ck 3”& +1 2p opiouns epese ‘aod as YootsHp HoGHo| fe sua snpove* wyeagu-ese juoonfe eo) aanonpop and fusiayey ula “taseDe any op asienuo> y aod sep “salu pnfumeD Ip aiealop 4y0d na e=9oe ‘poual sopniunt> pao, oy utp aimoap an ‘oreqeauiEES Hf GroqegioRzyuD,) aMMMGEHIN amy aunauuise 0 ad putads 9 sddog anos ous danny veges ay 8 qestoqton Junu> un ep nanod anion nyduooss mus fun auopHNS pug ‘eave, 2189 aqeIoMNM JOpsNENED moupads e>soe ac naigo aiso no yao] eoupmta9 esi94nm Suuoun guiads 2» azeniius onhrodoad ¥y 2” asvoroumu 9p 2ono w nnd "pxlonpur pe auaarepimy wn vssko ms HoUE eNO} afo7 oe alunsouns 1 sonpoud aod edanpat Fo fnadey axdoaoe 1 aiunle ‘nrmgegoid wo repuvogde “yu aos 4 szonodt uns 919 afesizatun tunes vf azymaaied N axeiaaR Unlunas {2p eaten ease vs wuioy vy monpur paxsopeor (> sanampur sporeur asos0]0) > mmuod asnonpur H 9satmw 95 afEMe) sjslumé eam wojue> won soul ys ro4e saddog, ‘wom uud rarstuuauo> 1s oydums wbensuoMtop an ator jou esen va ioddog “eyesope eateqoad uy eMSogNT 1 22 "nis now mon raseonpomt ond i oxbnpur eonzeid tA foam ad eons wing awzpas mney 9p 280) ¥ Yapeqeroasd 918930 ‘wpronunatoa eioys uy oad joo ‘aquemar yp anes ad moor, (gras 1261 ‘mwezaiog) Topmzqesnea® ¥ oxeaguon ap soya un “reson luenais 0 “yy aunds “pas ou yousi¥ons wumo} Himion § wuygord o ram apoead yayozas nu Msaoe FD HANYOHRY epeACP TINY niiuad a1so earaupyeo yrusifons w9 mieszaeqo, “»punidno 2] S19 od aneonzed aoymers puaape ap aefouny uy 2380 [es9008 ripsunua voreopea Kesuy ‘sejeonzed inpue> ¥ gpeacp o axmnsuo> 5 pesus8 pelunua ¥9 20) of 42 eM adel syndy cua, rasizqns aivod nu ‘esiosran wip youepipied aan9p ys aie edpond ovfouny m> » "Rusoqs “apie ona0e uy (9 461) carqponred pasesape 9p Suen apop uns nu am sjeDuad Ligaope op "Hmasur REN Uy ‘Prucs F unnniio enry w nie 2 aemonmed » xyponzed wap gavanures apusoureuortes soso 9¢) THUR PU “oBuE fH IED AU fopePateC “a> amUL aiepose nes aigjozt sas9u09 tudes eaneapious arovfeous) (~) imppyespeod v yoojonuo yauq sou f asdons sean eNposDe hu yy seMea9e ng ows omind 9p "waada>e sk yroenags turoaid w2noe ‘anops 9p shy oxlonpur wovegronedns wiuopiaa © mnuod 19 ‘aluarayuy rarpono ¥ pRoyoasous wareoyes esod te ntod py 2p esojaj 3189 nu 29pr uwa9e" Yo RIOpIUOD HERCT “1 YRURVUN Isa] © a5eD UIP assrussd ap ooouNP RPUMIED 2 FE Srapuon oxe> or plvaryur ap eanoy o ay xs amqast muoureods2 bouo > aiso.yvouRpun} woop] EMEA ION, eayMENOT pag nopooosd myszoe yaoss “unze> ayepop9 kidney Wn}>909 lum ‘awjom pnze> soun raearosqo | ap puyesod “ar tunad mopeooud ezea.oo.0 "orfompur euO3t “TE 2] HHO, IROPINN, geoyy atin ontory acing) “eases v 8 "Rueoduy yur v3> osppuoo v py are ad iypuy aac] “wan w ns ayeanan ‘eur 99 “yao ap snyosiaae aye slapd ses aso az, 29 :P660) «-B9paL mop vo mesouuanu mur perf geadooeap mu ‘gasoeqa nu Hagler “anya 19} ne ap Sep Ges ¥ 9p 9 TzaAOp FHM ¥ 9p UNaRES aUIAAN ye "a aueynonsed zopseiaaao aoanim e ungnon pAREGM [9p aL 230 var] anfeoun apusuiop 1 ¥9 appara HID ate HAR Imuuouiop yop ‘woumseoun> no wanion 29 “AER 826 “HBT ‘osu plume w eum aisa woo) “eooeg Mm aoartraDse atumns = yumoop 9p yuneis auisi y ypHoy “taro ¥ emus po] 0 © 1 pu Byunu phuné eyos! op xf exfoqoporsus 2p. esSISIUT aEM9poINe axe oO 3H SpRUIUNEPLAS pluonuy fe ropa ap jusund wp soe yur Sse FBZ} Op 2p “FoqpIOIsHE w>fBoy 2p axsoqasoap 96 my mM BOT Ge 1161 "n220q) ,aqenpraspen wpuarordas no ‘repose ayurana 1€ suuIDS 2wop tea KD nu aeHe £9 FOUTIION ‘pargo ap 2d run summo> ajangene ap ana ay rs Fone sjannseo “yuogne stemose ydaus o-nung "pasu0> sexéeu Pm sor,“Tomi Ciel ‘evil enunurlorsingulate I flsiatea” enungtoe generale ‘cesta cate singuril mod strict deductiy de infeeays care inaiweaa, penta a spone again lec inductiv adie, de la ‘enon singular a enong generale.” (18: #4) Teen de busi 1 dlinise tame veiGcabiliare falsicabilate eae flositd de Popper ila rezolvarea problemi induc sau, tai gencial, a problemed founulsit ceeiloe Drogresull fn ting. fn concondaopt cu abudinea st enpnsth Findanentll, Popper va accept concep ha Hume veertoare efi. Dick Himes nies: cum poate Fi pers experene ale uno fp singular supra a ceva ce ‘nu am experiment acs, Popper teformoleaa atl este ess Hf susjnem cio wore genenli exe adevirtt pe tmciul ounrutor de obsevatie? Ia lint mar el dd acelasi spans ex x Hume: "no eis nit un ene in eae Be permis 34 subiniem ct ‘teorie gener este adevirath (plas) pe temeialenusor dle obseevagie (expesentelo).” (2000: 112) 1 teore ete accepts doae daca va testa in fajartuor testi pe cate le pater imapina, afl eat rexpinss. last “ean exe niclodad infira () din doverle empisce. Nu exit tn sent logic Pe basa induce nied in sens. psihologi doverilor empitice puter infers numai falsitaea teotei, iar ‘ceased infereaj este una pur deductivi” Popper, 2000: 112) Agadar, in opinia sa, cunosungele suinpce my pot 6 confirmate prin (de cit) enangurle de baza ~ care sunt, de fp, proporitl simple ce tidic, fxexza in mbaj date observayionale, lar aceste observati ne sunt niiodacd pore, doar canstaative, ei sunt predeterminate de cunogtinge anterioare. Popper afta ct metoda inductiv este un mi, in misura in eave inteine iazia intemeieni cunoasteri de a simplu la complex, a valida teorcticulst prin empiic si observational. Inductia stiaiicd ‘uebule intotdeauna suspectaté de un regres la infinit,ineract, find incompleti, ms poste ofer temeiun de necontestat Ea yeste (Go) departe de af eee de la sine ingels ef suntem indeeprsit si “4 Lagi auntie roi inferam enunguri universal din enuajus singular, oricit de fnumeroase ar fi acestea; 0 concluzie wisi ia acest fel se poate ovedi oriciad falss; dup cum se ste, orcite lebede albe am observa, aceasta nu ne indrepeijeste sh tragemn conclusia cH toute Iebedele sun lbe.” Popper, 1981: 75) Aceessi dificuliae exe inlaid ¢f ati cand, pe bac principuluiindueri, se veriicsvalabiltates ensngurilor generale, 4 iporezelor si sistemelor teorevice prin recare [a ennui singular. ,Coneepyia tea, notea2a Popper, (.) este in nets ‘opozitic cn toate incercisle de logics inducuvs ea poste 6 camicteazatt cao teorie despre metoda deducted a testi,” (as81: 77) Mengionam c2 acceneul este pos mu pe conficmarea ccunostingelor, ci pe infimarea lor. Dack emunqurle de bask a sunt niciodatd suficiente si concludeate entra adeviral une teotl, ele oferi — in schimb — informa sige pe bara cfrora © teorie se dovedeste fast, Dect confimadle observayionale ale tunor ley! eoreice nu proba nimic:indicd dose fapeul ch aceste legi au tezistactestelor i deci nu au fost Gia) infimate. inal fntotdeauna infiemazea, adies incompatibilates, divoryul diate fenungurile generale. sf informaile observationale, dovedeste falstaten cunostingelor teoreice. In constructs epistemologics popperiand, criterful care suabileste stauel gtinyfic al anes legs su teoni tl constituiefalsifcabiitates, conceputd induneal uni conceppii deductiviste. Teoria sa despre merada deductiva a testi este vditanciempisist, sal ales in een ce privete ret fastenye’ constatnlor observayionale pure. yMectoda resin ttitic a teorilor, a selecici lor pe baza sezultatelorteselor, est, ‘dapi pierea mea ~ precizesza Popper ~intotdeauaa urmitoares din ideea nud, ined neintemeiat in nici un fel ~ 0 antcipare, 0 Jpotezi, un sistem teovetc sone deduse, pe cale logie-deductivi, consecinje. Aceste consecinge sane comparateunele eu ceelle 51 ce alte enunjusi, stabil indase astel pe rela logice (de exempl ‘echivaleny, desivablitate, compatiiltate, contradicie) ce exist 45by nop soap ¥ epiustayy, sweouodsos aneowe soqheodond Peek ape ap ony sone amy azeoogam 1s sta sizodoxd Tome Peammore tzodoid aya ‘ds seyosqe needa ean “urns anuipe os, apon eeu, exist 6 0039 ee Raton ausap wxqeuonusrs mida000 BSI espe na 3snions auyor © youmuopee vuezudio 9p “sjanauodiun> ¥ 21978 ee eo ap run Sesape Nase UGH Be =RewO> aersreote w anmaes ap "ayeauodaso> oylane soqmnkent are ap wowoqea | 2p pursed sxoyl> plans £ ESR op nioyes v smrutunstap ap yeas poss an (HOW Te eeE Rap caer ox steers ae eae 2p Hoos eee wworzodoud totauoo Zou gn" IND 22 “Bo ang soqeon sun sxe 5} wes SEESSPY re Minune sep aon upd eaETU0> 29 aE eee anfene® yume Bupsp 26 30 of SPOOESIS cerca tags niwene nt os una dap O) RPROEY vp et progeny Nv # Noes“ ap aendzo eonNNTE ce Sanne aut “yoo MINAS KeNI, E SNHES! Pica vo ano 20 rmusnnone © Hedpwud ey ot 1660 8 es wary 6 anegfngy 2 ad rw mya «vated $98Oh canay ance ge ap fear juss ag rsoU mS aay Lat mu po Ids wp ByzatsoygozO ae Aeodlnet Franti aya ou apt) eOmpoR weeps Oa” eee away (OD SOO) “ago PERG oP undone sp yocony ppm edase HEN MET Tm wee mone yates asa oneal rpms > BEDS cDt Sf MT Toor ran so nano} gdp ais wesneus 20, es} ere ee ouondeeasrvstysuen pd ue PePeE= 9 91 seep ns snyozony somuiyqosd raven fo eau wd eaerrsy wrqean sol mos 2mE> 2p roqtsaxo © 92s 2384 vena unm w soy 201 vay Bs xRHSHEAD EEG HHO} vem alurpsoaconau foun oeqzar ne 2ogosoyy =PuaaGOHd aera tonometer oF faked poe es gene ae eT eT opts nu aso axaUD © NE [OREO rose den mans 2p} open eto on oe ud amass oe ga 2 a Tipe eimune eeu autre mga ston nix. ayes pd mpl ona oy rode od ge eetcuteaes 9 Yusey ey soe aut ai sp aga ps td JH see wen apd ee pate op on ay oe Po a Foe nu bs upsuthgy Yop vsudowiy ene gos vsequiy etfoudon ov 4 ano 8 "wipe obey ey Dlg ut sp ts wacyemuor E DEmoU 16 RoUNNL ‘Sap yp mesons po etn Sed oe Spe ee omar enon Flin rome oy OF NpURING! MoKPURs “ome soso adh Zeeney union 4m eo el He ‘Disney ior eee ws ‘sini aru nop ott eg soo ey : up sean spteonoos vans sein gl pny Ea ge a ao Seed sn to a noo "tu arp mp ato ag “era oa aap va op i ng ee apo tao F200] uy eames urs ae lust {e sopa 3p mundi sano. ES Smo a yy 1 rn otro sooy warrektoo ‘apasom Ns sno gain w aseeas 9p soup raed igvoop 90d > a0) pimp winaog,‘Tomigé Cele Camus extueme ale proposilor molecule: tutcogile proposivy moleclare mereu adeviate, indiferenr de valonle Componentes, t contadeile - propos molecule mete fs inference valole componcotelor.Proposiile de acre dou pac na ne spun nimie despre lime, cle a sunt imag le realsgi: Derpre reaitate, pone Wingenstin, puter afl ceva ‘run pri intermedi propontilor aroma; intucie acest int logic independence uncle de alle gi se combing dus logics extensional fonctlor de adevit, dar mat puter afl x prin imemmediul properjlor moleclae, care na sunt nici atolog ici contradicts, Adevinal_acestar propositi provine din Corespondenis lor ca faptele peoponile aromare.cotespond lusoe fapte simple, cele molecule unor fapte complexe. Dec, lumea tebuie 4 conatea dintran numa indsfint de mare de fapte stomare, independente nue cle, cotespunzitoate poposiiioe tomare, de fapte molecule, corespunzitoate Proposiflor meleculare. In conclsie, diet imbajl const centaimente doar din propositistomare, compozabile ‘erfunctional, re ceca ce se poste spune despre lime eonse in Jorepistareafaprelor tomate, n propos aromare “Analiea neformali se carctenzensd prin ategia special acordch limbajlu obiguit att ea obiece a anlzcl et i ex lmbaj in care ae formoleas reculeaele anal, prin extinderes biccuisi cored gi asupra limba “etic este jurispedenge i elg,prin caactnulnesintmatc al analir psa unor pincpii feme aceptte in_-mod general, prin concepia dexpre semniicatie azats pe ineebuingateaexpresilor Spre deosebire de teorileanatice Formal, analiza neforoala oa abroltzeaeh nicl 0 teorie logct pariculart pe care st 0 tansfonne lateun standaed de valieate valbi) pentru orice limbs) ci dimpowsivs, consdest cd Gecate propoaie is ate propria st logck Problemelefilosofice sunt simple increta de lb cate spur dato flosich neadeceate a expres, ditota 8 Lag ewmentas ria fnrebuingésit lor tn ake comteste decat cele pentra cate cle au © vilizare nostnal Limbajul ou mai este raportt la o relate exterioatd In i to activates umand, iar semnifcagia nu mai spare din corespondenja cu fapte sau stiri de Meru ca seferengi ab expresillor, ci din modu fo cate sue acestes folosite. El devine lun inscrument perura realzarea unos seopuari variate se activi tumane, Penima a cartctesiza variate faeebsingie ale limbajuls, Wiggenstein folosesie expresia ord de dimby) " Dinwe tnumerossele jocuri de limbs) fae parte darea de ordine st executarea lof, descsetea infitpint “unl obiece sau darea imisuritorlor lo, constautes nui obiece dino deserere, felatatea unor evenimeate, seflecya asypea unui evenument, fommarea yi tesearea une iporeze, preventarea rezulatlor uni ‘experiment tn tabele si diagrame,screrea unei povestii i ctzea iy inexprecarea unui to, rezolvarea unei probleme din antmetica plcticd, uaduceres dintro limbs tntralta, adresarea nei fuebinh, formulates unei mulumid injuacea, salutarea,ragaces. fowucit semaifcajia cuvintelor au provine din corespondenja lor eo lucrurle eau stisle de fapt, ci din convengile ce guverneass Folosires los, precun si dln folosirea lor cefectiva in deste iemprejuries, ex nur poate f descopent altel ecit prio analiza intrebuinySei expresoe Ioste individual in siferte comtexte. Scopul unei atemenes analize ete evitatea fapeanelor limbajului prin deseopesiea conextelor in cate canintele au sens 5, mai ales, descoperices intrebuinginloe standard ale ewintelos, sau cxzuilor paradiginatice, A rezolva o problemi filozoficd inseamns atunci » ata ct in folostea anor feapteai sa produs © abatee dela intzebuingtle lor standacd, in voi cnet sensu nol caine ee conn erg tend ia ce Sai poate Hat ce up e ane fected pn eben Jit Ale Sp, seme uns caine ese dt de cle Ge bal pe’ cate tpt ”Is 25 9 up “avoUND je um ppAK aHEDpHEEND A809 ne I> ‘amadiam 9p waiypur ect “sey opsaorgo ape aeqeaIDAGO sSnepdasd w papas 25 wizodaid ssaoe ways uaO;H09 “sey wun “nypbogns © opuozuss Bhuouadss aye urns aympsuen axeonoiosd oypiizodoad ane “ede ‘sqeauory Hn yHfiusuo mop weno ne Weodard 1oso2e qineu vaumardeaer Uy tolumé ye mgrpo mya vzeq mnsvOD se axe> fosoroxd 2p fequeg rom 8 “onqoaoiord mlreodond arguina “anew 18 2jdams wlyzodoad sox rahomisn wasetpe wf snp me RKO prdound 6 woundais exeoyremos axdsop oqmimancy (op to0g ‘deuze9) omtums snynlequa onoruss n> ean yea autssp “soneuseed 1 puemzdn ‘ouy_up é jonmemas a) rode ysunx> 9is9 ‘emt mmpleqga 1 yoo exeors oy uy yes ¥snpou a9 wa alam ¥ eBoy aa ‘ypi@oy ‘ppse ‘suusap wyozop| mmunyuoa joxloued mo nae eur amaojuy og 95 pusSuniy “spidouud abpunwoguay ¥ eqns ean un vr YBRSyEDA v AMD weur woo HuvUEA ¥] 9p puyaaH ‘uggs vedon soy #1 9s22,0n0009 fnfnosip svoraunnu wa0noxd gxogun suidu> 2150 nus “aojeane o asa Yep rem syoyrouras ais fuauo un ¥> PURE "eur say Uy “ase 6 DNx9 wpussoy EpoRIU soy YU SI “TeguoN pedo fan mas900 vartaytioa 2p ypoious no waeape sia fay sna aneoyumaos yo yea IED “PAYS “USHA #9 PIT Impey wy e smagMO4 9p myMPOUE YE HnjDIHS euajqord 2] fsnpar ano sounds ropmiunas pxoymuoe euojqocd ‘squpmes exeaope 9 © ap rade Sopp 9s funm> mun eeoqtaLuds ‘wud um sonouts sopmienue myospsope vasges anuod yup ‘2129 98 aI op [ase un nstaBUNPEMxD MME Un py aEERDDU ‘os2 nu apqeus for mun mupsope eamqs MAUD, RID 3p ‘unis arunue n> eluapuodsaio ap sumord sons rojaniunG |e suo¥unuos jumaape pups ad ivadodkog soqtuotae: tleogrous up aut.ard soneue soyntuna pr xetaon jarEAapY um] andsop. sifeumoyur 9p anonpind ‘ooponns niaraD luip sweunoy somdwo mes ayerous spas “suger axdeop “ jane ends ou ou ‘pop somite exnbonu upp wun eU0s aus an “onrumneondiey ‘yeas spelums sou wedos 35 Syaeq piesoe 2g “ieaqean adsop axuqu unds 30 a0 ¥ sa¥ojo2NE une somyeue oqniunus and ydap uisustingy my wdaon09| ‘ound ye ap ad ‘mmr “sonmus nes “eonqeuE nes suns 05 ro aquniuns aor 2209 rdnp “Suny of Wye 9s asmudxo ese eu too fan ¥ suoripen mmnuisindas wadlop “and o ap ad 9898 -pudusypi89j métsnyzod soustnse a¢yurssensiad fare pred ap ‘opdazd “qruodouzs asyansed vy yanredoouow wesgiuuiss 1 ‘qoowos rasmérom> wp uniunus 1own oye Jomnismes sadosd ‘yoanuio> wheyueuas anuy visu oxunsip (© pupa fem) psesoe njoszap ea offoy joustanZog sajpsanosip eanzesd 1s wuo>) GF FIMDHOP lunodan 9p wars 39] 2[9231 3 amnunjos siuouEOOS 1 aqeuaus aunpuos exauuDs=p am ajsoxdx> srunsu0s 1 Hauoyou aoyasqeue ye oappasd aqeu 3p 29190) 299 H 9p ange 9s mes aMUEEGO tofequny sip af samp ames ¥ apidsouo> asopunio ape snp Bynes oyiuo> aidaouo> einspus 99 uF Dard mo oFEE 26s 39 "sused mye ap ad "Be njoutoas ape sumeNsUOD a-Ad22HI0> sruproadae 29 aad wsaiche> x0un v fequ 38998 uf FosEardIUN ‘undnsoid ‘sind 0 2p 2d “soameosp pean ylequam ap esusdsp yod 3 nu 2jypyam sjsuasis “sad up TRUDURpUR jor cH ovo! jmxaiuoo apun “emieu aelequay up swears wleoyrowos f 90H] nies 2p axioq waeanur eopax ps opgndeout aun 19p ‘oaejauo) aiujeup 22nueuss-conanurs alua8ix> soun epundses e tuned yepads ausnsuos spuvow3j anup ooo, aloe aaiet © uj auuspg> anwo} “meAape-ney ‘ssoposop 96 wots wouauosy Wogan equim 2p sums sou v 2yoz0p5 tNdo>s vy vamsojay Huidssa ayemsopsu praeae pfuewozardar‘ahus.yop oypidard epouns 1-8 ap 25 exert 9p f ag 16 aseoNoUM ‘Woupsp epar wap amuligo rynfequay aseand ap surswo%) nero peut OU Wf aUNS NUE 2HeD UF SAIUED UF aHSOIOG ISO} ME I EOE ur sepa or ppp wiwoy,“Toots Cine propaga cunogtingle la etyjcle superioare ale sstemulu spun re dducere Ia care se justiica enunqurle de In aceste etje. Sa Imenginut ideea caracterulas extensional al btobajul, fit de care ‘mu ert posibilé analiza lui prin reducere Ia propozii de baza ‘direct veficabile si econstrctia hi pe asemenea baze Pe aceate principit Re Cartap va opera o important’ delininare epstemologia, cea conform eXeeia un count, iainte deaf adevirat sa fas, este real sau apareat. Dacé un enung su ‘Ga expresa unei sti de Tuer, cl este un enuny aparent. Orice trimitere dincolo de strile de Iver duce la envngusi cate au au sens, Problemele flosofiei tradivionsle sunt asemenea enungu (apatente), ucbuind de aceea depasite. Age apase io 1931 Depipea might prin onala hed « knbgjudd. Aici sprofundeaci tema ppropoziilor sparent: sav se promoveazi un cuvint despre exe fe crede in mod grit cf are 0 semnificaye, su cuvinele au 0 semnificagie, dar sunt puse in legétard inee-un fel ce tneales incit in ele mu ronald ieun sens. ‘in filosofia hi Casnap, sensul este dat de semaiicaye. De aceea sensul poate fi stpid in cxzul proporitlor elementae de tipul > ere pian, Un cuvant are semnifieasie aumai dact proporitile clementaze in care el intei sunt seductbile la propoviti protocolare, cate sant proposigi de observatie, Faportate lt datal nemijloct, Carnap resengiad fouete malt clas preporiiloe cu sens 1 proposit cate sunt deja deviate pe baza formalei lor (cautologie li Wirsgenstein, sau jadecaileanalitie ae lui Kan) Aceste peopozii ow spin niric asupea realitag, dar servese la tesasformarea emangorior despee reaiate (Formele Togici # ale rmatemaccis 2 nega ale acestor proporitl (Conteadigil), care sunt ‘alse pe bana forme! lor. Cacnap ns aprofundeard conseciaja epistemologick a sceste distinc (apo dintre incarcdreraaledica si conpinura fpistems) dit subliniazd ch pentro toate celeake puri de 32 . Lagi pentane ric, propociji (onnole sealuable) deci adevarl sau OIsagh teak in proposiile protocolae. Ele se vor auni propos de sprints vor aparie domentla aie! empinee Ch. Pence dice mai_departe acest cost, inceciad sf laboueze 6 mend de tiie « nt exgreior Problema este esbawed iate-un arcicol al gindtorshi american, apie in 1896", care se concenteast supra. metodel de stbire seumiicaei expresiloe Aceast problem este consideratt scenila penter Logica iavestgafic Cen dias lecpe pe cate vem drepul sf 0 preunem logic, see Paice, este cat feferioare ls fol in Cre #4 ne cltfcin idle; o leege foarte important, subapreciaes donde ex ere au ecu mai mate nevoie dee, Sid ce pindim $i find stpini pe semaiiafia spurlor roast, vom avea 0) bast solidi’ pentru 0. gindste mare vigurossi™"| Critica hi Pesce pomneyee de la metoda cartesian de 4 semifica idle prin canta yi ditncie, metods pe cate 0 fomiderd dea dreptl nesuisfedtoae. Pin accatd acudine, Paice se alitct Ii Wingenstein gi Frege i nceraren de ait 1 sensul covnclor si uzaren lor au fale ceva tal Universal, dincolo de’ subietivates round si eapricionsh ‘Acesstavenea gi nlocua subiectd por, cartesian, kantian, cre ‘ede ton, mai pun pe sine, penta ck ms poate deven propi ha obicc irk ase dzolva ca subiect.” (Meyer 2010.73, ‘Aleinativa hs Pesce consth intr teorie coavinger, case ukenoe va st la inceporl pragmasimulus slur in cazul convinger, deciiataseand ceaubjare la props 2 cexk Este, sm poten pune, emeil argument. Momenal debe, care zractesizeaat prio fed 3 seta vob, este red la masa dconel evidenye, finds nu deberin Inpotciva ei Patra 7 Hee ook tsar, pbs niall Popa Seece Nowy vol 12, 187, pp 266503, rahce Dela ang Flirt Woll Fioso8 Ameneans Ces, ts, Berar, 20, 9. 103-124 idan 06. 