Bulls Eye - JEE - Chem - Chap - 1 (Mole Concept)

JEE - 2015
XI
SOME BASIC CONCEPTS
IN CHEMISTRY
CONTENT
S.No Pages
1. Mole Concept 1 – 29
2. Exercise-1 (Objective Questions) 30 – 36
3. Exercise-2 (Subjective Questions) 37 – 43
4. Exercise-3 (Section-A) 44
5. Exercise-3 (Section-B) 45 – 46
6. Exercise-4 (Section-B) 47
7. Answer Key 48 – 49
JEE - 2015
XI
SOME BASIC CONCEPTS
IN CHEMISTRY
MOLE CONCEPT
MOLE CONCEPT
1. MOLE
A mole is the amount of substance that contains as many species [Atoms, molecules, ions or other
particles] as there are atoms in exactly 12 gm of C-12.
1 mole  6.022  10 23 species
2.1 Atomic mass
Atomic mass of an element can be defined as the number which indicates how many times the mass of
1
one atom of the element is heavier in comparison to th part of the mass of one atom of Carbon-12.
12
[Mass of an atom of the element] Mass of an atom in amu

Atomic mass = =
1 1 amu
 [Mass of an atom of carbon - 12]
12
2.2 Atomic mass unit (amu) or Unified mass (u)
1
The quantity [ × mass of an atom of C–12] is known as atomic mass unit.
12
The actual mass of one atom of C-12 = 1.9924 × 10–26 kg
1 .9924  10  26
 1 amu = kg
12
1
= 1.66 × 10–27 kg = 1.66 × 10–24 gm = N gm
A
2.3 Gram atomic mass
The gram atomic mass can be defined as the mass of 1 mole atoms of an element.
16
e.g., Mass of one oxygen atom = 16 amu = N gm.
A
16
Mass of NA oxygen atom = N .N A = 16 gram
A
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MOLE CONCEPT
Illustration-1
(a) What is the mass of one atom of Cl? (b) What is the atomic mass of Cl?
(c) What is the gram atomic mass of Cl?
Sol. (a) Mass of one atom of Cl = 35.5 amu.
Mass of an atom in amu 35.5amu

(b) Atomic mass of Cl = = = 35.5
1amu 1amu
(c) Gram atomic mass of Cl = [Mass of 1 Cl atom × NA]
35.5
= 35.5 amu × NA = N × NA gram = 35.5 gram
A
3.1 Molecular mass

Molecular mass is the number which indicates how manytimes one molecule of a substance is heavier in
1
comparison to th of the mass of one atom of C-12.
12
Mass of one molecule of the substance (in amu)

Molecular mass = 1
 [Mass of an atom of C - 12]
12
Mass of one molecule of the substance (in amu)

= 1 amu
3.2 Gram Molecular mass

Gram molecular mass can be defined as the mass of 1 mole of molecules.
32
e.g., Mass of one molecule of O2 = 32 amu = N gram .
A
32
Mass of NA molecules of O2 = N  N A gm = 32 gm
A
Illustration-2
(a) What is the mass of one molecule of HNO3?
(b) What is the molecular mass of HNO3?
(c) What is the gram molecular mass of HNO3?
Sol. (a) Mass of one molecule of HNO3 = (1 + 14 + 3 × 16) amu = 63 amu.
63 amu
(b) Molecular mass of HNO3 =  63
1 amu
(c) Gram molecular mass of HNO3 = Mass of 1-molecule of HNO3 × NA
63
= 63 amu × NA = N gm × NA = 63 gram
A
MOLE CONCEPT
4. METHODS TO CALCULATE MOLES
M
e
m
as
lu
s
Vo
Mole
No. of
particles
4.1 From number of particles :
Given no. of Paritcles [atoms/molecules/ ions]

No. of mole 
NA
Illustration-3
A piece of Cu contains 6.022 × 1024 atoms. How many mole of Cu atoms does it contain?
6.022  10 24 6.022  10 24
Sol. No. of mole = = = 10 mole
NA 6.022  10 23
4.2 From given Mass :

Given mass of the substance(gm)
(a) For atoms : No. of mole = = No. of g-atoms
Gram atomic mass
Given mass of the substance(gm)
(b) For molecules : No. of mole = = No. of g-molecules
Gram molecular mass
Illustration-4
What will be the mass of 5 mole of SO2?
Ans. Molecular mass of SO2 = 64 gm
mass (gm)
5=
64
 mass = 320 gm
4.3 From the given volume of a gas :
volume of gas at 1 bar pressure and 273 K (in litre)

n
22.7
MOLE CONCEPT
S.T.P.: 1 bar pressure and 273 K.
volume of gas at 1atm and 273K(in litre)

n
22.4
Note: According to old IUPAC agreement, STP condition was 1 atm pressure and 273 K temperature
but according to new agreement it is 1 bar pressure and 273K temperature. Although many books
are still using the condition of 1 atm and 273K for STP.
If volume is given under any other condition of temperature and pressure, then use the ideal gas equation
to find the no. of moles.
PV
No. of mole(n ) 
RT
Units of Pressure :
1 atm = 76 cm Hg = 760 torr = 1.01325 bar = 1.01325 × 105 pa.
Units of temperature :
K  C  273
Value of R :
R = 0.0821 litre-atm/mole.K
= 8.314 J/mole.K = 1.987  2 cal/mole.K
Units of volume :
1 dm 3  10 3 cm 3  1 litre  10 3 m 3  103 ml
1m3 = 103 litre
Illustration-5
A sample of He gas occupies 5.6 litre volume at 1 atm and 273 K. How many mole of He are present in
the sample?
5.6
Sol. No. of mole =  0.25
22.4
Note : We can use the following relationship as per requirement of question.

No. of particle mass (gm )
No. of mole  =
NA [gm at. or mol. mass ]
V () occupied by a Gas at STP V () occupied by a Gas at 1atm and 273K
= =
22.7 22.4
MOLE CONCEPT
5. LAWS OF CHEMICAL COMBINATION

5.1 Law of conservation of mass (Lavoisier – 1774) :
In any physical or chemical change, mass can neither be created nor be destroyed.
It means :
Total mass of the reactants = total mass of the products.
This relationship holds good when reactants are completely converted into products.
In case the reacting material are not completely consumed the relationship will be –
Total mass of the reactants = Total mass of the products + mass of unreacted reactants
Limitation : In nuclear reactions, some mass of reactant is converted into energy, so mass of reactant is
always less than that of product.
Illustrations-6
1.7 gram of silver nitrate dissolved in 100 gram of water is taken. 0.585 gram of sodium chloride
dissolved in 100 gram of water is added to it and chemical reaction occurs. 1.435 gm ofAgCl and 0.85
gm NaNO3 are formed. Show that these results illustrate the law of conservation of mass.
Sol. Total mass before chemical change = mass of AgNO3 + Mass of NaCl + Mass of water
= 1.70 + 0.585 + 200 = 202.285 gram
Total mass after the chemical reaction = mass of AgCl + Mass of NaNO3 + Mass of water
= 1.435 + 0.85 + 200 = 202.285 gram
Thus in the given reaction
Total mass of reactants = Total mass of the products.
5.2 Law of constant composition : [Proust 1799]

A chemical compound always contains the same element combined together in fixed proportion by
mass.
Limitations : In case of isotopes, ratio is not fixed
e.g. 12
CO 2 14
CO 2
12: 32 14 : 32
3:8 7 : 16
Illustration-7
1.08 gram of Cu wire was allowed to react with nitric acid. The resulting solution was dried and ignited
when 1.35 gram of copper oxide was obtained. In another experiment 2.3 gram of copper oxide was
heated in presence of Hydrogen yielding 1.84 gram of copper. Show that the above data are in accor-
dance with law of constant composition?
Sol. Case-I
HNO 
Cu  3  Cu(NO3)2  CuO
1.08 gram 1.35 gram
1.35 gram CuO contains 1.08 gram Cu.
1.08
100 gram CuO contains   100 = 80 gram Cu
1.35
MOLE CONCEPT
% Cu in CuO = 80%
% O in CuO = 20%
Case-II
CuO + H2 Cu + H2O
2.3 gram 1.84 gram
2.30 gram CuO contains 1.84 gram Cu.
1.84100
100 gram CuO contains  = 80 gram Cu
2.30
% Cu in CuO = 80%
% O in CuO = 20%
Both sample have the same composition & hence the data are in accordance with law of constant
composition.
5.3 Law of multiple proportion : [Dalton 1806]

When two elements combine to form two or more compounds, the different masses of one element
which combine with a fixed mass of the other element, bear a simple ratio to one another.
Illustration-8
Two compounds each containing only tin and oxygen had the following composition.
Mass % of Tin Mass % of oxygen
CompoundA 78.77 21.23
Compound B 88.12 11.88
Show that these data illustrate the law of multiple proportion?
Sol. In compoundA
21.23 parts of oxygen combine with 78.77 parts of tin.
78.77
1 part of oxygen combine with = 3.7 parts of Sn.
21.23
In compound B
11.88 parts of oxygen combine with 88.12 parts of tin.
88.12
1 part of oxygen combined with = 7.4 parts of tin.
11.88
Thus the mass of Tin in compoundAand B which combine with a fixed mass of oxygen are in the ratio
3.7 : 7.4 or 1 : 2. This is a simple ratio. Hence the data illustrate the law of multiple proportion.
5.4 Law of reciprocal proportion : [Richter 1794]

When two different elements combine with the same mass of a third element, the ratio in which they do
so will be same or simple multiple if both directly combined with each other.
MOLE CONCEPT
Illustration-9
The % composition of NH3, H2O and N2O3 is as given below :
NH3 82.35% N and 17.65% H.
H2O 88.9% O and 11.1% H
N2O3 63.15% O and 36.85% N
On the basis of above data prove the law of reciprocal proportion?
82.35
Sol. (i) For NH3 1-part of hydrogen reacts with = = 4.67 part N.
17.65
88.90
(ii) For H2O 1-part of hydrogen reacts with = = 8.01 part O.
11.10
Thus the ratio N : O = 4.67 : 8.01 = 

(iii) For N2O3 : N and O reacts with each other N : O = 36.85 : 63.15 
Because the two ratios are same, thus law of reciprocal proportion is proved.
5.5 Gay-Lussac’s law of gaseous volumes [Gay-Lussac–1808] :

When gases combined or produced in a chemical reaction, they do so in a simple ratio by volume
provided all the gases are at same temperature and pressure.
6. SIGNIFICANCE OF CHEMICAL EQUATIONS

Achemical equation describes the chemical process both qualitativelyandquantitatively.The stoichiometric
coefficients in the chemical equation give the quantitative information of the chemical process. These
coefficients represent the relative number of molecules or moles of the reactants and products, e.g.,
2 NH3 (g)  N2 (g) + 3 H2 (g)
2 molecules 1 molecule 3 molecules
or 2 N molecules N molecules 3 N molecules
or 2 moles 1 mole 3 moles
Again, Avogadro’s principle states that under the same conditions of temperature and pressure, equal
volumes of gases contain the same number of molecules. Thus, for homogeneous gaseous reactions, the
stoichiometric coefficients of the chemical equation also signifythe relative volumes of each reactant and
product under the same conditions of temperature and pressure, e.g.,
H2(g) + I2 (g)  2 HI (g)
1 molecule 1 molecule 2 molecule
or 1 mole 1 mole 2 mole
or 1 volume 1 volume 2 volume (T & P constant)
or 1 pressure 1 pressure 2 pressure (T & V constant)
MOLE CONCEPT
6.1 LIMITING REAGENT

The reactant which gives least amount of product on being completely consumed is known as limiting
reagent. It may also be defined as the reactant that is completely consumed when a reaction goes to
completion. It comes into the picture when reaction involves two ore more reactants. For solving such
reactions, first step is to calculate Limiting Reagent.
Calculation of Limiting Reagent:

Method-I : By calculating the required amount by the equation and comparing it with given amount.
[Useful when only two reactant are there]
Method-II : By calculating amount of any one product obtained taking each reactant one by one
irrespective of other reactants. The one giving least product is limiting reagent.
Method-III : Divide given moles of each reactant by their stoichiometric coefficient, the one with
least ratio is limiting reagent. [Useful when number of reactants are more than two.]
Illustration-10
If 20gm of CaCO3 is treated with 20gm of HCl, how many grams of CO2 can be generated according
to following reaction?
CaCO3(g) + 2HCl(aq) CaCl2(aq) + H2O() + CO2(g)
20
Sol. Mole of CaCO3 =  0.2
100
20
Mole of HCl =  0.548
36.5
 Mole  0.2
 Stoichiometric co - efficient  for CaCO3 =  0.2
  1
 Mole  0.548
 Stoichiometric co - efficient  for HCl =  0.274
  2
So CaCO3 is limiting reagent

According to reaction :
100 gm of CaCO3 gives 44gm of CO2
44
20 gm CaCO3 will give  20 = 8.8 gm CO2
100
MOLE CONCEPT
6.2 PROBLEMS RELATED WITH MIXTURE
Illustration-11
4 gram of a mixture of CaCO3 and Sand (SiO2) is treated with an excess of HCl and 0.88 gm of CO2
is produced. What is the percentage of CaCO3 in the original mixture?
Ans. CaCO3 + 2HCl CaCl2 + H2O + CO2
SiO2 + HCl No reaction
CaCO3 = x gm
100 gm CaCO3 gives 44 gm CO2
x gm CaCO3 gives 0.88 gm CO2
100 44
    x = 2 gram
x 0.88
2
% CaCO3 =  100 = 50%
4
6.3 PERCENTAGE YIELD

