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CSEC Lab Manual 2020-22 (Repaired)
CSEC Lab Manual 2020-22 (Repaired)
CSEC
LABS
2020-2022
2
Table of Contents
CLOTHING
✔ Wear your safety glasses when instructed to do so by your teacher.
✔ Dress properly during a laboratory activity. Shoes must completely cover the foot. No
sandals allowed.
HANDLING CHEMICALS
✔ All chemicals in the laboratory are to be considered dangerous. Do not touch, taste, or
smell any chemicals unless specifically instructed to do so. The proper technique for
smelling chemical fumes will be demonstrated to you.
✔ Check the label on chemical bottles twice before removing any of the contents. Take
only as much chemical as you need.
✔ Never return unused chemicals to their original containers.
✔ Beware of what may appear to be drops of water on laboratory benches. They may be
a corrosive liquid (acid or base).
✔ When transferring chemicals from one container to another, hold the containers away
from your body.
✔ Never remove chemicals or other materials from the laboratory.
✔ Take great care when transporting materials and other substances from one part of the
laboratory to another. Hold them securely and walk carefully.
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HEATING SUBSTANCES
Practical No
Date
Title
Aim This is the objective to be achieved in the experiment.
Materials and Apparatus List all materials and apparatus to be used in the method. Use
apparatus generally found in a school laboratory.
Diagram of set up (Optional)
Method Steps to be followed in the appropriate sequence and in PAST TENSE, REPORTED
SPEECH
How apparatus and materials will be used
Observations This is where you record all perceptible changes that occur during the
experiment – e.g. colour changes, formation of precipitate, evolution of a gas, effervescence,
smell/aroma, sound, texture of a solid etc.
Results This is where any data collected during the experiment is represented in a suitable
format, usually a table. Tables must be enclosed, have titles, and appropriate headings and
units.
Discussion This is where analysis of data, calculations, interpretations, predictions,
inferences etc. are done
Conclusion A summary of the experiment is done to answer whether or not the aim was
achieved.
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Practical No
Date
Problem Statement / Observation (ALWAYS WRITE THE PROBLEM STATEMENT
AS GIVEN BY YOUR TEACHER)
Theory (optional)
Hypothesis This must be based on observations or prior knowledge and clearly stated in a
form that is testable.
Aim This must be linked to the hypothesis.
Apparatus and Materials List all materials and apparatus to be used in the method. Use
apparatus generally found in a school laboratory. (It is helpful to write the method first
then take the list of apparatus and materials from it).
Diagram of apparatus set up (OPTIONAL)
Method - Steps to be followed in the appropriate sequence and in PRESENT REPORTED
SPEECH
- how apparatus and materials will be used
-Treatment of variables (all variables should be involved somewhere in the method)
-Type of data to be collected and how the data will be treated
Variables
Manipulated/ Independent variable is the parameter that is altered by the person carrying out
the method.
Responding/ Dependent variable is the parameter that changes in response to the manipulated
variable.
Control is the parameter which remains constant (same throughout) for the duration of the
method.
Data to be Collected Show how data will be recorded, usually a table with the appropriate
headings and units if applicable. No predicted results data is necessary in the table.
Expected Results Predict the results that are expected based on the observations that would
be made if the method is carried out. This is based on the hypothesis being tested.
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(ii) Heat the water in the beaker until it boils, and note all observations for the
substances in the apparatus.
(iii) Turn off the Bunsen burner. Remove the watch glass from the beaker and observe
its underside. Place the watch glass on the workbench and allow it to cool.
QUESTIONS
1. What do you see appearing in the water as it warms up, and what change of state is
indicated by your observation?
(2 marks)
2. What do you see on the underside of the watch glass? What change of state has taken
place?
(2 marks)
3. What happens to the candle wax in the watch glass when the water boils? Name the
change of state.
(2 marks)
4. What happens to the substance in the watch glass after cooling? Name the change of
state.
