17/10/2022 20:07 Heat Transfer

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4.4.5.  Heat Transfer
The following heat transfer models are available for the cylinder:
Woschni 1978 and 1990
Hohenberg
Lorenz 1978 and 1990 (Cylinders with attached chamber only)
AVL 2000
Bargende (Two zone model)
Alternatively, None can be selected.
In addition to the heat transfer coefficient provided by the heat transfer model, the surface areas and
wall temperatures of the piston, cylinder head and liner must be specified.
The wall temperatures are defined as the mean temperature over the surface.
A calibration factor for each surface may be used to increase or to reduce the heat transfer.
For the surface areas the following guidelines may be used:
Piston:
DI diesel engines with a bowl: Surface area is approximately 1.3 to 1.5 times the bore area.
SI engines: Surface area is approximately equal to the bore area.
Cylinder Head:
DI diesel engines: Surface area is approximately equal to the bore area.
SI engines: Surface area is approximately 1.1 times the bore area.
Liner with Piston at TDC:
The area may be calculated from an estimated piston to head clearance times the circumference of the
cylinder.
Wall temperature must be specified at the piston TDC and BDC positions. Between those positions a
special temperature profile is assumed (refer to Classic Species Transport).
Refined Liner Layer Discretization:
If detailed information about the liner wall temperature distribution along the liner is available, the option
'Layer Discretization' allows the User to input the wall temperature dependent on the distance from
cylinder head.
This discretization can also be used in combination with an external link element (Liner Layer Wall
Temperature Actuator, Liner Layer Wall Heat Flow Sensor).
For both Woschni formulae, the user must specify whether the engine features a divided combustion
chamber.
Select IDI for IDI diesel engines (swirl chamber or pre-chamber combustion system).Select DI for DI
diesel engines and gasoline engines.
In order to consider the influence of the in-cylinder charge motion on the heat transfer coefficient, the in-
cylinder swirl ratio (defined as the speed of the charge rotation relative to engine speed) must be
specified.
Select Variable Wall Temperature to calculate the energy balance of the combustion chamber walls.
For each wall (head, piston and liner) an effective wall thickness together with material data must be
specified. Conductivity and heat capacity are required and the following list provides some typical
materials:
Table 1. Heat Capacity and Conductivity - Standard Values
Material Heat Capacity Conductivity Specific Heat Density

[kJ/m3K] [W/mK] [kJ/kgK] [kJ/m3]

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Cast Iron 3900 53 0.545 7200

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Steel 3600 48 0.460 7840 782da7

Aluminum 2460 221 0.910 2700

PVC (Plastics) 1360 0.17 0.980 1390

Ceramics 2940 5.5 0.840 3500

The mean effective Thickness of the piston, the liner and the fire deck of the cylinder head together
with the Heat Capacity determine the thermal inertia of the combustion chamber walls. The
Conductivity is required to calculate the temperature difference between the surface facing the
combustion chamber and the surface facing the coolant.
The Heat Capacity is the product of the density and the specific heat of the material.
For the heat transfer to the coolant (head and liner) and engine oil (piston), an average heat transfer
coefficient and the temperature of the medium must be specified.
For the heat transfer in the ports, a modified Zapf-model is used (refer to Port Heat Transfer).
The Lorenz Heat Transfer Model for cylinders with divided combustion chamber similar to Woschni's
equation. However the velocity term is modified to consider the velocities introduced by flow into or out
of the chamber.

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