Order of the Holy Sepulchre
This article is about the Roman Catholic chivalric Order.
For the Religious Order of the Holy Sepulchre, see
Canons Regular of the Holy Sepulchre.
The Equestrian Order of the Holy Sepulchre of
Jerusalem (lat.: Ordo Equestris Sancti Sepulcri Hi-
erosolymitani, OESSH) is a Roman Catholic order of
knighthood under the protection of the Pope.[1] It traces
its roots to Duke Godfrey of Bouillon, principal leader of Church of the Holy Sepulchre floor plan
the First Crusade.[2] In 1496, Pope Alexander VI created
the office of Grand Master of the Order, and the office
was vested in the papacy where it remained until 1949 and
since then a cardinal has been grand master. The Pope is
sovereign of the Order, and it enjoys the protection of the The ultimate fall of the Kingdom of Jerusalem to the
Holy See and has its legal seat at Vatican City.[3]
1 Crusader period
Five major orders were formed in the Holy Land between
the late 11th century and the early 12th century: the
Knights of the Holy Sepulchre (circa 1099), Knights Hos-
pitaller (St John) (circa 1099), Knights Templar (circa
1118), Knights of the Hospital of St Mary of Jerusalem
(Teutonic Knights) (1190) and Knights of St Lazarus
(1123).
Pilgrimages to the Holy Land were a common if danger-
ous practice from shortly after the crucifixion of Jesus to
throughout the Middle Ages. Numerous detailed com-
mentaries have survived as evidence of this early Chris-
tian devotional. While there were many places the pious
visited during their travels, the one most cherished was
the Church of the Holy Sepulchre, first constructed by
Constantine the Great in the fourth century AD. Tradi-
tion, begun long before the Crusades, provided for the
bestowing of knighthood upon worthy men by the cus-
todians of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre. Following
the capture of Jerusalem at the end of the First Crusade in
1099, the Order was first formally constituted as an Order
of Canons, the successor of which is the modern Eques-
trian Order of the Holy Sepulchre of Jerusalem. It is con-
sidered among the oldest of the military orders of knight-
hood. It was recognized by Papal Bull in 1113.[4][5][6]
2 End of Crusader period
Muslims in 1291 did not suspend pilgrimages to the Tomb
of Christ, or the custom of receiving knighthood there,
and when the custody of the Holy Land was entrusted to
the Franciscan Order, they continued this pious custom
and gave the order its first Grand Master after the death
of the last King of Jerusalem.
The official arrival of the Franciscan Friars Minor in
Syria dates from the Bull addressed by Pope Gregory
IX to the clergy of the Holy Land in 1230, charging
them to welcome the Friars Minor, and to allow them to
preach to the faithful and hold oratories and cemeteries
of their own. In the ten years’ truce of 1229 concluded
between Frederick II of Sicily and the sultan Al-Kamil,
the Franciscans were permitted to enter Jerusalem, but
they were also the first victims of the violent invasion of
the Khwarezmians in 1244. Nevertheless, the Franciscan
province of Syria continued to exist, with Acre as its seat.
In the territory of the Patriarchate of Jerusalem, reinsti-
tuted in 1847, the Franciscans still have 24 convents, and
15 parishes.[7]
The friars quickly resumed possession of their convent of
Mount Sion at Jerusalem. The Turks tolerated the ven-
eration paid to the tomb of Christ and derived revenue
from the taxes levied upon pilgrims. In 1342, in his Bull
Gratiam agimus, Pope Clement VI officially committed
the care of the Holy Land to the Franciscans; only the
restoration of a Latin Patriarchate of Jerusalem by Pius
IX in 1847 superseded the Franciscans.
From the period 1291 to 1847, the Franciscan Custo-
dian of Mount Sion was the only authority representing
the Holy See in the Holy Land.[8] As early as 1336, the
Franciscans were enrolling applicants among the lay Or-
der of the Knights of the Holy Sepulchre, in ceremonies
frequently mentioned in the itineraries of pilgrims. Those
pilgrims deemed worthy of the honour were received
1
2 3 THE ORDER TODAY