In general, when a reaction is carried out in the laboratory we do not obtain the theoretical amount of
product. The amount of product that is actually obtained is called the actual yield. Knowing the actual
yield and theoretical yield, the % yield can be calculated by the following formula–
Actual yield
Percentage yield =  100 %
Theoritical yield
Illustration-12
For the reaction
CaO + 2HCl  CaCl2 + H2O
1.12 gram of CaO is reacted with excess of hydrochloric acid and 1.85 gm CaCl2 is formed. What is the
% yield of the reaction?
Sol. CaO + 2HCl CaCl2 + H2O
56 gm CaO will produce 111 gm CaCl2
111
1.12 gram of CaO will produce  1.12 = 2.22 gm
56
Thus Theoretical yield = 2.22 gm
Actual yield = 1.85 gm
1.85
% yield =  100 = 83.33 %
2.22
MOLE CONCEPT
6.4 PERCENTAGE PURITY
Depending upon the mass of the product, the equivalent amount of reactant present can be determined
with the help of given chemical equation. Knowing the actual amount of the reactant taken and the
amount calculated with the help of a chemical equation, the purity can be determined, as
 Amount of reactant calculated from the chemical equation 

Percentage purity = 
 Actual amount of reactant taken   100 %
Illustration-13
Calculate the amount of (CaO) in kg that can be produced by heating 200 kg lime stone that is 90% pure
CaCO3.
200  90
Sol. Mass of Pure CaCO3 =  180 kg
100
CaCO3  CaO + CO2
100 kg 56 kg
180 x
100 56
  x = 100.8 kg
180 x
6.5 PROBLEMS RELATED WITH SEQUENTIAL REACTION
Illustration-14
KClO4 can be prepared by Cl2 and KOH by a series of reactions as given below
Cl2 + 2KOH KCl + KClO + H2O
3KClO  2KCl + KClO3
4KClO3 3KClO4 + KCl
(i) Calculate mass of Cl2 in gram required to produce 1385 gm KClO4?
(ii) Calculate the total mass of KCl produced in Ist, 2nd and 3rd reaction?
Sol. (i) Let mole of Cl2 required = x
Cl2 + 2KOH KCl + KClO + H2O
x x x
3KClO  2KCl + KClO3
2x x
x
3 3
4KClO3 3KClO4 + KCl
x x x
3 4 12
1385
Mole of KClO4 formed =  10
138.5
x
 10 , x = 40
4
MOLE CONCEPT
 Mass of Cl2 required for the reaction = 40 × 71 = 2840 gm
 2x x 
(ii) KCl produced from Ist, IInd and IIIrd reaction =  x    mole
 3 12 
21x 21
= mole =  40 = 70 mole
12 12
 Mass of KCl produced =70 × 74.5 = 5215 gram
6.6 PROBLEM RELATED WITH PARALLEL REACTIONS
Illustration-15
If 6 moles of KClO3 are decomposed according to following reactions calculate the moles of KClO4
produced if mole of O2 produced are 3?
3
KClO3  KCl + O ... (i)
2 2
4KClO3 3KClO4 + KCl ... (ii)
Sol. Let x-mole KClO3 reacts in reaction (i) and y mole KClO3 reacts in reaction (ii)
3
KClO3  KCl + O ... (i)
2 2
3x
x mole mole
2
4KClO3 3KClO4 + KCl ... (ii)
y mole
From question x+y=6
3x
and =3
2
 x  2 mole and y = 4 mole
It means 4 mole KClO3 reacts in reaction (ii)
From reaction (ii)
4 mole KClO3 gives 3 mole KClO4 Ans. 3 mole
6.7 PRINCIPLE OF ATOM CONSERVATION

The principle of conservation of mass, expressed in the concepts of atomic theorymeans the conservation
of atoms. And if atoms are conserved, moles of atoms shall also be conserved. This is known as the
principle of atom conservation. This principle is in fact the basis of the mole concept.
In order to solve problems of nearly all stoichiometric calculations, let us first see how this principle
works. Choose an example,
KClO3 (s)  KCl (s) + O2 (g)
Apply the principle of atom conservation (POAC) for K atoms.
Moles of K atoms in reactant = mole of K atoms in products
Moles of K atoms in KClO3 = moles of K atoms in KCl.
Now, since 1 molecule of KClO3 contains 1 atom of K
or 1 mole of KClO3 contains 1 mole of K, similarly, 1 mole of KCl contains 1 mole of K
MOLE CONCEPT
Thus, mole of K atoms in KClO3 = 1 × moles of KClO3
and Mole of K atoms in KCl = 1 × moles of KCl
 mole of KClO3 = mole of KCl
wt. of KClO 3 in g wt. of KCl in g
or mol. wt. of KClO 3 = mol. wt. of KCl
The above equation gives the weight relationship between KClO3 and KCl which is important in
stoichiometric calculations.
Again, applying the principle of atom conservation for O atoms,
Moles of O in KClO3 = moles of O in O2
But since 1 mole of KClO3 contains 3 moles of O and 1 mole of O2 contains 2 moles of O,
Thus, mole of O in KClO3 = 3 × moles of KClO3
Moles of O in O2 = 2 × moles of O2
 3 × moles of KClO3 = 2 × moles of O2
wt. of KClO3 wt. of O 2
or 3 × mol. wt. of KClO = 2 × mol. wt. of O
3 2
Mole of O2 may also be expressed in volume.
Illustration-16
All carbon atoms present in KH3(C2O4)2.2H2O weighing 254 gm is converted to CO2. How many
gram of CO2 were obtained?
Sol. Apply P.O.A.C. on carbon atom
4 × mole of KH3(C2O4)2.2H2O = 1 × mole of CO2
254 w CO2
4 =1×
254 44
 Mass of CO2 = 4 × 44 = 176 gram
7.1 AVERAGE ATOMIC MASS

total mass
Average atomic mass = total mole of atoms
Let a sample contains n1 mole of atoms with atomic mass M1 and n2 mole of atoms with atomic mass
M2. then
n1M 1  n2 M 2
M av 
n1  n2
MOLE CONCEPT
Illustration-17
Find the average atomic mass of a mixture containing 25% by mole Cl37 and 75% by mole Cl35 ?
Sol. n1 = 25 M1 = 37
n2 = 75 M2 = 35
25  37  75  35
M av   35.5
25  75
7.2 AVERAGE MOLECULAR MASS
total mass
Average molecular mass =
total mole of molecules
Let a sample contains n1 mole of molecules with molecular mass M1 and n2 mole of molecules with
molecular mass M2 , then
n1M1  n 2 M 2
M av 
n1  n 2
Illustration-18
Air is a mixture of O2 and N2 in which O2 is present 20% by mole and N2 is present 80% by mole. Find
out the average molecular mass of air ?
Sol. n1 = 20 M1 = 32
n2 = 80 M2 = 28
n1M1  n 2 M 2 20  32  80  28
M av  =  28.8
(n1  n 2 ) (20  80)
8. EMPIRICAL & MOLECULAR FORMULA
Empirical formula of a compound represents the ratio of different atoms present in a molecule.
Molecular formula of a compound represents the exact no. of atoms present in a molecule.
For Hydrogen peroxide, Empirical formula = HO, Molecular formula = H2O2
Steps for writing the empirical formula

The percentage of the elements in the compound is determined by suitable methods and from the data
collected, the empirical formula is determined bythe following steps:
(i) Divide the percentage of each element by its atomic mass. This will give the relative number of moles of
atoms of various elements present in the compound.
(ii) Divide the quotients obtained in the above step by the smallest of them so as to get a simple ratio of
moles of various elements.
(iii) Multiply the figures so obtained, by a suitable integer, if necessary, in order to obtain a whole number
ratio.
(iv) Finally write down the symbols of the various elements side by side and put the above number as the
subscripts to the lower right hand corner of each symbol. This will represent the empirical formula of the
compound.
MOLE CONCEPT
Steps for writing the molecular formula
(i) Calculate the empirical formula as described above.
(ii) Find out the empirical formula mass by adding the atomic masses of all the atoms present in
the empirical formula of the compound.
(iii) Divide the molecular mass (determined experimentallyby some suitable method) by the
empirical formula mass and find out the value of n.
Illustration-19
Calculate the empirical formula for a compound that contains 26.6% potassium, 35.4% chromium and
38.1% oxygen by mass ?
Given : [Atomic wt : - K = 39; Cr = 52; O = 16]
Sol. Element Mass Atomic Relative no. of Simple

Percentage mass atoms Ratio
26.6 0.68
K 26.6 39  0.68 1
39 0.68
35.4 0.68
Cr 35.4 52  0.68 1
52 0.68
38.1 2.38
O 38.1 16  2.38  3.5
16 0.68
K : Cr : O 1 : 1 : 3.5
2 : 2 : 7 (whole no. ratio)
Empirical formula :- K2Cr2O7
9. VAPOUR DENSITY
Some times in numericals molecular mass of volatile substance is not given, instead vapour density is
given. Vapour density can be defined as
Density of gas at a given T and P

V.D. 
Density of H 2 at same T and P
M gas
or, V.D 
2
Mgas = 2 × V.D.
MOLE CONCEPT
Illustration-20
A compound of nitrogen and oxygen was found to contain 7 : 16 by mass N and O respectively.
Calculate molecular formula of the compound if V.D. is 46 ?
Sol. Let mass of N = 7 K gram
Mass of O = 16 K gram
Element Mass Atomic mass Relative no. of atoms Simple ratio
7K 0.5 K
N 7K 14  0.5K 1
14 0.5 K
16 K K
O 16 K 16 K 2
16 0.5 K
N:O=1:2
Empirical formula = NO2
(Empirical formula)n = molecular formula

M.mass 2  V.D 2  46
n 
empirical formula mass 46 = 46 = 2
Molecular formula = (NO2)2 = N2O4
10. EXPERIMENTAL METHODS FOR DETERMINATION OF ATOMIC MASS &

MOLECULAR MASS
10.1 For determination of atomic mass :-

DULONG’S & PETIT’S LAW
In case of heavy solid elements, it is observed that product of atomic mass and specific heat capacity is
almost constant.
Atomic mass × Specific heat capacity (Cal/gm OC)  6.4
It should be remembered that this law is an empirical observation and this gives an approximate value of
atomic mass.
Illustration-21
The approximate specific heat capacity of a metal is 0.836 J/gm ºC. Find out the approximate atomic
mass of the metal?
Ans. Atomic mass × specific heat  6.4
6 .4 6 .4
Atomic mass  specific heat = = 32
0.836 / 4.2
10.2 For determination molecular mass :

Some of the most commonly used methods for determination of molecular mass are:
(i) Victor Meyer's Method
(ii) Silver Salt Method
(iii) Platinic chloride method
MOLE CONCEPT
10.2.1 VICTOR MEYER'S METHOD
(Applicable for volatile substance)
A known mass of the volatile substance is taken in the Hoffmann's bottle and is vapourised by throwing
the Hoffmann's bottle into the Vector Meyer's tube. The vapours displace an equal volume of the moist
air and the moist air displaced by the vapours is measured at the room temperature and atmospheric
pressure. Following diagram gives the experimental set-up for the Victor - Meyer's process.
Calculations involved
Let the mass of the substance taken be =Wg
Volume of moist vapours collected = V cm3
Room temperature =TK
Barometric pressure = P mm
Aqueous tension at T K = p mm
Pressure of dry vapour = (P - p) mm.
Calculation of molecular mass(M).
(P – p) V w
   RT
760 1000 M
w  RT  760 1000
M
( P – p)  V
Applying PV = nRT for the dry vapour and using n = w/M
Vapour pressure of liquid

The pressure exerted bythe vapours in equilibrium with its liquid state is called vapour pressure of liquid.
In case of liquid water it is also known as aqueous tension.
It depends only on temperature of liquid and is independent of
(i)Amount of liquid
(ii) Surface area of liquid
(iii) Volume of container
Illustration-22
0.15 g of a substance displaced 58.9 cm3 of air at 300 K and 746 mm pressure Calculate the molecular
mass. (Aq. Tension at 300 K = 26.7 mm).
Sol. Mass of the substance = 0.15 g
Volume of air displaced (V) = 58.9 cm3
Temperature (T) = 300 K
Pressure (P) = 746 - 26.7 = 719.3 mm
MOLE CONCEPT
719.3 58.9 0.15

Molecular mass =    0.821  300
760 1000 M
 Molecular mass  66.27 g/mol
10.2.2 SILVER SALT METHOD

(Applicable to organic acids only).
A known mass of the acid is dissolved in water followed by the subsequent addition of silver nitrate
solution till the precipitation of silver salt is complete. The precipitate is separated, dried, weighed and
ignited till decomposition is complete. The residue of pure silver left behind is weighed.
HX AgNO
3  AgX Ignite
  Ag
organic acid Silver salt Silver
(W g) (x g)
Let the mass of the silver salt formed = W g