(2 marks)
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ACTIVITY II
INSTRUCTIONS:
1. Place the given sample of iodine in the test tube. Place the test tube in the holder and
heat the test tube as shown in the diagram. Draw labeled diagram(s) of your
observations. (5 marks)
Tongs
Test tube
Iodine crystals
Heat
2. Describe briefly what happens when the test tube is heated. (2 marks)
3. Name the change of state which fits your description in 2 and explain what happens in
terms of particles and their movement. (4 mark)
3. What type of change (physical or chemical), are changes of state? Give a reason for
your answer, accounting for the appearance of substances in different states. (3
marks)
TOTAL = 35 MARKS
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METHOD:
DISCUSSION:
12
CONCLUSION
13
Apparatus/Materials: Cotton wool, forceps, conc. Hydrochloric Acid (HCl), conc. Ammonia
(NH3), glass tube
Method:
Discussion
Conclusion
14
Method:
1. Add 20cm3 of Lead Nitrate to a 100cm3 beaker, then add 2cm3 of potassium iodide.
2. Stir the mixture then filter.
3. Wash with distilled water.
4. Leave the residue to dry on the filter paper.
5. Record all observations.
Observations:
Discussion:
1. What type of salt is Lead Iodide (based on solubility)?
It is an insoluble salt
2. Write a balanced equation for the reaction.
Pb2+ + 2I- → PbI2
4. Write an ionic equation from the reaction
7. Based on the appearance of the solid, what can be determined about the water of
crystallization?
Conclusion:
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Results:
Rough 1 2
3
Final Burette Reading/cm
Initial Burette Reading/cm3
Volume of H2SO4 added/cm3
Calculations:
1. Calculate the average volume of H2SO4?
2. What is the concentration of H2SO4 provided?
3. What is the volume of the pipette used in the experiment?
4. Write a balanced equation for the reaction between H2SO4 and NaOH.
5. Determine the mole ratio from the equation.
6. Determine the number of moles of H2SO4 used.
7. Determine the number of moles in pipetted volume of NaOH.
8. Determine the molar concentration of the NaOH solution.
Conclusion:
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Method:
1. Place KMnO4 solution into the burette. Fill the jet of the burette. Record the initial
volume.
2. Fill a 25 cm3 pipette to the mark with ferrous ammonium sulphate. Place this into the
conical flask.
3. Titrate the Ferrous Ammonium sulphate against the KMnO4 until one drop causes a
colour change.
4. Record the volume on the burette and determine the volume of KMnO4 added.
5. Repeat the titration for precision.
Results:
Rough 1 2
3
Initial Burette reading/cm
Final Burette reading/cm3
Volume added/cm3
Discussion:
1. Calculate the average volume of KMnO4 used?
2. What is the concentration of KMnO4?
3. Calculate the amount of KMnO4 reacted in moles.
4. Write an ionic equation for the reaction.
5. From the equation and moles of KMnO4, determine the molar concentration of the
Fe(II) solution.
Conclusion:
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p and q- electrodes
Method:
1. Set up the activities as shown in the diagram above.
Activity 1:
2. Pass an electric current through a solution of copper (II) sulphate using graphite
electrodes (P & Q).
3. Observe the anode and cathode, taking note of what occurs at each electrode.
Activity 2:
4. Pass an electric current through a solution of copper (II) sulphate using copper
electrodes (P & Q).
5. Observe the anode and cathode, taking note of the products formed at each
electrode.
Observations: (diagrams & written)
The submerged piece of the electrode attached to the cathode turned red brown
Tiny bubbles started to form at the surface of the anode
The CuSO4 turned clearer and black substances could be seen.
Cop
The submerged piece of cathode turned red brown and the anode lost colour
Discussion:
1. What were the products formed at each electrode in activities 1 & 2?
2. How did the reactions in the two solutions differ?
3. Write half equations to illustrate the reactions at the electrodes (anode & cathode) in
activities 1 & 2.
4. Classify the electrodes as active or inert.
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5. Which reaction had a noticeable change in the blue colour of the solution? Using the
reactions at the electrodes, explain why this occurred.
