Lecture 8 Class Notes (Environment and Ecology)

12ÊOctoberÊ2022 21:53
Biodiversity --------...................................................................................................................
• ‘BiologicalÊdiversity’ÊmeansÊtheÊvariabilityÊamongÊlivingÊorganismsÊfromÊallÊ
sourcesÊincluding,Êinter-alia,Êterrestrial,ÊmarineÊandÊotherÊaquaticÊ Ecosystem Engineers
ecosystemsÊandÊtheÊecologicalÊcomplexesÊofÊwhichÊtheyÊareÊpart,ÊthisÊ • EcosystemÊengineersÊmodify,Êcreate,ÊandÊmaintainÊhabitats.Ê
includesÊdiversityÊwithinÊspecies,ÊbetweenÊspeciesÊandÊofÊecosystems. • EcosystemÊengineersÊmodifyÊtheirÊhabitatsÊthroughÊtheirÊownÊbiologyÊ
Elements of Biodiversity orÊbyÊphysicallyÊchangingÊbioticÊandÊabioticÊfactorsÊinÊtheÊenvironment.Ê
• Autogenic engineers modifyÊtheirÊenvironmentÊbyÊmodifyingÊtheirÊownÊ
biology.Ê
• Allogenic engineers physicallyÊchangeÊtheirÊenvironmentÊfromÊoneÊ
stateÊtoÊanother.Ê
• InvasiveÊspeciesÊareÊoftenÊecosystemÊengineers.
Loss of Biodiversity - Causes
• Habitat loss, fragmentation and degradation [How?Ê:ÊVillagesÊ
between,RoadsÊpassingÊthroughÊhabitatsÊofÊspeciesÊfragmentÊtheÊ
habitatÊofÊspeciesÊwhichÊresultsÊinÊoverpopulationÊandÊeventuallyÊ
extinctionÊofÊtheÊspecies,ÊalsoÊMan-AnimalÊconflictsÊareÊseenÊlikeÊinÊtheÊ
caseÊofÊElephantsÊenteringÊintoÊhumanÊsettlements]
• Invasive Alien Species [BurmeseÊPythonÊwereÊintroducedÊinÊFlorida,Ê
theÊfarmersÊthereÊhadÊaÊproblemÊofÊrodentsÊinÊfields.ÊTheyÊaren'tÊ
feededÊuponÊbyÊanyÊotherÊspecies.ÊTheyÊfoundÊfavourableÊconditionÊofÊ
IncreasedÊSurvivability survivabilityÊandÊmultiplied.ÊTheyÊstartedÊconsumingÊsmallerÊanimals.
AndÊImmunityÊtoÊdiseases Erula Tribe, Tamil Nadu wereÊcalledÊtoÊhuntÊtheseÊsnakes]
Scales of Diversity
[PabloÊEscobar,ÊColombiaÊbroughtÊhipposÊbutÊtheyÊgotÊoverpopulatedÊÊ]
• AlphaÊdiversityÊ- ItÊisÊdefinedÊasÊtheÊmeanÊdiversityÊofÊspeciesÊinÊdifferentÊ
• PollutionÊ
sitesÊorÊhabitatsÊwithinÊaÊlocalÊscale.
• ClimateÊchangeÊ
e.g.Ê:NumberÊofÊspeciesÊinÊaÊGrassland
• DiseasesÊ[LumpyÊSkinÊDisease]
• BetaÊDiversityÊ- BetaÊdiversityÊdescribesÊtheÊspeciesÊdiversityÊbetweenÊtwoÊ
• AnthropogenicÊfactors
communitiesÊorÊecosystems.Ê
International Union for Conservation of Nature(IUCN)
e.g.Ê:ÊNumberÊofÊspeciesÊinÊwetlandÊvsÊNo.ÊOfÊspeciesÊinÊGrassland
• EstablishedÊinÊ1964,ÊtheÊInternationalÊUnionÊforÊConservationÊofÊ
• GammaÊDiversityÊ- ItÊisÊtheÊtotalÊspeciesÊdiversityÊinÊaÊlandscapeÊorÊbiome.
Nature’sÊRedÊListÊofÊThreatenedÊSpecies hasÊevolvedÊtoÊbecomeÊtheÊ
world’sÊmostÊcomprehensiveÊinformationÊsourceÊonÊtheÊglobalÊ
extinctionÊriskÊstatusÊofÊanimal,ÊfungusÊandÊplantÊspecies.