The mass ofAg formed =xg
For polybasic acid of the type HnX (n is basicity)
H n X 
AgNO3
 Agn X 
Ignite
 nAg
Organicacid Silver salt silver
W g  (xg )
Mass of silver that gives x g ofAg = Wg

108nW
Mass of silver that gives n g- atom (108 g ) of Ag  g
x
108  nW
Molar Mass of salt  g
x
Molar mass of acid = (molar mass of salt) – n (atomic mass of silver) + n (atomic mass of H)
108  nW  108W 
 n  108  n  1  n   107  g mol 1
x  x 
Illustration-23
0.41 g of the silver salt of a dibasic organic acid left a residue to 0.216 g of silver on ignition. Calculate
the molecular mass of the acid
Sol. Molecular mass of the silver salt taken (W) = 0.41 g
Mass of Ag formed (x) = 0.216 g
H 2 X  A g 2 X  2 Ag
w  0.41 g x  0.216 g
 108W 
Now molar mass of acid = n  – 107 g mol –1
 x 
MOLE CONCEPT
 108  0.41 
= 2 – 107 g mol –1  196gmol –1
 0.216 
10.2.3 PLATINIC CHLORIDE METHOD

(Applicable for finding the molecular masses of organic bases.)
A known mass of organic base is allowed to react with chloroplatinic acid (H2PtCl6) in presence of conc.
HCl to form insoluble platinic chloride. The precipitate of platinic chloride is separated, dried, weighed
and is subsequently ignited till decomposition is complete. The residue left is platinum which is again
weighed. The molecular mass is then calculated by knowing the mass of the platinic chloride salt and that
of platinum left.
If B represents the molecule of monoacidic organic base, then, the formula of platinic chloride salt is
B2H2PtCl6
B  con
c 
H 2 P tC l6
H Cl
 B 2 H 2 P tC l 6  lgni te
 Pt
O rg a n ic P la ti ni c ch l ori d e sal t ( W g ) ( xg )
b as e
Let the mass of platinic chloride salt = Wg
The mass of platinum residue left =xg
It may be noted that salt formed with diacidic base would be B2(H2PtCl6)2: with triacidic base
would be B2(H2PtCl6)3 and with polyacidic base would be B2(H2PtCl6)n
W 195  n
Mass of salt which gives 195g (1 g- atom) of Pt =
x
W  195  n
Molar mass of salt = g mol 1
x
Now from the formula B2(H2PtCl6)n
Molar mass of salt = [2 × Molar mass of base] + n × [Molar mass of H2PtCl6]
1
Molar mass of base =  Molar mass of salt  Molar mass of H 2 PtCl6 
2
1  W  195  n  n  W  195 
=   n  410  =   410 g mol–1
2 x  2 x 
Illustration-24
0.98 g of the chloroplatinate of some diacidic base when ignited left 0.39 g of platinum as residue. What
is the molecular mass of the base? (At. Mass of Pt = 195)
Sol . Mass of the chloroplatinate salt (W) = 0.98 g
Mass of platinum (x) = 0.39 g
Acidity of the base (n) = 2
n  W  195 
Now molar mass of the base =  – 410 gmol –1
2 x 
MOLE CONCEPT
2  0.98  195 
=  – 410 gmol –1 = 80 gmol–1
2  0.39 
11. EUDIOMETRY - GAS ANALYSIS
The study of gaseous reactions is done in a eudiometer tube with the help of Gay-Lussac’s law and
Avogadro’s law. Eudiometer tube is a closed graduated tube open at one end. The other end is a closed
one which is provided with platinum terminals for passing electricityfor electric spark, through the known
volume of mixture of gases and known volume of oxygen gas. Volume of CO2 formed is determined by
absorbing in KOH solution, O2 is determined by dissolving unreacted O2 in alkaline pyrogallol and
water vapours formed are determined bynoting contraction in volume caused due to cooling. Eudiometry
helps :
(i) To study composition of gaseous mixture

(ii) To studyvolume – volume relationship
(iii) To determine molecular formula of gaseous hydrocarbons and
(iv) To determine molecular formula of gases
11.1 GAY LUSSAC LAW

According to Gay - Lussac's law, the volumes of gaseous reactants reacted and the volumes of gaseous
products formed, all are measured at the same temperature and pressure, bear a simple ratio.
N 2 (g )  3H 2 (g )  2 NH 3 (g )
1 mol 3 mol 2 mol
1 vol 3 vol 2 vol
11.2 AVOGADRO'S LAW

In 1812, Amadeo Avogadro stated that samples of different gases which contain the same number of
molecules (any complexity, size, shape) occupy the same volume at the same temperature and pressure.
For ideal gas at constant Temperature & Pressure, pressure is directely proportional to no. of moles
11.3 SOME ABSORBENTS OF GASES
The absorbent which is used for specific gas is listed below
Absorbent Gas or gases absorbed

Turpentine oil O3
Alkaline pyrogallol O2
Ferrous sulphate solution NO
Heated magnesium N2
Heated palladium H2
Ammonical coprous chloride O2, CO, C2 H2 or CH  CH
Copper sulphate solution H2S, PH3, AsH3
Conc.H2SO4 H2O i.e., moisture, NH3
NaOH or KOH solution CO2, NO2, SO2, X2, all acidic oxides
MOLE CONCEPT
11.4 VOLUME EXPANSION AND CONTRACTION IN THE EUDIOMETER TUBE
aA(g) + bB(g)  cC(g) + dD(g)
ng = No. of gaseous products –No. of gaseous reactants = (c + d) – (a + b)
(a) If ng > 0, then expansion will occur
(b) If ng = 0, No contraction /expansion (volume remains constant)
(c) If ng < 0, then contraction will occur
11.5 ASSUMPTIONS
1. All gases are assumed to be ideal.

2. Nitrogen gas formed during reaction will not react with any other gas.
3. The volume of solids and liquids are negligible in comparision to the volume of gas.
11.6 GENERAL REACTIONS FOR COMBUSTION OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
(i) When an organic compound is hydrocarbon :

 y y
CxHy +  x   O2  xCO2 + HO
 4 2 2
(ii) When an organic compound contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen :
 y z y
CxHyOz +  x    O2  xCO2 + HO
 4 2 2 2
(iii) When an organic compound contain carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen :

 y y z
CxHyNz +  x   O2  xCO2 + H2O + N
 4 2 2 2
11.7 ANALYSIS OF GASEOUS MIXTURE
Illustration-25
10 ml of a mixture of CO, CH4 and N2, exploded with excess of oxygen, gave a contraction of 6.5 ml.
There was a further contraction of 7 ml when the residual gas was treated with KOH. What is the
composition of the original mixture ?
Sol. Let the volume of CO = a ml
CH4 = b ml
 N2 = (10 – a – b) ml
The explosion reactions are
CO + 1/2 O2  CO2
a a/2 a
MOLE CONCEPT
CH4 + 2O2  CO2 + 2H2O (l)

b 2b b
contraction in volume = a + a/2 + b + 2b – a–b = 6.5
or, a + 4b = 13 ..............(1)
CO2 is absorbed by KOH solution

 a+b=7 ...............(2)
From equation (1) and (2) a = 5, b = 2
vol. of CO  5mL

 vol. of CH 4  2mL
vol. of N 2  10  5  2  3mL
11.8 VOLUME – VOLUME ANALYSIS
Illustration-26
1 litre of a mixture of CO and CO2 is taken. This mixture is passed through a tube containing red hot
charcoal. The volume now becomes 1.6 litres. The volumes are measured under the same condition.
Find the composition of the mixture by volume.
Sol. Let the volume of CO2 in the mixture be x litres
On passing through red hot charcoal, CO2 + C  2CO
x litre 2x litre
Now, total volume of CO = (1 – x) + 2x = 1.6 (given)
 x = 0.6 litre
 volume of CO2 in the mixture = 0.6 litre
volume of CO in the mixture = 1 – 0.6 = 0.4 litre
11.9 DETERMINATION OF MOLECULAR FORMULA OF GASEOUS HYDROCARBONS
Illustration-27
Agaseous hydrocarbon (V.D. = 15) having volume 10 ml was exploded with excess of O2. On cooling,
a contraction in volume by 25 ml was observed. Calculate the molecular formula of the hydrocarbon.
Sol. Let the molecular formula of hydrocarbon = CxHy

 y y
Reaction CxHy +  x   O2  xCO2 + HO
 4 2 2
10 ml 10  x  y  ml 10 x ml
 4
 y
From reaction contraction in volume is given as : 10 + 10  x   –10 x = 25 (given)
 4
 y=6
Now, Formula of hydrocarbon = CxH6
Mol. wt. of CxH6 = (12 × x) + (6 × 1) = 2 × 15
x=2
Hence, Molecular formula of hydrocarbon = C2H6
MOLE CONCEPT
11.10 DETERMINATION OF MOLECULAR FORMULA OF GASES
Illustration-28
60 ml of a mixture of equal volumes of Cl2 and an oxide of chlorine were heated and then cooled back
to the original temperature. The resulting gas mixture was found to have a volume of 75 ml. On treatment
with caustic soda, the volume contracted to 15 ml.Assuming that all measurements where made at the
same temperature & pressure, deduce the simplest formula of the oxide of chlorine. (The oxide of
chlorine on heating decomposes quantitatively to give O2 & Cl2)
Sol. Let ClxOy be the oxide.
x y
ClxOy  Cl2 + O
2 2 2
x y
1 Vol. Vol. Vol.
2 2
30 ml 15 x ml 15yml
Volume of ClxOy = Vol. of Cl2 initially = 30 ml

After cooling volume = 75 ml
This corresponds to volume of Cl2 initially plus volume of Cl2 produced & O2 produced.
V(Cl2) + V(Cl2 produced) + V(O2) = 75 ml

NaOH absorbs Cl2 apart from CO2. So after NaOH treatment, the residual volume corresponds to the
volume of O2 = 15 ml
and V (Cl2 produced) = 75 – V (Cl2) – V(O2) = 75 – 30 – 15 = 30 ml
15x = 30  x = 2
and 15y = 15  y = 1
Hence, formula of oxide of chloride is Cl2O.
12. CONCENTRATION TERMS
A solution is a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances, the composition of which may vary
within limits. “A solution is a special kind of mixture in which substances are intermixed so intimately that
they can not be observed as separate components”. The substance which is to be dissolved is called
solute while the medium in which the solute is dissolved to get a homogeneous mixture is called the
solvent.Asolution is termed as binaryand ternaryif it consists of two and three components respectively.
12.1 METHODS OF EXPRESSING CONCENTRATION OF SOLUTION
Concentration of solution is the amount of solute dissolved in a known amount of the solvent or solution.
The concentration of solution can be expressed in various ways as discussed below.
12.1.1 Percentage : It refers to the amount of the solute per 100 parts of the solution. It can also be called as
parts per hundred (pph). It can be expressed by any of following four methods :
MOLE CONCEPT
Wt. of solute g 
(i) Weight by weight percentage (%w/w) = Wt. of solution  g   100
e.g., 10% Na2CO3 solution w/w means 10g of Na2CO3 is dissolved in 100g of the solution. (It means
10g Na2CO3 is dissolved in 90 of solvent)
Wt. of solute  g 
(ii) Weight by volume percent (% w/v) = Volume of solution (cm 3 ) 100
e.g., 10% Na2CO3 (w/v) means 10g Na2CO3 is dissolved in 100 cm3 of solution.
 
Volume of solute cm3
(iii) Volume by volume percent (% v/v) = Volume of solution cm3  100
e.g., 10% ethanol (v/v) means 10cm3 of ethanol dissolved in 100 cm3 of solution.
Vol. of solute
(iv) Volume by weight percent (%v/w) =  100
Wt. of solution
e.g., 10% ethanol (v/w) means 10cm3 of ethanol dissolved in 100g of solution.
Illustration-29
Concentrated nitric acid used as laboratory reagent is usually 69% by mass of nitric acid. Calculate the
volume of the solution which contains 23 g nitric acid. The density of concentrated acid is 1.41 g cm–3.
Sol. Given HNO3 is 69% by mass;
density of HNO3 = 1.41 g cm–3.
Thus (i) 69 g HNO3 is present in conc. HNO3 = 100 g
100
23 g HNO3 is present in conc. HNO3 = × 23 = 33.33 g
69
Mass 33.33
(ii) Volume of solution required = = = 23.64 mL
Density 1.41
12.1.2 Parts per million (ppm) and parts per billion (ppb) : When a solute is present in very small quantity,
it is convenient to express the concentration in parts per million and parts per billion. It is the number of
parts of solute per million (106) or per billion (109) parts of solution. It is independent of the temperature.
Mass of solute component
ppm = 10 6
Total mass of solution
Mass of solute component
ppb = 109
Total mass of solution
MOLE CONCEPT
Illustration-30
Calculate the parts per million of SO2 gas in 250 ml water (density 1 g cm–3) containing
5 × 10–4 g of SO2 gas.
Sol. Mass of SO2 gas = 5 × 10–4 g;
Mass of H2O = Volume × Density = 250 cm3 × 1 g cm–3 = 250 g
5 10 4
 Parts per million of SO2 gas = 106 = 2
250g
12.1.3 Molarity (M) : Molarity of a solution is the number of moles of the solute per litre of solution (or
number of millimoles per ml of solution). Unit of molarity is mol/litre or mol/dm3. For example, a molar
(1M) solution of sugar means a solution containing 1 mole of sugar per litre of the solution. Solutions in
terms of molarity is generally expressed as,
M
1M = One molar solution, 2M = Molarity is two, or 0.5M = Semimolar solution,
2
M M
or 0.1M = Decimolar solution, or 0.01 M = Centimolar solution
10 100
M
or 0.001 M = Millimolar solution
1000
Mathematically, molaritycan be calculated byfollowing formulas :
No. of moles of solute(n) wt. of solute gm  1000