into the Order with an elaborate ceremonial of ancient As late as the 18th century, all but the last were approved
chivalry. In the ceremonial of reception, the role of the by Pope Benedict XIV who also stated that the Order
clergy was limited to the benedictio militis, the dubbing should enjoy precedence over all Orders except over the
with the sword being reserved to a professional knight, Order of the Golden Fleece.
since the carrying of the sword was incompatible with the
sacerdotal character. This dubbing of knights was con-
firmed by Pope Leo X in 1516, and by Pope Clement VII 3 The Order today
in 1527.
In 1346 King Valdemar IV of Denmark went on a pil-
grimage to Jerusalem and was made a Knight of the Holy
Sepulchre — an act that increased the prestige of this
King, who had considerable difficulty in establishing an
effective rule over his Kingdom.[9]
From 1480 to 1495 there was in Jerusalem a German
knight of the Holy Sepulchre, John of Prussia, who acted
as steward for the convent and regularly discharged this
act reserved to knighthood. It was also of frequent occur-
rence that a foreign knight, present among the crowds of
pilgrims, would assist at this ceremony. However, in de-
fault of other assistance, it was the superior who had to act
instead of a knight, although such a course was deemed
irregular. It was since then also that the superior of the
convent assumed the title of Grand Master, a title which
has been acknowledged by various pontifical diplomas, Flag of the Order of the Holy Sepulchre over the Palazzo della
Rovere, the Order’s international headquarters
and finally by a Bull of Benedict XIV dated 1746.
In 1489, Pope Innocent VIII suppressed the Order and
ruled that it was to be merged with the Knights Hospi-
taller. In 1496, Pope Alexander VI restored the Order
of Holy Sepulchre to independent status. Alexander VI
decreed that the Order would no longer be governed by
the office of custodian and further decreed that the senior
post of the Order would henceforth be raised to the rank
of Grand Master, reserving this title for himself and his
successors.[10]
The Privileges of the Order,[8] recorded by the Guardian
of the Order in 1553 and approved by successive Popes,
included powers:

• to legitimise bastards

• to change a name given in baptism

• to pardon prisoners they might meet on the way to

the scaffold

• to possess goods belonging to the Church even Arms of His Beatitude, Fouad Twal, Patriarch Grand Prior of
though they were laymen the Order (The Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem)

• to be exempt from taxes Pius IX re-established the Latin Patriarchate of Jerusalem

• to cut a man down from the gallows and to order him
to be given a Christian burial
• to wear brocaded silk garments
• to enter a Church on horseback
• to fight against the Infidel
in 1847 and re-organized the Order whereby the Grand
Master of the Order was to be the Latin Patriarch of
Jerusalem, and the Order ceased to be a Pontifical Or-
der for a period. Pius X assumed the title of Grand Mas-
ter again for the papacy in 1907, but in 1928 this was
again relinquished by Pius XI in favour of the Patriarch
of Jerusalem. In 1945, Pope Pius XII placed the Order
under the patronage and protection of the Holy See, and
 3

in 1949, Pius XII approved new statutes, which included white mozetta with the red Jerusalem cross.[16]
that the Grand Master be a Cardinal of the Roman Curia,
and that the Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem be the Grand
Prior of the Order. The Order’s status was further en- 4 Grand Masters of the Order
hanced by Saint John Paul II in 1996.[11]
The Order has a predominantly white-coloured Levée In 1496, Pope Alexander VI created the office of Grand
Dress Court Uniform, and a more modern, military-style Master of the Order and the office remained vested in the
uniform, both of which are now only occasionally used Papacy until 1949.[3]
in some jurisdictions. Pius X ordained that usual modern From 1949, the following cardinals have held the office:
Choir (i.e. Church) dress of Knights be the Order’s cape
or mantle: a “white cloak with the cross of Jerusalem in
red”, as worn by the original knights.[12] 5 Officers of the Grand
Pius XII gave to the Order the Church and Monastery of
St Onofrio in Rome as its international headquarters. The
Magisterium[17]
Grand Magisterium and administration are based at the
Palazzo Della Rovere, the 15th-century palace of Pope • Carlo Cardinal Furno, Grand Master Emeritus
Julius II, immediately adjacent to the Vatican on the Via • Fouad Twal, Grand Prior - the Latin Patriarch of
della Conciliatione, which was also given to the Order by Jerusalem
Pius XII, in 1949;
The Order is now primarily honorific, and represented by • Antonio Franco, Assessor
52 Lieutenancies around the world. It is a Public Associ- • Giuseppe Dalla Torre del Tempio di Sanguinetto,
ation of faithful with a legal canonical and public person- Lieutenant General
ality, constituted by the Holy See under Canon Law 312,
paragraph 1:1.[11] Its principal mission is to reinforce the • Agostino Borromeo, Governor General
practice of Christian life by its members in absolute fi-
delity to the Popes; to sustain and assist the religious, spir- • Patrick D. Powers, Vice-Governor General
itual, charitable and social works of the Catholic Church • Giorgio Moroni Stampa, Vice-Governor General
in the Holy Land; and to conserve and propagate the faith
in the Holy Land and the rights of the Catholic Church • Ivan Rebernik, Chancellor
there. As it is a papal honor aspirant members must be
practicing Catholics of good character, recommended by
their local bishop with the support of several members of 6 Officials in the USA
the Order, and are required to make a generous donation
as “passage money” (echoing the ancient practice of cru-
• Raymond Teatum, Lieutenant USA Eastern
saders paying their passage to the Holy Land) as well as an
annual financial offering for works undertaken in the Holy • Timothy Michael Cardinal Dolan, Grand Prior USA
Land. There is a provision for the Grand Master to admit Eastern
members by motu proprio in exceptional circumstances
and also for the officers of the Grand Magistery to occa- • John J. Monahan, Lieutenant USA Northeastern
sionally recommend candidates to the Grand Master.[13]
• Sean Cardinal O'Malley OFM Cap, Grand Prior
USA Northeastern