IUCN List
• Critically Endangered (CR) : PopulationÊdeclineÊofÊ80ÊtoÊmoreÊthanÊ90Ê
percentÊoverÊtheÊpreviousÊ10ÊyearsÊ(orÊthreeÊgenerations,ÊwhicheverÊisÊ
longer),ÊaÊcurrentÊpopulationÊsizeÊofÊfewerÊthanÊ50Êindividuals,ÊorÊotherÊ
factors.Ê
• Endangered (EN) : PopulationÊdeclineÊofÊ50ÊtoÊmoreÊthanÊ70ÊpercentÊ
overÊtheÊpreviousÊ10ÊyearsÊ(orÊthreeÊgenerations),ÊaÊcurrentÊpopulationÊ
sizeÊofÊfewerÊthanÊ250Êindividuals,ÊorÊotherÊfactors.Ê
• Vulnerable (VU) :ÊAÊpopulationÊdeclineÊofÊ30ÊtoÊmoreÊthanÊ50ÊpercentÊ
Important Species’ types overÊtheÊpreviousÊ10ÊyearsÊ(orÊthreeÊgenerations),ÊaÊcurrentÊpopulationÊ
●ÊIndicatorÊSpeciesÊ[RepresentativeÊofÊQualityÊofÊEcosystem] sizeÊofÊfewerÊthanÊ1,000Êindividuals,ÊorÊotherÊfactors.Ê
●ÊKeystoneÊSpeciesÊ
●ÊFlagshipÊSpeciesÊ
●ÊFoundationÊSpecies
Indicator Species
• Organism—often a microorganism or a plant—that serves as a measure
of the environmental conditions that exist in a given locale.ÊForÊexample,Ê
greasewoodÊindicatesÊsalineÊsoil;ÊmossesÊoftenÊindicateÊacidÊsoil.
• ExamplesÊincludeÊcrayfishÊasÊindicatorsÊofÊfreshwaterÊquality;ÊcoralsÊasÊ
indicatorsÊofÊmarineÊprocessesÊsuchÊasÊsiltation,ÊseawaterÊriseÊandÊseaÊ
temperatureÊfluctuation;ÊperegrineÊfalconsÊasÊanÊindicatorÊofÊpesticideÊ
• IUCNÊalsoÊplayedÊaÊfundamentalÊroleÊinÊtheÊcreationÊofÊkeyÊ
loadsÊandÊlichensÊcanÊbeÊusedÊasÊairÊpollutionÊindicators,ÊespeciallyÊofÊtheÊ
internationalÊconventions,ÊincludingÊtheÊRamsarÊConventionÊonÊ
concentrationÊofÊsulphurÊdioxideÊinÊtheÊatmosphere
WetlandsÊ(1971),ÊtheÊWorldÊHeritageÊConventionÊ(1972),ÊtheÊ
Keystone Species
Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species,Ê(1974)ÊandÊ
• AÊkeystoneÊspeciesÊisÊanÊorganismÊthatÊhelpsÊdefineÊanÊentireÊecosystem.
theÊConventionÊonÊBiologicalÊDiversityÊ(1992).Ê
• WithoutÊitsÊkeystoneÊspecies,ÊtheÊecosystemÊwouldÊbeÊdramaticallyÊ
• InÊ1980,ÊIUCNÊInÊpartnershipÊwithÊtheÊUNÊEnvironmentÊProgrammeÊ
differentÊorÊceaseÊtoÊexistÊaltogether.Ê
(UNEP)ÊandÊtheÊWorldÊWildlifeÊFundÊ(WWF)Ê– publishedÊtheÊWorldÊ
• IfÊtheÊspeciesÊwereÊtoÊdisappearÊfromÊtheÊecosystem,ÊnoÊotherÊspeciesÊ
ConservationÊStrategy,ÊaÊground-breakingÊdocumentÊwhichÊhelpedÊ
wouldÊbeÊableÊtoÊfillÊitsÊecologicalÊniche.
defineÊtheÊconceptÊofÊ‘sustainableÊdevelopment’ÊandÊshapedÊtheÊglobalÊ
• TigersÊfeedÊonÊdeersÊandÊdeersÊfeedÊonÊgrasses.ÊIfÊtigersÊdisappear,Ê
conservationÊandÊsustainableÊdevelopmentÊagenda.
populationÊofÊdeersÊincreaseÊwhichÊwillÊresultÊinÊconsumptionÊofÊGrass,Ê
Critically Endangered in India
producerÊcommunity,ÊitÊwillÊresultÊinÊdestructionÊofÊthisÊecosystem.