(i) M  = gm mol.wt. of solute  wt. of solution ml 
Vol. of solution in litres
(ii) If molarity and volume of the solution are changed from M1, V1 to M2,V2. Then,
M1V1 = M2V2
(iii) In balanced chemical equation, if n1 moles of reactant-1 react with n2 moles of reactant-2 . Then,
n1A + n2B  Product
M1V1 M 2 V2

n1 n2
(iv) If two solutions of the same solute are mixed then molarity (M) of resulting solution
M1V1  M 2 V2
M
(V1  V2 )
MOLE CONCEPT
Illustration-31
A bottle of commercial sulphuric acid (density 1.787 g ml–1) is labelled as 86% by weight. What is the
molarity of acid?
Wt. of H 2SO 4 in 1L solution
Sol. (i) Molarity of H2SO4 = mol. wt. of H 2SO 4
86
But wt. of given H2SO4 per litre =  1.787  1000  1536.82 g.
100
1536.82
Hence molarity of H2SO4 = = 15.68 mol L–1
98
12.1.4 Molality (m) : It is the number of moles of the solute per 1000g of the solvent. Unit of molality is
mol/kg. For example, a 0.2 molal (0.2m) solution of glucose means a solution obtained by dissolving
0.2 mole of glucose in 1000 gm of water. Molality (m) does not depend on temperature since it involves
measurement of weight of liquids.
Mathematicallymolalitycan be calculated byfollowing formulas,
Number of moles of solute Number of moles of solute

(i) m  =  1000
Weight of solvent in kg Weight of solvent in gm
Wt. of solute 1000

(ii) = 
Mol. wt. of solute Weight of solvent in gm
Illustration-32
The density of a 3 M Na2S2O3 solution is 1.25 g ml–1. Calculate percentage by mass of Na2S2O3 and
molalities of Na+ and S2O32– ions.
Sol. (i) Total mass of Na2S2O3 solution = Vol of solution × Density of solution
= 1000 ml × 1.25 g ml–1 = 1250 g
Wt. of 3M Na2S2O3 in 1000 ml solution = 3 × Mol. wt of Na2S2O3 (158) = 474 g
[ Mol. wt. of Na2S2O3 = 158 g mol–1]
Wt. of Na 2S2 O 3 474
 % of Na2S2O3 = Total wt. of solution × 100 = × 100 = 37.92%
1250
(ii) To find molality of Na+ ions

 3 M Na2S2O3 contain 6 moles of Na+ ions in one litre
1000 1000
 Molality of Na+ ions = 6 × wt. of solvent 1250  474  776g  = 6 ×  7.73 m
776
(iii) To find molality of S2O32–

 3M Na2S2O3 contain 3 moles of S2O32– ions in one litre
1000
Molality of S2O32– = 3 × wt. of solvent  776 = 3.865 m
MOLE CONCEPT
12.1.5 Mole fraction (  ) : Mole fraction may be defined as the ratio of number of moles of one component to
the total number of moles of all the components (solvent and solute) present in the solution. It is denoted
by the letter  . It may be noted that the mole fraction is independent of the temperature. Mole fraction
is dimensionless. If a solution contains the componentsAand B and suppose that WA gram ofAand WB
gram of B are present in it.
WA WB
Number of moles of Ais given by, n A  M and the number of moles of B is given by, n B  M
A B
where MA and MB are molecular mass ofAand B respectively.

Total number of moles ofA and B = nA + nB
nA
Mole fraction ofA,  A  n  n
A B
nB
Mole fraction of B,  B  n  n
A B
The sum of mole fractions of all the components in the solution is always one.
nA nB
A  B   1
nA  nB nA  nB
A   B = 1
Thus, if we know the mole fraction of one component of a binary solution, the mole fraction of the other
can be calculated.
Illustration-33
Find out the masses of acid and water required to prepare 1 mole of CH3COOH solution of 0.3 mole
fraction of CH3COOH.
Sol.  CH 3COOH  0 .3
 H 2O  1  0.3  0.7
Wt. of CH3COOH = CH3COOH × mol. wt.(CH3COOH) = 0.3 × 60 = 18 g
Wt. of water =  H 2O × mol. wt. (H2O) = 0.7 × 18 = 12.6 g
12.1.6 Mass Fraction : Mass fractino of a component in a solution is the mass of the component divided by
the total mass of the solution. For a solution containing wA gm ofAand wB gm of B.
wA wB
Mass fraction of A = w  w Mass fraction of B = w  w
A B A B
Note : It may be noted that molality, mole fraction, mass fraction etc. are preferred to molarity, normality,
formality etc. Because the former involve the weights of the solute and solvent where as later involve
volumes of solutions. Temperature has no effect on weights but it has significant effect on volumes.
MOLE CONCEPT
12.2 MOLARITY OF IONIC COMPOUNDS
In ionic compounds, calculate the dissociated mole of each ion per mole of molecule considering the
degree of dissociation.
Illustration-34
Find the molarityof various ions in 0.1 M BeCl2 solution, considering degree of dissociation of BeCl2 as
80%.
Sol. BeCl2 80 +2

%
 Be + 2Cl¯
0.1 0 0
0.1–0.08 0.08 0.16
+2
Be =0.08M, Cl¯ = 0.16 M
12.3 MIXING OR DILUTION OF SOLUTIONS
Illustration-35
200 ml of 1M HCl solution is mixed with 800 ml of 2M HCl solution.
(a) Calculate the final molarity of the solution.
(b) If density of final solution is 1.2 gm/ml. Calculate molality ‘m’
M1V1  M 2 V2 200  1  800  2
Sol. (a) M = V1  V2 = = 1.8 M
1000
1.8  1000
(b) m = = 1.58 m
1200  1.8  36.5
12.4 MIXING OF ACID & BASE SOLUTIONS
In case of mixing of acid and base, calculate millimoles of H+ and OH– separately, substract the lower
value from higher value, which gives the number of millimoles of H+ or OH– in the final solution.
Illustration-36
Calculate [H+] in a solution if 0.2 M 100 ml H2SO4 is mixed with 0.1 M 300 ml NaOH solution.
Sol. H+ = 0.2 × 100 × 2 = 40 mmole
OH– = 0.1 × 300 = 30 mmole
40  30
[H+] = = 0.025M Ans.
100  300
12.5 PROBLEM INVOLVING PRECIPITATION
In problems involving precipitation, complete reaction is assumed and the limiting reagent completely
reacts. Ions in the precipitated product is not considered in finding concentration of that ions.
MOLE CONCEPT
Illustration-37
10 ml of HCl solution gave 0.1435 g ofAgCl when treated with excess ofAgNO3 . Find the molarity of
the acid solution (Ag = 108)
Sol. HCl + AgNO3  AgCl + HNO3
(1+35.5) (excess) (108 + 35.5)
= 36.5 g = 143.5 g
143.5 g of AgCl is obtained from HCl = 36.5 g
36.5
0.1435 g of AgCl is obtained from HCl =  0.1435g = 0.0365
143.6
0.0365 1000
 Molarity of HCl solution =  = 0.1 M
36.5 10
12.6 SOME TYPICAL CONCENTRATION TERMS
12.6.1 Strength of H2O2 solution :

The strength of H2O2 is aqeous solution is expressed in the following two ways :
(i) Percentage strength : The mass of H2O2 present in 100 ml of the aqueous solution is termed as
percentage strength. For example, a 25% solution (w/v) of H2O2 means that 25 grams of H2O2 are
present in 100 ml of the solution.
(ii) Volume strength : Strength of the sample of H2O2 is generally expressed in terms of the volume of
oxygen at 0ºC and 1 atm that one volume of the sample of hydrogen peroxide gives on heating. The
commercial samples are marked as '10 volume'. '15 volume' or '20 volume'. 10 volume means that one
volume of the sample of hydrogen peroxide gives 10 volumes of oxygen at 0ºC and 1 atm. 1 ml of a
10 volume solution of H2O2 will liberate 10 ml of oxygen at 0ºC and 1 atm.
Illustration-38
Find the volume strength of 1.6 M H2O2 solution.
Sol. Strength of the solution = Molarity × mol. mass = 1.6 × 34 = 54.4 gL–1
2H2O2  2H2O + O2
68 g 22.4 L
22.4
54.4  54  19.92 L
68
 Volume strength = ‘19.92 V’
12.6.2 Percentage labelling of oleum
Oleum is fuming sulphuric acid which contains extra SO3 dissolved in H2SO4. To convert this extra SO3
into H2SO4, water has to be added (SO3 + H2O  H2SO4) . The amount of sulphuric acid obtained
when just sufficient water is added into 100 g of oleum so that all SO3 present in it is converted into
H2SO4 is called percentage labelling of oleum.
MOLE CONCEPT
Illustration-39
An oleum is labelled as 109%. Calculate mass percent of free SO3 and H2SO4
Sol. It means that water added = 9 g in 100 gm oleum
Let us calculate how much SO3 can be converted into H2SO4 by 9 g of water
SO3 + H2O  H2SO4
80 g 18 g 98 g
i.e., 9 g H2O can dissolve 40 g SO3 to form 49 g H2SO4
 Mass of SO3 in 100 g oleum = 40 g
and % by mass of SO3 = 40 %
and % by mass of H2SO4 = 60 %
12.7 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN DIFFERENT CONCENTRATION TERMS
md
1. N = M × n factor 2. M = 1  mM / 1000
2
1000 x 2 1000dx 2
3. m= x1M1 4. M= x M x M
1 1 1 2
 1 M2 
5. d = M  
 m 1000 
5.6  Percentagestrength
6. Volume strength of H2O2 = 5.6 × N = 10
Eq.wt. of H 2O 2 (17)
11.2  Percentagestrength 10

7. Volume strength of H2O2 = 11.2 × M =
Mol.wt. of H 2 O 2 (34)
8. In oleum labelled as (100 + x) %

 80  x 
% of free SO3 =   (w/w)
 18 
where N = Normality
M = Molarity m = molality
d = density of solution M2 = Molecular mass of solute
x2 = Mole fraction of solute x1 = Mole fraction of solvent
M1= Molecular mass of solvent d = Density of solution.
MOLE CONCEPT
EXERCISE-1 (Objective Questions)