3.1 Titular Canons • Max Douglas Brown, Lieutenant USA Northcentral

Titular Canons of the Holy Sepulchre include all priests
ipso facto who have received Knighthoods in the Eques-
trian Order of the Holy Sepulchre of Jerusalem. Since the
Order has its origins in the Canons of the Holy Sepulchre,
priests of the Order have the honorary title of “Canon” in
preference to the title of “Knight,” which is more military
in nature and less consistent with priestly ministry.[14] The
Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem also confers the honorary ti-
tle of “Canon of the Holy Sepulchre” upon priests and
bishops.[15] Both Titular Canons of the Holy Sepulchre
(EOHSJ) and Honorary Canons of the Holy Sepulchre
(Latin Patriarchate) wear identical choir robes, including
the black cassock with magenta piping, magenta fascia,
• Archbishop Blaise Cupich, Grand Prior USA North-
central
• Raymond Garrity, Lieutenant USA Southeastern[18]
• Archbishop Gregory Aymond, Grand Prior USA
Southeastern
• Dennis M. Malloy, Lieutenant USA Southwestern
• Daniel Cardinal DiNardo, Grand Prior USA South-
western
• Michael J. Ruck, Sr., Lieutenant USA Middle At-
lantic
4 8 HERALDRY [20]

• Archbishop William E. Lori, Grand Prior USA Mid- of the Catholic Church. While laity can be promoted to
dle Atlantic any rank, clergy’s ranks are usually: Cardinals are gener-
ally Knights Grand Cross, Bishops are Commanders with
• Michael Scott Feeley, Lieutenant USA Western Star, and priests start with the rank of Knight but may be
• Roger Cardinal Mahony, Grand Prior USA Western promoted to Commander.
The honor of knighthood, and any subsequent pro-
• P. Thomas Pogge, Lieutenant USA Northern motions, are conferred by the Holy See through its
• Archbishop Joseph Fred Naumann, Grand Prior Secretariat of State, which approves each in the name of,
USA Northern and by the authority of, the Pope. Each diploma of ap-
pointment once approved is sealed and signed in Rome
• Mary Currivan O'Brien, Lieutenant USA North- by an official of the Secretariat of State (The Assessor
western for General Affairs) and the Cardinal Grand Master of
the Order. The candidate is subsequently knighted or
• Archbishop George Hugh Niederauer, Grand Prior promoted in an elaborate ceremony with a cardinal or
USA Northwestern major prelate presiding. Monarchs, Crown Princes and
their consorts, and Heads of State from countries such
as Spain, Monaco, Belgium, Luxembourg and Liechten-
7 Ranks stein currently are, or previously have been, members of
the Order.
There are several grades of knighthood. Except for the Members of the Order may not join, or attend the events
highest grade, these are open to both men and women. of, any other order that is not recognised by the Holy
The titles of the ranks, in English (Italian, French, Ger- See or by a sovereign state, and must renounce any mem-
man, Spanish),[19] are: bership in such organisations before being appointed a
Knight of the Holy Sepulchre. Members may be expelled
• Knight of the Collar from the Order in circumstances where they breach its
(Cavaliere di Collare, Chevalier de Collier, Kollar- rules of conduct.
Ritter, Caballero de Collar) Since the Order has its roots in the Canons of the Holy
Sepulchre, priests of the Order are afforded the honorary
• (GCHS) Knight / Dame Grand Cross
rank of “Canons of the Holy Sepulchre,” and they are en-
(Cavaliere/Dama Gran Croce, Chevalier/Dame
titled to the insignia of a Canon (i.e. mozetta for choir
de Grand Croix, Großkreuz-Ritter/Dame, Ca-
dress). Some of the priests of the Order prefer the hon-
ballero/Dama de Gran Cruz)
orary term of Canon to the title of Knight, which car-
• (KC*HS / DC*HS) Knight / Dame Commander ries a connotation that may be considered improper for a
with Star, or Grand Officer priest. All priests who have been conferred knighthood in
(Grand'Ufficiale, Grand Officier, Großoffizier, the Order may use the term “Canon,” which is different
Commendator Grand Oficiale) from the title that is conferred by the Latin Patriarch of
(Dama di Commenda con placca, Dame de Com- Jerusalem. However, the late Grand Master, John Cardi-
mande avec plaque, Komtur-Dame mit Stern, Dama nal Foley, said that this would be better applied to those
de Encomenienda con Placa) priests who have the rank of Commander.
Members of the Order may receive awards of Special Dis-
• (KCHS / DCHS) Knight / Dame Commander
tinction, and those Knights and Dames making a pilgrim-
(Commendatore, Commandeur, Komtur, Comenda-
age to the Holy Land receive the Pilgrim’s Shell. These
tor)
are generally awarded by the Grand Prior of the Order,
(Dama di Commenda, Dame de Commande,
the Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem.
Komtur-Dame, Dama di Ecomendienda)
There are also Decorations of Merit, which may be con-
• (KHS / DHS) Knight / Dame ferred on those who are meritorious but who cannot be
(Cavaliere/Dama, Chevalier/Dame, Ordensrit- members of the Order (for example, non-Catholics).
ter/Dame, Caballero/Dama)