• Rat:ÊLargeÊRockÊRatÊorÊElviraÊRat.Ê[WesternÊGhats]
Flagship Species
• Squirrel:ÊNamdaphaÊFlyingÊSquirrel.Ê
• AÊflagshipÊspeciesÊactsÊasÊaÊsymbolÊforÊanÊenvironmentalÊhabitat,Ê
• Civet:ÊMalabarÊCivet.Ê
movement,Êcampaign,ÊorÊissue.Ê
• Rhinoceros:ÊSumatranÊRhinocerosÊandÊJavanÊRhinoceros.Ê
• TheyÊcanÊbeÊmascotsÊforÊentireÊecosystems.
• Shark:ÊPondicherryÊSharkÊandÊGangesÊShark.Ê
• E.g.Ê:ÊPanda,ÊTigers,ÊElephants,Êetc.
• HawksbillÊTurtle,ÊFour-toedÊRiverÊTerrapinÊorÊRiverÊTerrapin,ÊRed-
Foundation Species
crownedÊÊÊRoofedÊTurtleÊorÊtheÊBengalÊRoofÊTurtle
• FoundationÊspeciesÊplayÊaÊmajorÊroleÊinÊcreatingÊorÊmaintainingÊaÊhabitat.Ê
UpdateÊFrom:Êhttps://www.iucnredlist.org/
• CoralsÊareÊaÊkeyÊexampleÊofÊaÊfoundationÊspeciesÊacrossÊmanyÊislandsÊinÊ
theÊSouthÊPacificÊOcean.ÊTheseÊtinyÊanimalsÊgrowÊasÊaÊcolonyÊofÊthousandsÊ
andÊevenÊmillionsÊofÊindividualÊpolyps.Ê
• TheÊrockyÊexoskeletonsÊofÊtheseÊpolypsÊcreateÊenormousÊstructuresÊ
aroundÊislands:ÊcoralÊreefs
Recent Changes Mass Extinction
• Migratory Monarch Butterfly Now Endangered- IUCN List AÊ“massÊextinction”ÊcanÊbeÊdefinedÊasÊaÊtimeÊperiodÊinÊwhichÊaÊlargeÊ
percentageÊofÊallÊknownÊspeciesÊlivingÊatÊtheÊtimeÊgoesÊextinctÊorÊisÊ
completelyÊwipedÊout.

Bio-Diversity Hotspots
AÊbiodiversityÊhotspotÊisÊaÊbiogeographicÊregionÊwithÊsignificantÊlevelsÊofÊ
biodiversityÊthatÊisÊthreatenedÊbyÊhumanÊhabitation.

ToÊqualify,Ê2ÊstrictÊcriteriaÊisÊrequired:
• ContainsÊ1500ÊspeciesÊofÊvascularÊplantsÊfoundÊnowhereÊelseÊonÊ
earth[calledÊEndemicÊSpecies]Ê
• HaveÊlostÊaboutÊ70%ÊofÊitsÊprimaryÊnativeÊvegetation
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 AroundÊtheÊworld,Ê36ÊareasÊqualifyÊasÊhotspots.Ê Major Mass Extinctions
 TheyÊrepresentÊjustÊ2.4%ÊofÊEarth’sÊlandÊsurface,ÊbutÊtheyÊsupportÊmoreÊ • 1stÊmajorÊmassÊextinctionÊ:Ê440-450ÊmillionÊyearsÊago,Ê60-70%ÊofÊallÊlivingÊ
thanÊhalfÊofÊtheÊworld’sÊplantÊspeciesÊasÊendemics- i.e.,ÊspeciesÊfoundÊ speciesÊatÊtheÊtimeÊwereÊeliminatedÊ;ÊprobablyÊcausedÊdueÊtoÊContinentalÊ
noÊplaceÊelseÊandÊnearlyÊ43%ÊofÊbird,Êmammal,ÊreptileÊandÊamphibianÊ DriftÊandÊsubsequentÊclimateÊchange.Ê
speciesÊasÊendemics. • 2ndÊmajorÊmassÊextinctionÊ:Ê375ÊmillionÊyearsÊago,ÊmoreÊthanÊ70%ÊofÊallÊlivingÊ
speciesÊatÊtheÊtimeÊwereÊwipedÊoutÊ;ÊprobablyÊcausedÊdueÊtoÊlackÊofÊoxygenÊinÊ
theÊoceans,ÊquickÊcoolingÊofÊairÊtemperatures,ÊpossiblyÊvolcanicÊeruptionsÊ
and/orÊmeteorÊstrikes.Ê
• 3rdÊmajorÊmassÊextinctionÊ:Ê250ÊmillionÊyearsÊagoÊ,ÊanÊestimatedÊ96%ÊofÊallÊ
speciesÊlivingÊonÊEarthÊatÊtheÊtimeÊ;ÊcauseÊisÊnotÊknownÊdefinitively.