33ss amo ad selsunsip yf ‘Sso20n wf vaya “ejon © ergy soylequay 6 mp0) gwoxpap sored seDe HOEY eaInd GE MN (Gort e261) -ovmtse wf mon areso20 pti vomudgo 1 oepe 2 pen AANOD # SOP ‘you yeu yourowuyapansiad e “oeyaay aiopon uy ose mp 1c] "poSerauos juous8 pou op eplose a9 owunad “nya ra ire apvoytusaapan wide Fp Fo eMEsUOD x Som biseany ‘astgond op zopaeoqfur enessoap Up puta! eum 'p"ynaes anqasoop o ume aso nu autsimsod Wf asoBuoa anu, saET “A HOG LIND ES FLT BGG eS), 30 2p sopuinss (~) poneaead ezepioge apRpIIp Gun ‘pus aon 0 an> ad) 3] eapeuiFed 82 30} (BO, Salou 0 an ad) ronseunds #6 (Fsnepoods ontoe® axsume © as ad) sms eet" sue ONPIRS py 93" UL (ct 3661) «atoureoduos 3p unatigo no eoynuapr oF wheogmaung.sopsaxerzodeo9 p> uy Bim H opuun yslmun spoon Une foun ye wp ymawardiayy () myauesaspe evap UE MANS Truss quis iso soe han eeognaor” eBay “YH ‘Song nuog “wus ae on idey py sau (mn 2p unstp iso yma monn Yo "esiW0> 1M ezpand Tobe puesuepuny a ae oi audp 29 oo phoajy e208 uauts “pds 2p > D140 ease pao} feepooqe auf wu fhuuos go YeINGRS wag aD yd frvesidsy“uuose un a2 fps eo Uy UU un din 9p pros a8 29 wer) YDAgo aso fs 2uH 20] HED Te tas poy eeaIpE UN "eam Hspe aa 21 rae tn bap senaiyy nated raop au am aoa ato ene 2oung suns “ueoowou end uns ou “ajuout opapicarardar ap #8 sjnonine apldoaiod 2p atogpaoep 9 9p “soe ng nm ema oy aed xed 9 "ode ¥ 9p aeauss unpods rans mnaead aptomugo # ‘pupa eran ery ts “abd yas pa om Hf HEAD ass fy 2pudns 9 220 ad uesoss ap ype option gos ange 2 ste svg Mua aoe 9 mp Sep vege ope ae buted gona f femanmenese Opodo inion oe Sw a ea aypntoy sono ap mobs xp suas na agandsadauoo umand sp remy ad "po oto seued rome fe ame ora vee piace jucinie s9 anooye anand suns awa peunmedo anwousy aojoe somite yesouad exaporp eh iE and oto (>) sua yataape (") aaadea © sonpen sod 3s a> oan) 9p open uy Fo (") apo 0 he (PURE ify a8 ada foun rune sods pe nee go oe Bidiop ntsc myrudoouosyqqunsu amapaton aaru09 220e sudbop stow epi ‘puny “anew apmuozaxdar uy nnsoW fimdsoooa myunago aneine a anal. ponoesd Hone, fe appa sone anes uapuy ou ge Some my tems | ond joo pepentead ramen “poy ay ypizr tatoo Sf confor ap yar sume uy fee pyenarog oy wa, ten miedope fe onmacreay pear sopeend foyer Siagqutnoe are yeas odaoueao mde ea sonaq 29 tn u “fomcscondo ypqeoooe tone nu eo anu ad qa squats) egmnioe steomnoer ne SpAog -gprelopyoqnue SNe or yeeonownd fp ‘yesoarun eptopim no. adaou, aceon Sotto po msane sano osaeoaeoo omy wo sie fone tne apa nano 0p po» wae tw ac, goto pun earmnsuy ois motivo eats" oo ropudap ‘pun e mor af ies — aunbe ap qesar sun ¥ eieow ere 1 ammunsey ody © 9p wo © *N eopey o 3p RUAiM2ap aimupuiy yowod © ap "eiop ® shumnioca asiunt 3He9 3p foo ap “ead alpoudond an wwe se" oa409 "2m ‘BIND Hao,“Tosnigs Caled Stussuze 0. face in Courr ob ngwistgne général inte limbs $i. vorbire. Benoa ‘limba este un cod, In imp ce vorbireasepsezine utizatea vest cod de cate subiecal individual sau colecit © limba este pasivince puri, atumacea ei fcad apel la imensivale pasive ale ginditi soaste. In consecings, orice tctune legaté de limba} este dacorataworbit,incemeing- se astel practclediseursive dacd liraba este un fenomen social, vorbicen cate un fenomen pur iedividval, ceea ce determing o te24 suplimencasi societatea este cea cate determind codullingyistic al indivizilo alvfel orice sitayie de interpretare diferta a unui text at fl mpucata imbi ‘Cam pe accleasi princpit distinge si G. Guillaume intre limbs si discirs, acess din rm’ putind fi cs vporint asocat sorb snussuiene, Este o distinct inte ceca ce este mms ceca ce este sft! de rn. Ca virmace, ects cuvine fi corespunde in limbi un singur sens, in potida mulitudini de efecte de sens Gnyelesu) pe care le poate edpata in swap concrete de discus. Gu alte cuvinte, sensil exe reflectaea adevirulai i cava, in sensul ef doar cunoayterea lei poate favorizaingleprea efectclor de sens, citcumetanjiale in fanctie de discur. In pracsica iscurvull ins folositoare ne wor f eferale de sens, Sensul este abil la nivel intelectl, pacidiginatic 4, de aceea, rateott cexprtnabil 56 Ms . Retorica $i cunoagtere ‘in mod tadijional injelegem setoriea dkept 0 arid a constuctiei dscursinlor dar si o teorie despre aceste discuss, Si desi astazi revonca este tot mai payin presenti in mater Studie in oniversiag™, 22 contims st swscite un interes deosebi, grave propunerior formulite, dar mai ales fapel ei telim asiaaio Weme ce si sub semnul comunicins. Ox, & exclude din cescettea comunieritretoria ste a non-sens Marturie st atenjia deosebies acordata de teoria argument, de teoria hiteract sau de teoile lingvistice enumgitie st pragmatce, ca ne eferim doar la citeva, Sau cum ar spune Meyer: "Asti, rerorica © preturindesi. Ea a ciytigar inima societt noastre smeditice, pind la viaa privath In cate ssebuie sd plact i sa seduci” 2010: 21) 1.24, Retoricd gi neoret Prozenja retorict inci din ccle mai vechi texte ste Incontestabild. Bunioaei, lads confine 0 serie de diecucrurt structurat, porate fe inee oameni, fe inte aegta #2 esd stracrrarea ei into ate este apanael epocit greceh chusice, pe fondal neva de 2 compune pledoarit cit mai convingitoare in procesele care deveneau dia ce ia ce mai sofisuicate, Aga se face cd vom gai io accasth petioadl. che fndeumasi de cam trebuie constrite aceste pledosci. $i cui pureau ele aparine, daci ma sofigtilor? CCaracterisuele acestor prime fedramar tetorce at pes 6 fel claificate: 1 nevoia ea orice dscurs sl se desfgoate in coaformiate ‘caus pln bine eabora, Prot ia sublnicéa Rand cel poi, in 1S pnd 1982.) sw pleted de Recor popes sist 0585) s7“ san pln fa wn anos am ea we ane pote Satomi 9 ee en Se Ee ae eieent oe ee ee stom pont at pep auata pe om ap edo ed sams teat es ne rps wo oe srobemaaos loo expe under! ipa 6 com own eso aerorund 5p Rpont ema Op aoggecpey apeenete Tefen esgeeey oon uns ol corp po iene ane osB ine ef ney sete se poor smhemyed apd vs Tosmorp DSO Bad than sed pan omeentn} ete Gr psuos se ees poo ap veemen sonny a sony ap me eed ot a oN gp nanos fated mace 9 8 BleDo # HO er Gaeisumd soon snes presey SES say vom eon dae SoH ora amp syitones agen oe] oF SO Peer dk ane oy anton port wd opm sot low mayors Seog) emiordon anata aun ef zn ote 9 oe 2 2, pe aloone Serpe © PH we SOE ‘fous od op se npuyseg ido smumoeevape sanponé sap ssa 3h Tho dutua ne ndeSeuop opty o mo OZ Ftore se oupaney 2 EH teatroon + som 0 2p pest nee tr BHO nq ep om ne seas Sens sssony ae anes on fa oe 9 Fey Hee fends panda sop oe eed er hasan a Ted poo anova makonfep page PHOS teat ‘e261 «Woops #22323] a> ‘ay we 20010, aye sopdond ate pang tts Fon © > HOD ‘ios sepa 8] 85 reanpd unas 6 apap ta me HOH ob iad M pao ea PEO saxo wave oy ayes ape ad yundo russ vfonuas Hf myuuudoasd dopiuoamuosies alaenl yf aopgosd eleapus padooor ns msarqng “eanyep wis\dwo> arsBoMJOE 3p eoopI evans fo mypauosd orp “3Bur0y F = SION ep walkop “ag uniou gop 22 anuip vongosoap aur reas 16 yavozrond eosin! 1$ epsaoy ropuow1 wfdoyotne ey axeu0des C) nde a ep nde ae9p monde ay» op ego 20 ‘gsoqgep vaxenegod ammo 1 ppHoHp Wasa pe ‘anzod yar no zp "Hoy auenaayr yddis © suyop wor eagsod ‘wseooe wud td praia asduyauoo vope> ad omurlgo yonrope ye veWUE ‘umgomto # nowejgo jase puruygRs “roursvasrod onpoxd fare ad ruewir (wus "ane1e 1° Meads “xq auRIEApE =p sais nnsave eadnse vssuy sucasuyof mes Mp3se>) ODBUL 6 4p vunwppig ny esadoud ez Ho mes pe e 3p YovEagH Eo roomjentzad ‘aasosojy “A 98oe “pwuaume oie) mw IDABLY, ‘oun piv op ayndsa0e rep “vemswormmpon endo axsud da) nr eyenuoumite oemaopr akon wf ap g3ea{d wfensoup 2 dun uj -piensuomp qeduup> wy wonooqep muoqean> uo} wt 3169 vane “susensred op 2efoy sugns ais ymsaNDE fun 3 “emonp y ondoploy uf oxeznewas 9p areasDur ud smaniucs raucia ngnd up eyo ¥ anued yuOKTeD ap sven soporoqiea ¥ vase © poyaEY “aseUD => "pasreneiod nlannsoo goon #f dost youn moans am> up emsyur UL azEprEUOD ‘by yoeny ase eanguog speed AMES mRsINSe FaREUIHO “y Haojnurate29 relvonpa uf wopand 20) un odnoo ys “ogpseiny my rove op susquaw ladessowop [e wus “eopores Fo HOMU "E spoimod i rona sos fase ae ap popoead sunysuouup wpe yuIsdp 5 tonoras 9 woaDE Z ‘inp emo,Toxmik Cite in ump ce blamul este asociatvieilu. Modul de argumentare este arupliicarea, “Avid in vedere parle ‘a mpargretorca in ptt pa ‘locuyiunea si acyunes” ‘+ Inwengia este partes discursuhsice ar treba sf rispundt ln fnucbaren’ ae enn? Ca alte covinte, tebuie sive fn acest moment al discutsulsi suficientes, veze, lacus, asf inci tex enunjati sf devind paluzibilt Este, din acest mouv, pactea discursului cea mut persuasivd, reunind subitele, locurie si tehsil care por convinge auditriul; ‘© Dispozigia conse intro até a compuneri, find in fape 0 tehnicd ce urmaresce structurasintagmaticd a dscursuli. Pile sale sont, invariabil, urmivoarele: exrdia!~ In caze se utmizeste aptarer atentici auditoruled $i punerea acestaia In staan cemotionalé dar si cogaiivs de a scale; taryianea ~ ce const in fexpunerea propeiu-ist a faptclor, pundndw-se accentul pe coneiie, clasiate $1 verosimlliudine, coyirmafie — seprezincé omental accenniset amgumentelor in favonres rexel # respingizea tezei i aqgamentelor preopinentulis peroraya ~ sau partes de final a diporijel, comstind into recapitulare a angumentelor expuse, ficinda'se apel la emopile si seatimentele sudo 4 Blocuyia vizetzS in fond esteies dacuraulu. Represied limensinnea stlistca = discurului, rmivind corectiudines igramaticalt, Folosrea celor mai potivite cuvinte, precum st ttlizarea fguilor stltice. Desi este considerat ca find rmomencal discursului in care tor ceea ce conteazi este fomamentaia, sapintul atrage atenjia cA desi straluctor, sth tucbuie ste, Snsinte de toate, cla sist respecte corcttudines, rineipale ale discursul, Aistotel principale: inveogia, dispoziti, 2% Retorea womand va alge senior pre pre o 4 nce, anume: “ Lage ametuer # Acjiunes urmiteste efeetal discursului, Cict oda ehibors, acest teebuie spus, mts cize anitor, Aecentul nu ea cade de aeeasti daa pe conginut ci pe forma i cate diseursul este exprimat. Se face apel la caracesstille imbajulus ox-verbal eu temikene etre intonapie, guste, miemcd, st, sa Acestea ar fi citeva di aspectele a ceca ce tim riirish daset. Penteu o& ceea ee a urmat a fost fe retagerea tetonicd ia tanita exclusiva in spaiol pedagogic (Quiilian), fe se va auc gramaticit si dslectic intro antiretorid cresting. Ded Avstorel ppunea accentul pe invengie dat $i pe dispozigie, uray sii vor situa retorica fo spayil Ierar, devenind o arti a exprimi omanuntae. Fisk dimensiunea ei flosofie8 i logic, tetorica me ‘mui este o arti a discursului cio acgune limita a igual dest, confundindu-se cu orton, Separatt de teorin argumentafic, retoriea se vede steicick de prple sale loge {invengia $1 ap twunwop agg yoseds uf venve dura 35 22 2909 (0c :o10e) ,eqeaispennonns apne enpep are “money wind atgo und as-npomansans “uae Spluns nnvod gaspend woot o Reason wm urd “uwodust UY woerans ge yraouy ne na “eaieeumNBie (>) Hf enor “pune oq] Rieu aaiumné od meron “leqeuortes esauDs9p sao Pe u euRNOp axe ioeIs UNIO x aA>eO, > YDS {soy e “unio, uaydts ap HstDs tern guy) 9p HIME ‘wuaiog sop 2699 eormany sayy Bm] HEIR ed BSN [Pose efoyoso aro op aqpouop wl 8 ade 3s ys IHR Pte iouiwoder mon apdound "avayeiog Wied OBL C461 ¢nosenoqy) ,abexo arn oun puns weara> $29J00> Poo, vilonpop 1 rhuoradxa "one ane naiuad ymuowiop ¥] Esnpar deanburu 1505 © ote eussadato “20901 S31 59C]& 9P "BD feos wep © uruyaiog, DA) "Nos soya w wvkecun> {r sonfeau unsep equip feu “Yonotos aadsupp mgyooumie tuoar ay Bune op a9 “ss yen ana UTE ua ee Esa] Ge:010¢ 294999) ,oRWouITe wey Gord HPAP ‘avvod nw mpsmanp ellnmisuo> 2p geno 36 20m, -ANSEAETES Gord aunds o wna neg prurw’s ammdaoas‘piueuuosiod “ean fn sunasoun3ou PaRISUBup ] ap LINDE 25-Np-APUPNAD [NSIS fonoesd iies queds uj eeeonys 25 You} “BBSY (62 seco) ./aimaunre ap aposau wad yoda 25 syeumia9p Hy Shun 20un eoRsojo) uno #29 uu ee # ap 1g yyguresuE uy sopinay eupjgord rasmani yen ng piueuodu m9 ‘srsensad yynsanasip aparayps 2p app snuzdxa 9p 39H) pou sm ranean, 2p tind yes satya 9189 p> ou nntod, ferugping ty ewe graadsony angoxs Ys21U0> 26998 UES ‘a fai CT ~ roomie naiooe {36 mesoupae ese ap awa gs aeUNe Dee HRP 5p app ap fi wind 90 wounds seo ot ge Hp Bo ae nf Topas sega oa op o-pady gos) Up espns pat [Runuttuo> ad 1 rouusuane wussey ad sd mo ru we yU9A38 ‘lupescos uj “moxpae 9p da you gaypensiod sompoo> voramssp aifaqyuun gouo12s enw “pote # iuNB0Ud Isppiewo> ‘npoupAY ran jun! yp ruRNsueD “PIse HNOSaE ap IHq>EOOp. ands rmmsitosp wasey9 eznseaIHOD argo 3¢ #8 wadnse A> suai ee mmmuoue mysaoord & puaminstio® aimed outA3p TeHoupny msuoumnste more ye seumm9p aoioe} en SUMP 2189 ‘npinpne ap di tmayatio epgeaqde yonos o “aulan a8 ‘atsa_-Foyosoyy es ono *Yan9 “yonMod “oqpHn{ seauozoud Yen as nstaoe ame qns euitoy 2p wuazayipay Todenaouande v eesouse fuoay 0 Wasp gous vu ruyop 308 fop 99 ‘yuz9=H09 Snooyep amsuatineuores © ap0a) > plosUY 3p poRmMPO HNN oqegond nes auoou asnuord n> raauevoden moon aumee 6 HuopOAE nl ap reou8i“ai%oj uo) Je nBNIOD ten THES Ip “ONCO}EA 2p apse>epnl oxdsop Yoo, sos o yeas y awod nM HW pina nu gauesuezap ssqj v sunle w ase ey PEND “ofeMANoN rapes uy aveesope puny wo sxeumdss nes reopen 9p aphopal fam uy popou weojtuy ys oven 9p macy gees wGaM HSNO ‘areoqss 2p ropleoapn{ # poy au0m @ aa3}auainy te poyD.0] “quatiop soisa58 epqvayde‘whzeuores ¥ qos Bun YarIo9 oH surun-omes if spun’ sopsunclonp pauouop uy seas satsop tun yoqj FS MEDIOP NUDBIpq HOI Yop TaD “SMEUIINA FYNSIMON arwsoape aotfoj moat © “wosare roREEIOR o|seaIpand Too) #6 aoqrzodond yoo aafequiy e989 aoemone ajauowuMtodes auipms © 2> rdep o289 “902g 9p sundan yao arguns souop tun sndoad nei "waase 2c] “>nyod Hf sxeiouode a> of “amp sje uy amupuotes ap sop vareupsioe e292, PL, 2P!I08 opus sojaueumpuyy ustanreodesy ap ap. opines 3p Mrosnesou "YX myOONE yMOOHEH TD BoM 0p Bo, mr enw,‘Tounigé Ciulet ‘puna accentul pe estetc, ast eosia comunicitsinemeat pe lrgumentare si tetorick Snde sf deving motorul "democratiziai ‘sporrnlor umane precim sf reconsideeii erahillor exstente fn scopul redefinint lor.) (Meyer, 2010: 21) 1.2.2, Retorica gi cunoagtere fn incercarea de formula resortutle cognitive ale retort fu se poste evita analiza relafie aestea eu Hlosofa, in food eu ‘pri sree ale acest: logics $i tesa cuncasteni, Dact vor ‘de acord c3 retotiea preia din tcosa cunoastenit paca clemente™, situate de la cele mai vulnerable la cele mai certe, si dack am “vinut cate este statutul certindinil in acest proiec, este momentul ine apleeisn asupea opin. Cit despre peruasiane, inten capital urndtor. Tnjleast si ex analigd i acs o sind, logica pace 2 Impaqi ania de acoperire eu gnoseologia, aceasta din urmd find indeaprope preccupati de adevar si de critica gindisti orientate cite adevir. In fond, confuria vine toemai din aceastt preocupare comuni: logics vieuti ca suing a condipilor cunossterii adevirulu, ghoseologia ca sting preocupatl de judecale de experieja sau de rajune ca judeciqi de adevir. ocesul cunongteri nu consum integral In operat logic, ei acestea depin in acest sector un rol decisv. Logica rezolvi oar jumdtate din problema adevieulul: cum se transfers adevarul in proporie in propoaige (ehnologia valida). Desi valorile de adevi (adeveatal i falsul) intesvin ia. mod curent in logic teestea aint categorit gnoseologice. Logica doar manipsleast fojunen de adevis, pe cate o mastenege de la teoria euncastes CCeilaltdjumatate din problema adevirulsi exe ebuearkanalizei noscologice,cfcia se cere si dovedeased posiblitatea reflect sdecvate 4 realtii fn procesul cunoastert empirice, ficindu-ne 2 Opin, conmngeres,cniadinesp pecs gun = pine, wat os Lagi argument gi nic sascel s asistam Ik nasterea concept de adevie. Gnoseologia ate de spus un cuvint decisiv fa fandamentares unos cempizice, in inp ce logics isi spune cuvintul in intemeirea cunoagteri teoretce. Sa adiughm precizates Gd gnoseologin modern nu poate face abstacfe de rolul sistemelor de semne cate operenzdinttesubiectsobiee, deci de interven semiotic sinc de implicate praviologice ale sctui de cusoastete Profesonul Botezaty considers cl palnologia i gnoseologia nu epuizeaza stoil giadiei, Mai rimine loe pentru 0 sling cares cereeteze ginditea Hicind abstracie ait de legstuile 1 cu obiectul cunoastet, ct si de cele cx subiectol conoaster. Gu alte caviote este necesar tin studi al snc ginny al ‘mecanismselor pe cate gindirea le pune in joc amuncl cind se argumenteazt. Acest sedis este necesar fi dl nastere unei stinge speciale, numita gig, findca stracara gindiri este deosebit de ‘complica, iar canoasterea ci poseds 0 mare importana practic Se justi astel definigialogiianului seopian Wallam Hamilron (7881850): Legian exe ints her hire ghd (1983: 59), Asifl, din punceal de vedere al unos posit ilosofice, © angumentar (za insuficienyes logic’ formale ca instrument de ceumoastere a adevirului. Adevisul zace in confine) proponiglor, tno in forma lor. Forma gindin iolaes de conyinaal sit no poate Asigura cmoasteres imporsva exorllor. Softiea are porere de seducjie pentru ci de mule ost e2 mimeari modelele gindini corecte. Aceasta ese de exempt attucinea flosofeidileetice in viaiunea idealist alot Hegel cate, a cum se ste, ambipionetza se constituie ca logict integrals a procesulai de cunoastere, in timp ce logiea formal apate doar cao logict parila a ‘cunoaseri, Este regretabil peal cf teoria adevieului no se poste constitu nto sink unitary c& se aft in realiate dispersata in mul multe sectoare ale sistemuli suingelot, pe cane xpoi ‘gnoseologia se surdduieste a le punt de acord, Ambipionind s4 Insje 0 teovie compleet a adevéeuli, dislectica se instte ca 0 65» saga aivox no “oyanaoay m9 "ane. “sO MD “PARAIPE ND Sueum luny eles safas008 pxgosoyy eHorst up Yt 2}sazepuT frat p>, omuyp. eum juoiowesd o169 “eeOTION (carn 96 461 ‘nosso eataag Je aRsape “anaes BUN 9389 |RAESSPY “rosurmiop vourprane auisap 29 ste APP) 2159 09 TEAEAAPE ap py ey 2380 Jaan" “nsw up ad arairoute" *,gopMINL fomany esnapus 29 yuo” ¥9 aneorgunses a|PUO} Hy YMGIDNDS numsjndaos easordeouna o2sscerd 29 €299 Uf (6661 RED) iis yoorgns ey Eanes yop yp voIe ge ni eorenéeOUND Tm wozies, quusandaor sumer fon n> neobeuydan qf am ad oBojoursieds aapas 9p 290d un #6 “ropoIaT aumUe Uepond 0 gplgos fon ama ad wae 0 ska TBE Te (BspOxd ap) ne>sep mtd 190) ne maigos“easnye 290 260) 1] © 2p UTE Dysuopene> 805 © 21m pps 9p RAlosul ‘oMpayE mse IT ‘euoisaoe e ysuns 99 -adey 9p “2S Jo} anpursd © arepesoqns O85 awatiuap ap ssonsgos pe anezorad jnsu2s 9p ojooUIp SE] BAYESPE Zr ndqeoonet e] ap “ajsnewnsead ye nosinaaed mp) sre WL ndtanoorgas of 2p ‘pasoule e| aStany|a Hap ANE HBOS fog ean] amas ands me-s somos eyOsoRY axdsocy (se e961 _ceavaan soy © EAH Ho Oe sonpomut 2s axpreod sun pe 8 papeoun> ye uo yas fy emusooe earopurnea {8 2 oNpUET op mjopour srEeTEINAe Mop eo] yuroqo e gpedound gia o SERUMEDIAP ASU yf ‘pond roieu ne p eentguo9 wareworter y do me-é ni 9 x0 my (Uy gpress eyosopy na 20] trope] -ufede na 2 S30} EIDE owe "wouy wie 03 Howson tke spsyos aU] ads qeeDy Joy arto wisowey, yOROTY POIs ae IITION! snESZIAONUCD raz 9j9 anuIp emun ey op eames ZOpYOS HOBO N:) Ge £160 1") 94) 5 sore “ase ax ymsod iniepe jugar #f apun sp ‘eiuescop Ur yma tadase sun romuaauoys rapoud ey yunle 2s ys ‘nSooor pi ¥ pduoa rarexpyy] upd ened ‘dood eipe yey fhe ano "engo9g eroWaes 3p nuxios euouodxa ¥ wode “EON %9 fuxdsur poy p omowo ¥ sopleod yor ems y 28 poo) tu yuna oye np Sojpen muses ais OuMeoRIOUR) HOU “owrae eons oro pay woos ean en wan pt stor una eflogousmfetedopeyuropour Hoqomnoud sq nlvomp tay tetupe ‘amaesuoa nesey noun fea Uhinsuos ano ‘olojnied apolanes & e0) + pupae “Bo, apo oy © 9p suey, nosso 5 HED ena oY yor qu 9p Sue! y Hoqdoqep vareund emp ne 20 zojo ealpOs ty eoo00 spose naar un yg ads aed a oogoan tenoodsnd tp “mmammanp idee eaqeue o “pecs Uy] {oun 53661) 3p p00 ‘rgaonpan pony ossope onuaqeue“oanoaye ojo Ro 2smme> {lop #918] 20 wo soo sommsasusp rons sono H] ano 6 pond axounw 0 aio 91 “oH031 Ow oUt tlovtoe eamujopar aundord teypy joud“apdnoooud seo58 ote MRojopoiou ae apized nes "Spianiou poppy “rer dey somone ayes oy stramoruco puny USpanos [aston woReepI! Sip mettde ne Gopmmemarp Bouya) mee (econeno. ov aonoun Eanes WD) Ie PED. “OO Brnn “means ofa pop Bm eur ced un “evan Pasay Onn jee ae npusmnsoa ‘eaove tp are awed Sereno ap Iza ajo ye WE aitaundtie sp oqoods seen ug sabe szaeyeue fe nqan 3 ef8y ‘ones of daa ata wp 40% ounnsv09 uf fede ope jor a2pou uy enpUse "ANON foisiuounive o? wep adanes 209) 95 Teo riop tp ad 1» prpsa 98 9p tlupoeon wy go oojemes ove ad esyes Drea uy espana] 9r waiafoniuon amo uy Same ifeasuoMp {up pound amusd oy papmuOD ae yO] OO, 1 amir oun 3: nyt ayooe ‘euand Up =te2990 12 yeu eznpo> apn laronap 9p azqoe0ap 2005 (6s €861 ‘twezs0g) PHP AND ML + yenseur mado waved uma Ht - adqonbo 9 aooosou ‘Puon ampaneiie Pir "BD Ho,‘Tomipé Cute sant si cite nu sunt. In Sibie Pyoniene (I, 216 si usm), Sextus [Empircus ecria ef “Protagoras este de parere cA misuta uturor lucranor este omul, 2 eelor ce sunt, precum ci sunt, ara celor ce nu sunt, precum cna sunt, prin masurdinelegind cries, prin octet ‘realagle (..)”. cela lucru il spune si Adstorel: “Protagorasssinea fomal este msura cwturor Icruilor"(1965: XI,1,105,39) inglegind prin aceasta “pe cen care exe sivtor sau dose pe cel are persepe © senate, adics pe femal care are cunoaptere sensbil 51 pe acela care are singt” (1965: X, 1,105, 33) Back waducem misurk prin estesiy gi Iuerasi prin realitate, vom injelege cf oml ese exten al reality al tuturor realitiglor, Mutat in plan gnoseologic, aceatt idencate arth ch James cunoscu de om este lumen om Oml canoaste prin senzati si indie, i de aczea ceea ce cunose exist, dec existt fceea ce canose. Acesta exte rajionamental lai Protagorts, Cum ‘cunose pin senzaf, existh ceea ce cunose prin senzagi, Cum senzagle varazd, eau cum ele spun despre un acelayilucra ch ¢ mic sau ci e mate, ct € amar, sau dulce inseamnd ct adevirurile sunt asemenea sencafilor: relative. Asta inseamnd ci despre woul siacelag lncru se por susfine judeciyicomteae, cea ce evine la a pune ef sune vslabile deopotrivg, si jadecsta care afiemé iudecaes care neagh aceluigi obiect anumite propre. Refuzul de a admite un adevir obieciv face oS, penta nevoi pracice, ‘majoritates devine arbitral a ceea ce trebuie sf credem, Protagoras evenind astel promotorul convengie atit Ia viaja social & ‘omului ed sin teoria cunoapteri, El neagaideea cx exised vreus criteria dup case se poate recunoagte humea exterioara a fine, sfimmind exisenga unei lami coleciv subiectivd, obimtt pan ‘comparatea limi subiecive ale indvisilot Gorgias radicalizesra sceasti concepyie relativstsaritind ‘cf nen nu exist. Niet micas lume individuale si subiectve 2 pot exists, pentru cd si cle sone conttdictort inte ele: regu logici, prin eae testi corectitudinea senzagilr noastre, sunt la oe Legit antares. fel de acbttae casi senza insele. ‘Toate tezee lai Gorgias sant adevanate sancfiuni ale cotologilor sealiste, ca si ale tuturor gnoseologilor care aygumentan cognoscbiitatea lm Gorgias se sidici suai ales impottiva filosofiei eleate (existemul este gi nonexistent ese) dat gia hi eraclit sa Democrir dupa care exstentul st nonesistentul Singeazk, Teale sale: 1) ns exis nimi 2) dc ar exised ceva, nu ar putes i cunoseut 53 3) dacd ar purea ff cunoscut, a-ar putea fe comunicat, privesefnjaues Peoint validacea adevarlui acestor teze, Gorgias gumenteazé mai incit cd aonexistenja mu exe cc dach nonexistenul este, rezultd cel este si mv este; cll in sua ia ‘ate este conceput ca nonexistent, el este, ceea ve este absurd. Deci nos-existennal mu este, Apoi dact admitem ci non- ceistentul este, ar sezulta e8 existental este, cca ce lati este absurd, i al doilea rind: existntal mu exte, Dac at exist, stunei tr fi ori vepnic, ori cteat, or Vegnie si necreat. Sk presupuncm cf ste eter. Aceasta at insemna cf nu ae ineept, deci este nelimiat, dar daci este nelimitar au se afl fa sieion Ioe. Dar ici ou! se aflt in ie-un loc, iaseamnd cf mu exist, S& Presupunem acum, ei este niseut Dact ar fi nfseut atenci sa iniscut fe din existent, fe din nonexistent. Dar nu s-t nfseut din existent, clei dact existentul este, el au -ar & putut nayte; din nonexistent, de asemenea, mi sn nfscut clci nonexistent ma este fice nueste au poate genera ceva, Agadar, existent au ste, fn al uellea sind, au exist nici exietentul ci rnoneaistentul, cii, daca este existentul edt si nonexistent aceasta insemna cx nonexintentol este totuna cu existent, ceca cx este absurd si, prin uate, na exist nii-unul nil celle. (Cea de-a dovi te2i ~ dack ceva exist atunci au poate ‘euposcut ~ pomeste de ls idees ei dacd tot cees ce gan ar °uw (oa. x60 eons wns um psa oa opp me scinlop mane spn] sti espa ao 9 Cs sae bury nud nee pe 30K nk emer dent un sod Mee arassoac op sass} sin San ehae nip maa ees "om ay nano pe op enor ape) asnad 9 hook op oy ke ans pS ‘teen poy ae o und op sds aoe ass ey Sp aoe! nn He e wiooe pure Heo Eapoo? a xdosp wopsuea suosinang nee #9 mpUA thuasa es wioprsuos seodeemry cuemge uf pipe Gop) Emp! uy aanoogo thos arapojsuan ne musy “aspued w teuuHaiep 63, atovezar er npur wadnse aos nr Supe we NGO > 2] raed 9p ragoseyy zeae up aig yn ase areoRasoKND omiinomts pdooiop atemog a8 oh MpON, (Gz e610) wondafop 2] xs ‘pgedaoe exsaron union) sposend pe ms Sos ypnn, suounoysoaooe ezadonp “aveext pun fu avebo”“iapuyd te reco rmnuguos «ond, 2p sume aoe, aveiog amano) 2p igo 3. Ser duns od was ws odouy srerppsouno elusons ane moun moog uy eapau THON UEMIEOD (ONE AL L961) -ampuN tad so tno ano 20 woo yo wlumon age ©0305 Uy ypibpy aunds o samo gs (pg “Bomusouansg) ahaa 3p txouny angen 36, sye0§ 8 ep Q Ed 9299 ep o> JPY RIMGUDE MHADA o MD ~ ORD eBoRORY aos wd “LE Jeu 2p sopoypurd epemoteu nauog (9 961). INPUE pow qs Pw wien wa FmMOD oAtODE “neu oo by rants v prema ap pedouned sound oa>qy 9225 259 Hh, “onde prs wgosoqy my wimnon xeon er 9 aadae 2530 ‘ngqene spur xingl , SRP apd “soar wad “ aoKGne an samveu axdoup arednaoaid sinus pr tase 9063905 “op £160) 2Boqoos0us usta wa 3 ep 1 mucus apon ap some apuosiodasnou ume “Foe fou ws awod eaaupye os ad "gpg eopusa sity ameaqd incr panic ry o 3p juound ase yy ano Suepoun apes sptengsed y mpo Te stout njdens on wrpe "prsfeouns © eueouapur wdeon eo ‘pyudo w aSopaiey paseaay guns 22 o4eomfizod 3pop ourigo ne Jevourn 0 au # Sumgesur He snag pop ese ase v2 Hop snuouien sompeoa mundo es “uoaeig ¥ #9 ‘axfeoundds ‘nuriqo bp road alsa piuesope els wonsu0D “sem sy ‘eH singauy — Sovog — eluanede™ ropa "suejoux sseuMIE “ens Twporoyu g aivod nu raznfeouncy -fopoIe ap ainayo aapsaa.d opiusyp sie undun a6 ase> yurdo ayp 9p 16 runsed op ‘relvonyor y end e ap rusisae> mos Fapupsounoas prpozE2s 2p 9 taradn asoSigassop "pi@ojoyisd muowea> 6 aus a7 "asyOS 5 rors easqas 1089 un Fapupscundd: “prudo ¥ sre mEGe=S upd yeaado spicing spe: op Nw punjord ‘oraifvoun> 9p sou2yur manoy 0 eis “aHezNSs pases “eo Syozoyy mud uiuog, x2 uim> n2eDIOL] “A wsRpHUOD aKaIHOD siove op “ahgyear © fauiplo oun juouse “yanoyos eum sep 1 astornase alouny 0 auoxeouna Ip 2g mBiyos “se eM, “aypags)axpayd ranuod eaoo 89 ~ 99 ~ wao9 terunOpsUE fo upoy’ nq “80 99 e209 ats9 nu 9p ‘AnoaTGns weNTapIO® 359 ypu 919 29 va99 mn aLDqU09 ($96-Z9E +1 “E9GE) .2HHApOUH opndamy je ner qnuisqesp! wp poounyy, gD AeA Spun pap eposod fu ane mp ikasay ony ypasod Fo omMENE ‘it semunznidar o axe pug> “ane anjosge rymeasqeos enU09 rst prsajad 0 aan, 229 EHD: HOF ssdsocr aMFORAE MIMIGHES ¥ woqyad eaedyomnu 29 seiBiog my wHoHOp ‘neajnion y 30d ns anon ase wud 1 ENS sa apfujoa ma pop ‘fnow OuDIN9 389 |RURSND OUD TEPY ‘Sumi un 1 “nuooy an wywutpy asa Hau mypaendaoas ‘sods TY qmauonsn9 fe “oqpnony u PUMNUDSUY Mu PULA) "AES FUDIIGO. ‘ aupano snip ees waugasoap ad neppusaut mas — weoRIMIOD | omnd 20-3 ynasouno y esind 3 Up — zm won Pap ED ns ais9 99 99 "HSNO p Yo WEMIUE ys om Ep zisa jrunszeauou una ‘259 upuyd 2169 99 25> Dep NES PANS bsg 99 aoo upu of aes od ato) sn FS TAT UATE FS ren BwOL‘Tomi Cvlet cscnpi gindul ca si consiings. Despee aceast llosofie Hegel sere ‘ch se caracterizeazi prin dispargi a ceea ce este obiectv. Ca ‘urmare,ceea ce este stabil este subiecivul. Dar este el insopi opus ‘obiecivuli, este el covs singular? "El este ~ se inreaba, pe bund repre, Hegel ~ tor ait de accidental e purl asbitar, ccea cee lipat de lege. Sau este el oat, in el fos, obioctv gi onivereal?