In some jurisdictions the term “Lady” is used rather than

“Dame,” but this is a misnomer since the honorific term of
Lady (Donna) refers to the wife of a Knight (Cavaliere).
However, a woman upon whom the Order has been con-
ferred is properly termed a “Dame” (Dama).
Membership of the Order is by invitation only, and it is 8 Heraldry [20]
a distinction that it is bestowed on both laity and clergy
8.2 Heraldic Privileges of members 5

“Deus lo Vult” (God Wishes It).

The Seal of the Order is in the shape of an almond and
portrays, within a frame of a crown of thorns, a represen-
tation of Christ Rising from the Sepulchre.

8.2 Heraldic Privileges of members

The Order of the Holy Sepulchre is one of only two Or-
ders whose insignia may be displayed in a clerical coat of
arms (the other being the Order of Malta).
Laypersons have no such restriction.

Armes de l'ordre
9 See also
• Custodian of the Holy Land

• Palestinian Christians

10 References
[1] Papal Orders of Knighthood

[2] “Equestrian Order of the Holy Sepulchre of Jerusalem -

Index, History”. Retrieved 2009-01-04.

[3] Official website page 1

[4] History of the order form the Western Australia Lieu-

tenancy website

[5] Vatican history of the order

[6] website of the English Lieutenancy

[7] Catholic Encyclopedia

Armes du royaume de Jérusalem
[8] [Peter Bander van Duren, Orders of Knighthood and
Merit]
8.1 Armorial Bearings of the Order [9] Janus Møller Jensen. Denmark and the Crusades. 2007
p.41
By ancient tradition, the Order uses the Arms attributed
to the Kingdom of Jerusalem - which is a gold Jerusalem [10] Official website of the Order
Cross on a silver/white background - but enamelled with
[11] http://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/institutions_
red, the colour of blood, to signify the five wounds of
connected/oessh/en/cenni_storici_en.html
Christ. The Jerusalem (or quintuple) Cross, or Cross of
Godfrey of Bouillon, is a Cross Potent (each cross-piece [12]
having at the extremity a 'crutch-like' cross-bar) with four
small crosses in the four angles. This prior use of this [13] Almanach de la Cour
symbol was clearly documented in the 1573 Constitution [14] Canon 1898, Ordo S. Sepulchre, Romae,1894.
of the Order.
[15] http://en.lpj.org/2012/09/13/
Above the shield of the Armorial Bearings is a sovereign’s new-honorary-canon-of-the-holy-sepulchre-in-brescia/
gold helmet upon which are a crown of thorns and a ter-
restrial globe surmounted by a cross, flanked by two white [16] http://www.barbiconi.it/schedabis.asp?idProdotto=260
standards bearing a red Jerusalem Cross. The supporters
[17]
are two angels wearing dalmatic tunics of red, the one
on the dexter bearing a Crusader flag, and the one on the [18] http://www.sleohs.com/ Southeastern Lieutenancy of the
sinister bearing a pilgrim’s staff and shell. The motto is United States of America
6 12 EXTERNAL LINKS

[19] http://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/institutions_
connected/oessh/gradi-cavallereschi.html

[20] Most material from Appendix II of the Constitution of the

Order

11 Sources
• Blasco, Alfred J. (1998). The Modern Crusaders.
PenRose. ISBN 0-9632687-7-5.

• Noonan, Jr., James Charles (1996). The Church Vis-

ible: The Ceremonial Life and Protocol of the Roman
Catholic Church. Viking. p. 196. ISBN 0-670-
86745-4.

• Noonan, Jr., James-Charles (2012). The Church

Visible: The Ceremonial Life and Protocol of the
Roman Catholic Church Revised Edition. Sterling-
Ethos. p. 139. ISBN 978-1-4027-8730-0.