• 4thÊmajorÊmassÊextinctionÊ:Ê200ÊmillionÊyearsÊago,ÊSuspectedÊCauseÊ:ÊMajorÊ
volcanicÊactivityÊwithÊbasaltÊflooding,ÊglobalÊclimateÊchange,ÊandÊchangingÊpHÊ
andÊseaÊlevelsÊofÊtheÊoceans.Ê
Himalayas:
• 5thÊmajorÊmassÊextinctionÊ:Ê65ÊmillionÊyearsÊago,Ê75%ÊofÊallÊknownÊspeciesÊ
AlpineÊHighÊaltitude
livingÊatÊtheÊtimeÊ;ÊcausedÊdueÊtoÊasteroidÊimpact.
ecosystem
Tardigrade (Water Bear): TheÊwaterÊbearÊisÊtheÊonlyÊanimalÊtoÊhaveÊsurvivedÊ
allÊfiveÊextinctionsÊknownÊtoÊman.ÊItÊcanÊsurviveÊinÊtemperaturesÊasÊlowÊ
asÊ-200°CÊwithoutÊfoodÊorÊwater,ÊevenÊtheÊextremeÊradiationÊofÊspaceÊforÊ
Indo-Burma:Ê overÊaÊhundredÊyearsÊwithoutÊanyÊevidentÊdiscomfort.
DenseÊequatorial The Sixth Mass Extinction
Forest • WeÊareÊcurrentlyÊexperiencingÊtheÊworstÊspateÊofÊspeciesÊdie-offsÊsinceÊtheÊ
lossÊofÊtheÊdinosaursÊ65ÊmillionÊyearsÊago.Ê
• TheÊcurrentÊcrisisÊisÊalmostÊentirelyÊcausedÊbyÊhumans.Ê99ÊpercentÊofÊ
currentlyÊthreatenedÊspeciesÊareÊatÊriskÊfromÊhumanÊactivities,ÊprimarilyÊ
WesternÊGhatsÊ&Ê
thoseÊdrivingÊhabitatÊloss,ÊintroductionÊofÊexoticÊspecies,ÊandÊglobalÊwarming.Ê
Srilanka:
• InÊtheÊpastÊ500Êyears,ÊweÊknowÊofÊapproximatelyÊ1,000ÊspeciesÊthatÊhaveÊ
EvergreenÊ
goneÊextinct.
Vegetation
International Conventions and Organizations

Sundaland: Bonn Convention - Convention on Migratory Species, 1979

NicobarÊislandsÊ
lie
Megadiverse Countries
MegadiversityÊCountriesÊisÊaÊtermÊusedÊtoÊreferÊtoÊtheÊworld’sÊtopÊ
biodiversity-richÊcountries.ÊThisÊcountry- focusedÊmethod raises national
awareness forÊbiodiversityÊconservationÊinÊnationsÊwithÊhighÊbiologicalÊ
diversity,ÊwithÊmanyÊspeciesÊuniqueÊtoÊaÊspecificÊcountry.
Criteria
• HaveÊatÊleastÊ5000ÊofÊtheÊworld’sÊplantsÊasÊendemics.
• HaveÊmarineÊecosystemsÊwithinÊitsÊborders.Ê
• OtherÊsecondaryÊcriteriaÊhaveÊalsoÊbeenÊtakenÊintoÊconsideration,ÊsuchÊ
asÊanimalÊandÊinvertebrateÊendemism,ÊspeciesÊdiversity,Êhigher-levelÊ
diversity,ÊecosystemÊdiversityÊandÊpresenceÊofÊtropicalÊrainforestÊ
ecosystems.
Extinction
• TheÊoverallÊchangeÊinÊbiodiversityÊresultsÊfromÊtheÊdifferenceÊbetweenÊ
ratesÊofÊspeciationÊ(addingÊspecies)ÊandÊratesÊofÊextinctionÊ(takingÊ
speciesÊaway).Ê
• OverÊtheÊhistoryÊofÊlifeÊonÊEarth,ÊinÊexcessÊofÊ90%ÊofÊallÊspeciesÊ(andÊ
perhapsÊcloserÊtoÊ99%)ÊareÊestimatedÊtoÊhaveÊbecomeÊextinct.Ê
• ComparedÊwithÊtheÊdurationÊofÊlifeÊonÊEarth,ÊnoÊgenusÊsurvivedÊforÊveryÊ
long.ÊTheÊlongest-livedÊpersistedÊforÊaboutÊ160ÊmillionÊyrs,ÊorÊaboutÊ5%Ê
ofÊtheÊhistoryÊofÊlife.