™ (0963, 1: 364) ‘Penns Socrate,esenge este cul universal, binele, conginta fodinnind in sine insusi In acest mod muta Soceate centr de greneate al filosofiet extre subiectal canoscitor. De aict pind la Formarea expresi a congtingei cunoseatoare, - cum cunose cea ce eunoac? —a fost un singut pas Desi demersul siu este considera unul moral, torus rmetoda (dlaleedeH) utlizati de Socrate, dar mai ales eoria induefic, fac din filosofia ui Socrate incepwral gnoseologiet i ‘Metoda sccratcl implict principial nestinge, iia si mieutca, Unitatea acestor momente se realizeazi in metodn Sesfigurata sau in desfagurarea metodel. Fars ele, metod ca are, in struct 9 intengile ei, este imposibil de concepus, Punctal fe pleeare exe 0 idee, 0 scend (pricteni, sfletsl wittuea, et). Folosind discutsulipostazit in. iron, in ineebast i Sepunsusi, Socrate gintete la definigi obicetslatcercetat. Procedeul flosit, fete induct si dislogul. Acestes dons sunt considerate de Aristrel e find descoperites ginditonal, sm poate mat exact spus, concent descoperiai gindioruhi “Teoria. indice, desi neformolatd expres, este coms practicata de Soctite, Practicarea inducjie: pentra Socrare ccuprinde experienc, observatiempitie, vaseatea experienjslor, revenizea asupea unor propsiiay ale fenomenclor natal supuse ‘bservapic et, Ceea ce Soerate it in analiza pria induct, i, dec, fenomencle asupra citora el le aplics indcya, sunt fenomene sociale, ar diatre acestea, fenomenele morale sune cele ev n Laie, anpsetare rst predilectic analzate de cane ganditor: Ewe aceasta chiar 0 Procedeul in sine consta in delimitaea uni teze (ie) de vetificar, « discussulai propriv-zs, a concluzii si a verificii ‘Teza este cea despre care se dicuth iat dicutsul este chiat induetia ca arare. "Vayile indicat pening stabiltca consensual aveau si se constitu iptvo ceore a argementaie cupens in ae isa ars rhtorce, gmgie geniuls hi Aristote, care desivigise teori demonstra! slogistice cupens in ars daletica. Pind lel, retorica nu fusese decit un simpla indrepta jusidie procedural inijat de scien), dublae de o tehnicé a capeini: bundvoinei — captatio benevolemtie — adici de indyplecage « jurishu pin Jnvocarea 4 fel de fel de elemente fas valoare probanta propri- isi, adesea chia strine cauzei. in faza ultenoark i se adauga tehnica sabiri convingeed prin ceea ce am putes nun je pet Prin utiizarea la maximar a sedocte) prin forma aleasi a iscursohi, a ambiguisti si polisemsei sermenilor, util stu auditorul ra auas pe pana neincrederi fatt de’ teza. pasts adverse. De aici pomestegeja excesiva « Ini Socmte de a stabi de comun acord ex preopinentul valoatea semamticd stictk a termenilor de basi, cees ce inseam o incileare fiicaliscl 2 speciticulai limbii si negliarea unoraspecte pe ears ate, eeota comusicittle-a pus in himing cla. Tor scesl ha Soerate in versiones lui Paton este reroll acest insidioase propuneri de 1 trece dscuya, de pe plan retori, pe plan dialectic”. (Floreseu, 1973:47) Prin acest proceden, asadar, Socrate descopett esenqa si sojiunes, Mai exact, descopertesenga in plan ontologies ‘ofunes in plan loge: Sau, si mai bine spus, Scrate descoperd cd nofionea expeima esenta uni fenomen, Ertl anal il duce pe Soctate sla descoperites definite sa fap ct aceasta rebate si exprime esenjaul definiuls, ael foci, aesta sk nu poaté fh confundae cu alteeva. Definijia me se va fice niciodsts dup aceidente, i mma: dopa esenge nse 99 a99 “anompop) !apF | BREEN ef 2p PONY “as|ONpU ‘pruony PPL H ap auaus wowg w 289 veo, {OS 1 LZo1) sinaty aNaRDP 9 amo Papas ¥-9p ER, sys sadn yuo, 35 29 ygeamiy 28 aysroisi dh ap PUOsOTE raojowo eauipio up vquimpsard 35 maxeouns vaupio SBunranig ou “plowny 1), elung wadase enusouos own 3: © niiuod yanioxoq Jaynats angan waroyfeoun> “wore rune (96 'S661) 9p — 94) HS FTA Hes — mia yousIONE tuoi o> ruremontg, “ION Hag CO >IsvOuND Piney mp Faso wipe one wojoasous sonpe TBIOVSEY Gy teu61 eosai0 . eBemans es aafainas pz any> op sey mo NUP yoo Yeon dey ap ares wsin 0 ais9 myapgeuido reuauiop ‘nepesy “(12 jon 1 roa eounar wowRE) pono yes UNG MsOUNIY slums wrlagpstan qn op Fleas se> #9 puuowop axe "HiuezCO 16 elomé anor mypnurner aod un ydkiv9 eutdo yD “wowg 325 Suniui renja 269 ne renin Soloway f Sozop9¢é anUIP rnfseado open ap 01 apn 2p fama — 2399 — wyudo pur dd ‘slusien> ap “p vimaye ‘ydho0 26 slamg Stolk — ojeuowse som apo 96 4p — Urlizanes — paloma ype voundo © worry rmymaoper mes mmuodod sudosd ¥ viunsuoout “yBexy “Ee va yarlonusp nasoes ea mda, #9 Hop yeauouodso anew youd aunap vomg ‘psy -pluay adase wy 95 © op sofas ye um pisove yago teed 188 ok stuDa9p ypHIy) LIP eOMPEPS seaz5qN ye sas asd juuonpuyd otouasp sere aug “phos EQS hoeyqea! (8 iuanap gendo nama ‘rhumg ap speedap 6 shun fad yeeiounaay 98 peagaape arorfeouno “Horeid ¥ "UO 22aposd de o> ana uy (moouom wy rimerlqo Hnplsipar wiuouads> 029 wiuyap mgan ze earmfeouns ‘woDe| auDs “bum ‘aqua une vanes jo 9 sexoSCag Wy EOI! 3e UDEITTE orc insu pusoagns ioaigo dup vacauase ap a2 > aMUpe bs pxep snurlea> ap mysdy yjdino> axa nu yoy vaoaéeouno ‘yorgo twioyo> zojpsyos whdaouoa axequios woand es yu feu smqan aieuuge rououse 0 outisns eed e rnuod yu] te spaygeouns © uarseouns pasaze jase omypsuo> ‘ronoy jae eluaigeiur #9 ef pnSeouns 9p JASE foun [e DaxgAS 2p aus oj ‘ou up aude “aimed pe ap ad ° “2 [D9Iq 2p aisox sisfeours 2p aano} apandas ves mnorivo> seuss dnd aziseouna o 93 294) © 2p “rapede uaa (Prot “PRR ‘Ttu6t “sorya) sostt au ad ar-oifeoune, yor meeNpuL puyuun jandsau0> ppse rarexfeoure sinpedeo pes soqmdond Huminos x sinsut jae oun asso waidas Bray>) ppiooe [moaigo mpely sono wuaus un adsyp reRpIsuOS ‘page 9p aubensqe 25x) a soy ¥ BSNL © (2991 ‘spprauey “T“pL6t “wore «,shsu 1 # HE azaxeouno 9p Ed aupjoj vomafeoune,, 1 “emueraap raaigo mon ¥ ewllea2y vomvouna yworeasdas tie vo ‘SmMBD Awad “FURIE and99 tevolep 29 eanaesd aeadapey udugie we9UIN 0 NDOEF 2209 ‘5d aumama REISE MJP F 9p 2389 MUS]goxg IMD sO} aunds (© puoop fona ¥ H Seuno} wy aHe> “ayos HO pe Louestsns 1p arede sent “praneey inBoqep wap e>ey sojnsyos taui20p fnitagy ¥ “siuios ‘ngs jomone see ad won) wy wou ame ‘Hy memvouna exdhey epom wes “rumpruoned easfeouny Sreonaeoun>falumiuoo ¥ assay 9p asaoxd yoe oustzyageop doaig “aimd pe 2p od “suaplzon ap ansiun ppiumus 0 # Sued o 9p od ‘siroipssouo slumiuos 2p wouny BRIN] FOOP FURSIOP aus tM SNF Pu INZEA EY (1461 ‘WHOHPS) 34 oppFado sod jmjosqns vy sow yor] HF 9p MoE NEG YosoRy sepoo Wen ¥> “oun rej ne ‘oie v ¥] puyd sous w-s amadopodas yistoxe ewuds> Yaaneog tajosoly uo! fe SuNE aseu yeu [99 “FLOP EE ‘ois9 uotwi,, B ploge 2p # y wos puraE “mu rBOsOTy Hor od anoany © Yost] ¥9 eno ns n> PIO2E ap WO FECT IL sr9z6) “s229du0N),°° Pra aUHBpo ap ats FeTUsFIUE IE mseou wronuy sdvorde, y> eymypue> w 2onp eu WOIPIE My © a1ajduioa ado earera3a|300p 7 sus ws HUH YOOE-I KL ‘ngs apuorgigaus yu>groud ‘pseu eB vA Wore ‘pu anno ry pap amo,Tomi Cale eteminat pe unit comearator sf afieme ct flosofia lui Astor fis a fost in nici un caz una a spisclui, 6 una a nara, Novica, subliniind realism caractevistic andi grecesi (excep ficind nominalismal sofstoe) va arated acesta se dessvaggeste in opera Tuy Astor (1995: 98) fn ordines cunoayert, Arstoel pleack de la determinacen Flingei spee a ajunge sbia mai tirziw Ia posbiitarea canoaytei (Noies, 1995: 97) Pentru Arirotel Figs ete aden, deoarece ea cente caus de adevir In consecings, misiunea ovicdtetstne este ‘sisi ridice prviceacltve Finyl. Acestadevir nu poate & eunoscut Aecit prin dows efi, iteleceal activ sisting. Sema, find inst demonsertivs, nv poate cunoaste principle, care sant de matics inwitiva, cunoasterea lor neptind si se realizeze decit de cite intelecel inci, care, de altel, ext, dupa stag, mai adevirae deci sina {a fond, pentru Aristorel, problema gnoscologics exe fcunoustem nuaai prin antele’ sensible ale individoalubs (Gubstanf), inst abicetl cunoagtert este universal (forma) care teste necorparal”, Cunoagtem pornind de la simgus, care yin de ‘corporal, de individual, dar cunoasteres sti dost in concepte™, ‘eae vail olmic ia comun cw corporates, In timp. ce jnstrumental cogniy primar ne di doar caletes sensibid singulael, not cuprindem lucral ca substanys, in ineegriatea fnsupiclor lui materiale si Formale™ Sotbasena sen posse beet pia sttoalsmull 0 conse ‘ea sua pod Caneapercs oe ca as vireed dae wer (Nora, 1995125) ‘Asstoel arth cl experegseoteistrnental decipeteie al pte ‘amulet, de tonal inacat cx ou oe pone ih det ape, tea pens espn cova despre eal eestor Mfpmtagn deve ete expt de Aste prt Jocul a dout cement: ‘en au foun mates ner ete posse push prin ncerpetes iinmene scien sat fore! (mia iver se aaa eae 6 - Lage arumentar ri. {In conciuze, pentru Anistotl inweg domeninl canoasteni azar pe experiengs, care incepe de la datele sensible i farpeste Th nyionament, este opera aviului pasiv. Spre deosebite de Placon, la Asistotel "opinia au este o simpla umbid 4 existengelor, io aparenga veal, cate poste aves 0 teote a ei, cum cae retocie, Daci aceased aciudine implied tees superioard ch flozotul devine, prin efore ongoninst, capabil sf cunoascd exact, feh spinal divin, au este mai putin adevirat cd clspreyl peatna ‘opine si arguinentaye este caractesstc st poriie hii Anstorel ‘Acesc dispre} pe care il vom gasi expsinat in termeni proupe denici de-a Iongul inwregt istorii a lozofiet este, peoprit-2i, consecinga unosa diawe cele mat semnificative obees ale indi umane: cunoastecea exacts, valbili oticind, oriunde i pentra ‘tice, in toate domeaiie, ceea ce, alfel exprimar, inseatnd stipinites adevarufot absoluc” (Ploveseu, 1973: 41) In ondinea iscursului intemeierea pe adevie este fundstnemala, Cict no ‘exis infereoyd firs a se recunge la nonproblematic, Dacd tora at fi problematic, au sar putea communica si dsch imc nu ar fi, ma fam avea nimic sf ne spunem. Enteaga arth a oritorului consté in sprijinitee pe noaproblemaiie ate pentru ofator, cit s1 pentna wtorio, ceca ce aumian per sau locun comune, care permit transformarea problemaricul in rezolueoriy gi tecerea dela unl a cela” (Meyer, 2010: 126)aug yoqosunasip eaneousiog b2T anand etna asundo 90 TETT sonia ioyuido aye ppsaooeey TeTT wongnd wsudo "ez nyossnoep ape aos f nde, Sz-Z ImtsmosIp eons Fe ‘ee vonrsowiop 16 ayKnd sano vamuoumisy E17 aanonpur swusurcuosey “212 aveypour siwouruosey Tre sveypousy suusweuodey TTTe sanonpap syasareuostey PTZ srourevortes 16 snoster 12 smosip 16 amuauingve Quoueuorey vey] e voueg2. Discuss gi ragionament Astizi, mai mule ca osicind, termenul de comunicate jp af uiltatea social i practics, denporivs. Ba am putea afro 4 din picate,termenol este ati de uritatincit a devenit a madd @ ovice act Social sf se revendice stu si icumbe o anime simeasine comunicafional. Side aici multe barbarism legate de comunieare, mule dinte pseudo-stinfele actuale, mule dinee ‘exagerinle aplicate. $5 asta se intimpli desi yewintul confine un fe sfint care ne interaice <4 facem din el tn joc al hazard, spune Baudelsie. Tocma) de acee, aparentaclatate a denmit acest concepr, se dovedejte @ 0 eapeand, intzucit ascunde 0 fotceagd inciscaturi ce ambigucap.”(Vasilescu, 2004; 139) In fond, ce este comnicarea? O inrcbare allt si ex la mare modi, citsia i sau dat © mulatudine de elspunsusi, Reeare Incercnd s8 redea o defnive cit mai exact. y,Termen apazemt banal, lipsic de ascuosisus, i sporeste fn relitate polivaleeya si ambiguuitigle cu fecare nowt incercite de nl deseopes. nurejesutt cu emogi, seatimente, atitudini i teres, ‘comunicatea ursani este acca relaie dintre oamien, care creeazd ‘omuniunes si comunitaces” (Vasleseu, 2004: 140) Semantica fermenulut comanicar nu poate fi citeumecrist unei defini, dae fiecare dine accepyunile sale swprinde cite ceva’ din ‘mulitudines postazelor in cate aceasta se poate prezenta, ncercares nostrl vine si injeleags fundamental teoretic ce pote etemnina efectol practic al comunicit lar in acest punct, indiscutabil, recursul a logica este necesat. Penta ch dott died poznim de Ia logca proposer, vom vedea ci sin comunicate, cA $i in logiea, propoxgsle enunyiative sunt cele cate por determina un efect Penta ef doar in propodtia enungatva predicatul aserteard ceva cu privire la subiect, consider in toualtace sferei sale, sat cu prvite doar leo parte a acestla, atey ‘pasaid ofa aseon8 “poy up yoaou ne ares ap yowoy eave ((esmoup Sanu; gumsvoo au ¥> wreoonds yaa oj 249) au0HHe ‘irzodaad no aunoy sojaeaurevcrer weise sop ou51 NTO SP fafa] pista2e sol WO! wopo4 wos IMD ee "EporOL "unauaindze ympaxins 2foatrd 39 #929 uf elupsoasu09 mpuOIND iesise “euorloouprun eeqmsmnoNp ped wy ‘mes eM pyar ldap posrapos gr paomnoop=ai 6 wuowTa9y OU [aE “AANTEPL Inppidiound vaimaadsor ynive y> oam1 ene utodeH 259 Joqwouses angus 982 ese93e myasmanp Yonoed inguin wogpaud sepsspou naigas = dos & aynqunspane reoipand/amqumstpau aga = gS hinaeinsp weorpard amas maxqns = cas & amqisipau weaipend /mqaasip 23s = eS 8 napa ax amainsip 29 povopard 99 dan vy ayesiongan or amqansip 2359 yasatgns “puptorzn|pLo’) ‘neon 99 ul genIp W anaes aj99 wp mqpispew ao ypurrpad ammpoand opizodord uy er Gaypnenpond ei9}s xp Fenpx9 /sH}PUT puny vs ey) NENA Suse jorgae aesiontun artyzodoud uf plurasuca uy anysDozqas finjs up auouaps amsog eawnD2ye pumped pes /eunye 25 99. STO aye ND pass wan mepme> 1 ewwoy 2169 1] pu EME Ip axzodasd o-ney wma eispysuo> 9 Uotiual un “ase n> rez0qoI0) “Gane ines aanenye) exam 98 (onepinned nes aestontun) ome bimouoxes gutoae suman 3] 29 W099 TED aM suo sifjeodond oy zoquouas voxmqunsp YURUHAI2p 29 ¥29°) rlodord sso wl gquawaoy sane ‘ujurma 29 e289 9p aie¥ay wezpard eyngD undue 2s ‘SINDSIp 2p ‘Hoan wasou posi antad yeva03 pizodoxd ap undo nave Drsooe wind eapoa w 9p 1 usedap wear afbous © 2p 2ureU] ung sans mn rd tary) IQS YouRIsUAND FIEDUHOS 22 Dpowourye mp sized o (pwysau) wzeareze (g) jempord yo pide Und auezzoioese> — (qos) aandau-mqmonsed atizodosd « ze saan nau spa 9 ee AND AR eon estne eapnd 42 suave pr pen sponses lsoloud sme (3h ap “eon jn oo) gba ese ed seapanuy sonuaye sdbye uw ropa ne maseaee ene YP nnd poe smumaop "aydhu galdadud edegoss Meaney ae Ses ap ‘ed 9p sp pe uoond ap do sue On ten Raw semen tn ont seme nu 16) wpamaoe wonpines emer} 99 opens puedo Gumanye) yeraaye (). woepeid Pilly tid ateoours Gis) aeunjesmeanie apzodond 5 a mead oc 45) or ngsatca sap apmauap aime (pen) eranape Q) yeapand Wally fd emacs ~ (Jo) anpcow eon opodon! an i ne tap apmouap ater (pus) geeabaye GQ) meando pay td mempooane ~ Gg) aepeoige tan opizodoel > ie fo ap aesenoo ‘ono eodord ap emda ene! 9p anup nen snotemonp ae nu He aed i non ins np ay ‘uses itodsad rama wo 3] petax03-2180} 21> ad nodes ane rho ttn 9 09» dase Toyoude a0 e sanyo “amnesty my aege saionss ‘Hrodesd ap army o vo ews as psmonp um) 2anonpap sjauoureuortey 112 ‘moup um-noyyode yur sus¥ossjoouunie huguy ou © ap qfeweauepiny Ramos 1 99 uoumeeD 2p aieia, anadse waioie> vauuneuyt umd sdsouy “rmemoep ‘pespap ‘and eseaoe aie nmund juatour M89 INDY ‘sundnsaid o "anoneiggo pout wf jsmonp 2382 9d xeon jy asso nu ag funy un ySoyp ad me 3p np “sanvuna 2] ve22p 2yaye ‘slizodord yf EH 30a a8 woosepe “ods pou ‘uy sumospp Uy Hf “Sueonemaaco up x9 wesqAape 92M80p D2, Pu empimaito Bry PRD MOL,‘Tomiys Cle fe un termen nedistsibult fa premise si nu apart distnbui in Cconeliie sa mai explicie wx fermen care apare dba cence ‘tein od blgatra debut in promt di capri. Este 0 lege {are prvith in consecingelee: io praciea dscutsulut (cind acesta se poarti In maniers deduetiva) impure ea in concluzic si nu ne refestn la mai mulke elemente deeit ars fScuto fa premise, nil oameni sunt poliicieni Toy pol int grav Tog oamenit sunt guraivi Bate acesta wn exemplo de silogism nevaid din mat mule considerentelogico-formale™, dar ceea ce ne interesea in acest moment este si observim ci ceea ce se pune in conclarie este sai mult decit se spune in premise. Dack in premist (majora) predicatul se referi la unele lemente din sfera subiecralui (uni), onclucia consfingeste (lic) cf predicatal se aplica integi ‘extensun a subiecelui (toi, cees ce este neva 2 4 Rayionamente imediate ‘Ammar mai sos of cele paw pos de propos ‘ategorice consuma. practic intregul univers de discurs, yi in ‘consecing, reap dine ele, inferonele sau rajionamencee atl formate merits 0 atenfe deosebisk. Regulile de infereng, ‘ulidiates rafionsmentelor precum si adevieal concluzilor sunt bicetive de aun, it siuarea discunului fa afara Jor dace la © “agumentare inconsistened $1 nevalida, deteaminind patologi ale discursuli ia generals ale celui logic-formal in speci (prima earscteisies a acestor proporig eategorice este dea forma iarene imediat prin eporite. Aceste inferenge sunt ‘concretizir ale untor inferenge regis la nivel propozitional. De Pill, infexenya de tip fore pene age fonena: ‘ng ssponen det gama a Lae auetar gi manic Pog Po fi se cteyle daed p — atunci qy dar py atunet q. (Dect wm a bet re ie, dar nae, tae re i), Daci vom inlocui p ev SaP sq es SIP vom obyine onereaya de sipul SaP > Si Sab. SP Cu ate euvinte, ccea ce este adevdeat pentr este adevieat si entra svi Apleind principal parcinomiei cogastive, ingerenta ‘va deveni ona media, de pul sap. 2 SiP Pentru a putea injelege mai lesne eelatia de oporife dintre propozitile categorice vor reine eX inte acestea se pot stabil patra si dose patra asemenes rela A. Relgis de catrantae este prezentd inte proposiyile vuiversaleavind acceashcantiate dar cat diferte GaP 51 SeP) Este 0 reaje intemeiats pe prneipiol neconteadiye,astfel ict cele dou proposigi au pot & ambele adevirate in acclai timp, dar pot fi ambele false sar. si SeP 2 SEP) EWeP) 85fe piuapans epuos peyunos waisooe ‘ssmard ap syENsN200) Tov afimayp eeanpwo> aze2 w “ESnONpap Yori pinyin bp waioy 09 jousioys oxauyap (3 uos9}U1 ap eeHOY eH NEY Top mun eo aso jooniiogs ROU amy razed edo egpats anuouseuoriey ZTTT pil) 29 Steed m5 228) oy sus frseve Hae Hf IPSANOS|P Fares 3940 “EMpOUT Or step uy (fapod wou w) elundae awod a> 18 adpound Shed Sp aeop wypore aiwod ‘exved oom warp artod 25 Samadi, nasow pseaqee 30) simon 9p saa OKO |ABSMUY uso) pat ew foo > Sojtuy ys auENsnH 9p (TACT "aaenwwoagne sorrungy 95 “puoorpenioa vorge ay purnyeeadns exo Sy nmear punie “yreponned esmuand yea 9s EHP @ vorefau og “ouupenuo> eanou at “iwroyeqns ramus by pamvaz punie “yesroun estuoid RUE 95 TYP oa eeu woop v aDstTOND ameor ‘ofzodo and ayapau aluasyur vouauase 9 HOP ‘so) red o¢ aaa apsizodoud an atenp200> a5 © (alge CaP © aS arse Goon Gar). «aes dis © (aeghe 1 (ats) «dS aos (avs) (G09) Cas suocte fryane qe 1 dun sepooe up a5 oe areap pw yunoadan 9 sod adoqpenge> ap wodte wy aepe nirzodord foop. © sunday are luaqeaxg widiound ap meuump Sheps o asa (ais/a2s dos/ees) 21maNp awaysD wf aENUT Sp amzodond any piuazaad 3169 amano ap oxy “+ snes {Seooe op sqsosion ep pone’ «3p waeuye eaeaysuen sep “sveMe> sroo9e 9p exon ef yesiaaen ef 9p nee sergsuin ypyenau puorayur © juuwaudas “syenpao> wy (9 au ast ats Gos. (as. “as “aes ane seo 9p pein you ease 289 spmronnd wands ae i> me op anonsed exeenge niod pany oxipue asa aynioaron sopdreadond ware 1 fur aysr see aWoyes None: ped od amo (4os/aes # als/aes) es axIUE 9p sop EES HODoE 2p apzodoxdl aay now 209 enya er ‘sno o1ees 2p azejnonzed pzodond vareunnge woyday swmponied ieodasd rome “sEmpuoa op tar nay aS UNE 9 8 SUP raasdjoas wf rsgAape 2989 JOS UTA" Tse 219 IS YET (as) = (aes) « oe (as) ‘neausape aque y 10d ap as ajoquie y 20d nu ubzodoad ‘mop 2 yo sundae sapxa yanlzn mcroutd ap weap aiiypr o aq (qis # dos) rndo araq 2p orronred ayriizodoad