• Bander van Duren, Peter Orders of Knighthood and

of Merit

• Sainty, Guy Stair. Order of the Holy Sepulchre

• Sainty, G. 2006. Order of the Holy Sepulchre.
World Orders of Knighthood & Merit. Guy Stair
Sainty (editor) and Rafal Heydel-Mankoo (deputy
editor). United Kingdom: Burke’s Peerage & Gen-
try. 2 Vol. (2100 pp).

12 External links
• Equestrian Order of the Holy Sepulchre of
Jerusalem - website by the Order
• Equestrian Order of the Holy Sepulchre of
Jerusalem - the Vatican website of the Order
 7

13 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

13.1 Text
• Order of the Holy Sepulchre Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre?oldid=685443421 Contributors:
JASpencer, Adam Bishop, Wetman, Dimadick, Gentgeen, PBS, JackofOz, Fennec, Tom harrison, Varlaam, Jossi, Brianhe, Cmdrjame-
son, Runnerupnj, Pearle, Fjl, Ctande, Saga City, Dowew, Pictureuploader, John Anderson, Kbdank71, CristianChirita, Choess, Bgwhite,
Hairy Dude, Tresckow, SpeDIt, Stijn Calle, Vancouveriensis, Wknight94, Avalon, Zzuuzz, Rms125a@hotmail.com, Willtron, DVD R W,
DocendoDiscimus, SmackBot, Loubocop, AFBorchert, BigD527, Yopie, Srnec, Grandcross, Ismoot, DrexelGregory, Dreadstar, Dmcbee
dc, Accurizer, Meco, Evadb, Ecurran, Richard75, Ghfj007, Cydebot, Bellerophon5685, Gimmetrow, Thijs!bot, Docmo, Ithinkhelikesit,
JAnDbot, KonstableBot, Seaghdha, Magioladitis, Deposuit, Looksharp, Gerardmulholland, Gwern, Timothy Titus, CommonsDelinker,
David Mac Domhnaill, Royalhistorian, Kigf, Pesch-konopka, Drjmarkov, Useight, Thismightbezach, Funandtrvl, HFJ, TXiKiBoT, Docan-
ton, EricSerge, Rei-bot, Andreas Kaganov, Mimich, Yk Yk Yk, Unnieg~enwiki, SieBot, Wilson44691, Fjcamp, Byrialbot, Pufferfyshe,
G.-M. Cupertino, Linksjinx, Ewawer, DragonBot, BOTarate, El bot de la dieta, Addbot, Hamelin de Guettelet, Redtalons1, Lightbot, Zor-
robot, Luckas-bot, Yobot, ThinkingTwice, AnomieBOT, Citation bot, Manuel Aringarosa, ArthurBot, Xqbot, Anonymous from the 21st
century, Dailycare, Willuconquer, Eagle4000, Szegedi László, TjBot, Jann.poppinga, Esoglou, John of Reading, WikitanvirBot, Tatacolt,
SanglierT, Midas02, Rcherbst, Mr. D. E. Mophon, Rotgild, BG19bot, Oasorgard, ChrisGualtieri, Khazar2, Mogism, Chicbyaccident,
Epicgenius, PilgrimOE, Jppcap, Rucksack-poirot, LordDrexil, Dr. Tort, KasparBot and Anonymous: 108