[SINGLE CORRECT CHOICE TYPE]
Q.1 3.64 gram of the silver salt of an organic dibasic acid yields, on strong heating, 2.16 gm of silver. If the
weight percentage of carbon in it 8 times the weight percentage of hydrogen and one-half the weight
percentage of oxygen, determine the molecular formula of the acid. [Atomic weight ofAg = 108]
(A) C4H6O4 (B) C4H6O6 (C) C2H6O2 (D) C5H10O5
Q.2 Maximum mass of sucrose C12H22O11 produced by mixing 84 gm of carbon, 12 gm of hydrogen and
56 lit. O2 at 1 atm & 273 K according to given reaction, is
C(s) + H2(g) + O2 (g)  C12H22O11(s)
(A) 138.5 (B) 155.5 (C) 172.5 (D) 199.5
Q.3 40 gm of a carbonate of an alkali metal or alkaline earth metal containing some inert impurities was
made to react with excess HCl solution. The liberated CO2 occupied 12.315 lit. at 1 atm & 300 K. The
correct option is
(A) Mass of impurity is 1 gm and metal is Be
(B) Mass of impurity is 3 gm and metal is Li
(C) Mass of impurity is 6 gm and metal is Li
(D) Mass of impurity is 2 gm and metal is Mg
Q.4 The percentage bymole of NO2 in a mixture of NO2(g) and NO(g) having average molecular mass 34 is :
(A) 25% (B) 20% (C) 40% (D) 75%
Q.5 The minimum mass of mixture ofA2 and B4 required to produce at least 1 kg of each product is :
(Given At. mass of 'A' = 10 ; At. mass of 'B' = 120)
5A2 + 2B4 
 2AB2 + 4A2B
(A) 2120 gm (B) 1060 gm (C) 560 gm (D) 1660 gm
Q.6 74 gm of a compoud on complete combustion gives 132 gm CO2 and 54 gm of H2O. The molecular
formula of the compound may be
(A) C5H12 (B) C4H10O (C) C3H6O2 (D) C3H7O2
Q.7 An iodized salt contains 0.5 % of NaI by weight .Aperson consumes 3 gm of salt everyday. The number
of iodide ions going into his body everyday is [Atomic weight I =127]
(A) 10–4 (B) 6.02 ×10–4 (C) 6.02 × 1019 (D) 6.02 × 1023
Q.8 The mass of CO2 produced from 620 gm mixture of C2H4O2 & O2, prepared to produce maximum
energy is (Combustion reaction is exothermic)
(A) 413.33 gm (B) 593.04 gm (C) 440 gm (D) 320 gm
Q.9 In the quantitative determination of nitrogen, N2 gas liberated from 0.42 gm of a sample of organic
100
compound was collected over water. If the volume of N2 gas collected was ml at total pressure
11
860 mm Hg at 250 K, % by mass of nitrogen in the organic compound is
[Aq. tension at 250 K is 24 mm Hg and R = 0.08 L atm mol–1 K–1 ]
10 5 20 100
(A) % (B) % (C) % (D) %
3 3 3 3
MOLE CONCEPT
Q.10 The mass of P4O10 produced if 440 gm of P4S3 is mixed with 384 gm of O2 is
P4S3 + O2  P4O10 + SO2
(A) 568 gm (B) 426 gm (C) 284 gm (D) 396 gm
Q.11 Calculate percentage change in Mavg of the mixture, if PCl5 undergo 50% decomposition.
PCl5  PCl3 + Cl2
(A) 50% (B) 66.66 % (C) 33.33 % (D) Zero
Q.12 The mass of Mg3N2 produced if 48 gm of Mg metal is reacted with 34 gm NH3 gas is
Mg + NH3  Mg3N2 + H2
200 100 400 150
(A) (B) (C) (D)
3 3 3 3
Q.13 The number of carbon atoms present in a signature, if a signature written by carbon pencil weights
1.2 × 10–3 gm is
(A) 12.04 × 1020 (B) 6.02 × 1019 (C) 3.01 × 1019 (D) 6.02 × 1020
Q.14 The average atomic mass of a mixture containing 79 mole % of 24Mg and remaining 21 mole % of 25Mg
and 26Mg , is 24.31. % mole of 26Mg is
(A) 5 (B) 20 (C) 10 (D) 15
Q.15 Air contains 20% oxygen by volume, calculate the theoretical volume of air which will be required for
burning 200 m3 of acetylene gas completely. All volumes are measured under the same conditions of
temperature and pressure.
(A) 2500 m3 (B) 500 m3 (C) 2000 m3 (D) 3000 m3
Q.16 All alloy of iron (54.7%), nickel (45%) and manganese (0.3%) has a density of 8.17 g/cm3. How many
iron atoms are there in a block of alloy measuring 10 cm × 20 cm × 15 cm?
(A) 2.201 × 1026 (B)1.442 × 1026 (C) 8.41 × 1025 (D) 6.19 × 1026
Q.17 Aspartame, an artificial sweetener contains 9.52 wt. % nitrogen. There are two nitrogen atoms per
molecule. What is the molecular weight of aspartame?
(A) 147 (B) 294 (C) 588 (D) 266
Q.18 The specific gravity of the stainless steel spherical balls used in ball-bearings are 10.2. How many iron
atoms are present in each ball of diameter 1 cm if the balls contain 84% iron, by mass ? The atomic mass
of iron is 56.
(A) 4.12 × 1021 (B) 4.82 × 1022 (C) 3.82 × 1022 (D) None of these
Q.19 An organic compound contains 8 % Oxygen and 4 % Sulphur by mass. Find the minimum possible
molecular weight of compound?
(A) 400 (B) 200 (C) 800 (D) 1600
Q.20 Equal volumes of 10% (v/v) of HCl is mixed with 10% (v/v) NaOH solution. If density of pure NaOH
is 1.5 times that of pure HCl then the resultant solution be.
(A) basic (B) neutral (C) acidic (D) can’t be predicted.
MOLE CONCEPT
Q.21 One mole mixture of CH4 & air (containing 80% N2 20% O2 by volume) of a composition such that
when underwent combustion gave maximum heat (assume combustion of onlyCH4). Then which of the
statements are correct, regarding composition of initial mixture.(X presents mole fraction)
1 2 8 3 1 1
(A) X CH  , XO  , X N  (B) X CH 4  , X O 2  , X N 2 
4 11 2 11 2 11 8 8 2
1 1 2
(C) X CH 4  , XO  , XN  (D) Data insufficient
6 2 6 2 3
Q.22 What volumes should you mix of 0.2 M NaCl and 0.1 M CaCl2 solution so that in resulting solution the
concentration of positive ion is 40% lesser than concentration of negative ion.Assuming total volume of
solution 1000 ml.
(A) 400 ml NaCl , 600 ml CaCl2 (B) 600 ml NaCl, 400 ml CaCl2
(C) 800 ml NaCl, 200 ml CaCl2 (D) None of these
Q.23 If 50 gm oleum sample rated as 118% is mixed with 18 gm water, then the correct option is
(A) The resulting solution contains 18 gm of water and 118 gm H2SO4
(B) The resulting solution contains 9 gm water and 59 gm H2SO4
(C) The resulting solution contains only 118 gm pure H2SO4
(D) The resulting solution contains 68 gm of pure H2SO4
Q.24 Assuming complete precipitation ofAgCl, calculate the sum of the molar concentration of all the ions if 2
lit of 2M Ag2SO4 is mixed with 4 lit of 1 M NaCl solution is :
(A) 4M (B) 2M (C) 3 M (D) 2.5 M
Q.25 12.5gm of fuming H2SO4 (labelled as 112%) is mixed with 100 lit water. Molar concentration of H+ in
resultant solution is :
[Note :Assume that H2SO4 dissociate completely and there is no change in volume on mixing]
2 2 3 3
(A) (B) (C) (D)
700 350 350 700
Q.26 A definite amount of gaseous hydrocarbon was burnt with just sufficient amount of O2. The volume of all
reactants was 600 ml, after the explosion the volume of the products [CO2(g) and H2O(g)] was found
to be 700 ml under the similar conditions. The molecular formula of the compound is
(A) C3H8 (B) C3H6 (C) C3H4 (D) C4H10
Q.27 C6H5OH (g) + O2 (g)  CO2 (g) + H2O (l)

Magnitude of volume change if 30 ml of C6H5OH (g) is burnt with excess amount of oxygen, is
(A) 30 ml (B) 60 ml (C) 20 ml (D) 10 ml
Q.28 When 20 ml of mixture of O2 and O3 is heated, the volume becomes 29 ml and disappears in alkaline
pyragallol solution. What is the volume precent of O2 in the original mixture?
(A) 90% (B) 10% (C) 18% (D) 2%
Q.29 A mixture of C2H2 and C3H8 occupied a certain volume at 80 mm Hg. The mixture was completely
burnt to CO2 and H2O(l). When the pressure of CO2 was found to be 230 mm Hg at the same temperature
and volume, the fraction of C2H2 in mixture is
(A) 0.125 (B) 0.5 (C) 0.85 (D) 0.25
MOLE CONCEPT
Q.30 20 mL of a mixture of CO and H2 were mixed with excess of O2 and exploded & cooled. There was a
volume contraction of 23 mL.All volume measurements corresponds to room temperature (27°C) and
one atmospheric pressure. Determine the volume ratio V1 : V2 of CO and H2 in the original mixture
(A) 6.5 : 13.5 (B) 5 : 15 (C) 9 : 11 (D) 7 : 13
Q.31 The % by volume of C4H10 in a gaseous mixture of C4H10, CH4 and CO is 40. When 200 ml of the
mixture is burnt in excess of O2. Find volume (in ml) of CO2 produced.
(A) 220 (B) 340 (C) 440 (D) 560
[MULTIPLE CORRECT CHOICE TYPE]

Q.32 For the following reactions
(NH4)2SO4 + NaOH  Na2SO4 + H2O + NH3
40%
Yield = 40%
NH3 + HCl   NH4Cl
80%
Yield = 80%
Choose correct option(s). [Assuming all other reactants required are in sufficient amount]
(A) Produced mass of NH4Cl is 2.71 gm if 4 gm of NaOH is taken
(B) 41.25 gm (NH4)2SO4 is required to produce 10.7 gm NH4Cl
(C) 25 gm of NaOH is required to produce 10.7 gm NH4Cl
(D) Produced moles of NH4Cl (in IInd reaction) are 1.6 times of produced moles of Na2SO4
(in Ist reaction.) if 4 gm of NaOH is taken
Q.33 Solution(s) containing 40 gm NaOH is/are

(A) 50 gm of 80% (w/w) NaOH
(B) 50 gm of 80% (w/v) NaOH [dsoln. = 1.2 gm/ml]
(C) 50 gm of 20 M NaOH [dsoln. = 1 gm/ml]
(D) 50 gm of 5m NaOH
Q.34 A sample of H2O2 solution labelled as 56 volume has density of 530 gm/L. Mark the correct option(s)
representing concentration of same solution in other units. (Solution contains only H2O and H2O2)
w
(A) M H = 6 (B) % = 17
2O 2 v
1000
(C) Mole fraction of H2O2 = 0.25 (D) m H 2O 2 =
72
Q.35 Two gases Aand B which react according to the equation

aA(g) + bB(g)  cC(g) + dD(g)
to give two gases C and D are taken (amount not known) in an Eudiometer tube (operating at a constant
Pressure and temperature) to cause the above.
If on causing the reaction there is no volume change observed then which of the following statement is/
are correct.
(A) (a + b) = (c + d)
(B) average molecular mass may increase or decrease if either ofAor B is present in limited amount.
(C) Vapour Density of the mixture will remain same throughout the course of reaction.
(D) Total moles of all the component of mixture will change.
MOLE CONCEPT
Q.36 A mixture of C3H8 (g) & O2 having total volume 100 ml in an Eudiometry tube is sparked & it is
observed that a contraction of 45 ml is observed what can be the composition of reacting mixture.
(A) 15 ml C3H8 & 85 ml O2 (B) 25 ml C3H8 & 75 ml O2
(C) 45 ml C3H8 & 55 ml O2 (D) 55 ml C3H8 & 45 ml O2
[MATCH THE COLUMN]

Q.37 One type of artifical diamond (commonly calledYAG for yttrium aluminium garnet) can be represented
by the formula Y3Al5O12.[Y = 89,Al =27]
Column I Column II
Element Weight percentage
(A) Y (P) 22.73%
(B) Al (Q) 32.32%
(C) O (R) 44.95%
Q.38 The recommended daily dose is 17.6 milligrams of vitamin C (ascorbic acid) having formula C6H8O6.
Match the following. Given : NA = 6 × 1023
Column I Column II
(A) O-atoms present (P) 10–4 mole
(B) Moles of vitamin C in 1 gm of vitamin C (Q) 5.68 × 10–3
(C) Moles of vitamin C in recommended daily dose (R) 3.6 × 1020
Q.39 Br2 reacts with O2 in either of the following ways depending upon supply of O2.
1
Br2 + O  Br2O
2 2
3
Br2 + O  Br2O3
2 2
Match composition of the final mixture for initial amount of reactants.
Column I Column II
(Initial reactants) (Final product)
(A) 320 gm Br2 is mixed with 64 gm of O2 (P) 1 mole Br2O3
1 1
(B) 160 gm Br2 is mixed with 8 gm of O2 (Q) mole (Br2O), mole (Br2)
2 2
(C) 80 gm Br2 is mixed with 32 gm O2 (R) 1 mole (Br2O), 1 mole (Br2O3)
1 1
(D) 160 gm Br2 is mixed with 48 gm O2 (S) mole (Br2O3) , mole (O2)
2 4
Q.40 Match the column:
Column I Column II
(A) 20 V H2O2 (P) 1.78 M
(B) 17.45 % w/v H2SO4 (d = 1.1745 g/ml) (Q) 1.78 m
(C) Pure water (R) 1.5 M
(D) 5 % w/w NaOH (d=1.2 gm/ml) (S) 55.5 M
MOLE CONCEPT
[PARAGRAPH TYPE]
Paragraph for question nos. 41 to 43
24 gm pure sample of magnesium is burned in air to form magnesium oxide and magnesium nitride.
When products are treated with excess of H2O, 3.4 gm of gaseous NH3 is generated according to given
reactions.
Mg + O2  MgO
Mg + N2  Mg3N2
Mg3N2 + 6H2O  3Mg (OH)2 + 2NH3
Q.41 Calculate the amount of magnesium oxide (in gm) in products.
(A) 28 (B) 20 (C) 16.8 (D) 32
Q.42 Calculate the amount of Mg(OH)2 (in gm) produced in above reaction.
(A) 11.6 (B) 17.4 (C) 23.2 (D) 15.8
Q.43 Calculate the mass % of Mg converted into Mg3N2.

(A) 20 (B) 30 (C) 35 (D) 40

NaBr, used to produce AgBr for use in photography can be self prepared as follows :
Fe + Br2  FeBr2 ....(i)
FeBr2 + Br2  Fe3Br8 ....(ii) (not balanced)
Fe3Br8 + Na2CO3  NaBr + CO2 + Fe3O4 ....(iii) (not balanced)
Q.44 Mass of iron required to produce 2.06 × 103 kg NaBr [Atomic weigth Br = 80, Fe = 56 ]
(A) 420 gm (B) 420 kg (C) 4.2 × 105 kg (D) 4.2 × 108 gm
Q.45 If the yield of (ii) is 60% & (iii) reaction is 70% then mass of iron required to produce 2.06 × 103 kg
NaBr
(A) 105 kg (B) 105 gm (C) 103 kg (D) None
Q.46 If yield of (iii) reaction is 90% then mole of CO2 formed when 2.06 × 103 gm NaBr is formed
(A) 20 (B) 10 (C) 40 (D) None

Water is added to 3.52 grams of UF6. The products are 3.08 grams of a solid [containing only U, O
and F] and 0.8 gram of a gas only. The gas [containing fluorine and hydrogen only], contains 95 % by
mass fluorine. [Assume that the empirical formula is same as molecular formula.]
(U = 238, F = 19)
Q.47 The empirical formula of the gas is
(A) HF2 (B) H2F (C) HF (D) HF3
Q.48 The empirical formula of the solid product is

(A) UF2O2 (B) UFO2 (C) UF2O (D) UFO
Q.49 The percentage of fluorine of the original compound which is converted into gaseous compound is
(A) 66.66 % (B) 33.33 % (C) 50 % (D) 89.9 %
MOLE CONCEPT

An organic compound contains 69.4 % C, 5.8 % H.A sample of 0.303 g of this compound is analysed
for nitrogen by Kieldahl's method. The ammonia evolved was absorbed in 50 mL of 0.05 M H2SO4.
The excess acid required 25 mLof 0.1 M NaOH for neutralization. Molecular weight of organic compound
is 121.
Q.50 What is percentage of 'N' in the compound?
(A) 7.4 % (B) 11.55% (C) 19.4 % (D) 21.6 %
Q.51 Number of hydrogen atoms in the molecular formula of the compound?