anuy wuszeud Siso merounsuasgs ap eer ‘sno aaqe> op spesoarum ofyzedond eamou vpyduy aqesiosien glzodond foun rarrunge ‘renu09 tp : |___ tts ais ges mem mage 2am dos EP ‘ooadinar of ese 989 > uTUE FEIEARPE aD des EEC] Pruap f apse y BID Heo,‘Tomiyd Cle ‘nfonamentle”. In Ate prin sag sexa ek, Slop) tate 0 vorbite in care, dach ceva a fost dt alecva eit datul temeazd cu necesiate din ceca cea fost dat. ingeeg pin express din coca cea fos dat, cf de ail venules ntondeauna 0 consecn, Ser prin aces expresic din usmd, cf au ma ete nevoie de ai to ale remem din fark pent face consecings neces” ( 28b) la in acest convex fi sable sracrars: Os de ete ox tei tecmeni st i aga fel raporai unl ale ne ee ia wed fle const in cel milocis hat ca un tsi mijlcil se a Coninut fn tesmenal prim, sau excls dia cle at ca un tt, fermen extrem trbuie af fe porta inten alogisn perfect [umes medi acel trmen care exe conginst in alt, totodaed coapiae pe all in sine: ca posige, el ocap asl, Joel din tiloe. Pa extrem, ile att temensleonginat in all apo peace care comping el pe ales” (4, 26) Pancipil cae expr aceste rely poarts aumele de axioms sills eit ate formulate pri efiario Sawn dipe 0 tia a, pede dupe fae ean din ‘ut enum de omni, ctu de al) Tot dea Arstvel nea rina at eile de stacerk dar legle generale ale silogienaks practic un deealog al sationamecrah deduct perfec: 1. Oder stgism coojine uci ua ue termes: Dap solsimea sferel loe se vor numit major, medi minor, nero Sechemt io eae. major si minora reprecntd extemal Slopisrou 2. Silogismal este format din tri ji momai din uct propositis dows premise so conclrie. Promisa care confine 5 Ga iment al wgumen, Sogn ave snumte parc fn decal pubic ovent et leo fod prescona ogi th {accu tmen nek Aotl aga m ‘Amdt jac eden wal on logs de Fg, og perfect ‘cit dupa piesa hl Anolon ere ta ae evo de aie ‘cea ec da pence necnie i eeidenl” (20) cy - Lagi, armen mr fermenul major ye va numi zromicd wgyrd, ae cea cate va cooyine termenul minor se wa muni pening minond, 3. Teimenii extemi Ggureszdfecare fn ce 0 premist $1 fmpreund in conclusie. Termenul major ese predicatul coneluziei iar termenul minoe este subicerl conchisii, 4, Termenul medi este prezent in ambele premise, inst lipseste din eonelazies 5. Un termen nu poate 6 distribwit fn conchiie Ges 4 6 fost distbit in premisa din care proving 6, Termenul mediu va 6 distribuit in cel poyin una din premises 7. Din doui premise afiemacive wa rezlta cu aecestate conchuzi ainativd, 8, Din doui premise negarve au va rezula vreodat veeo coneluzie; 9. Din doui premise pariculae ou va rezula vrcodatd ‘yo concluzie 10. Conduzia va uma inordesuna partes mai slaba. Cu le covinee, dect una dine premise este negativa, atunel $i conclavia va fi negadivs, iar deci una dintse premise este pparcicularg, aul conchisia va & particule Pornind de la pozijia rermentshyi media (A) in premise, Aristotel deslseste doar patre asemenes posbile posit, care vor determina cele patra ig siecle Figueal Figura Il Figura 11 Figura TV M-POP-M 0 M=P P-L S-M_S-M_oM-S MS TSP GSP VSP USP fn cadrul acestor Gigosi sllogistice se rogisese mat multe ‘odin rezukate din combinatea a dee ei propozip Cun extn ptr tipusi de propositi eategorce it un mod slogstic ate %96 _pna nu pe ‘proseaap uy ay x 30d isu Be a9 UF NAMOUIOP tsp fneaa0g emepe av aan na smewes yo wenpson e298 foe e>ep mpord soya, wn wy wesed 26 Ys waUsU 2 ao In eo, easeoyguni $8 #3 UREA #389 39E9 “mun as mE thr wsxasud eanudaane woeq] "anstoys elensuowap axdsap ands Swod 9 [o} YI “tny29y foes) © yoRKlUD aroyros © FuLUrasKy ‘Tuocain spy uy “90 e902 “OreooINSyAL TES SnD “oaHAN nd reuede inajiad yea MpUAISIP “Yow ap tixong HH fe appl 9p "wuuny wes oy ahnnard v nes oo un-nup eped op “aparqo ap myaptan ehuiazd of prose u|afune 25 m8 Lop 1 Sry Joep 79 eqns nreswsop a2998 mgs myiuoutdoard puEp Sreog anposodoy euuny of yond PHS MOHpIEZNY I~ oP inp eGensns pr ate iy adond agojoporou 0 # aisno Ws angen fmuomop 9p feist 0 RMD WEP #9 NE Mpa 301 jparundo w 9p expussor 2= pox pods 9 dun uy ind pucoy ap el wamsprag2or09 # eneapyea xo ound end exe aq ‘injqenrdo jyuawop ur 16 wsoqurar 95 “pods fous wy SSINOM Uy NEEDY sey] YENRAApE ey MENT Siso tind jynectog ¥ supers e> "yoRs9pep eampu uno 2po. jgorsos ot ¥8 sand “ngs YU Up Exe NU [RES aHe> Bi a epungond yea aur aaqeay 0 esuE apuNase aF 2x21 IO1sa7e fend eoiloy ap ojoaup sreqats 29 sluopue op 8 wsloremoe Dp ojoautgy Toqmsnosip € yeuIe} 2p mfipwoo esrare asa, emp typ ostwond up 29n enéaoe pues foame ‘HEM soIAEDD be 25Hoy sopngos aapuamnre “pu! joeund wf ‘ezrarop 25 51298 fe orenmumiie uy prem uplad war 369 AL eM, amas seg mis ajenppasejnonzed 3p roand swwuriog apse sppusGions “areponmed renpeo> se HRy ‘Dosoor stinpout srvon Wi "TopaRSYFSe Hf soap eAOUO.D for aumeuodksr op pj M titado ‘qaidaaxo 18 ajppdarexo asopqus bs onto wand sogutwuomunre ypqesony aso TTT ean ‘pest auger CY 06 “amy s2e| ap ¥ yy my wowpoed ap yagnode wrod upd seg 25 Hou 1 rodayop qe souiepasy e> "raqoeoap “pean BONING uso saoleus ung “591g 9p Deep HE aF9qo. ANUL UIGaLONP Duuqnis 28 ane wad endly ¥ mesapeoD m9 HL INI srapudesd sumue 0 mu nes 258 949 youn « oynapeion of wounssuan9 mus axed o “Tuaur> un ¥> Mpasop tusind dp is908 9p onsHops amuamse o-nund yo eyza1 Stooge tao wolei uy aae> “senpord v9 napa yaaouuan amu “range nsoveiyqo sso eros eon wean NG 2p “EVEU Ie Boy aeaqecsuod 9p ume pes un imo pnfuneo each aod ‘eo esiongun snoseSyqo sito yrofeur eewad wg> oumIA MEY ‘ylupjpoxa und eanensuoup jaeeprsuos aso y wand ‘anonpop, pevfeousl anesoaau opuoumaisey aiwos aauejuoa uns ansvoN TENpuyS timo vapas ‘wos ‘sansiioys xopmpour ae 2>yPd6 Sqiioang 2p pureiod “sspaa 2p wound asso mq S200) >pease sens a ¥> awogy apqsod suBYDS ‘aye misses ne ID ymmasey NAL 9PM SURq>S 9p HZ FOP by sanpor aivod 26 afsmoup siaalun ansou pidoney yo yidoo0e ‘2p 8 zon op noi “aepous sojtuaragur juz UE IEEE UH ‘hy geroraid 9¢ pavou Woundes ares vy wspeeaso; 3998 wyIAL Fe omqan EAPO YUL SpyEAoU OMS PPS areoy, paw dons 42 a¥op amo anuip “injaamasp sxezeesi0 ap dzaepous fp 96¢ sume Yas “Siurana a9 n> -opyRA sonsHLgE EMPoc 2p #2 S80p waazar “ured ur Emly agDOy ape zep msHogs pe ‘2yepads ap8oj no axtzoqoroo mynesstogs€ aoduso> ap a>] 35 Chpugonde ‘staqray oy 2eocT wsueuodter mun e asezzvo 2p aqeuio) Huppows 9p ‘sonslops au0y 2p g&e wsear 3 3po1051 ‘oonsope pny nied ¥ beau oppuos ut i ‘mhzodond ‘BIE sinetic un criteria de veficare, nici o striate unanim rectnascuts fate sf fle invacaté pentna a stbilt acordul in pings bine ult, drepti sf nedrept, faumosula si rie, ada ceea ce tei numim domenial valrice sau al asiologi. Este domenial ce pire of ae susttage logic pure, toemai penta a face loc logic pictice. Dar despre asia mai jos, 2.1.2. Rajionamentele inductive Spre deorchire de rapionamentele deductive, edle inductive te caracterizeaxh prin probabiliatea conciusiei”. Alfl spon, daci in rafionamentele deductive coneluvia decurge ct cewitadine din premise, In ragionamentele inductive, premisele sunt adevitate, seflectind cunostinge sigure, dae insufcience enw necesititea concluziei. ,Problema care ne icereseazi aici ste aceen dic sublinierea caricteraloi probabilist al ereceit de la een ce este dat lt ceea ce tebuie sustinut ev ajutorul a ceea ce este dat constitu temeiulsuficient al individuaiasii metodet ia ‘nsamblolinstramentelor cage ain vedere apropiesea cogaitiva a lumi. Ta opisia noastd, elsponsul este negativ.” (Salavastra, 2008: 229) Aceasttinsuficienyepistemict a premiselor se poate ‘manifests fated moda 2. conchuzia derivata este o generalizae; bs valoares de adevie a premisclor este aprectatt im faneie de testarea consecingloreare decurg din ele; se Sind fre et hah pe ela re a pei (O aki deoschice eseniai Intreo argumentarea deduetivt sivuna nedeductivd reridd in modal de inferare a adevirali, Daca fn dedueyie conchzia decusge cu eeetitudine dia premise, in Pro Sites conser ck de Ansoral vrbepte in Toles de acca meted a icp nai, ete mbes sh cae epoce ‘modom 4 ven in desvolare mlroscloge! enjlor xpenmenle 4 ‘demera bge In genet” 03-29), 2 : Lage angentae frei sugumnentaren nededvctiva premisa xe deriva dia concluzie, de luide 51 caracterul probabil al acestea, De exeampla, inferenga imediatt prin. subahernase, lnwemeiatd pe princpiul eafiani suficiente (ce este valabl penteu toy ete valabil si pentru url, imansferh adevinal de la proposiia univessala (premisA) la toate cementele care constituie extensiunen subiecclus $i care por fi subiect al proporiglor pasticulae subalreme: sar. iP “Toy oameni sume manors aul oament sunt mastor Spre deosebise, inferarea unei conclusii universie, ppormind de lao psesnisa particulars va 6 afeesté de probabilitate: sip . (M) SaP- Unde (M) semnilicd relaia de probabiltate ‘Uni oament suat buni eomuniearo ‘Probabi) Top oameni sunt bun comunicatoa Despre concluzile acest inferenge au se poate spane nimic cu certcudine, concluzlle lor putind fi sau adevirate sais fase. Spunindu-se in conclorie mai mule decit in premise, aceste rajjonamente sunt probabile si au fost in general srimilace inferentelor inductive, Chast acestor infereaye inductive poate 6 fmpaciti in out: indie compe, plcabilt unei clase de obiccte Bint 51 cu 0 estensiune rela certs", indie iacomplt snu aropliiants) 2 Se canctetzeat ma alos pin ipa ck dei se laemiat pe aan ‘uior nds, contin esl versal, ne ony ce sind ‘croceeste din perise 9356 cae 0 un er forgo pay © uo gop ae uma wo Seo weg ERE wus a2 apunoy aneap ean IG) pussies anasluuT Ms pry qpunve seop oven ase seu w29 9p suns (seuortes 2p qu) fowooe 1p ours ay iuouurunsr vn gnopaaday us “ONSEABTES Doe “ype ey arzedep m sone au 29 w05* anenounsie rsor- riousoe jnenpond 1 sewn dmiapoe “syeumxosde wed Denny SeENaDUDSOp sewaanbe eaUNON "FaNDayE mes EaaMD “qeaipmine prmaee 9p suniae o vaxuaiap ¥ ap anaeid qado>s up ‘bneteae fazaiod! mufsns roropas uf anoxy (meaweuorte Towzandas pentane “puny uy fesv0dt 0 azatoursiy gs “pens fp aves azat 9p eazsonpe vy mst 99 woos oy> un wutzarday XG csinwuomanise mad sayplay sind 29. voe> e gapeumoude eur ig. atugop 0 andaouy m 2p FUE wou voruowndsy ¢yZ -puprouns ad varozeg 28 yoores vtuoayor go eoopy mon pupae “wXpIEISEE eaqeue utbedap 4s mapa Es areuoumdse 16 HOI UL Bmpr jos 9o}tuy namag. ‘aeuoundie 18 ooo my pede y ano ad jsimas bp asoyp ano YoueD exo, wp yadonpur jeUES sup Spain 2p aseones oo vluonses ap pizodoad roun earyanoy anuad asworyne ne fu sjene> aniply 2oun tonezine Trem ¥9 IwoCy ID9p> 6 azMe> fniuy areuyaeninp 9p aig 0 oIS9pAES “puns esa swugeaoud tifa o> 89 Spuapina azed yop ‘efoqeue ase uy 2 “eraydoy bara emmsape no paste alojgo FMop app anol #9 myadey wdose ourpranoa nish ls RUE EY“, 199140 MOP 2029 eNO UE Sinjsooe no culled poesynen ou ¥> wUPRINIID ease © BU fm ef HeIgO um | ap sHeasuE PUN arerajsuem ap eado bp attaeogey 2 pluacajur ap di asooe “orewpar up amuRose ap pies magpods od wierq ‘you aud eleanfin v Pp Haren airy 6 ‘adap won woind pansodsiod wiseaoe up se] ‘sapeunus soyizodoud yaypouzouy wud anger 32495 trleqiny “poop up wassoe w open aBganniguie Hye yaaionp 9¢ neoe] sea" A] MMaINosIp eaMIOHNIOP HyReod Dy am app af 2ep “aanonpasd jue 9ps> “Ipqegaad Hop “tune ‘enoqpur spsuanyir “Tagoninem aoqtamay eBtIpIO ep mayo 2>yj wanpuoo ane | ¥sep “spoKO 9p asep foun AU nes sure ‘sod artinsuy aseaoe go fade) Up 468 peeMPHOD e=TEIMGEGOE jyesooau arnsuy 0 punsoyat ‘atlpods 0 “pra 0. 389 squad yo pds ad wsuy wun 28a en! exp “faz aufrouno 2p piped 29 piers od se-npuesiwpe apamlmes"syosop yun 319 soooud asomy ‘vourpnmua> afuae vaind 98 © eu gap (Go-poyuanyco> ayo) arefussemtunuo aye yeas 29 af 39 Up a eowaysy aeod 96 arnpsuoo op da sa9y "waisaae earenun ‘anf aroprprop 2m o a1 Jep "punjoue> ¥ amamaegosd res © 9p FezsorDEseD 219 uewune eydua aul empl ‘oyttumé wlonpon 9p azaouunus dans xed ‘efonper op razon aol 38 soi09 8998 Of "APEDE He formu fe imgtgeqced ap papeeoeea und aporous fo] oun mayeaREOp 2189 (soponed uy) saronpur Ho¥8oy mdo>s ‘puoy uy seMIeqaad 2p peal iepoe me aanonpm amenae0 ore ne Eup “e-veensi02¥ wep wand mpuod 29 wy9> ajsuine ednp) peering nes “los nauod THQUEs suiAap jas wur nas youn Aud qAETEA 2989 99 1999 > SIA HEM) yuedae “aneonsed aqsnze> 2001 sreends UIypL) raydasey 6 angousmn was 26 15 s99R 9p mompoR “ETE Bq. 37eApiapor sey> nes aseyeonzed whizodexd 2p axlounlvo> v9 ab-npupruozasd plusryor ap dn jmssoe ojpsuoad “arejnonued Mirzodosd roxpoy © aes9pe 2p arto TgES aysod 9¢ nu ~ reides weopiaa aia (jar sro ee) seus aze0j sus 0H Sou ep pussy -parainud wsunmsuona wip Hyd foun (83799709) waseiounus aud aoe} of earezqeuo > eoape aad petaIseH‘Tomiyd Cul ineresaae ale dlscursiviig fn care lgica formalé se veploeste din pin este si argumentaea.” 2003: 374-375) Este aceasta tinseneyia dine Hseobic logica formal) $1 lagatracs ogea formula fa acivne). Aceast laia:pracr se peste incorporatt fa actele ooasue de discus, prin intermedal eivora uansmitem ‘elo i forma noastr de rajonate, dar sez care am ajuns. (..} Discursul in general, iar dicursul argumentativ cu eoschize constitu imbaj-obiect penira logics natral de tip Siscursiv (.).” Galuvastn, 2003: 375) Cum argumentares impli 0 importaned dimensione pracied, misura reuse fa acjunea persuasivd va fi accepearea congtient, de care intedocuter a punctuui de vedere, 2 idellor, tezelr, afimatilor sau negafilor, 2 recomandidlor, sfaturlor si pireslor loewtorshi, sau cum’ il numeste prof. Mihai, a Perini ‘Aga cum am viz mai su tora (5 practic argumentit ste strins lege de ceeu ce mumim metered, find $i esoxel intern al lucritit act de fig Sitancen arguments la intersect dine logid i retsics vind =8 puna discusul, deopotivs, ate in Tomina vabiapé lt gi a adevanuhi, Rupecea dicurauli, cel public in mod special de cevnjele loyico-formale in favostea Celor materiale (exclusiy) f predispune pe acesta unora diotee cole ‘mai mat sscush Ori a nivelel discursuhs public acest dsc 3¢ traduce prin posibiliatea de manifesare 1 onicitei poy comunieafionale. In fond, ceea ce propune miscarea neoretorick in logiet si fa. teora cunoupteni este tocmai completarca demonstapei prin dezvoltares teoriei argumentatic, pe nedeept negliued ma ales de dup momenta caesin, ‘In noua teovie 4 argumentie,argumentarex ou mai ete fngcleast ca tela punetforms inte producctea une probe de citte locutor i asimarea unei teze (duct probele ©. susin temeinic) de cite interlocutor, ch mat degabi ch o activate discusiva rult mai ampla.Argomentarea face in mod taciional pane din rrorieavieuts cadena. a pin argument, vem 96 . Legit ammeter, St spunem dialectek. (..) Retote, vazwl a dseiplind 9 rovédew, oy vizeazt neapira si persuades, ish plcd au Sk tonoyionece” (Meyer, 2010: 119) Init arte de perspec’, augumentarea ne apare cao consincfe de argument, bine cxdonata in funcye de rites de efcenpdatgumenacvs $i care fnumai impreund por asiguta coovingeres interlocutor a tuditoruli. fnt-o asemencn accepfsne «argument, acental ‘nu mai cade pe fora de convingere a fecamat argument In parte, pe modal in cate Gecate angument pattips la realizarea scopalui intepi construe argumentative. Chiar dact fccare igument in pare poate fl foare puteric,azgumentele rimin sesemmiicave in selaiaeiscusiea dact, impreand, cle a pot duce In indeplinisea scopului diseursului angumentav. (Sue, 2006: 132) Acesta este contexu in care vosbim despre exponents Acuna yi care se ocupa de cerceatesfaptelon de curs, Seopa ‘ia este de a identifica ceea ce locuorol vrea sk rant ca are Brin ennojareneiscursuli si mu dea cercetseebate I care se time intean discurs, Ipotesa pe care ate in vedere amgumentaea discusi este de a deserie efectl argumentativ al lunor segmente lingvstice ptecam conectori sat: operat lngvistic. (Stoic, 2008-95) Argomentarea discus eprezintt © stratege al cial scop este de a prodice o schimbare la ivelal cogoity sim afectv, sau ascadinal al intelocutorula Aste, teoria argument coasidertdicurs agutmentaci o punere in scent insets intro teatltate soc 2004: 152) Doser, ovr, dear, tind pe at Discursul argumentatv poste fi onsderat un discurs stmctunit In propozii sau feme, care determina diets indect porijis locwroulu pd de universal iatetloeutoruli™, In opnia © Vom ua seas eoninlogs det ex ete grin mai degen sorlileIngvsoee ale angutegi greener de bowie oounaponle ode actor sete desolate sunt eto 9 eaptna6 ‘rwsjone 3 ws meio] © rawued raped nu “aapHuoUNre wow 2p andp rossooe wdhse maps wos anows 16998 UC ‘tooo pronweu uf uo ou ur 2992p “=-npuEDzaxe ong [osIN>HIP oewqess up onouipered EqUop tur pou EN a> eND2e yp ound: wind we “ramodkup eg ojoda qunBus piseoe wena 96 o@ seanonp wopoead #o yuaptsa a3 sojunesiuoa JF srapoa op sound wap reap # jeuuoy coo) a19pos op turd {ap pres Seupmaiap supe mus Ws05pesinos4p wm a1 agg top ‘anseou 125) SHDsuIsNoND 25 MFEIDE ase up EISEN ‘op agoep wauunBie yopmupjqosd exdase mays wos oN. (2t=9G61 “nseseys) “(219 soqsoxAoye vans quia a1eod wtos3op9 smosip un “mnuoys exinew eaniioo afluaarawr o 159 Bilao o njdatona 2p) santo leas sour w20ss000 YE 3S nprapon ro weed | ap yoeayd [apoutissoy awoUmU.ND mn e ‘nee 19510 man ¥ lenis oun wadase yuEm up vMIEENE varopaxde omypodt © 9p yadoos no (sndq]09 mes penpeatpat) gf 2K4NS mu Tage wipuoxs @ Vy iaoigns un ane> ad rote oy PAUOD IS HO}Y upg’ 9p sadaad 2159 aapquies pxlussonut (PPO (64-9661 “ANsEABIES) BONPHE 9p HuORDNeD YosUNU sononuos uid 1 ieupgeoyde eluspyo ul psuos apoiau ‘atsooe eoneigscy Hoy eeyeae 2p qlersdo foun ysndne 3 a1v0d ameivoundsy gaysinasp ylusaass 2ou0 ssomtoop “sneuifed Uurpio 2p slupaeios siusnioduy ale gpoious jstoy nsanasp feeoaucy 99 2opaniganevorier roveypipnes 1 sogimfunus upsape pzorues run mt brea uy 77D “speuno} Holo} je Ene ap myads200> fe asBp9n ap round sip yqeayiaa “vupasuo uy 6 yeatoy feu eam equa uyp naan y areod “iezqeatoy g arvod smostp aouo “eum 81°© made) pungze ‘msmosp © yrunsodu aweoy auNpUSIP © wg veeyounoy unm pemmew mmylequmy esmezyun Hy 2p anoan afsluysoo> yee] YINEOMD MBO zpep smuad sqqruozas 22eq pupaozadas apyesou jeu0) Pana eral wiry 86 pede 0 st om ea "yasorsoeproge ands spans ese ronan aed WH dues oreo snsounsine nossopy -zanonpop rooy 9p RHD9 YUE} aimupyes no sunderdns 95 a auouniine suum amiionanos ap varaind ajeaniojoe moor je afopan ap aud icy ‘eoqpnoa rapiusuane muyprapioon 18 fpprjdio> aieasope auns 99 ammuouunee ap sjapodt ransw0. 1 mypao "tsdiut © nnuod unpaoosd xf yamio otm0N moNzap 1 ap vpoe aso peamoyou wo] ap yao 98 39 20f99 fAN22EG “ajay wotloy fe > Sop Bey yews 9 axeo “wmpRoD mlequly ‘up mmeusandie exdnse speunou sstosp un spew my ae surkloap fou fun wluede y sop ¥ nes yeopout “ie “edoy ezenusqioss ase wud ourverle 9p jspost om an sundosd uum, ‘pue} A Ge :y66t) «ARERR ap rOjnK=IU0D ae ajeaz0) iophpoudosd vonmzo.05" wo ydno0 98 a1 ‘apeuDuNase pena Bo, nydaiae 9p “spear siuoumre sonpoud 29 poffoj oad yrexeng as ane jppous un widope GRUPO, PREY {PPS oe a9ey REDE “pEROTHP MNLIANSTE wonoed uy of goyrlumé eomuoumifse uf yo ezniode Hp 3p. aafousod 16 ‘quor-sunrier eaten afbnared fapous 39y ope eae pheassoe (© ‘2x9 8008 u) pupiwozaidas yonsiops wlaspap ‘seamoord nifoy surps soun rzeq ad y2ropuos 36 aameiunsy apemate 1p wzaiod 4 2p govajd jgpou ase “es wzqeue uy “umUDumae 2{e spponUIs apjepou vnsoaut vp [ROH aM pore pasiZons jyppopy “arevowNSse ap ypeisur Vseso" ysdoossp Taro pyozoy “uRpoy uaydag my apumu gdp UROL, pow 1 stung “spores yoymarsHOS THpEPOW ‘ane09 rfusaaiar apo wees} mypeM>AP AyoPOuL ‘uno, ]IPPOU nes HOIAK yBpLUBRORS ypPoUE TeRsLN 29 229 oy coxproge 9 ys 0 ait 3d 3J9poUL Ian ¥ easy Qs aMUREIOD 9 psgunonp woreusumise “ANSEAeIYG un-3myaosajoad "aD Ho,‘Tormiya Cale cit pentre ca interlocutorsl si le poath derosebi in constructs canuldscurs, sami, se refuze sau si le conteaargumenteze Este 0 dinensiune absolut necesark a rapuni entice maniesata in relay sa ¢8 discus public, Riseulasimiisi anor argumente falaciouse, si negresit a modificisllor pe care le presupune exists cu atit mal mult eu eft ioterlocurorul este mai pugia atene ‘consircyislogica-foriall i material a persuaivai, fnainte ined de a vedea care stint cel mai dee indice falact argumentative meritt tonipi si aminnim o clasificare = argumentelor porniti de fa eircurnseries lor in erei mari ait aia acgumentelor legate de elor (eegisim aici majortarea aegumentelor de ordin afectv si moral; aria axgarsentelor legate de potas (este extensiones argamentelor orientate sect ete un public aumeros find caracteriate de afecivtate si urmérind <4 luezcisci emopi, panini stu sentinente) sin fine, aia angumentelor legate de gr (vorbim aict de sigumentele ce se adkeseari rajivai, formind corpal_masiv al realizaior frgumentaive). .Na existd retorcd fini 0 legitutd er patior ‘yg, orator anitora-limbaj, fe cf acest linsbaj este seas sau ‘oral, verbal sau view.” Meyer, 2010: 75) hs consecings, putem vari despre: = Argenennm ab ener, este cunosent a si argumencl sutoritj, i ente cel mai des usitt ia momentele cind fapte onerete, imediate nu por confirma te2a propust. Ammoci se apeleazi lao entra (personald si impersonal) avind prestigia $10 expestizt incontestabile in domenil de la care se revendica teza propusi. Esenpul in folosisea acest tip de argument exte ca inteslocuroral si accepte fi sf recunoasci auroraces invocaa afl dscucsul afl intemeat este sortie esecuis, “© Arminia ad wencundian, m0 Fosimplito analizat dept cel ab antinate, Pentru cf se refeet ot la autostate $i teputai, acordati {nsf nu de istoricul epistemologic ci de gate publ ‘Cum aceasta, vom vedea mai jos, este in fond 0 costrucie semantica pentru a desemna 0 conjineraré de sentimente sé}, 100 _ Lage anges retre ‘este evident ed opinia pblica nu pote inst cine este cine na ‘ee auoriate iou-un domenia san altul. Cum opinia smn ig ace resorturile ei pragmatice $i alecive, este foarte posibil a, in baza ei, si se incerce proclamarea de respect gi ecputaie acolo unde ele na exists © Argemontiny a palin psteesed argumentacea in 20n8 gposcologiei, conserand cf iatemeierea tezei ponte sta dose pe judecafi asupeanaturiherarlor $i cum un gandlitor ca Locke ‘considera a fi singura forma valid de aspumentare, este frese Ch i priveste nas luceuils in maniers empirck, #-Arwmenion u courario, poate vara cei de mai sus atta ‘reme cit provedeul favorit este mabye, Dich observatia imediaté 0 permite, se poate considera cio serie de prapeeti ce sparjn (sat nu!) uni obiet pot apaygine (at nl) unui ale obit ssemAnitor. Este un tp de argument care se pretenzd foarte mult ‘eur in fuacie atunci cine reguile logic formale_privind dlfipa si clasiticare mu sunt respectate, 1 Argumenien ad ignrantion pastreazd angumentarea in zona gnoscologici, atta vreme eit se inemciad pe cunoustere, care ponte dovedit si veritatis Argonne spar maith analiza to in weoet contest ata veeme cit plenes dela premisa ct dack doud tee previntd analog unc argomentares lors poate intemela pe acceasi demonstra; © Anymenio a iio este de asemenca un argument epistemologie. Maniesa s2 este una inductiva in sensul ci se foloseyte de transfert de certvedine dinepee ceva sigur, veriicabil cite ceva, cu care peesint’ nnalogi evident, dar mai yin sigue: # Argentino «fart este formolat tot in baza cestcudin si foloseyte aceeasi metodi «analogies. Alelspus, dact exist un eveniment, un fapt wecue dovedit ca adevisut, stun, eel prezent, pe un gnoseologic principal evden, este "eu atie mai male" evist. 