13.2 Images
• File:Anastasia_Rotonda_4th_century_floor_plan_2.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f8/Anastasia_
Rotonda_4th_century_floor_plan_2.png License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
• File:Armoiries_de_Jérusalem.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b5/Armoiries_de_J%C3%
A9rusalem.svg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: <a href='//validator.w3.org/' data-x-rel='nofollow'><img alt='W3C'
src='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Valid_SVG_1.1_%28green%29.svg/88px-Valid_SVG_1.1_
%28green%29.svg.png' width='88' height='30' style='vertical-align: top' srcset='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/
thumb/1/1a/Valid_SVG_1.1_%28green%29.svg/132px-Valid_SVG_1.1_%28green%29.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.
org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Valid_SVG_1.1_%28green%29.svg/176px-Valid_SVG_1.1_%28green%29.svg.png 2x'
data-file-width='91' data-file-height='31' /></a>iThe source code of this SVG is <a data-x-rel='nofollow' class='external text'
href='//validator.w3.org/check?uri=https%3A%2F%2Fcommons.wikimedia.org%2Fwiki%2FSpecial%3AFilepath%2FArmoiries_de_
J%25C3%25A9rusalem.svg,<span>,&,</span>,ss=1#source'>valid</a>.
Original artist: Odejea
• File:Blason_Chevalier.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/37/Blason_Chevalier.svg License: CC BY-SA
3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Mathieu CHAINE
• File:Blason_Chevalier_de_Collier_et_Grand-Magistère.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/90/Blason_
Chevalier_de_Collier_et_Grand-Magist%C3%A8re.svg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Mathieu
CHAINE
• File:Blason_Chevalier_de_collier.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/07/Blason_Chevalier_de_collier.
svg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Mathieu CHAINE
• File:Blason_Commandeur.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e0/Blason_Commandeur.svg License: CC
BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Mathieu CHAINE
• File:Blason_Grand-Croix.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ce/Blason_Grand-Croix.svg License: CC
BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Mathieu CHAINE
• File:Blason_Grand-Officier.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a7/Blason_Grand-Officier.svg License:
CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Mathieu CHAINE
• File:Blason_Laïcs.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Blason_La%C3%AFcs.svg License: CC BY 3.0
Contributors: Own work Original artist: Mathieu CHAINE
• File:Blason_Patriarche_Grand-Prieur.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4e/Blason_Patriarche_
Grand-Prieur.svg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work, some elements by SajoR Original artist: SanglierT
• File:Blason_écclésiastique.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cc/Blason_%C3%A9ccl%C3%
A9siastique.svg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Mathieu CHAINE
• File:Cavaliere_BAR.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/30/Cavaliere_BAR.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: Italian Army home site (www.esercito.difesa.it) Original artist: F l a n k e r
• File:Cavaliere_SSML_BAR.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c0/Cavaliere_SSML_BAR.svg License:
Public domain Contributors: institutional Italian Army home site (www.esercito.difesa.it) page Original artist: F l a n k e r
• File:Coat_of_arms_Holy_See.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/31/Coat_of_arms_Holy_See.svg Li-
cense: Public domain Contributors:
• Bruno Bernhard Heim, Heraldry in the Catholic Church: Its Origin, Customs and Laws (Van Duren 1978 ISBN 9780391008731), p. 54;
Original artist: F l a n k e r
• File:Coat_of_arms_of_Carlo_Furno_OESSJ.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0b/Coat_of_arms_of_
Carlo_Furno_OESSJ.svg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work, some elements by SajoR Original artist: SanglierT
• File:Coat_of_arms_of_Edwin_Frederick_O'Brien_OESSJ.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/
Coat_of_arms_of_Edwin_Frederick_O%27Brien_OESSJ.svg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work, some elements by SajoR
Original artist: SanglierT
8 13 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

• File:Coat_of_arms_of_Eugène_Tisserant_OESSJ.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/67/Coat_of_