TheÊConventionÊenteredÊintoÊforceÊinÊ1983ÊandÊaimsÊtoÊconserveÊterrestrial,Ê
marineÊandÊavianÊmigratoryÊspeciesÊandÊtheirÊhabitatÊasÊwellÊthroughoutÊtheirÊ
range.Ê
TheÊobjectivesÊofÊtheÊBonnÊConventionÊare:Ê
• TheÊadoptionÊofÊstrictÊprotectionÊmeasuresÊforÊendangeredÊmigratoryÊ
species.Ê
• TheÊmultilateralÊagreementsÊforÊtheÊconservationÊandÊmanagementÊofÊ
migratoryÊspecies,ÊandÊco-operativeÊresearchÊactivities[InÊorderÊtoÊ
understandÊtheÊecologicalÊrelationÊinÊtermsÊofÊTrophicÊlevels,ÊenergyÊtransfer,Ê
reproduction,ÊfeedingÊhabits,Êetc].
TheÊConventionÊhasÊtwoÊappendices:Ê
• AppendixÊIÊlistsÊmigratoryÊspeciesÊthatÊareÊclassifiedÊasÊendangeredÊWithÊhighÊ
riskÊofÊextinctionÊandÊurgentÊinternationalÊcooperationÊisÊrequired.Ê
• AppendixÊIIÊlistsÊotherÊspeciesÊthatÊwouldÊbenefitÊsignificantlyÊfromÊ
internationalÊagreements.Ê
• TheÊconventionÊhasÊlegallyÊbindingÊagreementsÊandÊnon-legallyÊbindingÊ
MemorandumÊofÊUnderstandingsÊ(MoUÊs)ÊwhichÊareÊtailoredÊaccordingÊtoÊ
conservationÊneeds.
 IndiaÊhasÊbeenÊaÊpartÊofÊtheÊBonnÊConventionÊsinceÊ1983.
SomeÊofÊtheÊimportantÊmigratoryÊspeciesÊinÊIndiaÊare:Ê
• AmurÊFalconsÊ
• Bar-headedÊGeeseÊ
• Black-neckedÊcranesÊ
• MarineÊturtlesÊ
• DugongsÊ
• HumpbackÊWhalesÊ
 IndiaÊwillÊbeÊtheÊPresidentÊofÊCOP[ConferenceÊofÊParties]ÊtoÊBonnÊConventionÊ
tillÊ2023.(ApexÊdecisionÊmakingÊbody)
 Convention on Biological Diversity CITES
TheÊConventionÊonÊBiologicalÊDiversityÊisÊanÊinternationalÊtreatyÊthatÊwasÊ Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna
adoptedÊatÊtheÊEarthÊSummitÊinÊ1992. and Flora.
TheÊconventionÊrecognizedÊforÊtheÊfirstÊtimeÊinÊinternationalÊlawÊthatÊtheÊ • GlobalÊagreementÊamongÊgovernmentsÊtoÊregulateÊorÊbanÊinternationalÊ
conservationÊofÊbiologicalÊdiversityÊisÊ"aÊcommonÊconcernÊofÊhumankind"Ê tradeÊinÊspeciesÊunderÊthreat.Ê
andÊisÊanÊintegralÊpartÊofÊtheÊdevelopmentÊprocess. • ItÊcameÊintoÊforceÊinÊ1975ÊandÊconsistsÊofÊ183ÊmemberÊcountriesÊtillÊdate.Ê
ItÊhasÊthreeÊmainÊgoals: • ItÊisÊaÊlegally binding onÊtheÊParties,ÊitÊdoesÊnotÊtakeÊtheÊplaceÊofÊnationalÊ
• ConservationÊofÊbiologicalÊdiversityÊ(orÊbiodiversity).Ê laws.Ê
• SustainableÊuseÊofÊitsÊcomponents.Ê • IndiaÊisÊaÊCITESÊPartyÊsinceÊ1976.