10cor {481 9990 nomena apse aae apn tae soppy ye uy menor se etene Sg od steed IN (aun et nine 240) snpoizunise puny ¥ o jioons weeping ad seoSq RN ‘ame soma tn ya sara (oq) pmo ole > (np) ‘rma yy ss a ir os ere ea LE “amarouunve 9p ronoy esuseanse puts 0 x 9p a6-npupDyEasat inaap on popes smgear ul “aBojopomur sop. "ES diso yopimumdie © anEYLeNP YIRIDE #O NAPE 263 qe aosanaur 18 opvenapuos ad yusane no myaresoape ease eanaaye aunIs51d 2p tozaund op teeineaea sos sapuouor po annoy? = ‘osedoud tprziod) roands2or poy #9 YuBp|sueD aIs> mMyESIAPY vaIDON am uy fmHTIOD Wy} YBOIO} aso aw 7 wom ‘qutaoqe> nes psy “equ opuoqgosd vasesoxur“yueossod wy one © pisjruem 98 aoMojored 9p sjounoy wp -oinas ep end veo: nand pesar @ 1 me nu ATED Mp AAI bund r¥ seo arog 3d 9oudor woexe 9 muautdoond ‘ono, urpunf orgy qs (SoRSNGZDp PUPED UF soqe Feu!) yosounD HW as0poy woseape ais jeuo8ad pou! ul ws2>e 2d 7 MymESIaAPE oped Fone aim wy eosund Usd ‘Memo pr Im fe pagsinssod und yrs eeu aio awaued pr aoomiiy? 9 my lumnas ps weave ad voaaiap I aiuopras vrs no 29 999 “sit pity v9 safgpaaop 28 “pinsge ¥) oxoonpar unl “oun Snes ys nyaresmape wa viewaope puny © (roztsoud) ndsane 23 anon weofyap as wundae > EaRPSOP no ONL m9 Soayugwose ato) [RuDuace 289 so 2 mpi? ‘gquagsted ea 5 vouwlunuas yordua 2sndo reo) varedoo2e “ostxpenivo3sa Imdguid 2g vepmove undo ee wz iS Goqdus) budaoov ps fosow ais fase yo jesus up oqurastds a19p08 fap sound wip stonyprsivo9 airs o-nur mppresioape rasound up oy of epraay tune mssa2e ep anvod soplurosuon mamqenzap Pino of aranio wiry zon ies sa Seen > eadape was 99 ad sto a po ro ay 2 sarap 0 frie a> "spe ap stow 0 yep tes a8 920009 Sn eleaasae af aeapeoy 9p agi ap eshe 9 pea 29 Sop poo uggs nou op de open © 8 ep “inpuesiaape sojsen eassopeeauoa one> amuoemmeRs mdopm yououndie aso ,wanuay pe waranty? « suorodta-anaaye waa 2d jy yantuo> vourysuoump 2y “289 ednp “pupmussse iuomdoasd anu) poonp yar ap od owownie op ued ony "aig vareonty uy aad ne ayaa pops aidwoxa ap rund 289 wou nied up 1€ tuataeo ap daa yu w nes Yuen HUREINPL 3 pd 8 woudep sa. eng 2189 anuad vd "ws9>" Myyo3d © yon azemusa o wy "WyRuEasNp ¥ (pee) vaseuREDa sundosd 9S} ane> (gris 2p "swansa) pared sun jrusesfond yg sod yaeq “einaioo i epuwiedoud y avvod wey “Hpsu IE ‘yumiojeo fy aieod vig “du ap nee soxsiovooo ‘ozo adounad ad gupuruas ysaxd op sjuedane> o 8 y awed yang seme eaSansp Uy mes yMEINSE eommoUDIep ul wso|OS ywaUNNsEE s0p0 2159 gyy YD 2s9puyd mifed> asaoe u] ngad wsmasp ‘yamoid na ghnwot © ore atnday 9g tonyq eomRonny 1 a8yM 3s ayououméze “sounder yzeajane ein pays ‘uuedes y rod reas a spplou pur. ny unin ews uaqaong po wali” OTE nour sio8 uiq) aumsp yor auowseodaie> nossapy wosoid ‘eod ateoed up ‘ares [9 219 opus go wumauait (90}00p! w ep dia un of wuououede w> #) raw euugoday 2 ‘ane 12 su mv sup jodoud aq "wos wored eamnodur gon 2p 1wsUHU35 mun vazeonorep aso mys yndons woods uy (epeomed exe ‘a aggre syso je 16 asUo Sf anod pynsanonp ayo ayeoe Up "3189 gu pemee 16 aun pat ge sensu vanaane¥ yeuosiou i eaRoaye came] veroraus22e opp wind vapas doa “mpanosip € pevories ounjsuoutp yuan ae suounie ap pada 2920 HEC ‘ein ea,‘Tomi Cet Jn functie de context, adversar si subicce Gecare dinue ele (eu ‘excep cel fre) concord in realizatea scopului persuasiv a, ‘comnieai ‘Dest nu cred ef exist discuss ce se poate pune in maniert absoluet le adapost de faci, este necesar, cocmai pentru bana ‘esigurace a diseursli (s)ennoagterea calor mal uitate: © Pattie prinipit este specif argementici in care aa se espocts stractura clases a rafionamentului. Cu alte caviace, se find intr-una din premise ceea ce este de presupus« fi dovedir in conclasie; 2 Angementom ad ignerantian consch in & sustine ch tera propusi este adevarach pentru ci nu ia fost dovedits falsiates Su, dimpoervd, cl este fle pe temeinl ea ne a fost dovedit ines adevarul, ‘© Inpro conch conste jn ignorates voluntart a teze, ‘umirind absterea atenjei asupra unor aspect colaterale, secundare si contingente cu te2a analiza In acest cay, argumentele sunt aduse in speijoul altel teze care are o anumiti legaturk de sens cu prima, sind impresia ear argumenti-o pe ‘cet nila (jn eau). Scopul acestei eit ese asigurarea scant pe o te adiacent in condigle uni ge sgue pe tezainescuies + Enuninon quid este (e)eunoseve 8 gimralgare pri Const in fapral ci se emite sau se accept un nung generalzstor ficut pe bia unc induct incomplete, isufiiente, ccea co face Henin in ala alte cazue semnifcaive, ‘+ Past bos, ego proper toe (dopa aceasta, deci dia canza aceasta) sezidh ina soefine cf un eveniment ulterior aluia ii are ‘ates in acest, Se incalesprincipiel raga suficiente, cautind si stabileascd reap cauzale acolo unde este evideat cf ele nu exist Se confands (voi su nu) coincidenga cu cauzaltatea”, ‘Tea int nederconuat ape c ind avis demonstra Teg ohn at a pe Te 1 fae tite rim itn orf oo ‘Tee motto ern ee expos soperton, dir 4 manvasoe de 104 7 Les, aunt eric Cu sigueangt exist multe taxononi ale axgumentelor i soflsmeloe. Scopul jst ne a fost ace de le dee msi, et mai degnbi de indica consecingele corecte anunel nd asgumentaren se desfisoars sub sernul valida adevavul, $3 incorecte stunc: cind, voit sa iavohuntat, sosmpele yi fac de cap, 2.1.4, Sofistica A determina toate clementele cae ies da noemaliatea scl Gncasve inetd aus contra ne late patlog fu care se conv comonictes nan, Inueprndre fell fpeu de waitin practic. (-) Esse motval pen care ae Eeptdim st deli cites put eo ce se tanec Borer in commicaes publ ero care in mama dene tngumentis une rpm sub sume e sofa” Saavira 2he3, 306 Ca toate ef ofp presi, dn punt de vedere etc Slozofie, 0 petal de decades confine, pn fapal ct se sibel inpovava cer ce uecepia aed abiohe 9 define De erten subsectve si nceontoat, 1s inser in oi loge 8 0 fance bie dei Ceca gind sofstic ete apeoape onbstnpall Soret font, Bela Pion 9. Asso, ‘lsotaromant™ 3 pak ssi se tonin seus pre 2 sci peapetiva soli, ata visi et proba advan Pete se poste pone doar la nivel seman Ip Fomnale mdndodo lmpesh val "Ramund vo uaiuce teen gree de sft pun umd vila) Quinine sliced tn ot he tees hn De Insts cna, enind ch sunt gone ingye cv aden ia Cue tc grec set fontroveie. Tae Seen seas °NA ict ce se nee i ees ce {ges onmese sopra, aut lceet eden un ume, eh eal ma “Hina dese, pen cuca ers pom itt Tn jn fost eis el por to i se Pc aca deca ese Cee ee amet eavdatone” (Eps CX ee sei) 10sot seve up orseion ns F291 rsa ead 2980795 SEH, fe buegaape unfunus yans sjmouméie ypep amp rose fod snausuundie up bor stags Up "uaREde WM > AE=N2=H Dir (ous) ten asa ws eras no 2 ee surg aezyaape susp "9 HUURsHT 3D #o30)swuacede ove Roop ion no ap aap ‘30aNpSn aL arespaope whzodoxd sod oparaauaie “ze sade wy “opyes2v) a22H091 Hs AHIIONL Sp apusyurooar yo jude] 2p xMUUNAp UTS 2KUHYO® ceca eds wf eyo azevaunire ap songs 2p wl 202 fv. umsoroa WF ayaape ani sonpomm @ aze> od Pyentioo Pep od aio oy ease eeoeur yo fuday mnuod HoHODs| Tapiogg "BOD vy 994) 0 wore ents ad Font fre were reyes uy unagaspe done Aw ane> Rep “yatsope uaz For ow aie> wipzodoid “emapsapeau wou ap undoad se racnmaopare 2 fade 9p SFETUETOp w0N8 2UIsHOS SHE JPountundiw ap vf) afuor parr oumy TuReouSse opus TNasunise op ejay sesame ampuounie e amsayie Be ocaiuoa aso ase shuawuy> Tat 29 uy ens wae Heo usyor ‘anewvournie 3p aze019 #> stlestoaqo ¥op VY eurostar sys stousN 9p 2fBOr9 3094204) 1 [9 NOI 20 apn ploy enonad seq] Haid areod 9f eunou “spun 2201 Tonsed = pataop uf teniy v 16 and mypoxHO] (GAKIOP IP vieove outst og PECL (ASM WEPOA! Loe] ns ws “TuOW pout Sango ze io ap eUpeApUT e|I6Nd t9HIe> rapTEUIEUOA SE Shreias yoadsar “esoup Yep 3m “unas one 31909 Teemunney WF pavoueuorrs weuree yoo) snveg “azevoet Sp lene un fumeu « arefopluu 6 289 Foo] 2p HoH ent pusnjos eng unzojuoo erase “eoooe acy aseqzap woumdns eek ad aca yun pagaape m9 fama uy (9ms21009 “Es12pet soon “onevptewos “asSomso) Rpaeedo auemepous @ 2d0pe jeovfomy yeooder pour ey quan Gp nsaoe od UALS FE sanour ane und afi o3nojo1 un 1o BIOs UpsO 2p iBopery adwpor o-nuy enasnuy aye 019 suns oope ‘sree Sp rojape aye Hor wns asursyos rrearosqo wand C) ron eran PH oa shuoeqo ramps op moo oe mpeyed aie dysqan spnigos romped no means seraS MORIN sorsmayps pups waoyqond mane wy fy auond ed end 6 op 20| juusa mae no prone we seas pendnoe Faun e yqd ono 201 tor oe supa ad asrouno ‘Bis en moines jog “anno a 8 sn dard Duran feck et 9 omapwnd a fs abu PPE fo Ted ep yen tayo und oo sm oy and 9p Saal anos mor Ss Sp mend moe ‘pr oye © sop a8 1 sos a ampunl29 309 ssatonp “od ina me 9 ponder feito sesodnony compart yeed sus sno. amore io pusjgox! mweooy-p moine Ys yeor msjor Myon pond eumyoxd ets 40 seo waa Fane OND ep sep ivesoda opm so ooo “po panqgord Sind ne useoe tg taped soeesnarpany wamgond PUPA tao, cor oy una foro rm ne mayor BOL "pony go 9p eens oy moon 3 NSO] tv mr Sonos o ouop eau gondtea9e ty HE } tim 6 so ensolop ajed 9 someeNp “opr 2p al be warn aatowad stad apluponog fre aceon) tre no gaan sasyop 69 np ©. ae “or>xpeND fda prey aston ad 4 me > SIP TUR a ‘he agonow 9 mesoanShe yor “anny pune By smorsope isn 8 pm ansodun amop img amen tae De opstovos wane o nuns nr apr pda A009 nape upp atop ane ad eenpiog amo 9 FARM fe tmano on apap qaosandor ne Saeom akon one mmptst tm. sapese “pay totnH0— soe (HO! to nwopiodapen ane o me teen “yop nnd et er er res sfospods“orecmey Hasso pemcasoaes PP onper ne o-poojan igor ap omc ye ano se ww,‘Tomité Cle ‘az, nu sunt respectare anumite exigenge ale desfasuriei normale 2 unui aer argument, exigenge cu cae, ial, aa fost de acord opi participant la celapi dilogicd sau care’ result ia mod Jndubitabil dia modal de desfagurare a une astfel de eelaqi ‘A tieia observafie: cum sugereazt foare bine st rextl platonician invocat, mebuie sf existe o ankinité aseminare intse ceea ce © adevirat, Coes ce € corect, ceea cee stommal # sparen Jar accast areminate vigeaz8 din nou edle tri surse ale ero: sequent, tehniea 4 condi. Asgumentele aparent adevirate tichuie sé se asemene cu cele adevitate, tehncile apacene corecte tucbuie si se asemene eu cele cocecte in realiate, respectarea aparenti a conditilor trebuie 38 abi o legiturd cw respectarea reali. Alfel, posbilcates es interdocutoral sia dreptacevieat wn argument fls, coreett 0 tehnici aparent coreetl, 0 zespectare faparenti 4 condigilor argumentisi drept o tespectace reald se reduc pind la anuare ‘A. patta observajie:sofismal este 0 eroare comisi ca invoagie, Iatenfa aici este una bine determinati: a determina ‘convingerea (pent interlocutor) iia convinges (penta cel care argumenteazs) in legiturd ct» adevdrul sat falsetes unel Aanumite reze, Dact dia punctel de vedere al receptorulai ne exists fict o diferenqt inte. argumentarea corecta. si argumentarca sostict (pentns cl el nu ii dé seama oX este dus in eroars), din ppaneral de vedere al calecsicanuls diferenga ete exngial:acesta fin urmnd este congtiene cl peopune 0 falsl argomenrare imeslocutorului, 0 face ia deplind cunostinys de cauai si, mai ‘mul, chiar cu Constinga indeplinisit unui scop care 90 i pe calea nosmali a argumentisit corecte. Este o manipul fa acceppiunea cea mai largh al termenuli, si ni inordesuna regisi in sensul ef restrins gi peioraiv cu care: modernitatea ssocit2a acest ermen mai ales in domeninl discursulii politi Constringenle tice ar putea interveni doar cind reaultatle ener care sont puse in miscare erorile sunt inderitabile. Alte, = face binele chiar prin sofim e an..bine! Din pureral de vedere al 108 ee Las angele ric. ragionaliigil pure inst, probleina erorii rdimine impardonbill 200s: 314-315) fa conclu esi P tie si referindu-ne steer Ia practca discucsivl, rofismal este o erome inteayionats cle argumentare detenminatd ae aparenga adevsrula) anui argument, de aparenja corectitadinis tuner tehnici de argumentare sat de apavenja respect eondiiloe de argumentare pin care ze obfine coningereainedlocutorul- 24.5. Persuasinnes Oda vise catcteiticte stoi gi elin pe cate aceasta © pout att cv cunoujeea dagen dso) odd Siete te ip lp oe dea dora ste moment af he splecion stipes pesuasund et 7 fee fundamental al comnin, chand nt cope ‘eo, pur informa ace. Petey Asso, once discon Fos carseat pin persasnne To fond, "ore cuit ese olncrcare de induenare « celal” uci, 202: 1) pena ch proce de comenicte fi poue Hl nkiodst ness. Once nformape ae ieee telelopes, "mewieleadleindeerpona tena Courier. Comncates determina apna woe rel Attain soc Gin prepa esac de eansmise a once intenge ce vor preice schinbtd sisal inerocuonae, iniferene ct vorbins despre fete $i tfhenye la el cog sau emojonalPatsoos ffl pi infueng local sole ae pesca” (MeQunl, 199. 150) deouece aces Induce ienle eansnittoria syn sceptonla, Conumiaren ee infuensa depigerte-aivek interpersonal s ne extndes ae pe ‘rca it pe orizontlt De cle mai tute on puteret ee 2 Conform Dicjinari Engen de Juraln, yprsunsnes na poste 6 espn de ter, ne acetes ds nd etc sere de eae i Pessoaund epennt un sani de fepak de tej cher alone Soon athe che dct bic pesos ce Bk” op 20 19uu anvpur o-ring yeeszna aarenssad afesanr aur, (~)yeuoHes pom AL 9 ‘anoaye Palu EL ape perorodo rounssntod yo e220" 189 Dunwasiad op Yaunuoianve pemlansoyp 99 2920" 18 ‘anaes sresgoae taliog warsuiigo if FHhepe 2F yopuny“aBuuaUoD ¥ apap us yous ALONE ypmsiod w ‘SAME 219pO% UE USE EeP eq] tustutsuoa yes pour wy yepiooe as ken ‘jaeyz3n fi ‘H0(0} 2f9eojfue sexpas of woAe Yup ¥> eaeUeUOD fe donp wisevoy sungad 9p appa era ap punyeaar ean 1D ‘eamemes aaqaioop 6 foun 239 ma aumpensiod 1 axsBunauo> ny ‘omupng wslasqo wing cunzpn 9p zjeuinu riod 18 “prog aa8ope “ne aeobe wt “yaess ZD9p 20 IID PEAS Duubia ea as (suaaiqng "yur a1s9 vareIiop “nunsensiod er up "qumyos Up TEEDASP rauoU aw2 whuopiag wea Tinlosd oy suelunaay gutneosoy pewiiggo 1S youn “eDap "e> Isoor up eluapia eeroea] ana “em nes asanvUT 3s omdord zaainsefgonooris puney © uous 0 9 YBOIDIA "29 2928 OT ES de ad yundo ru oy zs puna 1 mymuaundoand sopreouruores alan! if aopgord eiuapis pidsooe pnsuy yuDaqns TesSunaso joer off 98 2pop wsere an vad uUHUEDIE ‘Meiuy Ip fans sumoe 3p BEDS e ava ERE=Y ‘giqasoap ase © uundoe faye “yabnodunp 1p opus e-9p amaeos mmaasa ww 8 wopaIs Ys Her ye ‘am ‘oienuumyiy o amnsuon me sa.0ud yoyo sone fe s0.0Ur > luspiaa eluoeqyy ‘Tapue pe sf nUMse ye 2oqonce raysuen ton ap IIBYOE 19 “BvapHiD HNEaED!> 9p nu Suu “oq Pout ty eam 0 ef Ylope © 49 slimpSon aye yzeepa9 H SIE p> T>PURI “Soyuruoy pene era es aps US yumseesaDd spnEyP.ZOF snow Na2e wig “R¥twos ea" ad sinuHigo MunIZape [e wun wnsozee W neoyeygo yeuaIIEED n> ofrzodo uy "oUNHE Sensisd aonpoxd 0 aie ad puna reur ‘sree © "S gnyoundir ‘egy Sunteape ap sige asane ednse sen pesur ueang sos Te Turewygns unt ey Ysndazd exo m ne nes wape vp eomaz9qq poqdan vounpmend “estes 399 M0 apANMY Ig wo pop Haren wiry on sre our soeqod o soqyop pou oy yey epoo Hanae Hl pious « leudeuy © eo 9 mye © ad sec 2H Syplenvoup ur amon 2pepprunioo nts an Bosbo> wno=Id dor oor oxaigunn eounieneiog eens SmSRAIHOD ap puny 0 Nanmusundn 16 09 “Puy ‘spas 9p. ond $n uno aqjivap 25s we dao ys npoNPe un HUT Wop aseanocy 0 yiomandor roonmmneia (C190 “Se) «CANT tas) smo es soqanaun jupde> ey" "ans tnd © uno oe “whensvouep 1o9p fae teromdo Huong Yseoe po Jeoc] austuezodkoy # auprane ap wes (yeuotiows Tioods i) poasoye “panmolos maw 9p MEGRIRPS. HBA} Se ee ee Circe soe uPuSEI F BUOLTD “apinne es oumrenund 23st Sesisee [RONpUEH 99.899 ‘px 301 wef soeOMNNO x ap aan KDY “aeqUIs Hy 208 sudound aaoe ad sor anse winaowne pudeend Bd onepsuca soy ne spain spafinawo> ewer “elosaya 2p ao{ mpuinisy ope puype eer wens wp aul 245 at adeanoo depen piu 9 a oeotnae un 1 SIUC HI fuupad ened pay aveapdopey i aus ana Up ouND 3 fy deme popprsuos megane apsod aioe ou eu Yo 2ibplu oid wos > reeorfns rains ap euazod aeonpo bed ps mune 16 npard rxg eo soo ap su NOD ‘rmmprpar qe BaBuzauos oun wanequmps “ypqiiod a2 ain eqaniuy 38 utah oumencod e2-0pCS}y, USE-VSt 6651 THEDaW) «amlvanyUs ap Myesaoond snes m9 aye ridge smu pupanse secu vas sjoore assume upp up sanrzod ‘whoop gy avtodBajenos arEIOD Ysooud “uy jor Heepunydpay "uum wuuSuMZodaIo> “hued sxeur eur ¥29 Up "RRA! 2489 PORENUNIOD "IBY 36 se ao uy eis ngs sug oF pun 9 HGS. | “apupluonyut 99 ape estasejuo> pogo ys wroou seed HOS oe uo" Tp Freafhs suos “Fepos waundoeY oy ERAN ogmdoss warsione naniad soit ean seo shoonget eine wa,“Tomigt inte ‘mai mate decit stele pe objinerea de react afective din partea seceprorubu, $i ou pe obginerea de reac miionale. Pesuasiunea include studires incirciuniafetive a mesajeor, precom $i roll pe care il joacd eomponia prihologict unos auditor, penteu & feabili msurn in care acesta ae va lisa sau ou influent” (ybacks, 2004: 19-20) ‘Cum pease Adstotel, retorica este mai mult 0 ara Udescopertt clementulsi pecwasir dia Gecare car dat $i a javontelor din care el desi, deci 0 a7i¥ a persuasivnil prop ise, ol reujeste 0 grupare 4 izvourelor elemencelor persuasive: public in fate cirsia se vorbeyte, de unde preocuparea de 2 fdapea discursl pentru al face persuasiv, cu accent decsebit pe capacitatea de comprehensiune a acestua™,earacterul orator care trebuie Si sie 34 aug atenyia asupra moralitgi sale gia Ccompetenfei pe cate o are in domeninl respect"; rralitarea axgumentelor alese si aranjate in aga fel ex publicul sf fle convins. Prin vrmare, ceea ce contez2i in primal rind pentru Stag sine bazele etice, paihologice si dalectice ale discursului, De aceca, rindra sa de a fi ginditoral care a fieut dinc-an ansambla de reguli empirice o sine rigaroasi, este pe deplin jusieats, cach pena el, ceroica este menitd of extinct dominaja Logosulul gi supra domenialut opinabillui, domenin care, neavind o sche adeevar, scipa de sub ngoarea logosuhs Beste comooiss sont ma ae ean clad mesa ety acond pina stdimel exsene, Cac, pin esl tanamie busca Be CEofmote convingsie exits car const, sinter cj te fcuninde ca heal fone wepied f sommicatn, ngined toa Je ines praponii eceporion B"Taticape ee mat ee to ele ecto] acon un presigia Bo ‘odin mu, sane tan Comat capha nasil de {pen oe ante psrug iran demectn eapand sews fotese nz 2.2, Discurs gi argumentare Consideraile de mi sus ne duc astfel, in tod manuel, a problema saportului dintre gindite si expres et Clci cova ee se fntimpla io actol discusului este exeriorizarea ganduls, este ppnerea in cicurastantiere « uaor adevinun. la in aceasta rezidh Jneaga problematick: este actal Logie al gindisi epuizst de cexpresia Jn? Dacd expresia ni este insist pindiea in procesul e logic, aunci este clare logia este doar nn efec forinal al giadins logice, dir au epuiza inceg procesal logie pe care- expand nivelul espresii, © sublinias si Wingenstein:,Propoziile por si reprezinte inaweagn realitate, dae au pot #4 reprezinte ceca ce trebuie sd aiba in comun cu cealtaea penteu a © potea representa anne forma logic. Penta a putea reprezenta Form logic, at tsebui si ne plssin cu propoziia in afara lagi, acle8 ny fica lund. Proposiga nu poste #8 repeezinte foninalogick: aceasta se oplindeste in ea, Ceea ce se oglndese in Hinbd au se poate seprezenta, Ceea ce se exprim in his ny pute ex pan limba. Propoziile indict forma logiek a cealugi.” (1991 prop. 412 si uem) Mai foainte inst, Aristotel iosusi lcuse precizatea ct schemele formalesilogistice sine doar demonscrapi, Prin urmare, bh el expresia formald 2 demoasuatii, cate este sllogisml, na «puizeazi procesul logical demonstaye; aceta este mai comple decitexpresia hi, Ire Orgnoy este © mircitie a deosebinl pe cate 0 face Stagiiul ine operaile logice st semacte lor, si in sensu cesta spune Ammonis (Comentanta la De Inteeatons, 19 4-20 a), ch logica are ca object ylucrarle imateriale ale spiiuli, nu cuvietele vorbite si serge gi mu se reerd la acestea [Rin ulmi] decie pent ex slot semnele [primelor,” Tar in Dee Reppingyne Soft, accentueszd aceats deosebite dintce vorbite 5 finde, socotind in genessl cx din causa inching resi ‘eevintelor se nase sofismele. ,Uaul dia motive [eare provorcd 113su BPE Guwed wom 8 seo ajglunE! n> vor ‘ay wnoxy (sud) oaaqqord waren vaspde aaeod aseusumise sundaes ane “oeRBMe amy sored dng (olyus 998 pmo 9) aieoiod nd 9038 niepusandie) aseu.sane ‘erty 3998 neuen a) sunyiereu oomened a8 wompues) Ye) 19pI039 ‘ppatouranan ane qnsmap “oanoaigo ayeoe n> odes up “naaye nage no Yasiwumzar eou09 0 “sfesored o-numd spoqour ‘spemayqosd aavor yzvaaind> 20 vdnqy (uum #9 ON ‘ndkang “e9ptf) pysoupme ayrcourpuss =| ade 30") 7 “om ‘isa (ett yf aundinr 9: wep sMNSIoApE eso requIOD aNd apaad s aoido mudosd wisns anes aeope anounite nuyaad tobe 19 Hlusumuoa ne 2x8 spidey pugundxa “yasinosp masiqns masouna 295 p rode “ado soqmdeid muds ta uyynoss ad yostonydoxd py pai ‘axeoMponuy o-nuUd ‘xdaauy Pucssio faIqo 9p “MAEM MEN FA SEER mynsanostp eamonng “P77 onnyqas no gapsanosp myranuysuo> # yO] owsaisds aneasope wus “Sony eShgpe aod as area wy omen eds upp zqursa? ape avoleur apzne> smup wun pun) esra>© “ragasnosepe vt adeoude tuse oq] slumoo appquee anadsor we Season eonsed felnp'oqnqan "peniovard ne yt 920 qh sans wAaNeU mnmaspe ypuszd 6 moundxs ehuna> pupsadsot e2pop weap j9> aslo) 31H 8 omdnond puposdsor found -ausyp dfueisur 9p ou sop woroyea ¥> seocy ypwwod 5 ne EHD rep up] “sprucio “merpmnsatos vaso puproodson ymep> § volo] eompges ice 29 your] EHOW jour W ayo ja SuoumepueMo> TOP 3p y"Ose [REMAN ‘steNPUOD Uy (9¢ :¢00z ‘mnseagtes) aH yarouorlavosjnzoxdno9e aro ap atau) up ajdojor megruuss mss puemise 1 Youypmyg2ar03 op 2es9 HUF asa eur nm pe vit ‘weds ots ames autos 9p 6 oop TaN SouapeadopeA aimgeot © auaip[esnony ato yrs ud to ea rrqwendoor way aud Sn aaton nse ws oe Du ‘repos pituodnoa oH! ganaaye pubuodos 6 eannos meswodann 0 ose emia yen oe snpOR! 