arms_of_Eug%C3%A8ne_Tisserant_OESSJ.svg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work, some elements by SajoR Original
artist: SanglierT
• File:Coat_of_arms_of_Fouad_Twal.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8d/Coat_of_arms_of_Fouad_
Twal.svg License: CC BY-SA 2.5 Contributors: Own work Original artist: SajoR
• File:Coat_of_arms_of_Guiseppe_Caprio_OESSJ.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1c/Coat_of_
arms_of_Guiseppe_Caprio_OESSJ.svg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work, some elements by SajoR Original artist:
SanglierT
• File:Coat_of_arms_of_John_Patrick_Foley_OESSJ.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/77/Coat_of_
arms_of_John_Patrick_Foley_OESSJ.svg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work, some elements by SajoR Original artist:
SanglierT
• File:Coat_of_arms_of_Maximilien_de_Furstenberg_OESSJ.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/61/
Coat_of_arms_of_Maximilien_de_Furstenberg_OESSJ.svg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work, some elements by SajoR
Original artist: SanglierT
• File:Coat_of_arms_of_Nicolas_Canali_OESSJ.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4f/Coat_of_arms_
of_Nicolas_Canali_OESSJ.svg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work, some elements by SajoR Original artist: SanglierT
• File:Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/81/Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.
svg License: Public domain Contributors:
• File:Coat of arms Holy See.svg Original artist: Cronholm144 created this image using a file by User:Hautala - File:Emblem of Vatican City
State.svg, who had created his file using PD art from Open Clip Art Library and uploaded on 13 July 2006. User talk:F l a n k e r uploaded
this version on 19 January 2007.
• File:Equestrian_order_of_the_Holy_Sepulcher_of_Jerusalem_BAR.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/
c/c9/Equestrian_order_of_the_Holy_Sepulcher_of_Jerusalem_BAR.svg License: Public domain Contributors: institutional Italian Army
home site (www.esercito.difesa.it) page Original artist: F l a n k e r
• File:Flag_of_Genoa.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/73/Flag_of_Genoa.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: This vector image was created with Inkscape. Original artist: Himasaram
• File:Flag_of_the_Order_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre_over_the_Palazzo_della_Rovere.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/
wikipedia/commons/b/be/Flag_of_the_Order_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre_over_the_Palazzo_della_Rovere.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0
Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
• File:GA_Ordre_du_Saint-Sépulcre.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f8/GA_Ordre_du_Saint-S%C3%
A9pulcre.svg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors:
• Official website Original artist: Mathieu CHAINE
• File:Grand_Maitre_Saint-Sépulcre.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8e/Grand_Maitre_Saint-S%C3%
A9pulcre.svg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work, strong Marco Foppoli inspiration. Some elements by Katepanomegas and
Sodacan Original artist: Mathieu CHAINE
• File:IT_Luc_Order_of_Saint_George_of_Military_Merit_BAR.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/
b9/IT_Luc_Order_of_Saint_George_of_Military_Merit_BAR.svg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist:
Mimich
• File:IT_TSic_Order_Santo_Gennaro_BAR.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/56/IT_TSic_Order_
Santo_Gennaro_BAR.svg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Mimich
• File:Lint_Orde_van_de_Heilig_Lodewijk_Lucca.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/25/Lint_Orde_
van_de_Heilig_Lodewijk_Lucca.jpg License: CC BY-SA 2.5 Contributors: No machine-readable source provided. Own work assumed
(based on copyright claims). Original artist: No machine-readable author provided. Robert Prummel assumed (based on copyright claims).
• File:OESSG_Cavaliere_BAR.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4e/OESSG_Cavaliere_BAR.jpg Li-
cense: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Delehaye
• File:OESSG_Cavaliere_di_Collare_BAR.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9f/OESSG_Cavaliere_di_
Collare_BAR.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Delehaye
• File:OESSG_Cavaliere_di_Gran_Croce_BAR.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5f/OESSG_
Cavaliere_di_Gran_Croce_BAR.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Delehaye
• File:OESSG_Commendatore_BAR.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c3/OESSG_Commendatore_
BAR.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Delehaye
• File:OESSG_Commendatore_con_Placca_BAR.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/40/OESSG_
Commendatore_con_Placca_BAR.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Delehaye
• File:OESSG_Decorazione_di_Merito_-_Croce_al_Merito_del_SSG_BAR.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/
commons/9/98/OESSG_Decorazione_di_Merito_-_Croce_al_Merito_del_SSG_BAR.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own
work Original artist: Delehaye
• File:OESSG_Decorazione_di_Merito_-_Croce_con_Placca_d'Argento_al_Merito_del_SSG_BAR.jpg Source: https:
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/87/OESSG_Decorazione_di_Merito_-_Croce_con_Placca_d%27Argento_al_Merito_
del_SSG_BAR.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Delehaye
• File:OESSG_Decorazione_di_Merito_-_Croce_con_Placca_d'Oro_al_Merito_del_SSG_BAR.jpg Source: https://upload.
wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f5/OESSG_Decorazione_di_Merito_-_Croce_con_Placca_d%27Oro_al_Merito_del_SSG_BAR.
jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Delehaye
13.2 Images 9

• File:OESSG_Distinzione_Speciale_-_Conchiglia_del_Pellegrino_BAR.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/