(A) 7 (B) 10 (C) 5 (D) 12
Q.52 0.303 g of the organic compound, in Duma's method on combustion gave 32.27 mL of moist nitrogen at
27°C and at P mm Hg pressure. If the vapour pressure at 27°C is 21 mm of Hg. Find the value of 'P'?
(A) 725 mm (B) 746 mm (C) 710 mm (D) 760 mm

1.0 g of an alloy ofAl and Mg when treated with excess of dil HCl forms MgCl2,AlCl3 and hydrogen.
The evolved hydrogen, collected over Hg at 0°C has a volume of 1.218 litre at 0.92 atm pressure.
3
Al + 3HCl  AlCl3 + H
2 2
Mg + HCl  MgCl2 + H2
Q.53 Weight percentage ofAl in the mixture is:

(A) 60% (B) 40% (C) 55% (D) 45%
Q.54 Moles of MgCl2 produced will be?

(A) 0.025 (B) 0.0167 (C) 0.0125 (D) 0.0114

2 litre of 9.8 % w/w H2SO4 (d = 1.5 gm/ml) solution is mixed with 3 litre of 1 M KOH solution.
Q.55 The number of moles H2SO4 added are
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 0.5
Q.56 The concentration of H+ if solution is acidic or concentration of OH¯ if solution is basic in the final
solution is
3 3 2
(A) 0 (B) (C) (D)
10 5 5

A mixture is prepared by mixing 20 gm SO3 in 30 gm H2SO4.
Q.57 Find mole fraction of SO3 .
(A) 0.2 (B) 0.45 (C) 0.6 (D) 0.8
Q.58 Determine % labelling of oleum solution.

(A) 104.5 (B) 106 (C) 109 (D) 110
MOLE CONCEPT
EXERCISE-2 (Subjective Questions)
LAWS OF CHEMICAL COMBINATION AND AVERAGE MOLAR MASS
Q.1 2 isotopes of an element are present in 1 : 2 ratio of number, having mass number M and (M + 0.5)
respectively. Find the mean mass number of element.
Q.2 Find the number of neutrons in 0.45 g water, assuming that all the hydrogen atoms are H1 atoms and all
the oxygen atoms are O16 atoms
Q.3 A gaseous mixture contains CO2 (g) and N2O (g) in a 2 : 5 ratio by mass. Find the ratio of the number
of molecules of CO2 (g) and N2O (g)
Q.4 1.61 gm of Na2SO4.10H2O contains same number of oxygen atoms as present in x gm of H2SO4.
Calculate x.
Q.5 Ethanol, C2H5OH, is the substance commonly called alcohol. The density of liquid alcohol is 0.7893 g/
ml at 293 K. If 1.2 mole of ethanol are needed for a particular experiment, what volume of ethanol
should be measured out?
-
Q.6 What time in sec., it would take to spend Avogadro’s number of rupees at the rate of 10 lac rupees per
second?
Q.7 Methane and propane are both constituent of natural gas. A sample of methane contains 5.7 gm of C
atom and 1.9 gm of H atom combined in certain way. Whereas a sample of propane contain 4.47 gm of
carbon atom and 0.993 gm of H atoms combined in different way. Show that two sample obey law of
multiple proportion.
Q.8 Substance A and B are colourless gases obtained by combining sulphur with oxygen. Substance A
results from combining 6 gm of sulphur with 6 gm of oxygen and substance B result from combining 8.6
gm of sulphur with 12.88 gm of oxygen. Show that the mass ratio in two substances are in simple multiple
of each other.
MOLE
Q.9 How many gm of HCl is needed for complete reaction with 69.6 gm MnO2 ?
HCl + MnO2  MnCl2 + H2O + Cl2
Q.10 Nitric acid is manufactured by the Ostwald process, in which nitrogen dioxide reacts with water.
3 NO2 (g) + H2O (l)  2 HNO3 (aq) + NO (g)
How many grams of nitrogen dioxide are required in this reaction to produce 25.2 gm HNO3 ?
Q.11 Flourine reacts with uranium to produce uranium hexafluoride, UF6, as represented by this equation
U(s) + 3F2(g)  UF6(g)
How many fluorine molecules are required to produce 7.04 mg of uranium hexafluoride, UF6, from an
excess of uranium ? The molar mass of UF6 is 352 gm/mol. (NA = 6 × 1023)
MOLE CONCEPT
Q.12 What total volume, in litre at 627°C and 1 atm, could be formed by the decomposition of 16 gm of
NH4NO3 ? Reaction : 2 NH4NO3  2N2 + O2 + 4H2O(g).
Q.13 Calculate mass of phosphoric acid required to obtain 53.4 gm pyrophosphoric acid.
(LIMITING REACTANT)
Q.14 Titanium, which is used to make air plane engines and frames, can be obtained from titanium tetrachloride,
which in turn is obtained from titanium oxide by the following process :
3 TiO2(s) + 4C (s) + 6Cl2 (g)  3TiCl4(g) + 2CO2(g) + 2CO (g)
A vessel contains 4.32 gm TiO2, 5.76 gm C and; 7.1 gm Cl2, suppose the reaction goes to completion
as written, how many gram of TiCl4 can be produced ? (Ti = 48)
Q.15 A chemist wants to prepare diborane by the reaction

6 LiH + 8BF3  6Li BF4 + B2H6
If he starts with 2.0 moles each of LiH & BF3. How many moles of B2H6 can be prepared.
Q.16 Carbon reacts with chlorine to form CCl4. 36 gm of carbon was mixed with 142 gm of Cl2. Calculate
mass of CCl4 produced and the remaining mass of reactant.
Q.17 Sulphuric acid is produced when sulphur dioxide reacts with oxygen and water in the presence of a
catalyst : 2SO2(g) + O2 (g) + 2 H2O(l) 2 H2SO4 . If 5.6 mol of SO2 reacts with 4.8 mol of O2 and
a large excess of water, what is the maximum number of moles of H2SO4 that can be obtained ?
Q.18 Potassium superoxide, KO2, is used in rebreathing gas masks to generate oxygen :
KO2(s) + H2O(l)  KOH (s) + O2 (g)
If a reaction vessel contains 0.158 mol KO2 and 0.10 mol H2O, how many moles of O2 can be produced?
(PROBLEMS RELATED WITH MIXTURE)

Q.19 39 gm of an alloy of aluminium and magnesium when heated with excess of dil. HCl forms magnesium
chloride, aluminium chloride and hydrogen. The evolved hydrogen collected at 0°C has a volume of
44.8 litres at 1 atm pressure. Calculate the composition of the aluminium by moles.
Q.20 A sample containing only CaCO3 and MgCO3 is ignited to CaO and MgO. The mixture of oxides
produced weight exactly half as much as the original sample. Calculate the mass percentages of CaCO3
and MgCO3 in the sample.
Q.21 Determine the percentage composition of a mixture (by mass) of anhydrous sodium carbonate and
sodium bicarbonate from the following data:
wt. of the mixture taken = 2 gm
Loss in weight on heating = 0.124 gm.
Q.22 A sample of mixture of CaCl2 and NaCl weighing 5.55 gm was treated to precipitate all the Ca as
CaCO3 which was then heated and quantitatively converted to 1.68 gm of CaO. Calculate the mass
percentage of CaCl2 in the mixture.
MOLE CONCEPT
Q.23 When 4 gm of a mixture of NaHCO3 and NaCl is heated, 0.66 gm CO2 gas is evolved. Determine the
percentage composition of the original mixture by mass.
(PERCENTAGE YIELD AND PERCENTAGE PURITY )

Q.24 A power company burns approximately 475 tons of coal per day to produce electricity. If the sulphur
content of the coal is 1.2 % by weight, how many tons SO2 are dumped into the atmosphere each day?
Q.25 Calculate the percent loss in weight after complete decomposition of a pure sample of potassium chlorate.
KClO3(s)  KCl(s) + O2(g)
Q.26 A sample of calcium carbonate is 80% pure, 25 gm of this sample is treated with excess of HCl.How
much volume of CO2 will be obtained at 1 atm & 273 K?
Q.27 Cyclohexanol is dehydrated to cyclohexene on heating with conc. H2SO4. If the yield of this reaction is
75%, how much cyclohexene will be obtained from 100 gm of cyclohexanol ?
C6H12O con
.  C6H10
H 2SO 4
Q.28 How many grams of 80% pure Na2SO4 can be produced from 130 gm of 90% pure NaCl ?
SEQUENTIAL REACTIONS
Q.29 Sulphur trioxide may be prepared by the following two reactions :
S8 + 8O2(g)  8SO2(g)
2SO2(g) + O2(g)  2SO3(g)
How many grams of SO3 will be produced from 1 mol of S8?
Q.30 2PbS + 3O2  2PbO + 2SO2

3SO2 + 2HNO3 + 2H2O  3H2SO4 + 2NO
According to the above sequence of reactions, how much H2SO4 will 1200 gm of PbS produce?
(Pb = 208)
Q.31 Potassium superoxide, KO2, is utilised in closed system breathing apparatus. Exhaled air contains CO2
and H2O, both of which are removed and the removal of water generates oxygen for breathing by the
reaction
4KO2(s) + 2H2O(l)  3O2(g) + 4KOH(s)
The potassium hydroxide removes CO2 from the apparatus by the reaction :
KOH (s) + CO2 (g)  KHCO3(s)
(a) What mass of KO2 generates 48 gm of oxygen ?
(b) What mass of CO2 can be removed from the apparatus by 63.9 gm of KO2 ?
MOLE CONCEPT
Q.32 Sodium chlorate, NaClO3, can be prepared by the following series of reactions:
2KMnO4 + 16 HCl  2 KCl + 2 MnCl2 + 8H2O + 5 Cl2
6Cl2 +6 Ca(OH)2  Ca(ClO3)2 + 5 CaCl2 + 6H2O
Ca(ClO3)2 + Na2SO4  CaSO4 + 2 NaClO3
What mass of NaClO3 can be prepared from 100 ml of concentrated HCl (density 1.28 gm/ml and
36.5% by mass)? Assume all other substances are present in excess amounts.
QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS
Q.33 On complete combustion, 0.1 g of an organic compound gave 0.176g of carbon dioxide and 0.18 g of
water. Determine the percentage composition of carbon and hydrogen in the compound.
Q.34 In Dumas. method for estimation of nitrogen, 0.3g of an organic compound gave 24.63 mL of nitrogen
collected at 300K temperature and 775mm pressure.Calculate the percentage composition of nitrogen
in the compound. (Aqueous tension at 300K=15 mm)
Q.35 During estimation of nitrogen present in anorganic compound byKjeldahl’s method, the ammonia evolved
from 0.5 g of the compound in Kjeldahl’s estimation of nitrogen, neutralized 10 mLof 1 M H2SO4.
Find out the percentage of nitrogen in the compound.
Q.36 In Carius method of estimation of halogen, 1 g of an organic compound gave 0.094 g ofAgBr. Find out
the percentage of bromine in the compound.
Q.37 In sulphur estimation, 0.64 g of an organic compound gave 0.466 g of barium sulphate. What is the
percentage of sulphur in the compound?
Q.38 A sample of 0.50 g of an organic compound was treated according to Kjeldahl's method. The ammonia
evolved was absorbed in 50 ml of 0.5 M H2SO4. The residual acid required 60 mL of 0.5 M solution of
NaOH for neutralization. Find the percentage composition of nitrogen in the compound.
CONCENTRATION TERM
Q.39 Calculate the molarityof the following solutions :
(a) 4g of caustic soda is dissolved in 200 mL of the solution.
(b) 5.3 g of anhydrous sodium carbonate is dissolved in 100 mL of solution.
(c) 0.365 g of pure HCl gas is dissolved in 50 mL of solution.
Q.40 Density of a solution containing 14% by mass of sulphuric acid is 1.05 gm/mL. What is the molarity of
solution ?
Q.41 10L of 2M NaCl solution is subjected to following changes. Calculate final molarity in each case. If
solution is :
(i) Diluted by 20L (ii) Diluted to 20L
(iii) Heated until the volume reduced to 40%
(iv) Heated until the volume reduced by 40%
(v) 2 mole of NaCl(s) is further dissolved. (Neglect change in volume)
(vi) 4 moles of AgNO3 are added to solution (Neglect change in volume)
Q.42 15 g of methyl alcohol is present in 100 mL of solution. If density of solution is 0.90 gm mL–1. Calculate
the mass percentage of methyl alcohol in solution
MOLE CONCEPT
Q.43 Units of parts per million (ppm) or per billion (ppb) are often used to describe the concentrations of
solutes in very dilute solutions. The units are defined as the number of grams of solute per million or per
billion grams of solvent. Bay of Bengal has 1.89 ppm of lithium ions. What is the molality of Li+ in this
water ? (Li = 7)
Q.44 A 6.90 M solution of KOH in water contains 30% by mass of KOH. What is density of solution?
Q.45 The average concentration of Na+ ion in human body is 3 to 4 gm per litre. What is the approximate
molarity of Na+ ion in body?
Q.46 What is the concentration of chloride ion, in molarity, in a solution containing 10.56 gm BaCl2.8H2O per
itre of solution ? (Ba = 137)
Q.47 The concentration of a solution is 8% (w/w) and 10% (w/v). Calculate density of solution?
Q.48 The mole fraction of solute in aqueous urea solution is 0.2. Calculate the mass percent of solute ?
Q.49 The concentration of Ca(HCO3)2 in a sample of hard water is 486 ppm. The density of water sample is
1.0 gm/ml. Calculate the molarity of solution ?
Q.50 Calculate molality (m) of each ion present in the aqueous solution of 2M NH4Cl assuming 100%
dissociation according to reaction.
NH4Cl (aq)  NH 4 (aq) + Cl– (aq)
Given : Density of solution = 3.107 gm / ml.
PROBLEMS RELATED WITH MIXING & DILUTION