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Dupiincenyia utiistonutui discursul retoric este: ppetsuaciv (viaind comunicaren), seducuy (viaénd asumarca Tunlaceals de eitze publie une: valoi, prt miloeires sparen argomentelor, promovati preponderent aféctv) sau inetate (Gizind instalarea in public a unei ensivni emotional suficiente se compote cum i ugereané cuvinedtoru), “Acessth axonomie nu epuizeazh definciv un discuss, acesta prezemindu-se adescori ca 0 coajunctie de clase de discuss. Aga de pildi, ua discuss politic, desi fundamen este eliberair, a ocolestesecvenyele demonsteative, de lauda sau de ‘ritcda nnor persone lin concise, discorsel retoric vizexsd si instureze, intiseasci, sibeasca sau nlite opin asunel este persuasivs $8 formeze, intireasct,slabeascd su inlnare imprest 1 unc este sedlictiv sa provoace emoti gi. atunel este inctai qn exer scopull diseursul este soerngs Cici a convinge este & obyine de Jn cineva ecunoapteres adevirulei declarat de utlizator, cu sjutoeal proponqiloe dovedivoase. "Numa ef a fi lewrit gi convins sunt hnrur diferite (.). Recunoagterea de citrecinewa a sddevigulus cunoscut au il tansforma in adevirl ai...) adi ma « vorba aici de © asumare convingitoar, tipied dalogului de pil, Cac, [a fel de bine por f lime de ceva yi celle si na admits propositile mele doveditoare pur raion fie penteu ck nu poate sa int-o rajionaltate put, Be pentrs ck obicetl limutic mele ou € adevisnt, ci sseminior cu adevarul (verosimil), ¢ 0 veriformitatesubiecrusl (an adevar al experentes mel), 0 opin, fin adevir probabil (probubiltaea ca miserd a posibiol) Proposiile daveditoare par rajiona sunt temeine loge, de pila 120 Lage agumentae gf resist ‘auzele, pentu propozipa de dovedi, pe cind o propoziie oveditoase dle natura mosivagionald e' un temei psihologie al propoziti! de dovedie, ca si accea de adturd normativd sau feleologicd sau asiologic. Deducye ar fi peste tot, dat ¢ 0 dedueyic nondemonswraiva cies vreme © penetsata de factor! cetearjionsl.” (Mihai, 1998, 52) Printewn discurs retoric auroral convins cau sd persuadeze publical sau s3-si asume convingerea ce ia Scpumenteard. Problema ac f daci public are nevoie le convingerea aurora, adiea-numai autor convins © fn ste 98 pessuadeze. Convinsil trebuie $8. gic si petsuadeze, dack lurmreste aceasta, neconvinsul sau cel de a cftui convingete ppblicul nu se art inceresae trebuic sf sie ¥ seduck sa init; fn toate tei cazutile psilologice, dscursul retonic e la el acast Neindoienic, i practcd arareori persuasiunea nu se lipseste de clementul seductiv, dar subosdonat comunicéi scesia € justticabils chmpotsivi, extensiunen seducfii i detrimental Persuadicl se spune cx ar dovedi imorabiate, dar de puyine oi 3¢ Fine seama de aceasd observatie, in nuiele ecienge, Dintro alti perspectiv’, sinstisind etteile ce eebuie Juate fn calcul atunei cin se propune o eaxonomie «discursulei, cxisth ideea cd de cele mai thule ot, acestea.(Clasifctlle Ascursulu in cont de: seantal colocutorilor, temele sbordate, ‘modul de angumentare al discursulai, circumstanele.spayio tempore, ete. Borjun, Sévulesew, 2004: 48) In acest context a putea vorbi Discurs fondator gi discurs prim, Denumi si discus ‘constitu, discursal fondator sre re fondetorin raport cu celealte iscursur, Este vorba de acele discuesuti care se constituie fn ‘spore cu proprile lor constissin. Purem incadra in accastt Spologic discursasile religioae, stinifce, Glozofice, juidice ete ‘ce au un comun o serie de propriety care fac refeite la conde de apanisle si funeionare enuayiasivs. De csle mai multe ot in 12ea (e-re $651 fortran) nguduiop snse nop sojaiquade yeeoenspy 98 eaquads yasmosip ‘eluzaston Ul “axa “ypovaus “argo wkriauamn 250 yur 0 aiS2uyap 29 ¥a95 ‘qpypvoisee groqoeme Oonu] “Amos mun foyBand ef SAEZ Jojsoadse » 18 20p Boyar, ¥ yO] rageiao12 aundnsoud Js bioqoussside seasesa0a Tuawiop eevee ws9>e Ho aya eu Spo 2g smianoe 9p siowiop aRINEE Renu! Ng ¥ ane Sp vouyppous apps uj om aezqepseds jnsanosig ‘onieeurne ppl am pases USNS. ap ramnanpp 219 suo sinasip jnon Yoreauaads are uy ws IMosp aeadoy op anzpa aise sinasiproiar ap di assay “2ntonwue fnnamosp pumas ap nage cagsanasp de> run jou heop mansuoo sued 98 sane UF) "WAIISEPIOIT "is surzoduiae> Lunsanospp ‘Siero nsinosip ‘snroqaoe nsmosIp Amsanostp bp mwevuop nda spreomain pss orp umnd Snomp mun of apransten apawowp snp ale Eas 0d 2s mgs yosoinge no yyEOIDY hes eULIyEOD ateod jf ysoAN20] 218 Se mpuouaued psnosip sissy qaraaa |S gavlono jUpED up Teyeot aod 95 naan 89y onaa jurdoud wysato9 w nae ane jacana ares ad wueapgisod pruzasdar asanospesysy (ys roo "moeaARS “Unio “N38 yNUAIOS HOP = (oondoad suas oy *purqioa aopein) ase. fap azeazs o andaoey e] 2p Yoor varus ¥ vayMLopr © ap {(-suads sod 9¢ ep "py NEE M-TH) borane oes psoids romanue w aresSopeuF O YOIAU Ep Gosnds pps) nan sme yO]: © ap & rer winds 1s pas) sresronenon ef yuedionmed aermpo ¥ 908122309 9p ‘sirssazoaoine ap sour 8 ‘ounaoien op uns 6 tno ednp isang ap sums o sundasaid memsapmayy sinosip dubop ssnosip an idaxp sopluy ass AMISH ‘ps rane ory wt par nes mone reponp pea ou 29 adey uhmes Tppane ay sanaqye © squotiow> ropmouye sfussqe upd earewas 26 1oompur rmsmosiqy ein faelusue asoy ¥ mstape umm 2p rep wonder © epar ® ap sommpou wotzsidas soaupur wsmasicy ‘peesodasaiuon rqui w Res y 2aBod woxe> rrsoyele no andique f aygpoy a9pa2ead vl saqezqeorou ¥ agseus luonns ¥] 9p “|ppse apuadio wundoN, “MERESP 3 wEEAEOE 3p supa 0 qas axssujau 26 apun ees equi uy aSoser 95 {an yynsinasp ¥ azepas yung wu va- "HeluNUD 10} v KISCIDE fum> sbexo eogdor ep2) © 9p OF ATE ION MEINOSIC (oe ‘booe ‘osrrg) 321909 ap ywoKaap 9189 odes emosp Pep suesqo Fs yoMoou eps sey yen fplvom02 jnpaiw m8 spuMaeoao ‘naeIaHopOM joa 1 yevouqpay 9 f pnsenoerp (mop ajo amp wae guenenndas garodes uemoey “(ox MY apmds eda" 39 3p) suas aye pon imqie 39-9 350 i jaro sepnzed apesiusus meds fun warp 9p ppjor 928 5089 of waway> ase> psisasp smsmosp op asiep wear audsop gion s¥sf ume ay salam os con anor won vo yaya 2089 waxodes [WEINOSHCY (os spone “n2s9mns4s ‘uckiog) wher anos 9p eaumusp gns masoumna 2159 sow ‘ange ws offojouars umpio ap equnyps zed veyez3t [nnsurosip wiop 229 Sn ser 'xsuaneD © HAANE NITE PURD UT "unsinosip 2017 Torsioge anwad yn ¥ 1x01 9p rouMHOG 2s iaar 9 pruouuar “und jssnosypa1sasnd 99 #299 8 (G¥z hoo ‘nosojuats ‘ualaog) samoap 9p dh arumur um anpoxd 1 wazae 2989 9908 BE ap preuszoxds aso gassmasp roverumn09 x9 208 w]-=DyPods aaorosp dgmunwe> foun rorezniqour wd efemyp “eARD.I09 browns o-uy apaniinas spe, Hr sompeoy MEMIND “psy a ed PRD Hinwo,omit Ciel in punct de vedere al analizei discarsuui, discusul specilizae se constiie drepe un obiect de limba} complex. ce prewepume on spectr lang de elemente lingvistice, pragmatice, Tesicale, morfo-sintactice sav texte Discursul public reprezinck forma _supeems de ‘manifesate a unui drepe nara: deepral de exprimare hbers 3 aelngriitd a concephilor,idellor si czedingelo jin. sens gencta, discacsul public este definit deepe « expuners ficuta tr fofa snes admin De de al parte, cerment Aesemneazd o succesiine de proposigy si raze ce presupun 0 fnumiti steucturé si anumits coereng. Intilat ia cele mai diverse forme de utlizare a limbil,serse st ome, dalogice st monologice discarsul presupune o anumith tipologie cate gine seama de anumive caracteristici ale engi precurs emigitoral, destinatarul sau stsaia de comunicare. Cu couteacestea, noyinaes de diam, caprinde © problematcs mult mai vasta a stingelor limbii, fapr ce il claseard dept un domeniu al unei cescetis, ‘neerdtiplinae. Astfel, Damites Borgun i Silvia Sivuleseu fefinese ciscursul deepe un sasambiu de emunfuri ale uaui femigitor, cate se sefert la un subiect uni.” Tor acetiaapreciaza fe dscursul poate Oyun text in cade ciraia perspectva temadca si cea cotnunicajonali coincid sau un ansambla de teste centeate io jurul une singue teme, stu tn text in sine” 2004: 9) fn opinin Angelei Coseig, diveursal este unitatea maximalt 4 limbajuhi,” ce se reaizeaes sub influenga unoe fennmene sociale st ideologice, Pornind de Ix formula lat Philip Lane, aceea ci: discus = text + context, cercetitoates consta ch liscussul presupune © serie de proprietisitextule si de date Contextual, preeum cadrl spatio-temporal si pasiipangi I act, 4 vorbine. (2005: 21) Reprezeatind ua proces complex de comunicare, Aiscursul public prezinul o sere de clemente comune cu celelate procese de comunicace, cit si 0 serie de particule. Aste, Aofiunen de diseurs poate fi eitinss prinuo sevie de isa rey Lait amet etre ‘peice, dat prin valle semanuce pe ee le dabindeye fa tim not epost sentifcatela nivel bogs Dine Pipe accep ale cull singe discus poate consderat sino a acl de vorbis mesaj global; r * 4 Gnu reprint un stom de conscnger, care pomind de a snumte por scile saw teologce pot prodsee So ana eta de cnn. rman S008 7 Duck acepye de mai sis poe fh conde bata specie deur in genial Magor Kise dasnge ose de Pail refestoue siete dscusul publ I opis #0 Siva public pone a fl gina! tans de 0 pecans ete pubic = P pul * _dicurl pableprespune o comunicaeunidieyona in care predomind comunicarea vorbieorului; wen 2 Gee founa de : couunicare ce permite ca messal ‘exbitomi ste recepyonar dun pub gn inp ce aera ‘eeepfoneiol doco pare da fod bck * sopul dest public ee Inoeeauns complet 9 ‘mpi a clemente verbal clementenonvebae eens seri ac rela une plop discus represin vn font mai degabt metodologl,surpinerea formclor pe cre Alxcrsl le pone imbric eve un ders mal degra pero. $ oom stat doat asupeacitcrve,conadedndue mmporants fconomit Tue fo eakite, combinind “dcarunes Duca opine eau ain id fa onde fice enite ‘pull pi ate onic dud pi stems fone einen alin eas Soins ment 1sa srum229099p wowope orfemasse ona aempaluyapar wos fadiasp syomrodes “o] ehumsqns Hse] uf "mponyed qua punjosd Trapenup2 » jeoodeaojunyeroos-ssi0v09 spend Shump sopmsiodes © wysuy woaneuyy feio008 o agsyp aus ets bd steznyieia f axaaud aonuionoa-opos uegEne 936 yen ns 3769 Duany ony saesadoun aoaap ¥ emp ap suevastnd ye autanous ¥ izaoa juotoeg (G9 G61) «rw sowuhn syn w= OY FMIOQIIE tosenul 6 qeummmn pris youtmgs 19 wp owas Zesqumps ne-é afemoe aphoar 29 ems od yeusoo ys 29 1 29 tap usnap ¥ apaued ant 2>/8yoapr ud yz" ‘sed fo-ap ad aupqqozd ais08 anu youn amyESzap aroun NERA spodoosop 2p 1089 wuneapion nu ‘sszaap aud up zaz0qN HE dy Spano asvoaneo o-muyeg 9 slag 3A 9 3O4!OU 3S bs sunle v omenowap sasqoemaur ¥ puarede exes esas uy aomipod p> vif psou38 ‘ Songnd maveqgap mines 9pEds BUDPIAD Te >> EZNED ‘swrod ‘av yeoua juieds o) slmauapr mopunose emempeysog suogs wos Myf ad erst. feds Uy ae} 2s aptREMEOWO smHOUNE pare oy amp pagydive “pas Dep “wens 29 ve muta ruvondos ju nu woSy “suyeo ydeds up “speomsd eunp Tuy teinay 5 ogajod anged ynerioscy “eupesSupu “oenNp eo fon cenopasep jasserd ¥ azednpued op rodaxp ¥ anand poopy pdaup sueoyweur iy ge vod W sopforunan esaupe bs op sanoeinuy Sruqeporr sezzodsip w ne Kampuy “9008 tow © sreenesnowp Fapmeid rw © e] SnpueD w oxxoqaMNAIOD Sp. sowonsapa sojsveaya myede eo aunisns yaneieudsoum doy aseooy sola pelusase> je JOxe|HUIS “PY 2p sorKNUS ‘ron op sone ype, vn-nend swezoDeTe vans nod lens if emea90g (61-000 “dog) ,RoMsraaNp MU HE YeOAZp Dyusind rad yaw febos emeeLO jun aoghss5eu pugcundsa Suinisxs aHREM 3p O}OdUIP >afod AOIPM IEREAA=D punsa ws Ieop vasoye 958} NU yoBojouys “sansyoazop Pinon awrpuowiin icy ver ung sopuoueo noes exe aloe4o> pay Suro ds “anu su ign aso peuopuooo peo" FsEIEU END er parp ange “oensosip w ypiuourspry YonesaNze9 © Seem monmnaion sougogg H PBRHEET "opm nmeag weed fi ny 2jdoos 9a aap yon 329 SoH UR RO, HU sol ww no pq 2H Up "Sod uname sovnsuN um pogan ‘nuns qe 16 rxdosp 9180}00pr_anup soptsnt sets spo em wp 39 eames ao 9p pes ain um pee agg iluaisy e ayeuortouts THeenepou aptupssuo> ye auspuos wane “eUOAANSE, apuusiane ¥ onmod miptanedonsed rympaye wax9pERS PHN 2p © "enebes sofuquiau¥ Yaoqoopt W Pod EENGSN] Gr 02) 28009 eAIO| ERPHST UE AU sso “dod 1w6(. Hane Sood sojopased © saghd HMPA eieusip w siebest spwuoNy UP UN MARS © pmep sipes ey eued f paodo eons fa “ayod (aoteounios nes) Howe soye wget 2p sons y sod apeogdy wuudso mroqy fe uSuEpIRY ‘Hayp yan pasar aouls> © pay sd aod 3 ong Fs ano 9p e3> apoyo ai sep ou ound po pg Insite aeueuo 3p wos gag tus e9 sito at ‘ad pas ap nauszadar oyged euvdo “epaurssew) mae ‘onqod ‘uno aioe osruun vad sonfed eadase tour BqLS sam) ut leds 219 Poojed romaninwo sljadod wp 2s euro uous mon eauerzape seme xp pugs sssnoe> ap sepsson #8 soeojur ynoqoy ¥ anne fleoea woNRSpIO}, {Ge 0661) ,20xmpWES wn op oaoE ME MMP." adNEIOP sd eri oye uote >a efi eae WO 71 aasnangy 2oned apo i] romngnY uad “seus 95 pu JF Siaup ap ipo" jemtiuoy icy "shqod qmssnosier Sop 9p ops ¥ muons Sui Wo ‘omonetotg un saya ed thon sioyanuen ap aiid » pranooyut © npuainoe, ‘BI SO,“Toms Ciule Discurso publics cae, am puta spune, motor economie!eoneuenjale Dee smal cnment ped ck ost ines de menjle plicit ~ al spun cB tw cee telance din age ee fone cay ch nae son earl Pubic Dea spon i sutomobl, counatoc po mark Er cearonren ate, ir che sme facia de cy ead invsal cl daouidforsaploe comic pin reine. Dia pea de vedere al pin tv ere ad nel in Cm india ip focreant, i neil iy comes propril opin oavinged, pales exe conser un inane peri. Menjl plicre sunt baste pe state sfecve de Emme i schinace 2 attain conporamentdor, Ee fon coral pc near ene acide dmensnes pommshl: Exagerindue see dimesshine +0 aja igor omangora, popu oil publi i, sa, ral i, trunpulesrt. In food, weap. publciar cideard io mod CKlibeine eape imporaste se consol daira in fvoara txplclich calor spare pentns cae ac medi 4 Ifa Schimiaies de componainent economic, In speci Pte inoduce scl! schimbates de comporament socal, dk acest tepid apanajul een campanir de rape: Ta kn dur pbc coe e138 cela potter 9 teacje de adres din pt iri dlecaninal de saps de convingre cinching beat fandarenn ck sopuste devine sue sbscse ef sso socal din spac acesor menje ne tat wfiay Gickod pace dn Conspinfi oni, sand, Ea comedioys fieach rpniaifolarsew 4 curs, semurie a laiee anoane in vomeninteniloe dees oot ‘paca dou eor tevsnk x ansformat proce pulciar ine indore Mai now, nv es jo de Chmuicare si tu uiicre sf om beneiese de sane bic, in acest moment, Ia Romania, tevsunes ete Canale mastoid care celal camel obi 128 Lay arta rari informaile legate de lverale din jueul Jon, dec, inchasiv, legate de ofertele de publciate. lntecsant ese faptul cf importangs ‘anafalus media prin care este erimistinformatia publictari cate onsumatort este apreciaes diferit de acestia si de cel care comand reclamele. Este interesanth i analizaea eategorilor sociale ease rispund posit unui anumit tip de promovate a reclame unui produs, Se poate observa ew aqurinfd ch cel mai important canal masemedlia de tansmitere 1 inforragiloe publica este televisianes, De acces, in pofide costului extreme de ridict, agenpile de publiitate scord cea mai mare important stravegidor de prezeniae 2 produsclor si servicilor prin televiziune Reclumele, vehicull publiciii, sant cele care fae apel dice la emotile noastre legate de necestaea satsfacertinevodlor re. Apelul la sagune este arareon intlnt in compu relarsi, ia wreme cit adesinnea si hovtrirea de a achisigiona este in ‘mare misuri determinata emoionanl. Nu este fama faptal (& apell el mai folosit este cel a ics, Este binecunoscur fae motorul principal al aciunlor mnajosti oamenilor este fea; fe este cea care controleazé si dcecionearé aia gi, implicit, decizile legate de acestes, Jn fine, poate cea mai ued abordare pentnt inglegerea rolului publicigi o reprezinta vecunoasterea fprula cin himes ddominatt de economia de pati filoslia publienhi este fondatt ‘pe dovd tipuside sla: cele de promowate si cele de confrantate Deyi ow pucem demonsis in mod empiric, existd in nol setmental ci, pe pga hibesi a opiniei public, mai ale bum siinformayi sunt promovate psn intermedia tehnicilor dezbater sale promoviril agresive decit priner-un discurs calm, tional si Obiectv. Fie ci e vorba de decizia de a cuempara 0 anumnita maging sau de #spaijini un snumit candidat poli, se pare cl majortatea amenilor iau decizi bazindu se mai mile pe imprest, imprest frente si influenjate prin intemediol mestclor discursula ppblcier 29ie ‘seo, sattodso fnansen rassonpdon 9p Teay wif uRZ33}0) 4328 jaoups ap nes “(esu>s ysoud) ahsepar 2p jeoUo# jMDIDoe Sp seounsnedap op jst ap rode sauodas 9p noe 2359 MUL fer sarsaoone plsnjoe ap aif rman poeyeay Iso SUNSIEID © nes [eopre nds un “siege agen ane soypasoteass 1 ropdey Soaps onder aisyaerdns 9p saben shusypae v BHU Seopyor oe] s90p stare soedus un axe — aga pss ~ trea Dp ayoesaoy fun waeeinday sidauo» aidsop s49qu08 9109 wens isnze> agazaid ee ayant 9 “dnioa was dn 9p emer no mind swvod nur epaai-ssepy yayusien YS wns woos 39 oxdsop sppeuy ay2 dud woseaqios ys amo “snouuDAs 2poq¥ 2o1MUp fe 242 Zoqnéum! Y meuorajoxd louoo © ‘sanewusza.dos uuouiuona seaimps pe pipawrssea sundae psad >ylouny paeonan He ynasoum qe #9 a9 eanayatsdns ‘mzqeisos 2p wsuny ‘sreauniosa yoisioew amiadiows 2p wuny + ‘Soy me ane socsmouN rpawar eopaedsiod wp uny v asaysoaudns ap mibuny + Badeop wqz0 sare “uu 2s JpaDsery ap snmyop afoury aeo|goad fpiso0e v rubsord op Doepiog? soho uy yreous y aaind wu! vn yode a1 aveupepout fongy tpous-sirur ape azole ojoory poseouyap xe ainaz RAST prowH sepus leweatzsp UN pupadzoxdss mon Isope ‘prandbouy ef sye 98 mpoureeecr orpmae a2e9 ep epousd fosny esreoqsno> mpmis oq) “SBeYpaU MEMOsIC Gel hoo BANC) .cDarAAS mune syuraes sans pun wannypr ad pzeozeq a6 329 a8 oy03d ‘oon RuDs9uF UNAS? @ aIs9 NakUH E YD wEZNPUOD B onP 28 ‘uoubs 20-7 ae ye 1 uDH BIEUDAL Mog ESSE EN PMU rumseid duanyot ojeauosp 2p yiutlads o> ono aiapon bp ound wip epgeay-nen( 29 ne smgorua FDIS eu ap vounisensiod > yooaouandiay “ogqnd mpasnB ¥ a2eanp> 0 x "yansyan azeaareo o-sur 1 pouu ese un-sby "NANO [338998 Up smuaseaid 9p appeaey ruven aysjoWUpE I 1S Sunoxd pc Pampa wiry oct evzcqpns 8 ‘u2our asp doas soae> fe uaoeye angy nu vormoygnd ‘arpuay wid ‘aged et nf 30a dyes azes ap asamgeous wessope © yamam sf Mlumusgo o ulzap meuuRso: ammugsed vouowore © ‘ons ys HE) evofuongr and mus 2p payS w pur> up ‘HeIo1 "BeUOM UND "RNleRD ¥ UINKLONNT spewome sildoied 2p ja) un suRUR WPA ‘mmuEans 1 suas proemtaspe ur arerede wsup 2189 mNC (ZS GGL “MEARED) ‘sour of peesustodan autaap “evofoet ae ‘Opapuy 28 [2 “Bae>eqa unfissdeo asop ¥ 39 99 © whmelay Ree rapa und yzofooxlome 9s rmrpyos ory “inprpuy ‘ynoRAa tadnse stow sume o erouss uy anvod wonepggnd “ngs younos sg (182 T6t) eR LAR w ap-ApURLUAREM ajouNAAod romiau oaoed e9 pug ‘soppues padap v-2p pow un “nuy uj seenenedeoe eouepngad ‘saazuoqs w] e010} ‘nes aisa) apop aeipqged yyw ful anponur “wenst “as3) awowuny swoudeno> susp eneoyqad pus ‘spanues aupes op sound up ‘game ot opanasey go mye pumas seupoy vsesud ne jauoweusand “mygad pudues fet sniyise mun e abs “snpoad youn elusisy> YanasouN> 234) ‘> esuongad spun! 9p 1opN29] ¥ wang 9p PF BR aIINSTOD fan muan] 9p 9pioio Hf opsyo YuouNeD aK TaRSRUNIOD ‘roaios a8f9 undunur apoyut ~ pusy #9 sear 30d 28 arepRgnd 2p vunda ayenuy ‘pau 9p Henzofeus rises nurse wf snqmue> hes ass fs 29g eaMDNgRd “Ase 2p RESIS Up ‘pn39j9p nee pHa ‘apoaige 2p ymsop aoopal res rand ea ‘mp yur ns sUaRIOp a “joys i “Har oredr pea one warmmoRgnd panier WP REP pesapord Bo aeRTpE ed ur EAN sHEdop AE pyegosd Bony wows aq “ama ap asnpox azSap apurs rod zg pp atnye gs som 2p somsiworsayong “aS Moe ye wOLOL ryedpund epye ap “aise ane9 rotepaas jubaje ap woo 4 apodor 280) yeu ‘gamzonn Rapes FesmomK ped OR ‘seuguoue ame un qns ypunoe 25 ys yer “eo mlarpy swwod ag sjmdoos ff wauifto ro apamase Hen eeDHE pnp Bro“Tomitd Cle sceste selec reconfigurensd evenimentul i dilatk sau il zestring ‘ex pondere. Deci mast-media nu doar aduce in atenyia publica fapte si evenimente, «i, concomitent, poate condamns persoane si evenimente lx obscuntate neacordinds-le atengie.” (Dobrescu, ‘Bangaoam, 2003: 129) TFuncgia de incerpretate este una dintre funcyileelasce ale sedia, de nimeni negate. Termennl de interprette ate el puyin dou accepjuni. Prima face referite la procesul de seloce, a ponderea ce se acords uni material A dous accepyiune so refers Ta toterpretaea explcté a fenomenths rlatar Niciodats press nu set limita done Is furnizaren informagilor despre un evenient, iva Gace refeze a cauzee sale, va plasa Sowe-un context 51 ¥a cevalba consecinfele inducind astéel a anumita percepsie social a fevenimentulii, Atel mass-media modelessi opinia publick $1 infloengear’ aioe Funeria de socilizare, cea de-a trea are scop insustea valorlor sociale, de cite individ gi inegratea cesta in socitate, Conform trai, srcinil in accase diectic reveneat familie, geo, bisexii, Lasswell a seszat inst ca baza informagionalazeferioare la lames polis pe cae tine o rey, fete Sosusied dia media nu de la jostle aminite mai sus. ‘Avantajal mistmediei fa aceasth peivingh eelevk faprul ch ex 19 prexined valorle sociale ia mod de sine stititos, ci faptele prezemtate inde aceste vali ‘Dip pice, fn ultima pesiondé and rot mai des ficinds-st 9 apropiere periculoast inete discursol media si manipulare, ‘Teecem peste inconsecventa asccieri, la nivel popular, 2 persuasiunii ca manipalarea, sine vom refer doar la fundamentele etice si epistemice pe care acest tip de discurs ar tcl si lerevendice. Atta vreme cit media uemisegte dewperies adevirulsi confers acesteia pe lings dimensiunea informativa s. ‘pe cea educativd. Adevieul nu doar eelevi o stare de lucrui ci 0 face gi dezirabil. Ca peisajl media nu confirma cele spuse mai ss are mai muike cnuze: dela 0 slabs apetentda publiculu cite je a mass-medi, 132 Lagi armani ris inden ukiek Ia apewoya acest cite fenomenal txerordiat, de a sab peczen 4 profstonigor in domenia la Iegislaia acest, adeseon) seuoqradx si. nelicenta, dela preditposiga topsmanagsienmluh cite cnnurk In vistunen fmarcansla cf publi), prin apteptde sale determing gem de programe {In consecing, diseural media es 5 cel pote asculs de comandamentelogicej&epstemice, altele det cele fey si de fic disaya (el pupa la alvel decaati) tot mai mare pe care publ o ia fay de acestea. Este inch a din imaruntage Societigicrominest de dupa 198. Diseursul administra. De ce sonaizve adninurae? Beaten ch exe ona cines cele mai mportante (cel pupa ca volum) para comunictinoaste socal, Aft ott fontact penmanent #1 diect cu medi soci, insvwia publck prea ocunle proverte del cesta inceard erp prin Injerc, a nivel orgazajional, a unor demesne oventate spre sebimbir, wansformis, reece Pe de aka. pate, oce teansformare sa schimbare este teingid ji extecon Adina inlunyind i modelin, la sind & eda social ‘ie mod general, comunicirea adminiseries repreines forma de conanicae ce insojeste actvkatesinsitloe pubice fn vederea saisficert intereulsi general Messjle tanacise cupsind informags de wiitate publick. Astfel comunicaea publics tecbuie 3 fied cunosctecetjeilor extents raganzailor din sectorul publi, modal de funcjioeare 9h sible aceon, Jeglitaen fi oporuniates deazilor adopeate. Tovoda, prin comuniarea publict se unmizese canoayerea “nevolor doringclor populact penens x inritile pubic, pia roll ibupile pe cate le epi, s8 vind 40 iotampinarea. acestora, realznd ated un interes gener “Teor, comonicir publice irvine rll des comvinge, prin pola insutujonae sealer, precum 9 prin decile 133set “aoe uaa oa om en) aves wens tupep yp asian ego 3p pa 35> Ne trode oso> esc 6 ny "enews mare pnp 228) 2 eV piojoqisd oiBojoraoe eapoodizad ap afsuny uy rnd puny op inosoune ¥ gang arndo 9p ysposousd yuDuIOUD _peanoxd no yeagauppr “yds 6 andy aveod ne aon oqo trong se osIgas un wlosSANS Cy AME pomdan Huido pxopenrd waa es elansgns w ndaout e 2p 2m feoqqnd sido 9p) xda9909 as29¥ ¥> wpa gs fadarpar waruns puna atesoe ep ‘aoip aednaoasd 6 agaowu wojen 9p ep mS 18 asmazoeime sone a9 295r800p osuef ne ns EADIE OMY pM Susand 99 1200 G]20yun spuyH awod a mst" soaNO=p Songnd rarido useiqos puny © yueapisuos g areod nu mq fay emeemog cooqgnd fqudo pmsa\gns > aur “TAINS yexpaud omgon 358 uf jIUSWOU! UL D428) BF aPEITAONL jqmasiqns # slunaja1 2p fewewop) yoa1qo nwoW Ingo pour up wapoid omqan “auido sadsap axfoqi0a 98 PEED Suenos up uma eaaulp ang 3p yanaysjasd e399 w“ar809| none swayed foun varsnpear ewurosuy Tudo) yoHaNd Hamndo mms yop 2099 ghomiqame now HE|RONED HME Inorg, ne aoggnd yrurdo apr areyap 2p 2qRI2Up Sreoypott 2p x azndzooy 3p joe of zopsuedonzed josetuna cod song ‘ei four Qranasipat 26> 3298 U1 JUS HDILMUIOD Sprays -ako9[a2 siqne un quzardsy ag no sanwodan ur ine so iis mp asype a[srogipour ze "jos snpord an Dis syniesow yuszeunsap 289 98 UI ORD “mpgu/ Hrd ¥ wae pay nay y ateod nue aygnd msMOsIp ¥ eAIEE CO ronand epundg "¢7'2 “anranyonepe myo wadast 1 prgsinen 98 anyod ppsmospp 2p wep rounssone “oneun x) Dad 2 ne ateny ap299p © Bluopyo ey w aed nMD2.IOp oy eapodxa ad pinoazuy im eomamggpos9 “Hubesuoa uy onde pana pain ve vuud sep fered ois0 ane vj angod pared mun ¥ “aayod luau: mun ¥ aued ggon 2189p ‘snod wo aso my juaruorotny ‘waio) Yop a¥>ptor pogeg “soRAEd orieMNERUpE otemijod -ymos aqemout pie o-nu!ypieat mau 2p da 12938 2p vies yamoygnd yosomeracr sagqnd fautdo v azexpansuo> ‘umnu-efe if sesapa 2p 10j2 9p wRMUNE UN ens UY YoU nd “eleuroyurais> yzeoud 39 e399 104, HIMES YE aE spiuswou sup frum 9p W304 sod 3e we LAY ong ‘Mypsinosyp ape atizop apaqioe Yeu 2je> asp wun mse yoygnd afensruupe 9p sopanses ae sunysneds op 16 smonpues ap spumonns axdeuyp if aads sap feaoyur 9p 2xe10 nes asuDs IO} UMM eoauEN “SINE sdosd ufesygnd “unsinoao> »| azediqaed “oneanpo.yemgn> pu 1 dyuanoe ‘areasaatn op ounudosd "ySKIMUIOD =p sos uoneqzap ‘axeunojt op tata aandxo und peeves 96 sooo asape sep ys ys “pSUDjIuy ws MuDKe 99S MpENE 1 98 jrioxdeaas am taamy> ay Ys solos azavdeo “NAPUS 8 “rurauoa ps ‘szeunosu ys oundaid wy qoovgmus -orep banssigo aw (letour ap soidsoa vo) pusalgioa Gorges 3) ayged yuuorouny snoadsor ‘oqenotbeaxanuoa apteren, “xoqgnd aiensuimpe 9p muse viunsqne amansuo gralyoo ~ yd sruorlouny eter ‘oanensrunupe naysyentio. yosapord ‘quaiea> ap moore 2stoap yur 29 99 aquntoeroey wy nyamods 1 aluopy> 1 ‘pyged sojmeuorioury yomuvummmoduies wduse snd Ded on ae 3 aeord aig oduoo ot ao mp aoedo Je ‘arnsard 3p iojsaooid pyonuo We armnstuuape xeraiToe Jopplegunes ¥ aseuor!oany eung ayeao} aopemnsns valoieosna. ‘nnuad 6 mge-jseq-Poop vaxezpeou ean soymods simatag9 ee 22 ajjopou aed ys efeygo ame axe» ganensrnepe emgety 9g gs amqan pleariso3e poner unsuas opaque wy euIOgLH ap jesny emsn ea epouauied 9p “euypsop adep2 © souaigas vouzape japse senpoyurigo ‘ewe soso1uy un agowuun 96 dope aqgd BIND Hao,‘Tomigd Cele sau politologics, difente definigi, Pentru a identifica note definitor ale acest fenomen trebuie studiate cele mai des citare ‘efinjs ale opiniei publice. Kimball Young, in hicrarea st de anali2d 2 comportamenrulai social, consider? e4 opinia publica eprint ,o apreciere mai mult sau_mat poyin raponala”. (Chelees, 2000: 39 si utm) Pris aceastdafirmaye autorul acceptt ch opinia publick este wn fenomen psibologie coleetv, dar borleazs in acclagi timp gio ale tur, cea emotional, acvind Gh opinile ape into sitvage de criaf, sitvaie in care cemofionalitatea $i au raponameatul se fla pe prinml oe (Cea de-t dou definige: .opinia unui individ ese poritia pe scald objectiva a proporijie’ ceuia Hi acordi adeziunea <2 totals”, ae sien tor wn caracter operational ‘Analixind dererminarea opinilor Jean Stoetzel propane cea de-a treia definite: ,opinile unui subiect sunt manifestirie, constind in adeziunea la anumite formule, ale unei attudin, ence poate f evaluats pe o scat obiectva”. Din sceastd detinifie rezuki cA opinile sunt expres verbile generate de evenimente importante s°sctuale, Pusem spone cA suar foarte schimbatoare avind un caracter din Leonard W. Doob aprecizd ci opinia publica se referd In aitudiile camenilor ff de o ptoblemd dich sunt membri ai Seeluigi grup socal”, (Cheleea, 2000; 40) Din aceast® afoape denoté faprul cl opioia publics ewe rezultatal imeracyonil indivinloe confintayi ev problems importaned penta ‘Alfred Saovy precizears ck opinia publict este un srbiens, © congtings; sar putea spune ef este un enbunal, lps fied indoias de putere juvidici, inst redutabil, Opinia publi, aceasti putere anonimd, este adeseori o for politica #2 aceasti ford au decurge din nici o Constituyie,” (Cheleea, 2000: 40 3 warm) Avtoral frances considers c2 penta a putea vorbi de © ‘opinie publick trae ca forga aceseai for interior al uoet nayani ‘sf inedmpine 0 zezstenjt reald sau cel pugin posbils, Rezisenga despre care precizeaxd Sauvy poste fl intruchypatk de este 136 Lege anymuntare rors ‘guverm, parlament ete. Tor el precizened existengs « patra forme de opin = opinia chr exprimats, caw beneficiaet deo lamps publiciztes ‘© opinia oalésoptic — vont © opinia ezuleel in wema referendums sau sonajulal de opine, cn parccipate neobligacorie, * pinis cezuliatd in urma referendamoln sau sondsjul de opinie, cu pancipare obligato 4 urma snalize’ celor mai des citate defini ale opinieh poblice se impune urmaitoarea concluzie: yin civda deosebirlor de defini, cexcetitori opiniei publice suet eel puyin de acord «3 epinia publiet este @ colecte de paren indwiduale despre 0 problema de ioteres publi.” (Hondres, 1997: 101) Chiat daci ‘pumirul defniilor opinies publice este mare acestea pot A restnse in patru categoril distinct, in funeye de perspective dia ‘ae fenomepul este abotdat. Daniel Desivery gropessa cele patra Spar de defini ate ‘© definig baxate pe valoacea cantiativs, mai exact, pe cercetaea modula in care se distribuie rsponsvlle la intbile ia sondajele de opinie publics; # detinigi care accentuears dimensiunea politic a opiniei publie ‘© definig axa pe osganiaaea intend a opin, cate pun fn evidengéfapral 4 opinia pablica av seprezints sums opinillor indwidvale, ef strucararea lor io uaa interacyunilor de grup si dae lidett de opinie si mas ‘© definigt cae scot in evidenga relaia dintre opinia publics 4 comunicarea policd Mai coneret, prin exprimacea opinict publice se incearea influentares purer pole, In concluzie, incolo de muliudinea definigilor, dou elemente sunt comin Spine au de-a face cu o problem conuoversatl gi opinile sant suscepebile de justificaceraionali”. (Chelees, 20043) 137eet op da ass9y 20] mowmisns 1 pared ap maquious myo veeue ‘agoe pomnd 289 2xer we eh on gdod mqunesne tap aned yoru 0 380p “yepu98 wy Taurzasdar ongnd 9p ea as208 ‘ou gognd rida yeeazoua ous premor emyqosd op oxlsuny e ames ysoimiur mypongnd wouEny 9 pox psucyapggad Snap wuosoyp pEvoeypax 28 29pr meee Hf 3p pewOR tomes wf saygoxl sudaop winoup ul y2valebuw os ‘wapoadsay wasjgond vy prrmodes 25 ama jnpous 2p axlsuny ul wzip 25> « ‘yauayqord 0 no senmquoD a9 Sypasouepan onsuagee BA ae teen nogagnd yo yerooade wvouoie jaorny? 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Diseursal retoric falacios ¢ pic in seducje $i incitae si are ca obieciv (gintd) publical general, cterogen, manipulabil in vederea a cova imediat sau int perspectivé ourceare, adic yinut into fensiune afectivd cate sh obtureze ist blocheze desfigurarea logic natural a raponamentelor, concluzile tase geesit sau aparent adevinate devenind repere de acfune, de atitudini 5) comportament, ‘convensbile txorului (auton, Ce cistgt perinologul”? De obicei inocularca uaei fncredingi, in aparenge de valori poziive ale unor apt, evenimente, peofluri de personality prezeate sau viltoae, Proiecte dle aeyiuni sau acini ale public, Acesta se misc, sloped aitadin yi comporsamente in direya (oientares) pe care io dau srebuingele primare, rebuingele psiho-socale,idelurie, Din punet de vedere retoric publiul este dail, deoazece {Nomese PERSINTOLOGIE wor ca pit nganiara poi (ia, 198 5 40 age, axnetae gf rei. 4) inueaga informe (eanostins) de tansmis este Adejious de pessinolog ) cantiata 9 ealeten informed de eransmis o decide persinologul,funeye de intenile sale 6) cunoytiaele evoluens§ intron singur sens, adied aa exit comunicre, ispunsule comportamentale ale mase-mediei find sopravegheate, contolae si testateseevents eu secveng, @) inure scopurie pessimologul $i ale mass-medie! a exist, ci se inventeazs convergente; in fapt raass-neiatrebuie si se adapteze autorulu sina invers, ©) evennualele cunostine ale mass-medie, dack contravia inengilor persintolopulut ori sone atacate pind la eiminare, on) sunt deforate in seas dori de avon, ) informapile wansmise mu trebuie dovedite, 6 avgumentate cu argumente iavoraee din temerile, peejdecsie, mentalicile, speranele, puisiunile subconsiente, aflate ia vecinicatea ne rajionaliap aparente Din punce de vedese manipula pubbcul este un posbil smanevmibil, cénd ne seferim mai degrabi Ia publicul neomogen decés In unul aviaat; de sccea vom impair, din. perspectiva ‘efcienyei instant tezei, publicul fa: permeabil I orice flac, permeabil doar Ia flac psibologice si pezmesbl doar la flact de limbsj, Ua public posbil manevrabl este totdeauna uel efutat de persintolog daci gi nui daca el e considesstaijloe optim de realizare economicoast a plansslor respectivului auror. Publical ‘manipulae eebuie si aibs duzia de realtate, suficents penta a evens haza incredinglor acivante si acearta shine nu poate fi Indust decit cu fala, adevieul se spune atit cit spictal somnoleat ate aevoie, spirit find tata Sn terinent pragmatic ~ izolare, eliminare, alee fn desinformase ae loe oferta de informape fabecatt in tonalite saw pari, aste ca, pe baza ei, benetciarul st evalueze fi ot acyioneze’ contear propailor inrerese, dar in folosul infommatorulu; in diseursl retorie manipulatoria informa este taten -soass ap aieur wa yor aselap © pop Hf ap 2p atsonpa: maou 0 gKo Hep almy 2p 16 tlouEs ays AnEca Ze “ajaqe anup sqe oo wuounuona un sup “pepr afoand So nao) m end par if ophqaqwuonod f pausuntars avoazd S> von off stoped no paren ae Fase aeZRMD WHEE yp py omar amgast yg aoaAN Af © 2p “2pafeOUND 3p ‘plurop ‘aucun mineopn apundies eSReuo;0, ates pufeenon a 8 op vy osnd © ny “neu tae amape “oop aeREARpE 70K Fa oy od anes “asaionee enon spun B TARERGO.emzape Teoqio 9p toi aonop ‘pqeasaidat “ayp unpowo uy wooun dasa eo aroun roe 6 #9 afojatuy amd ECL ‘nid aeaop #ioopal ede 2p wiuranod ymae powun yeu sts O-NeIpsUOD a> THuordooos pra sqe us oqunurBrsnepe uted nes wuohSau op oxdoor any 9p Yuojop ud ous nes yeu 9 ameUIOy THlespy ron puna ius siso seomnde adeiwouniie © Ba pepo prez 9 au > moade 9 ‘neon CUNEO a pido suodaplat mmeas B yqudy emo. 98 ne Tosssay “Bnvene aps afamaope 2p HEAT 0 =I WE 2— 2p JF preva’ oeoy evure smandioero 3p ran a8 D9 yon vorsoioy “wplapur ap sap sis Monge eI tadase aps 2ptoya of meg ome np wep SHEEIONNZOD bnntad aapunnd ap 2sunose yp abst eo und "qo exe openoump apias uy) pdsseo ao um oly (Gr -tgo1 ee 9) _ctomouone #4 zap ype Spsbos sesDe HN AE Souda soropume pon) 9 eouyop o sHopuspery aK od err Fz 2p nuilow aoo;opt quopousp raxnepe Mp e232 ‘unde 9p sre oo qr “a5gH0ds apots FRG No Bo O° Biro vomoyoeac] psoyuaotp 69 12109 HfO) PUNESPLON fn eoutay "earmusojetap upp © >P NYRR DO} > ON varwanopurZag zt seseunsop ronged 2p aybuyy wompuaU! 6 eose soprouN esuprandeRe ne sypeea “vlowye o “eeuorteuo nes yeuose Emons 0 ‘suedue> 0 “sleznmeio o “afmpsur o “deaf un “yueosd o y aywod jmgoag “yd “sundan‘spunaad) aaa 25 29 puny oR2Ed ‘y sund ¢ nnvod “perrsdloon jrasmwuaos#f yusozio “amndyoew {| TrPuDs “809 enuCD ypueMoD 35 F - surEUEDS TATEIUO © - p Garmoyursp) mynduew je apoyfuou yyouq ‘wonrapio: “9 nu rnsuy poyousteiog uore 259 ( usuEaDd arayfoseadns o qs neuRamp sooxd reas 3¢> dumn-rafeds on-nuy awaspin 9g #5 xpuewoos: 96 W298 9p “Yosef FS son 3p [Isp aisod ¥> 2 2opsan] © NGE YoU “suas IsO98 UF Puy TEUDDIOU { adond aun of prapavoid nu yay sanwmesp soy god swsmed ‘siege 9p Hep PrmpuRs on “HARING o “Fonge fia 0 "pists ap m3 0 tssauoroaguD 96 | mypHtaSy SAR vy Somnosqo wp purupsags cise Roqonemszad 9999 nt Sopop Jr po ensd yyy ‘Phionyet ap woe oxfam 9° ammndyveue Bp papers paroSjsap ai woo0e wy SonuaronmZap aust fou 35 sreuejUZaP 2p ORS EROsYsP aH TURE ‘raengeao voxedooor seoemqounnd ps aie “eUIO}MPUD sIMANSP 9p aoNDe oyna unyueo “azeaiojuizap 0 ap apydaud ais aporyndvew @unsimoxp) jasimsup wep auiods inmnoe eluapgs Smnilsap “seq] wutlans 18 gnmaBho ape amo asunose wes 9/99 UE yuyd aifaryunn yey asedqem uf pay> ad "mpuasidonosee rypydnond vzeq od ‘sucar smnaspoane un asSamnsuos Mi jumpy Penge eeu ND muds wrENPPOU pony “spunjond eur ofuparue> ave veareuMOyUIZ9p BSP auedap eur ou soarmdiuew ynsmoxp oct wypojowiod uquioauos sunset 0 szoaqros ys jogged e> ouounie ro panurfns #8 pHengead yam0} of ysndosd 2 “plungoun> lop ‘pin Fimo,‘Toms Cult ‘Varuti din acest unghi, ,dezinformarea n-a fi decit o problemi dle canciate dict n-ar exist intenya dea ingela, cate o delimiterzh Ae informare;trebse ined a repnens cd la oxginea quasitoaltat rmarilor cazuri de dezinformare a preexisiat 0 dezinformare raturalt ce a fost exploatatd sia fntdnit acjunea deliberath a devinformisis” (Cathal, 1991: 46) CCirculasinfoemajii constnve pentru socictate © Funcie de disjare a influzulat nervos in sensul iological trmenl, Comparsja sugereza posibiitaten existengei nei bol de informare asemiaitoate disfunesonaliilor éenztivo-moter ‘cum ar fi paraizile sau anestexle, Dezinformates este otras care se rispindeste in circuitle noastze de cunoastee. Ea seamin8 confuzie pentru 2 face cunostinjele invslsabile, O. feroare singular de apreciere poate determina aparija unor consecinge neplicute, inst dezinformarea permaneatd slbese ia ‘mod insidis posbitatea individalui de a ganch carece.” (Cathal, 1991: 46) Inet, incet, derinformatca face lumea, reliatea ok devina incorects, confuel, ‘nemaleabia. Indvidul isi pierde Incredeses, se obignuieste si triasc8 in eroate 3 abdich in faye ezovdini pe cate nu reuseste sho depisenscs el se abandoneazs infionalulut si impulsiviay, In final, nipaait de concadiegi seperate, char gi iividal earejaceareé in mobil cel mai atent sh simnind critic se trezeyte, irk +5 vrea, deposedat de auronornia de Biadixe, de lberatea ‘de apreciere, Desinformatea in ine, consttlie ua sdevirar atntat la integrates prihics a viewimelor sale. Intenjia dezinformatorului este cars de ce sf nu te substi snebuni pe cal pe care vee sl pera?” (Cathal zellor pentra a1 1991: 47) ‘Am tea fi tents credem cd anumigisubieesi uae mai puyiaexpusi decie alfii Ia aceasti deterionmre nevieuti 2 consiingel Nimic mu e mai pug adevsrat! Chine persoane foarte bine formate pe plan imelecrual si care se cred lx adipost sunt foarte vulnesabile Ja derinformare, constiind ua important ‘numar de ingclap, mule mai mare deci aceia eae sia mat pays. 144 Lagi ements ah ‘are, datorietindferenge, ou sunt in miezul dezbateilor de ide fnjelepciunen naste indovala, care devine regula de gine, dar peimite, torodaes, existent posbilitigi ca partenenul sd aibi ‘uepate ‘Dezinformarea poate f ingles fot-un sens ia sestrine Ta jumacares devmsalat sau mai larg. In sens seats, se sien re intoxicate 51 infuenga. .Daci intoxicates proprio zis este unctuala, tolereazh un anuine amatonsm, foloseste orice incermediae aflat la dispoaiie, se stsiduieste si fack anumite persoane si creadi anumite lucruc, dezinformatea este Sistematicl, pofesionisti a recurs intordeauna la mass-media, se sdreseiza opiniel mondiale sin satulsi-majoe al nafunii in. in paral, daci influenya exerci o acriune aparent dezordonat, ‘potunist, ia mod esenyial canitativs, dezinformarce creeard un program umarind st subsuiuie ia congiings si mal ales in Inconstienrul populailor vizate snumite imagini considerate Positive pent purerea care dezinfosnesed, dar negative pentru ‘eclelae.” (Volkoff, 2000: 10) otesen sens mai larg, cwvintul dexinformace acopesd tehaicile de influent, aceasta dia dau motive majote. Pe de-o pate, cele dows metode sunt aplicae de eltre aceiaji outen, tn ‘adul aceluis! orpanism. Pe de ast parte, ambele se hazeass pe sceigi caracteistich a intel Atét in desinformate, cit si in cexerctarea influenes, ita este privitt ea an eomplice, Dest astai rermenal de desinformare este atét de usitse Jncit se poate aplics, ca prea muled ujuring, aproape oricéna emer: comanicational, exits citeva forme de manifestare consncrate in fneratra de specialtae: propaganda, manipolares 51 limbajul de ema. Asupes lor ne vom apleca in cele ce wimea2d Dupa Cttilin Zamfir propaganda este activtwen de teansmitere, promovare sau rispindize a unor doctine, tee sa fdei de pe posigile une anvmite grupati sociale si idsologi, ia scopul infeagiss, schimbiei, formini unor concept, opin, 14s,ot Copuryond equips aos ap sousudnySnmasep tied yum or oe us se ‘9p ones pa “abenqd nn ai cs pe as es cd eae ae yapnud gas py 9 ees VD frog “vagt ut. govoedsoen noes o-nor eeDee=D geo sonocoos riaoa ued pou ples pueunop Seaton op soqandad wan acy oyu jae Srna pasonyqeevono ep an 3 nmeapopente ou ee enon oie UL eR Siro pepe sd or sa mou meo> "BS Thoneqe ap yrat osu] quo senopsnen ys afeos ets fine ange mp nase vane 349 owoo ep 3}-apuHo2e hqvod pimaucey sud i 39 potsnG"einnoos © as cancer op mu ooo "wad “epi i dos Mane besos op nes po al Moue> > aod toon junds ap ajo ea no anon ou omg ao axons seta nena pur ud Yous cr needs sp pv ony sumo ouzF08 30) Siumete> mutes fe dose upedouud "eped =p ey 30000 Sur uno ins orp sp wn er foo ettons of saponin wseoo sag [Doar vp wunauao oa pdedasd yptonsgso) as dip mas poem navbl spas es pour od fps putes = ear ens lady stensee fe wnpnomn fo #5 MPSERPEN Geom, “apmaye euwoorssapunjond 0 ne ie IEUZO fone Varnes 9g uae sqanour evegensad 3d reed o» oe 1 pious sins anno xn eae sd Sie ear ienonp vareeio 9p. s9pons soxasy earn suo pavmnsid voesura 58 eg epaeedon emp corey of apeosid pouomne maid we 28 OSE PY Uf ort -epggod oo anuip yung wus ¥29 wo woauozoad aye> vaoe muauad rveosred sounido roeososd ano sojaday » axeazaid ooops 3p faye o ap syMNTSI aus ND GUL EMU x] s8eoIeRERE jane pouzo] ‘mom apunUUIDpO] sondaoax anys 2p szxdane tbun iuyodossap eauemgiod ap tndsp 2399 # stvamostod 330 2d p ‘siuessjr aidyy ap eaneieazand res poor ramuuoume od sud 2139 nu pau299\) ‘aanteod aa rune eaNe Ze E> RITE esreuraye o unzad 9s rode f wseooe 9p yhyy anew pamaope tuloeor euepop © mmuad ounue suse o 9p aitsos03d peuosrad qunildo pun oe sanou zpaupasuoo expur ae ARM THY jwuotloure da 3p soje wut “sansojye runape if ues s9¥0n088 1B 2ppUT JOplesous ¢ avezueRIo ap jaPse Onn wIsuo> KEN, ‘povSedoxd ap 2poiow ayn yeu ae1st09 0) ne su2s 3808 up ‘azousuen ap so}PpOIW IS 1opaFO| MEPIONE 289 mugosoap ahuate 0 ropurSedosd wiojopos uy “ppuetedoid varraqesr 1€ vaseuresBoxd ronsod Mungjea > oven, uns sjaauaaigo Hf asrazane 12 poqea 9p eq “eHofoopy opslesoul 23]8 sunrznip of anenapond Sapmis ‘ssezuvo ap amus> 18 umoaid ‘yougient assonpaos ap puszede apnpour yysvornmeoy enous Saopisaur ¥ aiaypusuen 3p sposm x sono “puuzoades © ane ad ajf08 ied’ saanoaiqo H appsaoner na yluopuodssioa ‘uy aiege dopes ap rjge 0 6 aiojoopr © SBEzEDDds ReUOsHaRSUL onus 0 3p undp ypusiedosd ‘umes wm. smaeuoa 25 pur?) aywnsied undost soun eaemear putin “pawn © axe sqrpos medial ynygoid ef earmuodks upd xf anvrluoa inp sverlusmayp ypueedaud ap aunos 1 ysuy was neyndeen ap. ymdoos soun eareayer aysreuin f aieusaan 9p union run ye jepos dna mun ye ‘pared man ye sayod inporsniss (e “upsisqns un ¥9 omansuos 25 ypurBedasd vasope wu! [23 ‘eanoaigo fxs ouojes quanau ypundedond o pupincaau “aifosz98 9089 ad ppd? sosomiur 1 sojmndoaswoneapau ef Yonpuod Bs YU [pRse gerouqeas a6 wpurSedosg siouUodwOD nes uaFuIAU09 Pps mpl ie) Tein ewan,DEX-ul din 1996 di aceleiagt cenzusi wsmatoatea defini: Conte! (proclbil exemitat de anu ergane spate ole wi tat ana ‘ubbcaier, spectacle i amunit conti, aupracorespondert ‘anvorbiortlyoui orgum care execs ast conta. Siicudinea shorditi este debordants, dar ironia cea mai puri st in fapeul ck sceaseh Limitace defintionsld a timputilor aoasere, fark macar chica unor puncte de plecare in rajanes exstentel cen yi, nai sles, a efectelor acestca, este o decuparc «reli care ealea ca insipi pe urmele census Esistenga acest fenomen, de fungul istorii loi, dav eu predlecyie in totalitarism, mu poate A haut ia discugie fies context. In ccea ce priveste sistemul comunist, cenzura 2 fanctionat, ine-adevir, ea un contol, dar esenja fenomenlat 0 constituie wrmarile pe care le-a avut, Ix nivelul mentaliiilr, A Incepuit ex necesitates paridulei ea nool sistem sf fle cexptat pe scari nafonalé si pe semen nelimitae: Ja up asemenes alvel ingrasinea no se putea desigora pan foxy, la nivel zi, oi pein convingere, prin persuasiune, la alvel mental. Tar uml dia ‘ijloacele cu tolur bine cotate in accasth manipulare era pres, ‘pening in special fa deformarea realti,s asta print-un numie Timiat de instiupi de aceasth arash, penten a xe evita rscul scipisii de materiale necenaurste. Lipsa de acces s cetienilr la informnafi, cel patio la cele care vizau aspectele de otdin politico ‘economic ale Rominii, incepand din amul 1945, era primal pat spre inrepimentaeea indviilor pion, incepand cu inregimentarea indi lor. Dupd aceasth golre a creiecor, echivalind implicit cx lipsirea de consting, singural sistem social pe care pion prosspit curiay il aveau la dispozife, cel comunist devenea cel ‘mat bun posit in ipsa oriesral alt sistem concureapial, i respecdy,singunul care putea ump acele circ Tn ceea ce priveste prezentu,incr-o analiza cticd pe care 2 fieut-o societii de consum, francezul Bernard Noel propune © redefinite a acest concept, folosind terment Sense ca cenzues 4 sensulu, si Cone ~ cenzued a textull, observind ca, ier-o 18 Legis rgumentare rei ume a spectacollui medi, din care presa face negreyit pate, exnzura a devenit mule mai subula, a devenit Senne, Nowa cenzuri priveart de seas atie excerul imaginas, cit mit ales valorle sajionale, intr-o de2olaned sinonimie ca scoputile sistemului totaitar amoreste spititl exde, ocupéndu'l cu Jmagini ale spectacolula, Avesta este rezulatl, iar manifestarea cenzuti in presaailelor noaste, itd a fi un fenomen controlat de © instnjie anume, fine eel putin de dowd aspece: fe o limitare proprie in ccea ce_priveste sesponsabilatea act, fe forme prgmatice, de nacud lepisladva say economicd In genera, manipularea cste detiits ca ,sctisne de Aeennina un actor social (persoand, grup, colectivitat) =A gindezscd fi st acjioneze innrsan mod compatibil eu interesele inijatoruu, iar au cu intersele sale, prin wlzarea unoe echt de persuasione care distorsioneasd intengionat