commons/b/b4/OESSG_Distinzione_Speciale_-_Conchiglia_del_Pellegrino_BAR.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work
Original artist: Delehaye
• File:OESSG_Distinzione_Speciale_-_Palma_di_Gerusalemme_d'Argento_BAR.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/
wikipedia/commons/2/21/OESSG_Distinzione_Speciale_-_Palma_di_Gerusalemme_d%27Argento_BAR.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0
Contributors: Own work Original artist: Delehaye
• File:OESSG_Distinzione_Speciale_-_Palma_di_Gerusalemme_d'Oro_BAR.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/
commons/f/fb/OESSG_Distinzione_Speciale_-_Palma_di_Gerusalemme_d%27Oro_BAR.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors:
Own work Original artist: Delehaye
• File:OESSG_Distinzione_Speciale_-_Palma_di_Gerusalemme_di_Bronzo_BAR.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/
wikipedia/commons/c/cb/OESSG_Distinzione_Speciale_-_Palma_di_Gerusalemme_di_Bronzo_BAR.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0
Contributors: Own work Original artist: Delehaye
• File:Ord.ElisabettaTeresa.PNG Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e5/Ord.ElisabettaTeresa.PNG License:
Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Pelican
• File:Ord.Estense.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/94/Ord.Estense.png License: Public domain Contrib-
utors: Own work Original artist: Pelican
• File:Ord.Franz.Joseph-CAV.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/31/Ord.Franz.Joseph-CAV.png License:
CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: LuigiXIV
• File:Ord.Leopold.PNG Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1c/Ord.Leopold.PNG License: Public domain Con-
tributors: Own work Original artist: Pelican
• File:Ord.MariaTeresa-CAV.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dc/Ord.MariaTeresa-CAV.png License:
CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Louis14
• File:Ord.S.Stef.Ungh..png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7a/Ord.S.Stef.Ungh..png License: CC BY-SA
3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: FranzJosephI
• File:Ord.SanGiuseppe-CAV.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/44/Ord.SanGiuseppe-CAV.png License:
CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Louis14
• File:Order_Pius_Ribbon.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d5/Order_Pius_Ribbon.png License: Public
domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Kei
• File:Order_of_Pope_Sylvester_BAR.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/22/Order_of_Pope_Sylvester_
BAR.svg License: Public domain Contributors: institutional Italian Army home site (www.esercito.difesa.it) page Original artist: F l a
nker
• File:Order_of_St._Gregory_the_Great.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Order_of_St._Gregory_
the_Great.png License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Wiki Romi
• File:Order_of_the_Golden_Fleece_Rib.gif Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/16/Order_of_the_Golden_
Fleece_Rib.gif License: CC BY 3.0 Contributors: http://www.phalerae.org/Accueil.htm Original artist: http://www.phalerae.org/Accueil.
htm
• File:Order_of_the_Most_Holy_Annunciation_BAR.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/26/Order_of_
the_Most_Holy_Annunciation_BAR.svg License: Public domain Contributors: institutional Italian Army home site (www.esercito.difesa.it)
page Original artist: F l a n k e r
• File:Ordine_Civile_di_Savoia_BAR.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a0/Ordine_Civile_di_Savoia_
BAR.svg License: Public domain Contributors: http://it.geocities.com/mp_gigi/img_fpage/civilesavoia.jpg Original artist: F l a n k e r
• File:Ordine_Supremo_del_Cristo_Rib.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f5/Ordine_Supremo_del_
Cristo_Rib.png License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Kei
• File:Ordine_delle_Due_Sicilie_ribbon_bar.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a0/Ordine_delle_Due_
Sicilie_ribbon_bar.png License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
• File:Ordine_imperiale_della_corona_di_ferro,_austria.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/37/Ordine_
imperiale_della_corona_di_ferro%2C_austria.png License: Public domain Contributors: Transferred from it.wikipedia to Commons. Orig-
inal artist: ARCHIsavio at Italian Wikipedia
• File:Ordo_Militia_Aurata_or_Ordine_dello_Speron_d'Oro_o_Milizia_Aurata.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/
wikipedia/commons/1/16/Ordo_Militia_Aurata_or_Ordine_dello_Speron_d%27Oro_o_Milizia_Aurata.png License: Public domain
Contributors: Own work Original artist: Kei
• File:Ordre_de_la_Croix_étoilée_autro-hongrois.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/94/Ordre_de_la_
Croix_%C3%A9toil%C3%A9e_autro-hongrois.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Gérald Garitan
• File:Patriarches_grand-prieur_et_Assesseur.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f1/Patriarches_
grand-prieur_et_Assesseur.svg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Mathieu CHAINE
• File:Reale_e_militare_ordine_di_San_Giorgio_della_Riunione.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f7/
Reale_e_militare_ordine_di_San_Giorgio_della_Riunione.png License: Public domain Contributors: it.wikipedia.org Original artist:
ARCHIsavio
• File:Reale_ordine_di_francesco_I.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/26/Reale_ordine_di_francesco_I.
png License: Public domain Contributors: it.wikipedia.org Original artist: ARCHIsavio
• File:Royal_Order_of_Saint_Ferdinand_and_of_Merit.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/70/Royal_
Order_of_Saint_Ferdinand_and_of_Merit.png License: Public domain Contributors: Wikipedia Italiano Original artist: Utente:
ARCHIsavio
10 13 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

• File:SMOM.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7e/SMOM.svg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own

work Original artist: Arturolorioli
• File:Sacro_Militare_Ordine_Costantiniano_di_San_Giorgio.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b9/
Sacro_Militare_Ordine_Costantiniano_di_San_Giorgio.png License: Public domain Contributors: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sacro_
Militare_Ordine_Costantiniano_di_San_Giorgio.png Original artist: ARCHIsavio
• File:TOSC_Order_of_Civil_Military_Merit_BAR.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d9/TOSC_
Order_of_Civil_Military_Merit_BAR.png License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Mimich
• File:TOSC_Order_of_Santo_Stefano_BAR.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/TOSC_Order_of_
Santo_Stefano_BAR.svg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Mimich
• File:Teutonic_Order_BAR.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/eb/Teutonic_Order_BAR.svg License: CC
BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Mimich
• File:VA_Ordine_Piano_BAR.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/04/VA_Ordine_Piano_BAR.svg Li-
cense: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Mboro
• File:Wearing_of_the_insignia_of_OESSJ_(gentlemens).svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fe/
Wearing_of_the_insignia_of_OESSJ_%28gentlemens%29.svg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work, using a similar scheme
for the Légion d'honneur. Original artist: Mathieu CHAINE

13.3 Content license

• Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0