Q.51 300gm of an aqueous solution of a particular solute (containing 30% by mass solute) is mixed with 400
gm of another aq. solution of same solute (containing 40% solute by mass). In the final solution calculate.
[Given : density of final solution = 7/8 gm/ml, Molecular mass of solute = 50]
(i) Mass % of solute (ii) Mole fraction of solute
(iii) Molarity (iv) Molality
Q.52 (a) 500 ml 1M H2SO4 solution is mixed with 400 ml of 2.5 M HCl solution. Density of final solution is
1.2 gm/ml. Calculate [H+] in the final solution.
(b) 500 ml 1M H2SO4 solution (dsolution = 1.4 g/ml) is mixed with 400 ml of 2.5 M HCl solution
(dsolution = 1.25 g/ml) to give a final solution of density 1.2 g/ml. Calculate [H+] in final solution.
Q.53 Find out the volume of 98% w/w H2SO4 (density = 1.8 gm/ ml), must be diluted to prepare 12.0 litres
of 2.4 M sulphuric acid solution.
Q.54 Determine the volume of diluted nitric acid (d = 1.11 g mL–1, 19% w/v ) that can be prepared by diluting
50 mL of conc. HNO3 with water (d =1.42 g mL–1, 76% w /v).
Q.55 500 ml of 2 M NaCl solution was mixed with 200 ml of 2 M NaCl solution. Calculate the molarity of
NaCl in final solution.
MOLE CONCEPT
Q.56 Calculate the amount of the water which must be added to a given solution of concentration of 40 mg
silver nitrate per ml, to yield a solution of concentration of 16 mg silver nitrate per ml ?
Q.57 560 gm of 2 'm' aqueous solution of urea is mixed with 2480 gm of 4 'm' aqueous solution of urea .
Calculate the molalityof the resulting solution?
Q.58 500 gm of urea solution of mole fraction 0.2 is diluted to 1500 gm. Calculate the mole fraction of solute
in the diluted solution ?
Q.59 When V ml of 2.2 M H2SO4 solution is mixed with 10 V ml of water, the volume contraction of 2% take
place. Calculate the molarity of diluted solution ?
Q.60 What volume of 0.8 MAlCl3 solution should be mixed with 50 ml of 0.2M CaCl2 solution to get solution
of chloride ion concentration equal to 0.6 M ?
SOME TYPICAL CONCENTRATION TERMS

Q.61 An oleum sample is labelled as 118 %, Calculate
(i) Mass of H2SO4 in 100 gm oleum sample.
(ii) Maximum mass of H2SO4 that can be obtained if 30 gm sample is taken.
(iii) Composition of mixture (mass of components) if 40 gm water is added to 30 gm given
oleum sample.
Q.62 A mixture is prepared by mixing 10 gm H2SO4 and 40 gm SO3 calculate,

(a) mole fraction of H2SO4
(b) % labellingof oleum
Q.63 500 ml of a H2O2 solution on complete decomposition produces 2 moles of H2O. Calculate the volume
strength of H2O2 solution? [Given : Volume of O2 is measured at 1atm and 273 K]
EUDIOMETRY
Q.64 60 ml of a mixture of nitrous oxide and nitric oxide was exploded with excess of hydrogen. If 38 ml of N2
was formed, calculate the volume of each gas in the mixture.
Q.65 20 ml of a mixture of C2H2 and CO was exploded with 30 ml of oxygen. The gases after the reaction
had a volume of 34 ml. On treatment with KOH, 8 ml of oxygen remained. Calculate the composition of
the mixture.
Q.66 10 ml of CO is mixed with 25 ml air having 20% O2 by volume. What would be the final volume if none
of CO and O2 is left after the reaction?
Q.67 Calculate the volume of CO2 evolved bythe combustion of 50 ml of a mixture containing 40% C2H4 and
60% CH4 (by volume)
Q.68 40 ml of a mixture of C2H2 and CO is mixed with 100 ml of O2 gas and the mixture is exploded. The
residual gases occupied 104 ml and when these are passed through KOH solution, the volume becomes
48 ml.All the volume are at same the temperature and pressure. Determine the composition of original
mixture.
MOLE CONCEPT
Q.69 P4S3 + 8O2  P4O10 + 3SO2
Calculate minimum mass of P4S3 is required to produce at least 0.96 gm of each product.
Q.70 By the reaction of carbon and oxygen, a mixture of CO and CO2 is obtained. What is the mass ratio of
the mixture obtained when 20 grams of O2 reacts completely with 12 grams of carbon ?
Q.71 In a determination of P an aqueous solution of NaH2PO4 is treated with a mixture of ammonium and
magnesium ions to precipitate magnesium ammonium phosphate Mg(NH4)PO4. 6H2O. This is heated
and decomposed to magnesium pyrophosphate, Mg2P2O7 which is weighed. A solution of NaH2PO4
yielded 3.33 gm of Mg2P2O7. What weight of NaH2PO4 was present originally?
Q.72 Calculate the amount of H2SO4 produced (in gm) when 40 ml H2O (d = 0.9 gm/ml) reacts with 49.26
l SO3 at 1 atm. and 300 K, according to the following reaction ?
H2O + SO3  H2SO4
Q.73 2.40 gm ofthechloroplatinate of a monoacidbaseon ignition gave0.8 gm ofPt.Calculatethe mol. wtofthe

base. (Pt = 195)
Q.74 0.75 gm of an organic compound gave on complete combustion 1.6 gm of carbon dioxide and 0.47 gm
of water.Agiven weight of the compound when heated with nitric acid and silver nitrate gave an equal
weight of silver chloride. 0.75 gm of the compound gave 58.57 ml of nitrogen at1 atm and 273 K.
Deduce the empirical formula of the compound?
Q.75 10 gm of an organic compound on complete combustion gives 17.6 gm CO2, 3.6 gm water and 6.4 gm
SO2. Deduce the empirical formula of compound.
Q.76 An organic compound contains C, H and O. 0.3 gm of this compound on combustion yielded 0.44 gm
CO2 and 0.18 gm of H2O. If the weight of 1 mole of compound is 60, find molecular formula.
MOLE CONCEPT
EXERCISE-3
SECTION-A
(IIT JEE Previous Year's Questions)
Q.1 At 100º C and 1 atmp , if the density of liquid water is 1.0 g cm 3 and that of water vapour is
0.0006 g cm 3 , then the volume occupied bywater molecules in 1 L of steam at that temperature is :
(A) 6 cm3 (B) 60 cm3 (C) 0.6 cm3 (D) 0.06 cm3
[JEE '2001 (Scr), 1]
Q.2 How many moles of e— weigh one Kg [JEE'2002 (Scr), 1]

1 6.023 1
(A) 6.023 ×1023 (B) ×1031 (C) × 1054 (D) × 108
9.108 9.108 9.108  6.023
Q.3 Calculate the molarity of pure water using its density to be 1000 kg m-3. [JEE’2003]
Q.4 One gm of charcoal absorbs CH3COOH from 100 ml 0.5 M CH3COOH aqueous solution to form a
monolayer, and thereby the molarity of CH3COOH reduces to 0.49. Calculate the surface area of the
charcoal adsorbed by each molecule of acetic acid. Surface area of charcoal = 3.01 × 102 m2/gm.
[JEE'2003]
Q.5 Calculate the amount of Calcium oxide required when it reacts with 852 gm of P4O10. [JEE 2005]
6CaO + P4O10  2Ca3(PO4)2
Q.6 20% surface sites have adsorbed N2. On heating N2 gas evolved from sites and were collected at
0.001 atm and 298 K in a container of volume is 2.46 cm3. Density of surface sites is 6.023×1014/cm2
and surface area is 1000 cm2, find out the no. of surface sites occupied per molecule of N2.
[JEE 2005]
Q.7 Silver (atomic weight = 108 g mol–1) has a density of 10.5 g cm–3. The number of silver atoms on a
surface of area 10–12 m2 can be expressed in scientific notation as y × 10x. The value of x is
[JEE 2010]
Q.8 A decapeptide (Mol. Wt. = 796) on complete hydrolysis gives glycine (Mol. Wt.= 75), alanine and
phenylalanine. Glycine contributes 47.0 % to the total weight of the hydrolysed products. The number of
glycine units present in the decapeptide is [JEE 2011]
[Given : Decapeptide consumes nine molecules of H2O for hydrolysis]
Q.9 Dissolving 120 g of urea (mol. wt. 60) in 1000 g of water gave a solution of density 1.15 g/mL. The
molarity of the solution is [JEE 2011]
(A) 1.78 M (B) 2.00 M (C) 2.05 M (D) 2.22 M
Q.10 The volume (in mL) of 0.1 MAgNO3 required for complete precipitation of chloride ions present in 30
mL of 0.01 M solution of [Cr(H2O)5Cl]Cl2, as silver chloride is close to [JEE 2011]
Q.11 29.2% (w/w) HCl stock solution has a density of 1.25 g mL–1. The molecular weight of HCl is 36.5 g
mol–1. The volume (mL) of stock solution required to prepare a 200 mL solution of 0.4 M HCl is
[JEE 2012]
MOLE CONCEPT
SECTION-B
(AIEEE Previous Year's Questions)
Q.1 Number of atoms in 558.5 g Fe (at. wt. 55.85) is : [AIEEE-2002]

(A) Twice that in 60 g carbon (B) 6.023 × 1022
(C) Half in 8 g He (D) 558.5 × 6.023 × 1023
Q.2 Which of the following changes with increase in temperature : [AIEEE-2002]

(A) Molality (B) Weight fraction of solute
(C) Fraction of solute present in water (D) Mole fraction
Q.3 In a compound C, H, N atoms are present in 9 : 1 : 3.5 by weight. Molecular weight of compound is
108. Its molecular formula is : [AIEEE-2002]
(A) C2H6N2 (B) C3H4N (C) C6H8N2 (D) C9H12N3
Q.4 What volume of hydrogen gas at 273 K and 1 atm pressure will be consumed in obtaining 21.6 g of
elemental boron (at. mass = 10.8) from the reduction of boron trichloride with hydrogen:
(A) 44.8 L (B) 22.4 L (C) 89.6 L (D) 67.2 L [AIEEE-2003]
Q.5 25 mL of a solution of barium hydroxide on titration with 0.1 molar solution of hydrochloric acid gave a
titre value of 35 mL. The molarity of barium hydroxide is : [AIEEE-2004]
(A) 0.28 (B) 0.35 (C) 0.07 (D) 0.14
Q.6 6.02 × 1020 molecules of urea are present in 100 mL solution. The concentration of urea solution is :
[AIEEE-2004]
(A) 0.1 M (B) 0.01 M (C) 0.02 M (D) 0.001 M
Q.7 To neutralize completely 20 mLof 0.1 M aqueous solution of phosphorus (H3PO3) acid the volume of
0.1 M aqueous KOH solution required is : [AIEEE-2004]
(A) 60 mL (B) 20 mL (C) 40 mL (D) 10 mL
Q.8 Two solutions of a substance (non-electrolyte) are mixed in the following manner ; 480 mLof 1.5 M of
first solution with 520 mL of 1.2 M of second solution. The molarity of final solution is :
(A) 1.20 M (B) 1.50 M (C) 1.344 M (D) 2.70 M [AIEEE-2005]
Q.9 If 1/6, in place of 1/12, mass of carbon atom is taken to be the relative atomic mass unit, the mass of one
mole of a substance will : [AIEEE-2005]
(A) Decrease twice (B) Increase two folds
(C) Remains unchanges (D) Be a function of the molecular mass of element
Q.10 How many moles of magnesium phosphate, Mg3(PO4)2 will contain 0.25 mole of oxygen atom :
[AIEEE-2006]
(A) 2.5 × 10 –2 (B) 0.02 (C) 3.125 × 10 –2 (D) 1.25 × 10–2
MOLE CONCEPT
Q.11 How many EDTA (ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid) molecules are required to make an octa-hedral
complex with a Ca2+ ion : [AIEEE-2006]
(A) Two (B) Six (C) Three (D) One
Q.12 Density of a 2.05 M solution of acetic acid in water is 1.02 g/mL. The molality of the solution is :
[AIEEE-2006]
(A) 0.44 mol kg –1 (B) 1.14 mol kg –1 (C) 3.28 mol kg –1 (D) 2.28 mol kg–1
Q.13 In the reaction : [AIEEE-2007]