6. Why did the other solution remain blue?
Conclusion:
Method:
1. Add 25cm3 of HCl (aq) to a beaker and take the temperature of the acid
2. Add 25cm3 of NaOH (aq) to the Styrofoam cup and take the temperature of the base.
3. Add the acid to the base in the Styrofoam cup and cover with a lid through which a
thermometer is inserted for easy use.
4. Stir the mixture and record the highest temperature.
Diagram:
Results:
Temperature/˚C Volume/cm3
Hydrochloric Acid
Sodium Hydroxide solution
Mixture
Discussion:
1. Write a balanced equation for the reaction.
2. Write a balanced ionic equation for the reaction.
3. What is the average temperature of the solutions before the experiment?
4. What was the temperature change for the reaction in ˚C?
5. What was the number of moles of hydrogen ions used in experiment?
6. What was the number of moles for hydroxide ions used in the experiment?
7. Use the formula ∆H= mc∆T to determine the enthalpy for the
reaction. (NB. Specific heat capacity, c=4.2Jg-1˚C-1, density of solution is
assumed to be the same as the density of water=1gcm-3)
8. Use your answer to 5 & 6 to calculate the molar heat change of neutralization in KJmol-1
9. The theoretical molar heat change of neutralization is -57KJmol-1. Suggest reasons why
your value differs from this.
Conclusion:
20
50 0 10
40 10
30 10
20 10
10 10
Discussion:
1. Write a balanced equation between sodium thiosulphate (Na2S2O3) and hydrochloric acid.
2. Write a balanced ionic equation for the reaction
3. Plot a graph of 1/V against time
4. What is meant by the term “rate of reaction?”
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5. Write an expression for the rate of reaction for the experiment and using the graph above
determine the rate of reaction.
6. What is the purpose of adding water?
7. What is the effect of increasing the sodium thiosulphate solution?
8. What is the controlled variable and what is the purpose?
9. How could the effect of the acid concentration on the rate of reaction be determined
experimentally?
Conclusion:
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Materials and Apparatus: test tubes, test tube rack, solution Y, sodium carbonate, ammonia,
sodium hydroxide, barium nitrate, nitric acid, silver nitrate, hydrochloric acid, limewater
Instructions:
Carry out the following experiments with a solution, Y, which contains two anions and one
cation from the following list:
NH4+, Mg2+, Al3+ , Ca2+ , Fe2+ , Fe3+ , Cu2+ , Zn2+ , Ba2+ , Pb2+ , CO32- , NO3- , NO2-, SO32- ,
SO42- , Cl- , Br- , I- .
In all tests, the reagents should be added gradually until no further change is observed, with
shaking after each addition.
Record your observations and deductions you make from them in a table similar to the one
below. Your answers should include
Chemical equations must be written where appropriate and additional tests may be carried out
to identify the ions.
(b)Place 2 cm depth of Y in
a test tube and add dilute
sodium hydroxide.
(c)Place 2 cm depth of Y in
a test tube and add dilute
aqueous ammonia.
(d) Place 1 cm3 depth of Y
in a test tube and add
aqueous barium nitrate.
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misinforming the public. He wants to change to another brand, Brand B, but is not
sure if it will be any better. Plan and design an experiment to help him decide.
9. TOPIC: ELECTROLYSIS
PROBLEM: Plan and design an experiment to see if the volume of oxygen produced
by the electrolysis of sulphuric acid varies with the size of the current.
RESULTS 4
- Correct formulae and equations: 2
Accurate (2)
Acceptable (1)
- Accuracy of data: 2
Accurate (2)
Acceptable (1)
DISCUSSION 5
- Explanation 2
Development of points:
Thorough (2)
Partial (1)
- Interpretation 2
Fully supported by data (2)
Partially supported by data (1)
- Trends 1
Stated
LIMITATIONS 3
-Sources of error identified 1
-Precautions stated 1
-Limitation stated 1
REFLECTIONS 5
- Relevance between the experiment and real life 1
(Self, Society or Environment)
- Impact of knowledge gain from experiment on self 1
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CONCLUSION 2
- Stated 1
- Related to the aim 1
TOTAL (20)