adevarul, lisind, Ins, impresialbertigi de gindlue gi de decvie, Spre deosebite de infhuenja de pul convingert sajionale, prin manipulate aa se lunmaresteingelegeres mai corcctt gi mai profunds a siuajcly ei inoeularea uneiinelegeri convenabile, eecurgind-s¢ la inducesea fn eroare, argumente falsifcace, cit si la apell, [a paierle rnoarayionale. Incenile reale ale celus care transmite messi ‘linia insesizabile primicoralui acestuia™ (Traian, Stancingels ans: 169-170) ‘Maniplawea scyonexes asupra oamenilor iatr-un mod perfi, fit ca acesia micar s4 sie cf ceva Use intdmpl fa ura ‘manipuliit oamenii vig, find convingi & fre rexpectivle alegedt in deplind Ubereate nebiuind c2 cine iar putea folosi penta ropaile scope, ‘Acum se poate ins ajunge foarte ugor la cea extrem, sceea in cate camenii comderd e8 tot ceea cea infee poate rmanipulare. Paci a cunoaste inteis, si nici manipulator, semeni not au adesea un sentiment de nelniste $i de indignace ‘multe din hserurile cae Ii ge inienpls $i pe eae nu le ingle 1“unosind wun ebusnyt que zap ner axe> auKosi2d) (eve pofep ane name> ausossad “(ely aem0p) auehue Gers “(oiaqq seD9p) away ate0) auvouIad sD r0d [NAY Snswou asioe of 2uoyp aNpou! uf Hekue y wd spomoumuss nes 2popr ap su ef aana9ye anstow sjsumpuos Sp ieledoe ulus au “eeeleSve 26 anew 3piow UR ‘slunoostion assonyunin are 18 es 3joe 18 piaypur amp emo) os yououlsum aojsory my edo fy “mpenouriefus oj03) een apasuo> axpodoosep wst9y (Gepap aun © amezzaasiod ap funaps) advo o ¢6 vlupus ne ewe uf ajauvoaed ‘(ou nes weognsn!) wzmop Youn van dnp 1 pyle wisuOUDp Fg “s!2D9p ap Rimsnde ¥ xluizsuoD Om aiede vamndiwes qodojougsd vansodsmd vig (ye tooo2 goto) aseaqeon pumas ut euod een “rojo yonuoa aso soe ayndjuwus 9p rydurexo ap wend ap 2uso] gated es sufi desopnl soén eu yu 294 dreod popup ‘elvongit evan 1S pusueUM giseoe puLLON, Tomiuos wp auouraind 9uis am n> ajRAGn ap “ake ane uf manos ayy asksOU I 2sEDS ofourtOW ap pus youEd ey ‘reamuoisp 2an¢ mnpeypul(& 1puEs v ap jy “ImuauEEr0d0> oqea op imciosigqoplapar soy WEED aogier GE TIMMS Boney eleonger ap ayeuszoxdos yons ume opayduepy “=H Sup aye yeu 80 uy engenaqneaie> we mjrouoeTersoduo> tadnse ajepos sopfienis gluon 9p stand vazou9 49 mnuod feurnor ‘gpsmdaase agwaeyp pou asaGedap "go2un ‘re9 09}2 fo “apo sogHlemys oyu seodan weogTpOU HRIH9s 25 NP=L Squmndiueyy (-°) nepoe wlanay pypaR wy ajdaue ap w axel ap soigaunedans aaj sane od 2[g [e908 ovemes ae sz0ur poyipou ud simedgo 92 quNs poe apsyinchueyy ‘usin ‘pluangul “seqamps“seamumaio9 umqevorivanus wwoumuodais—“Suipmne > ouoouco ‘para eponin oy ost 2 yavazug 25 avo}, oust axqdrueus f yueppnos szedrurur ‘gua same mud pau szn9 nmued uydwew sme 1 gpou pyur nypadquew wasps y> opHUED BoE HUA ‘sunjoe ap rsoqn wssidan as 95 ‘eho azoaqon mugs ‘srepidurarouosrod ye 29 wp undoss sox varezyeas FosEOTNUNN ES ‘sytsannodko> Yorpmae sudo saaluonyut es ‘sraoumoduros swpmpe ‘wudo eqamps © 2p eumur puluos we "bynqan wastage azyndorar uy > ounise © expos v anuod Sphyap RISD sAMOM (CL {y0Ug "wES) , DE azDEP o ais amEgUITIDS Hse vs eSSIdaE ups fot eazeuome wu “(aleautdo “undnsd ‘suvosred) {sou amps ap amop undoos oun gioBune va1opoa uy “DOS cu su oe es sunosiod youn Jojausamnodase> ¥ soqupmane w opude © asequmps 2p vaundoy" pay © myndyueus atugap 0 east aivod a “simunn eyo ow EAU PE anys ap Hleuxazaap uns yo wunos vop ss yay Yeanane aze08ey {y tuotioe op wztop ny teaspuy ad 29 pome> “yorum wanaee ap sesuy ul 99 ymaofo1 xojoe eemagnuapr ad yaunaoe aumd rmyndiwea » yojoysd vammpsoqy Tapse azsuorize ys puna Soe © > essudun ewepoios Fpuus] “lies WoToy YH “SuEOSTOd fpile wonvoaey ur szouotise ye "raya sea mad Suvoszad ‘pun rorenumsiap ‘oeoqonped sspaeaaue poste ad eee 5 qayndiune joynuaous) yaeee suo “peo Up suopor ap jmo}9 puyiauad ono myaptds ease vlupasuos adaap ane dey a9) surmse 2p my wassad apoop wheemoyet 2p ‘iva Year aueypues 0 n> Puy! 2p myRO easeprequsog murzaidss S00 a] ropleanegu: wuss "sox9 uP Hose ypluozoud ‘xopened ‘nis ‘iojeunoyur wsdy yreaiowp 2% ward (@ [F002 ‘uus) ,cateedjuews 2p wsyursour jeravaso un-nupp aed 935 ‘ind at a9 sopuniae je ad paeoq doo ¥ eBoy F reseed poy ‘ain wo,‘Tomigs Cvlet Pomind de Is aceasti teorie, s-au stabilt tei tebnici cfciente de manipulate cotidiana, Ble poarti demsmith plaice pital psa fol $i moma 1) Tebnica poser dad are a bas un princi ‘cere puyin la incepot pentea s dobndl mai mule apes 2) Upet icomsd in a cere un hueru enim, imposibil de sceeptat, pentru 2 mai apo, printeo cere cue pice mal rexonabild in saport cu prima sf se sporeased gansele de a obyine c2ea ce doit. 3) Memealz Aceastttehaicd uimireste objinerea acordui nei persoune pentru 0 acfiune, fiek ca acessta sf cinoasct ‘amploarea reals &accle aunt. np Limba de lemn (sav limbajul de lem) ese un cermen. lingvissic’ care esemnese printze akele limbs uslizatt de oficiltiyle repimurilor comoniste. Dacd cenzurt este legit intringee de propagands, ofesindwi spajal cognitiv si afeetiv in cate sf se manifest, limba de lemn este instrumental cel mai de pte} al manipula, Acest limba, feat pe deriv ex, orale sau ferise, impune fie ssteme idenlogice, precum comunismul, fe subsisteme, ce fin de potere si autortate, cum ar f subsisteme ceconomice, tehnologice poltice sau culruale. Aya se face ef nu pputem vorbi de © limbi de lemn si de Enh de dame. Limba de emo nu este apanajl exchisv al comunislor. Top specialist au limba lor de lemn. Am putea crede cf pe cit este mai veche preocuparea cu atitea ya dezvolat wa limbs) de len, Dar ma este aga, Participagi Ino gedingl de strategie publican, sa Ik 0 edinjd a unei comisi de audit si vey ingelege ce inseam Sid & speiltan. Diferengs inte aceste imhge $i lmmba de lema specified socictigilor totatare consid In fapral cd respectivele jargoane specilizateinseamnat ceva, cel putin pent ce niin $1 dee! au sine dezinformaroare nich pentra cet ce le nye, tik pent cei ce mle gee, 152 Lage, engmentae eter ‘Limba de lemn este astiel opusul wansparengel, Ba tebute escftat cit printrerindurt. Limba de lem ascunde realitates, pe cate © Incapsuleazs fm formule prefabricate ale doctrinel despre cum eebuie sf Be rebates, Mule dinwe incereésle de a defini acest fenomen lingvssic au adoptae o formals enumeraeies, sueprinzind, yewunds 110;09 Sp onuvauos nnuouiop un pases ¥s ares apoyo moe. ypusmod uu] 2p. iqum jun eamoge und “ateaeDeds Loianase papstsiowe uid swezpos “apeagoou onjod rain nod up s9poiou ap "poe uTube n> es eaREUOpIO> Sp -oousipurfedesd wpau-sseu grep apavoqia y Inde {ap SeGlojoeptyonseuoerp ee waxersoird 9p ep 9 sumzoduavu0> unpuras ooyods -yawouen ye ynoIst mor. ap wuneoe tuep au anduaa ap fu 16 faa2¥nop n> yearn ur aden joqapa ame ee wossa aus © ROY HH ses ae Gf pons pews 0-anepocod ree yard uvion ye OnE y 9p "XX myoyoDy® v audaue © 9 me “say vp qURIOTED m “E|CURD wy ‘Bosopra ey pede “espaqwarn| wy oysleunqan Sys un SulewsOy ap aopians apinianse yp ‘skapgged sf pumpar uy “opads Sono ap (a2p0Ho4) puined ef “90Hod BERIIRI|UOD Up yypes saeon od onde yume vomnd we ‘qeunoy ampuLe | fon nes whuesoue wp “eau are aporkes opianunsu0> fiideaxs nt ToypsmoN ¥ awd 9p wrEDesueD AO} fie osm Jord pasonaygrs ams ¥dnp ye *euMPUT ign puny a 2p hon wap pw ware ‘qe nee lou ‘gpoos you 0 | saousaede yous «2 wt] Sp mga eamsoj prea ey epdosiow un IeDprswOD wr MD] 9p ‘um eon ne esai> Pep ‘sekeaIN Usd WsIqoUS wid yond Due a ‘aneoast wid yendity gj © ap arueoy “EOS aExowond Ngan opxpar er v9 ueious! juodod op ely elunsp op of area imad oui un eo ee "sM] ap AGU © yIEROS damier 9p afbery of endp © wo, eneSmm 18 92 *Lo02) ‘wou wanpure eoyrpour Hod “nleguay pursupout ‘po eenppuod o] ead patrdu “oxpuy 8 fequmy anerp rump uf aan ry rst \ ssooe yaon of sts a axmod aun # ne Hf a9 0 ato waa, 9p eq "0 1 ee 2foyOUE o ad eT 98 mE Sis ssoynou oor foie susend aeons 9p “en aeaod 3p “ounfljooe ap “snus auton 9p paeseney ‘apres 32408 ap eeu vc nny 2p af tusn9 Feesosp “fo EaNDoa Shay yexayoss “toes ap ape! yew "awaBe ah 1.9009 2p wiry ap “sored 9p Europ as rodooucD > wypsioatn FODETS HSN 19 UWF ap equ e Frade 2> ¥2-) Nojesndano © pasaowsehzaid« se wy xanoad yo wou peor wonseyoS Sepyne mers amgoa nnn amo ‘wes auoumaroae adap sions‘ getuonyonay wuss 9p eet tenaard ‘pie ioe 3p reo nap syyypuodod je weUlsNp™ ier anoortise" 9 ‘onan ayuundy)ReNaUPOD (Ge ors anny no» sojseoded ajay ‘wunerdio pry) suyeons apstogroomad # eojeoNe (ois ansongoe anoergo “epneaed sous ‘siosoo f osnegy pour isoxsp amen uae tung wou apps nes sawp RHO ae HE Fo nop uf poms vanley “pplueny edd) AREY (ona gpa nsoneygo “abu ‘sumnsooe 19 soHep oj ¥ ga») HiBtanNggo woRENGD20e ay araane ane sofia sojonotan euspungy + (Cao sin eumadao ne" nas amadios sf yuups op pigsoune cy" “ums nes Sood Dei) open eased puosiodun fuse uN Ua ap Ho ae DosHEIEND IID eZ SHPO saioog.aeeinjutop #6 sonmsnoyeresp 6 dam HEPOE WASP ‘nu yp tube > Be EUR ap aBOfo} ap Egon so adax4omp rssojorap waxdoponea tespisdon aso “opel wey “ame ‘ onqion oy gD “ibe ape ee, oP EGU (Gz s00¢ wou) sesope ap rayne soy wumpunasus as} 1 25583 SESDPE inp wimwo4,“Tomipé Cale lui de subconstiear, pare, prejadecaie, dogmele, mentale, ivell de culturl, nevoile, aspiapile, egecuile gi succesele; toate ncestet, ia formele particlare 3 individeale sunt fructifeable penn ceea ce numeste cufemistic Cohen ‘mbna. “Trebuie sf refinem distineya dintre minciuns sls als ‘¢ ona din calitigle Valoai de adevar pe care © au propuziile descriptive, Minciuna vehiculeazt, cum bine stim, parsadevtri, adict aparenje de adevis, ca si subadeviruss, produse ale wnot Sperajt de slecfie, de rnehiere, de omitete, de ocultare pari 1 realitiiy sau supraadevaran,rezultace dia accentuarea exagerat, hundened, tendentioas, 2 dateloe de referings, Tehnica minciuni he obligs lao taxonomie sui generis: ‘minions goeland» procedeaz3 lun nonadevar absolut gi seezut tocmai davorih enosmitiiie E: prea gogone ffi chiar ‘ninsund- is spune publi = minduna data ~ procedeazt Ia corearea unui adevir nilaterl cw 0 ingeliciane, astfel inci admiterea primi asociazt dmiterea secundei, De exempla: Consriren Canal? Duna Marve Node a crust’ main romin, adevirat ‘murit mii de tenietengs anticomuniss, cba 4 manceascd in ‘condii aeo-menesti; = incnna prin omic -procedeaat la wrecerea premeditatd sub tdcete a aspectelor neconvenabi informational st valosii = mincnns prin ectgiart eta, care valoniich gt supradimensionesed inveresat faprol aceesoru, invimnplitor, neesengia, mincans pre flere contatvs sens argumentaiv sae iminutiv, depinde de interes. De la ce indice numeric incepe ‘genocidal? in raport de care parametru absolut? Dar holocaustel? + onalgemara intopioness a fapel, evenimentelor, Weilor astiel ca atitadinea fisf de uncle si determine si arindinea referitoare la. celelate, acs, desigue, comunitagle stest romines sunt tradjionaist, dacdtiranilromsiniageza in urban 156 Lay, ergometric foot mains sonia bern ecu, tendennous, and sci loll or peers ale mics in ta rah ech sau cope dla contest, generis monies cont props; > ities mst aspect ea pes scoute din nearaliten ta ontclogih 3 4 conten smn convenabil ates venta an aspect leat, Hisind pe seam Publick, doeioar de prude de epteptny sf iespresese ogo denatiay a sens conte de noi Und en tu ane tat pr see pot ot rs dt taeaf, Aste am ajons la elucubsai 7 mins ib frm decease i es spuencnys i un str Blab de ie a 0 canegont soil Protesiomls, ccs wegonsd, report sau cupabil, ly 6 Svcs pol iaccexty ent pe wren lt Carl Ie, lagna pe viesen“Anel Poes, mid pe vremen. hl Gheorghit-Ds), ata pe weanen inhi owed a elle con fm deb cw scp de acomproatie 9 > mics forma leat hago tet prs, Si UD. une commit, tne orgainagd. ple, in cooaderente de ‘saa pole ns ab fom eso cope premaediat de servic spect Inset me ics fl deni, cu scope dea pista aparece onombliagi nett shu sub form de Peuodeminge inventindv 0 opin nessjinatt de cine mien tb frm depron ms, esespectnd se cu bund ptiingd cuviintal ae °ayand Fopmaioa ynquawop uy aaneyeoy a20dsy "TE ‘fovsoae aweyanoaigo #8 19soud woreNDGFT TE injnsinosip vonovad uy aayiojonuoap 16 aan9 yunysuourt, ey Beare, ssi yn 2p oy ay ww pan and we 0s am 8 pe (hot psa fos 4 ony soa ee aes aon ssn te ery enim py io mean ona at ie eg 559 us nou ape.) © (py) Dou ep tose no IE awroumnor # ise ynsnosyp wf plums ane you unoygnd Bene a> atsoygns ayer eed spondn> ape ma ou Rs ep 98 49 ny “yous aD MEAP 3F ABE no ‘suas ap Hf anuueD 2p yo youd 2989 agg psmosyp3p9 nasser 2209 un ois, "HSQ]TIBU as (nqune FaNaK wun pugo puny) ogg pusmoarp sea qne zoESO|oued OATS ‘aluumén no “pomp 2s a109 ad ruuouepuny 21:9 “299m “eR: tmEszunaioa ye "inplojep fe s999p as29y ,ofear-ad so|maeaKe ay wu E29 ups sopuoioud xf aunds feu 2] PUD ut PUR tp ‘aeod "9 ypyeonausr ve yur gy 40> pupousiowr wad era reds ur punjiy ea 26 areo14 “punnday. “PuBegeap “puEAOTEp ‘ymaiday stz-npdosd sonod dun uded ap 9 eapan elas re9p or-nuy seus © wy] meas sav Houn 2p dew em dene nee ye sonar aopipedes v6 popup ransou weds asm plupssuos 0 2189 yomuDou pIEN o-NLy ZOPRDS EORENPEE ‘asreqzap je youn my ¥ szeunoyuT 2p yes niede Um eUDK=p © ongnd ped “rzeotusiod awe zou & wpaurnjaUs feu vazojdho ay mo axpou reur HSE 9 suns 304 2}95}9 2 “aged riseds up msqyuee a¢ apo po qmadey tneaoa op me mRSININp ¥ amiouasp 2p ‘samiuy nu ‘onagy aise HO, ‘anseou asaya no uizoyvoa seouotlae ge ead of ys jaraeunsop vo nnd ‘aeqpeypan ap pou © e> ‘orEay mes ase} meunoyUL 2p eampurdsys Oy fas009 axe> rumnceyur mangas uae ‘gsdapod ‘ernuasa ypanetp (aids msetipe pandioy ode ge ndod suntan fo teases noes 2 unpus Yepraan! rao! gn Puna «| ID emo,3. Libertatea presei gi obiectivitatea acesteia Din multitadines patos de discurs public, ne vom opti asupma celui juenalisie, maear pentru motivul ci astizi el pare & consuma cea mai mave parte din ceea ce ple sami spat public. Dar si peaceu faprul ef, cel pun teotetic, cea dit preocupure a jurnalistului o consti infotmayis, considera ca fle o'matesie primi care tebuie prlacrata st vindutd. Acestea pot fi cantate sau primie. Adescori inst Jnformajia astel Dbjinuet cn -mare greatate, rimine palidé necesitind noi investiga, din ce i ce mai debate, (..) In princpiw un zacist, ppotesor al unei informayi ucbuie $4 veriice exactiates, Acest er insi' ou este jor si aust poate A teneat sisi bazeze autenticiatea informape’ pe buna reputaye @ sutse. fn ultima Instnga, formule consserate cum at 6 ofl de ke re anericate sunt suficiente penta introduce in circuit infoemaional orice nerozie, Veriticarea cese tip, uneorviatistl,impins de la spate e public inser de informa, ine mai mul s4 nu Be fap de luxe conftati sti, decit sisi apere cu relgioitate drepel, dlevenit reper major in mesene de a refine o informatie de la ppublicare” (Cathala, 1991: 174) Verifcarea _autemticip fnformayiei este inst au o activate epistemies ci una de veridicitie. Se verifies, cs ale cuvinte, nu intemeieceainformayiet i corespondenga acesteia cu realitaten. Acest demets il face pe juralis un ip anume de comunicitor el eae are guj ca starea fe lucruri necunoscuté gi prezumats ea find adeviratt pe baza verficint suselor sf ajungé la poblicl interest de ea, Acesta este momencal in caee intestine faimoass nogiune de obiecuviate, mule mai incertt decie sar putea ered. , Michel Legrissfituicte dlestul de toss se inveye a face dvtinctie fntre adevirata intenfie de abjectiviate si oblectvitates aparenta. Prima ii propone mai Ini conoasterea evenimentelor, a faptelor, a oamenilor 3b a illlor si mumai dup aceea umeazs aprecierea in ceea ce Ie 161oot ap Weanuy ogos 0 yradone ama “immncyuoosip ywowUDs tan wey (BT 66 “HDUNY) .-NERpUNpUT MarOS “HO vaINE 2p = ‘up 0 Fouy skpapog 98 1 wSNED RAPED UF yta aeDOUIP o sho 9 ariyape ps Heiygo ane wno 6 eo 9 goseoay ated ‘© pro elumatwo> uy a9ep Paver pape ap gqud aaa» Seno esoUss 29j9 no eanpsagp zoun e Seenigne ind res ‘nes anu you eaneaoias Bysuy" -uprop rymndesd wsdnse as oseatioy ge tf oop! ps pgedesie augur ydsup jeD0e osndios ene ws famed pun i persaioedo 28 sagged apoange ezeons Sno sputosied “qruciizisop azoind n> mnsaau! wep "D bypoe jemans adeoade unwiouay an 9 9 yeUyE veo *vauDKIDEE Der Gtr ‘a66t “WEumy) ..dogqAd Peo; yMD-GO Tw2A9p) rng nes tod oor asenaRoE 16 mues somunsi raseerNezO maya 29 1 “azauonso yes 14 yuames YosmkNOW y ME =U Soomewbspey 9 aup eos myocanuedso vaeeoes yeesURUKS ines pinfe faios ah yunspur 99 Uy “iara9s 9 nu 3D 6 9-25 PMA ‘pusjgond sfeepoe if epun yom! wy mzqed9) as" 2uMsua ‘poropy “wesoyleas inind yur nes anus wus anRIsu>) © nasouE Jsis Fes 1 AReuOGUH 9p Sympadt 3H) Yo WISGOD GION “LE Teind uaeau ait na epioor azezumio 9p yada 9p 1uS!FpUL ‘answou appa uf eed Hf osaed apanindaouy map ey nqis end rr es pus peus nugqiyae Un yostose Hes angen SND POPES UL "yuropp risoae uy eeour pastaoe: pour ul ais9 wonyoa “Hina my aund aiwod o 19 ‘ofzodo 3p nes anuotea paid on pu ‘io ad aieigouap v yuotia 0 aansuo> rosaud eaeasaqy ‘aise ‘hip ap aq -anmpatn pesos pe nes [9p UM-nUY 9z57O.UD es 2vfainpuns 26 y> ade soneuzdsns 2oyap 259 nw f peeouosspuo> yo v2 auouit ys oyrod nu yorsod taping “srestun rnyeion Inui no sunyar risvaoe pursed ‘omgnd oyundo ¥ artanoy bp ypwouspory yeant o wayzardsy esaxd > yoidey nnuad tind jbo eaeoe ap nas eu 2389 spueBedosd stone ‘soneioW=p pans m “Haas ap if sqenmstds woprysop foun whuamede wa2> © runod ‘svezaeSa0 vayred Hoieqeap ap ADRS uz YS ‘prope aarananin eBiry zor 22 aes [eayo punoye yon aenenyp He eure ‘apartedord 1 sexed uounnser yovordes wsond Szemaor anmenos {yyoec] tanz9o v amsayen 9p (qus9poR) YaROY WOU po} UL fhufaidas 99990 “ryan © sons #) gags) # yauenepUny saromi9p eadnse pIpr—xD 3 eowsooe ome ad sopeluanguT uisjqoud pay sarmowone-onnos sunsaid ap nda no proud off eongod wpind a> ped opispy, ‘Rodiuap 29 soja ruaureznare n> 2opdu0> suiap vareauojut “sulumsou ag me Hope op runsaqord Jpun & euoups foun e “eueds um voroduaz2yp 16 easousxouns ‘ye0518 235) 99 99 GuDKINAOMP "Tero “y¥RNO}U) NUD aby wnjbo> ane > ond Fone! ORBAN ameurado 9p nas 9p rp faa ny > yeygeBesue up uo roseuroyy “aay ang feu aun jmaId gag 2 aqauawoa pundop aqgnd phone roveoydane ap “p> naauod ‘p ‘rasivouna 9 so9" Fae gs HoH > nnuod ns pqpsod wysuopne 1 ot areas yu e99 ope ys vines “eoayon © ssived dasa utind yoop yen aae> 1 mywonged essed up eam] 2p uo} ua DO ios nk ane ryenenaogpee e>> ope ur ef eaeunoguy Saud oneiaaoypowo afaiead 99 99 A YuIA Ep anew oO wvod jwoRgnd > a109 anno} 2187 TURODPIIN fonsuoD feud HD nes ng eu {Bo # nigoaeiqgo pou uy aun ne mmoqgad eidnse eleoegur amour eur e999 axe FE oD Ne ated 9 sUDSEUN qe are tur p> sjioodsr asieyp jon a> meaoy BWIADSE BH 3s {justi vo asaoow ane> ( uaga vf yraon yeuorsajoad yesou! © mymoawun! waned upp mayor ame supigard — roruazosd 1 yuo up exound “rae ws fy un-nuy wo varepy “oeuosUr ‘areuodanpe) ss2ord wasso" soda varstinored pdncy Gut 1661 “eeRED) amieuo puppise mpurd vossagie daok ¥9 288 wu DUT 18 a}Dp) "o1outUaAd Hy>9pel S92" woOpIORRS eae “eA (© e op (use tone ¥ yyy adword ‘soqgnd aq 0 © ap saz} 2: ep es TPN! © duos mop wap ey “laud“Tomita Cle probleme fajs de care respoasabiliaten presei are meteu de {fran restici ea 9 sci, ambele egal dilematice. Tn principio, modelul democtati, bazindu-se pe investiga de nceedere, presupune fapel ck insiople starul sunt obligate Mi lueeze teansparent, garantind cetajeanului Uberul_ acces Ia informagile de ineres public; in conteapondere, accleast instru fr rebui sf gamanteze cetfjeaaului si Hbertatea sa asupea Droptilui destin, asupra propsilor afaceri, deci asupra acelor formagi de natuel intima care ou suns dstinae interesulu publi ia alt punet de vedere al autoatei ar 6 acelac2 binomal insti ppublied— persoana privatd este, cel putin fa principin, recunoseut Esti ca find yalgodunul suficent 9) eficient al unui model democratic corect arial.” (Runcan, 1998: 119) Este si mosivul entre care, simulkan ca intarea in desenudine a. leglor prokbitive destinate presei de orice fl, ind si se dezvolte dou omenit ale leislagies fRek raport exchusiv cu presa, dae avind tfecte drecte atupra ci: legisla liberi de exprimate si legs laga vii private. Ambele dicey au refesingk asupra tururor cetijenilor, vizuy ca beneficiar nemiloci. [Nu tebuie sine facem ici nicter si probabil niciodatd rua exista gi nu va exista tin sister socal care sl reujeascd st tnuleze defintv soe Liber acces al cetaenlor la inforsagile fe interes public este au an simplu principix constinuponal, Gdetagat ori detajail din sstemul staruui, fn aceasti ordine de fei, de lao ar la ala, purem avea de-a face cx 0 singurs lege de garantare 4 acestal aces, oF cu 0 adecvate a legior din sistrmul ttadijonal, in scopolasiguri liberal acces. in analiza conceptului de Ubevtate a presei 0 primi confuse tezulé din refetics Ia Wbertate enttate destul de vag fins mobilizatoare, considersts a 6 0 valoare absoluts indestrocibila. Nu € 140 #4 ne eeamintim de diatriba vehement a fui Paol Valery (1950): Libertatea este uaul din acele cuvinte etestabile eate au mai mult valoare decit sens; eare mai mult ‘ints deeit si vorbease ace mai male eer decit st dea este wnul 164 din acele covine folosite peste tor gi cu care memona este maj de teologie, metafizes, moral, $i poles; ewvinge bune pentea conuoverse dialectice si demonswarea elocigfe; bune pentru analze iluzosi si subulitay, cuvinte, care, dspuse le sfrstul fiaze, deanjuie uraganl.” (Cathal, 1991: 184) [Liveetates de opinie viseasi in primal sind bertaten indulai att vreme cit ol angsjeast doar eal celui ceo Yehiculessd. Accasté spiis pononals ma este un act social atita rere cit ea rimdne personal: Cand ea pitdseste foral intesor $i este exprimart pablic, arnct devine ace social, implicind fesponsabiitater ce decume din actul persuasiuai Cu ale ‘eovinte, dest nalienabls, ibertates cuvintulai nu inseamnd ct pPitem spune orice. Sat puter fice asta, dar no orci. Aceasta teste esents multor prevedert legale ce par a limita ibertares de texpresie, In fond nt woxbime de o limitae in sensul dat de cenzurd (e exempla) ci deo spostasieze a dscusulu in cum spun ceea ce spun. Se poate spune ovie, dar st ma se nie ct intotdeauna ‘aunt an pater. Demitizind, orice incercare de a tneitea lbertawea eu © uel de absolut, at eebui si precizam, de la bun ineeput, ci, ‘mca in interotulacesteiabordii, me propane sto privim mu ‘numa ca pe 0 prod deca, ci si, mat ales, apa cum afrmd Minna Rancie yea pe operatorul conceptual al nui sistem eschie" (1998: 75) Libereatea are, pentre flecare din noi, at 0 valoire rajionala cit si uns afeeiv, In mad logic, Ged st ne pproponem vreo elipk si facem un zezumat al istovie ideti de Tibertate, ar tebui ins si gisim 0 dotinitie minim Libertatea ac fi deci 1 wobligafia auoriigloe publice de «respects, de & nu face ceva care a stingheri subiectul posesor a ibecti: % obligigts aurontiplor publice de « face cees ce prevede Jegea peatry epararea liberi, atit preventiv cit si reparatoriy sna paitiv act cind s fost fneleath" (Grigorese, 2008: 59) 165