2Al(s) + 6HCl(aq.)  2Al (aq.) + 6Cl (aq.) + 3H2(g)
3+ –
(A) 6 litre HCl(aq) is consumed for every 3L H2(g) produced

(B) 33.6 litre H2(g) is produced regardless of temperature and pressure for every mole Al that reacts
(C) 67.2 litre H2(g) at STP is produced for every mole Al that reacts
(D) 11.2 litre H2(g) at STP is produced for every mole HCl(aq) consumed
Q.14 The density (in g mL –1 ) of a 3.60 M sulphuric acid solution that is 29% H 2 SO 4
(Molar mass = 98 g mol–1) by mass will be : [AIEEE-2007]
(A) 1.64 (B) 1.88 (C) 1.22 (D) 1.45
Q.15 A solution containing 2.675 g of CoCl3.6 NH3 (molar mass = 267.5 g mol–1) is passed through a cation
exchanger. The chloride ions obtained in solution were treated with excess ofAgNO3 to give 4.78 g of
AgCl (molar mass = 143.5 g mol–1). The formula of the complex is
(At. mass of Ag = 108 u) [AIEEE-2010]
(A) [CoCl3 (NH3)3] (B) [CoCl(NH3)5]Cl2 (C) [Co(NH3]6Cl3 (D) [CoCl2(NH3)4]Cl
Q.16 29.5 mg of an organic compound containing nitrogen was digested according to Kjeldahl's method and
the evolved ammonia was absorbed in 20 mL of 0.1 M HCl solution. The excess of the acid required 15
mL of 0.1 M NaOH solution for complete neutralization. The percentage of nitrogen in the compound is:
(A) 23.7 (B) 29.5 (C) 59.0 (D) 47.4
[AIEEE-2011]
Q.17 A 5.2 molal aqueous solution of methyl alcohol, CH3OH, is supplied. What is the mole fraction of methyl
alcohol in the solution ? [AIEEE-2011]
(A) 0.100 (B) 0.190 (C) 0.086 (D) 0.050
MOLE CONCEPT
EXERCISE-4
SECTION-B
(Potential Problems Based on CBSE)
Very Short Answer Question :
Q.1 What is the S.I. unit of density?
Q.2 What is one a.m.u. or one ‘u’?
Q.3 Which isotope of carbon is used for getting relative atomic masses?
Q.4 Write down the empirical formula of acetic acid
Short Answer Question :

Q.5 What will be the mass of one atom of C-12 in grams?
Q.6 Calculate the mass percent of calcium, phosphorus and oxygen in calcium phosphate Ca3(PO4)2.
Q.7 If two elements can combine to form more than one compound, the masses of one element that combine
with a fixed mass of the other element, are in whole number ratio.
(a) Is this statement true?
(b) If yes, according to which law?
(c) Give one example related to this law?
Q.8 Calculate the average atomic mass of hydrogen using the following data :
Isotope % Natural abundance Molar mass
1H 99.985 1
2H 0.015 2
Long Answer Question :

Q.9 A vessel contains 1.6g of dioxygen at STP (273.15K, 1atm pressure). The gas is now transferred to
another vessel at constant temperature, where pressure becomes half of the original pressure.
Calculate : (i) volume of the new vessel (ii) number of molecules of dioxygen.
Q.10 Calcium carbonate reacts with aqueous HCl to give CaCl2 and CO2 according to the reaction?
CaCO3 (s) + 2HCl (aq)  CaCl2(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O (l)
What mass of CaCl2 will be formed when 250 mL of 0.76 M HCl reacts with 100 g of CaCO3?
Name the limiting reagent. Calculate the number of moles of CaCl2 formed in the reaction.
Q.11 A box contains some identical red coloured balls, labelled as A, each weighing 2 gm. Another box
contains identical blue coloured balls, labelled as B, each weighing 5 gm. Consider the combinationsAB,
AB2, A2B andA2B3 and show that law of multiple proportions is applicable.
MOLE CONCEPT
EXERCISE-1
Q.1 B Q.2 B Q.3 B Q.4 A Q.5 A
Q.6 C Q.7 C Q.8 C Q.9 A Q.10 B
Q.11 C Q.12 A Q.13 B Q.14 C Q.15 A
Q.16 B Q.17 B Q.18 B Q.19 C Q.20 A
Q.21 A Q.22 D Q.23 B Q.24 B Q.25 A
Q.26 A Q.27 B Q.28 B Q.29 A Q.30 D
Q.31 C Q.32 BCD Q.33 AC Q.34 BD Q.35 AC
Q.36 AB Q.37 (A) R, (B) P, (C) Q Q.38 (A) R, (B) Q, (C) P
Q.39 (A) R, (B) Q , (C) S , (D) P Q.40 (A) P; (B) P,Q ; (C) S; (D) R
Q.41 A Q.42 B Q.43 B Q.44 B Q.45 C
Q.46 B Q.47 C Q.48 A Q.49 A Q.50 B
Q.51 A Q.52 B Q.53 A Q.54 B Q.55 C
Q.56 C Q.57 B Q.58 C
EXERCISE-2
1
Q.1 M+ Q.2 1.2 × 1023
3
Q.3 2:5 Q.4 1.78
Q.5 70 ml -Q.6 6.023 × 1017
Q.9 116.8 gm Q.10 27.6 gm
Q.11 3.6 ×1019 Q.12 51.723 litre
Q.13 58.8 gm Q.14 9.5 gm
Q.15 0.25 mole Q.16 w CCl = 154 gm ; w = 24 gm
4 c
Q.17 5.6 Q.18 0.1185
Q.19 Al = 66.6% Q.20 CaCO3 = 28.4%; MgCO3 = 71.6%
Q.21 NaHCO3 = 16.8 %; Na2CO3 = 83.2 % Q.22 60%
Q.23 NaHCO3 = 63 % , NaCl = 37% Q.24 11.4
Q.25 39.18% Q.26 4.48 litre
Q.27 61.5 gm Q.28 177.5 gm
Q.29 640.0 gm Q.30 490 gm
Q.31 (a) 142 gm (b) 39.6 gm Q.32 14.2 gm
Q.33 48 %, 20 % Q.34 9.3 %
Q.35 56% Q.36 4%
Q.37 10 % Q.38 56%
Q.39 (a) 0.5 M, (b) 0.5 M, (c) 0.2 M Q.40 1.5
Q.41 (i) 0.66 M, (ii) 1M (iii) 5M (iv) 3.33M (v) 2.2M (vi) 1.6M
Q.42 16.67% Q.43 2.7 × 10–4m
Q.44 1.288 gm/ml Q.45 0.15 M
Q.46 0.06 M Q.47 1.25 gm/ml
Q.48 45.45% Q.49 3.0×10–3 M
Q.50 0.67 m, 0.67 m Q.51 (i) 35.71%, (ii) 0.166 (iii) 6.25 M (iv) 11.11%
MOLE CONCEPT
Q.52 (a) 2.22 M (b) 2M Q.53 1.6 litre

Q.54 200 ml Q.55 2 M
Q.56 1.5 ml Q.57 3.6 m
Q.58 0.05 Q.59 0.204 M
Q.60 5.56 ml
Q.61 (i)20 gm ; (ii) 35.4 gm ; (iii) H2SO4= 35.4 gm, H2O = 34.6gm
Q.62 (a) 0.169; (b) 118 % Q.63 44.8 V
Q.64 NO = 44 ml; N2O = 16 ml Q.65 C2H2 = 6 ml, CO = 14 ml
Q.66 30 ml Q.67 70 ml
Q.68 C2H2 = 16 ml, CO = 24 ml Q.69 1.1 gm
Q.70 mco : m co 2 = 21 : 111 Q.71 3.6 gm
Q.72 196 gm Q.73 87.5 g/mol
Q.74 C7H10NCl Q.75 C4H4SO
Q.76 C 2H 4O 2
EXERCISE-3
SECTION-A
Q.1 C Q.2 D Q.3 55.5 mol L–1 Q.4 5 × 10–19 m2
Q.5 1008 gm Q.6 2 Q.7 7 Q.8 6
Q.9 C Q.10 6 Q.11 8
SECTION-B
Q.1 A Q.2 C Q.3 C Q.4 D Q.5 C
Q.6 B Q.7 C Q.8 C Q.9 C Q.10 C
Q.11 D Q.12 D Q.13 D Q.14 C Q.15 A
Q.16 A Q.17 C
EXERCISE-4
SECTION-B
Q.1 Kg m–3 Q.2 1 a.m.u.
Q.3 C–12 Q.4 CH2O
Q.5 1.992 × 10–23 gm Q.6 Ca = 38.71%, P = 20.0%, O = 41.29%
Q.7 (a) Yes, the given statement is true.
(b) True, Law of multiple proportions.
(c) Carbon and oxygen combine to form CO and CO2
2C + O2  2CO
2 × 12g 32g carbon monoxide
C + O2  CO 2
12g 32g carbon dioxide
Q.8 1.00015u Q.9 (i) 2.24L (ii) 3.011 × 1022

Q.10 HCl will be limiting reagent, 0.095 mol
Q.11 Combination AB AB2 A2B A2B3
Mass of A(g) 2 2 4 4
Mass of B(g) 5 10 5 15
 Masses of B which combine with fixed mass of A(say 4 g) will be 10 g, 20 g, 5 g and 15 g i.e., they
are in the ratio 2 : 4 : 1 : 3 which is a simple whole number ratio. Hence, the law of multiple proportions
is applicable.

Bulls Eye - JEE - Chem - Chap - 1 (Mole Concept)

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JEE - 2015

1 mole  6.022  10 23 species

2.1 Atomic mass

[Mass of an atom of the element] Mass of an atom in amu

2.2 Atomic mass unit (amu) or Unified mass (u)

2.3 Gram atomic mass

Mass of an atom in amu 35.5amu

3.1 Molecular mass

Mass of one molecule of the substance (in amu)

Mass of one molecule of the substance (in amu)

3.2 Gram Molecular mass

4. METHODS TO CALCULATE MOLES

4.1 From number of particles :

Given no. of Paritcles [atoms/molecules/ ions]

4.2 From given Mass :

4.3 From the given volume of a gas :

volume of gas at 1 bar pressure and 273 K (in litre)

S.T.P.: 1 bar pressure and 273 K.

volume of gas at 1atm and 273K(in litre)

Note : We can use the following relationship as per requirement of question.

5. LAWS OF CHEMICAL COMBINATION

5.2 Law of constant composition : [Proust 1799]

5.3 Law of multiple proportion : [Dalton 1806]

5.4 Law of reciprocal proportion : [Richter 1794]

Thus the ratio N : O = 4.67 : 8.01 = 

5.5 Gay-Lussac’s law of gaseous volumes [Gay-Lussac–1808] :

6. SIGNIFICANCE OF CHEMICAL EQUATIONS

6.1 LIMITING REAGENT

Calculation of Limiting Reagent:

So CaCO3 is limiting reagent

6.3 PERCENTAGE YIELD

 Amount of reactant calculated from the chemical equation 

6.5 PROBLEMS RELATED WITH SEQUENTIAL REACTION

6.6 PROBLEM RELATED WITH PARALLEL REACTIONS

6.7 PRINCIPLE OF ATOM CONSERVATION

Mole of O2 may also be expressed in volume.

 Mass of CO2 = 4 × 44 = 176 gram

7.1 AVERAGE ATOMIC MASS

7.2 AVERAGE MOLECULAR MASS

8. EMPIRICAL & MOLECULAR FORMULA

Steps for writing the empirical formula

Sol. Element Mass Atomic Relative no. of Simple

Density of gas at a given T and P

Empirical formula = NO2

(Empirical formula)n = molecular formula

10. EXPERIMENTAL METHODS FOR DETERMINATION OF ATOMIC MASS &

10.1 For determination of atomic mass :-

Atomic mass × Specific heat capacity (Cal/gm OC)  6.4

10.2 For determination molecular mass :

Vapour pressure of liquid

719.3 58.9 0.15

10.2.2 SILVER SALT METHOD

Let the mass of the silver salt formed = W g

Mass of silver that gives x g ofAg = Wg

10.2.3 PLATINIC CHLORIDE METHOD

11. EUDIOMETRY - GAS ANALYSIS

(i) To study composition of gaseous mixture

11.1 GAY LUSSAC LAW

11.2 AVOGADRO'S LAW

Absorbent Gas or gases absorbed

11.4 VOLUME EXPANSION AND CONTRACTION IN THE EUDIOMETER TUBE

aA(g) + bB(g)  cC(g) + dD(g)

ng = No. of gaseous products –No. of gaseous reactants = (c + d) – (a + b)