• FairÊandÊequitableÊsharingÊofÊbenefitsÊarisingÊfromÊgeneticÊresources.Ê TheyÊareÊlistedÊunderÊtheÊthreeÊCITESÊappendicesÊ:
ToÊensureÊparticipationÊofÊlocalÊcommunityÊinÊconservation. Appendix-I
ItÊalsoÊcoversÊtheÊrapidlyÊexpandingÊfieldÊofÊbiotechnologyÊthroughÊ • SpeciesÊthatÊareÊinÊdangerÊofÊextinction.Ê
CartagenaÊProtocolÊonÊBiosafety,ÊaddressingÊtechnologyÊdevelopmentÊandÊ • CommercialÊtradeÊisÊprohibited.Ê
transfer,Êbenefit-sharingÊandÊbiosafetyÊissues.Ê • PermitsÊareÊrequiredÊforÊimportÊandÊexport.Ê
Importantly,ÊtheÊConvention is legally binding;ÊcountriesÊthatÊjoinÊitÊareÊ • Trade permitted just for research onlyÊifÊtheÊoriginÊcountryÊensuresÊtheÊ
obligedÊtoÊimplementÊitsÊprovisions.Ê tradeÊwon’tÊharmÊtheÊspecies’ÊchanceÊofÊsurvival.[PRELIMS]
Appendix-II
Cartagena Protocol • SpeciesÊthatÊaren’tÊfacingÊimminentÊextinctionÊbutÊneedÊmonitoring.Ê
• TheÊCartagenaÊProtocolÊonÊBiosafetyÊtoÊtheÊConventionÊonÊBiologicalÊ • TradeÊpermitsÊobtainedÊlegally.
DiversityÊisÊanÊinternationalÊagreementÊwhichÊaimsÊtoÊensureÊtheÊsafeÊ Appendix-III
handling,ÊtransportÊandÊuseÊofÊlivingÊmodifiedÊorganismsÊ(LMOs)ÊresultingÊ • SpeciesÊprotectedÊinÊatÊleastÊoneÊcountry.Ê
fromÊmodernÊbiotechnologyÊthatÊmayÊhaveÊadverseÊeffectsÊonÊbiologicalÊ • RegulationsÊforÊtheseÊspeciesÊvary,ÊbutÊtypicallyÊtheÊcountryÊthatÊrequestedÊ
diversity,ÊtakingÊalsoÊintoÊaccountÊrisksÊtoÊhumanÊhealth.Ê theÊlistingÊcanÊissueÊexportÊpermits.
• ltÊestablishesÊanÊadvance informed agreement (AIA) procedure forÊensuringÊ
thatÊcountriesÊareÊprovidedÊwithÊtheÊinformationÊnecessaryÊtoÊmakeÊ WWF-World Wide Fund for Nature[PRELIMS]
informedÊdecisionsÊbeforeÊagreeingÊtoÊtheÊimportÊofÊsuchÊorganismsÊintoÊ • World’sÊbiggestÊinternationalÊnon-profitÊOrganization.Ê
theirÊterritory.Ê • EstablishedÊinÊ1961.Ê
• TheÊProtocolÊalsoÊestablishesÊaÊBiosafetyÊClearing-HouseÊtoÊfacilitateÊtheÊ • PartnershipÊwithÊPeople,ÊBodiesÊandÊGovernmentsÊworldwide.
exchangeÊofÊinformationÊonÊlivingÊmodifiedÊorganismsÊandÊtoÊassistÊ • WorksÊinÊtheÊareasÊofÊClimate,ÊFood,ÊForests,ÊFreshwater,ÊOceansÊandÊ
countriesÊinÊtheÊimplementationÊofÊtheÊProtocol.Ê WildlifeÊprimarily.Ê
• ItÊwasÊadoptedÊonÊ29ÊJanuaryÊ2000ÊandÊenteredÊintoÊforceÊonÊ11ÊSeptemberÊ • FocusÊonÊTigers,ÊElephants,ÊGorillas, Giant Pandas[Flagship Species],ÊSeaÊ
2003.Ê Turtles,ÊPolarÊBears,ÊRhinosÊandÊWhales.Ê
• CampaignsÊlaunchedÊbyÊWWFÊincludeÊEarthÊHourÊandÊDebt-for-NatureÊSwap.Ê
The Nagoya Protocol • Living Planet Report’ (started in 1998) is published by the WWF every two
• ItÊisÊanÊinternationalÊagreementÊwhichÊaimsÊatÊsharingÊtheÊbenefitsÊarisingÊ year.
fromÊtheÊutilizationÊofÊgeneticÊresourcesÊinÊaÊfairÊandÊequitableÊway,Ê
includingÊbyÊappropriateÊaccessÊtoÊgeneticÊresourcesÊandÊbyÊappropriateÊ TRAFFIC - (Trade Records Analysis of Flora and Fauna in Commerce)[Only
transferÊofÊrelevantÊtechnologies.Ê for Prelims]
• ItÊwasÊadoptedÊbyÊtheÊConferenceÊofÊtheÊPartiesÊtoÊtheÊConventionÊonÊ • ItÊisÊaÊjointÊprogramÊofÊWorld Wildlife Fund (WWF) and the International
BiologicalÊDiversityÊatÊitsÊtenthÊmeetingÊonÊ29ÊOctoberÊ2010ÊinÊNagoya,Ê Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN).EstablishedÊinÊ1976.Ê
Japan.Ê • FocusÊonÊspeciesÊtrade.ÊIssuesÊsuchÊasÊtigerÊparts,ÊelephantÊivoryÊandÊrhinoÊ
• TheÊStrategicÊPlanÊconsistsÊofÊ20ÊnewÊbiodiversityÊtargetsÊforÊ2020,ÊtermedÊ horn.Ê
theÊ‘AichiÊBiodiversityÊTargets • SupportÊinternationalÊwildlifeÊtradeÊtreaties.Ê
Five Aichi Strategic Goals • TRAFFICÊIndia’sÊstudyÊincludesÊLeopardÊandÊTigerÊpeacockÊfeatherÊtrade,ÊowlÊ
 Strategic Goal A trade,ÊdynamicsÊofÊhuntingÊcommunityÊpoaching.Ê
AddressÊtheÊunderlyingÊcausesÊofÊbiodiversityÊlossÊbyÊmainstreamingÊ • SouthÊAsiaÊWildlifeÊEnforcementÊNetworkÊ(SAWEN)-collaborationÊamongÊ
biodiversityÊacrossÊgovernmentÊandÊsociety. SouthÊAsianÊcountries.
1. ImproveÊAwarenessÊofÊBiodiversity
2. MainstreamingÊBiodiversity
3. ReformÊIncentives
4. ImplementÊPlansÊforÊsustainability
 Strategic Goal B
ReduceÊdirectÊpressuresÊonÊbiodiversityÊandÊpromoteÊsustainableÊuse.
5. ReduceÊhabitatÊlossÊandÊdegradationÊ
6. FishÊSustainability
7. MakingÊfarmingÊandÊForestryÊsustainable
8. ReduceÊPollution
9. TackleÊInvasiveÊSpecies
10. MinimiseÊclimateÊchangeÊimpacts
 Strategic Goal C
ToÊimproveÊtheÊstatusÊofÊbiodiversityÊbyÊsafeguardingÊecosystems,ÊspeciesÊ
andÊgeneticÊdiversity
11. ProtectÊandÊmanageÊcriticalÊsites
12. PreventÊExtinctions
13. MaintainÊGeneticÊDiversity
 Strategic Goal D
EnhanceÊtheÊbenefitsÊtoÊallÊfromÊbiodiversityÊandÊecosystemÊservices.
14. SafeguardÊEcosystemÊServices
15. RestoreÊdegradedÊforest
16. ImplementÊaccessÊandÊbenefitÊsharing
 Strategic Goal E
EnhanceÊimplementationÊthroughÊparticipatoryÊplanning,ÊknowledgeÊ
managementÊandÊcapacityÊbuilding.
17. ImplementÊNBSAPs
18. ProtectÊTraditionalÊKnowledge
19. ShareÊBiodiversityÊKnowledge
20. IncreaseÊconservationÊFinance
 Conservation Measures
Protected Areas
●ÊNationalÊPolicyÊforÊWildlifeÊConservationÊ- 1970Ê
●ÊWildlifeÊ(Protection)ÊActÊ- 1972
Conservation Measures:
• In Situ Conservation: ConservationÊcarriedÊoutÊon-siteÊ i.e.ÊWhereÊtheÊ
organismsÊareÊoriginallyÊfound.
E.g.ÊNationalÊParks,ÊSanctuaries,ÊBiosphereÊReservesÊetc.
• Ex-Situ Conservation: SpeciesÊareÊtransferredÊtoÊanotherÊlocationÊ&Ê
conservationÊisÊensured.
E.gÊ:ÊZoo,ÊBotanicalÊgarden,ÊGeneÊBanksÊetc.
Wildlife Sanctuaries
• SanctuariesÊareÊnaturallyÊoccurringÊareasÊthatÊareÊmeant to protect the
endangered species from hunting, poaching and predation.Ê
• SpeciesÊSpecific
• HumanÊactivitiesÊlikeÊharvesting of timber, collecting minor forest products
and private ownership rights are allowed asÊlongÊasÊtheyÊdoÊnotÊinterfereÊ
withÊwell-beingÊofÊanimals.Ê
• TheÊWildlifeÊ(protection)ÊActÊ1972ÊprovidedÊforÊtheÊdeclarationÊofÊcertainÊ
areasÊbyÊtheÊState Government asÊWildlifeÊsanctuaries.ÊAfterÊclearanceÊfromÊ
ChiefÊConservatorÊofÊForestÊOfficer,ÊCentreÊcanÊalsoÊdeclare.
• IndiaÊasÊofÊnowÊhasÊaroundÊ553ÊwildlifeÊsanctuaries.
National Parks
• NationalÊparksÊareÊareasÊthatÊaim to protect the natural environment.ÊTheyÊ
areÊalsoÊinvolvedÊinÊpublicÊrecreationÊandÊenjoymentÊactivities.ÊInÊaÊnationalÊ
park,ÊtheÊlandscapesÊandÊitsÊfloraÊandÊfaunaÊareÊpresentÊinÊtheirÊnaturalÊ
state.Ê
• LevelÊofÊProtectionÊisÊveryÊhigh.
• TheÊWildlifeÊ(protection)ÊActÊofÊ1972ÊprovidedÊforÊtheÊdeclarationÊofÊcertainÊ
areasÊbyÊtheÊStateÊgovernmentÊasÊNationalÊParks.ÊTheÊdegreeÊofÊprotectionÊ
isÊgreaterÊhereÊthanÊinÊwildlifeÊsanctuariesÊandÊactivitiesÊsuchÊasÊgrazingÊofÊ
livestockÊetcÊisÊprohibited.Ê
• NoÊhumanÊactivity/ÊrightsÊallowedÊexceptÊforÊtheÊonesÊpermittedÊbyÊtheÊ
ChiefÊWildlifeÊWardenÊofÊtheÊstate.Ê
• ItÊcoveredÊ1.23ÊPercentÊgeographicalÊareaÊofÊIndia
• BothÊcanÊbeÊdeclaredÊbyÊtheÊcentralÊgovernmentÊasÊwell.
The Hailey National Park is the first national park in India.Ê
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
National Park in India 2022 Highlights
------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------
NumberÊofÊNationalÊParksÊinÊ 108
India
LatestÊadditionÊtoÊtheÊtotalÊ RaimonaÊNationalÊPark,ÊAssam
NationalÊParksÊinÊIndiaÊ2022
WhoÊdesignatesÊaÊNationalÊ StateÊGovernment
ParkÊinÊIndia
FirstÊNationalÊParkÊinÊIndia HaileyÊNationalÊParkÊisÊtheÊoldestÊnationalÊparkÊ
inÊIndia,ÊnowÊknownÊasÊJimÊCorbettÊnationalÊ
park
LargestÊNationalÊParkÊinÊ HemisÊNationalÊParkÊisÊtheÊbiggestÊnationalÊparkÊ
India inÊIndia,ÊlocatedÊinÊLadakhÊwithÊanÊareaÊofÊ
3350km2
FloatingÊNationalÊParkÊinÊ KeibulÊLamjaoÊNationalÊParkÊisÊaÊfloatingÊ
India nationalÊpark,ÊlocatedÊinÊManipur
SmallestÊNationalÊParkÊinÊ SouthÊButtonÊIslandÊNationalÊParkÊinÊAndamanÊ
India andÊNicobarÊIslands
HighestÊNationalÊParkÊinÊ HemisÊNationalÊPark
India
TigerÊNationalÊParkÊinÊIndia alsoÊknownÊasÊTigerÊReserves
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Marine Protected Area [Protects the Coastal Environment, ]
• AsÊperÊIUCN;Ê“anyÊareaÊofÊintertidalÊorÊsubtidalÊterrain,ÊtogetherÊwithÊitsÊ
overlyingÊwaterÊandÊassociatedÊflora,Êfauna,ÊhistoricalÊandÊculturalÊfeaturesÊ
whichÊhasÊbeenÊreservedÊbyÊlawÊorÊotherÊeffectiveÊmeansÊtoÊprotectÊpartÊorÊ
allÊofÊtheÊenclosedÊenvironment.”Ê
• CanÊhaveÊmultipleÊNationalÊParksÊandÊSanctuariesÊwithinÊitsÊborders
• TheyÊareÊdividedÊintoÊthreeÊcategoriesÊ:Ê
 CategoryÊIÊ:ÊNationalÊParks/ÊSanctuariesÊhavingÊentireÊareasÊinÊintertidal/Ê
subtidal,Êmangroves,ÊcoralÊreefs,Êcreeks,Êestuaries,ÊlagoonsÊetc.Ê
 CategoryÊIIÊ:ÊIslandÊareasÊ
 CategoryÊIIIAÊ:ÊSandyÊbeachesÊbeyondÊintertidalÊlineÊ
 CategoryÊIIIBÊ:ÊIncludeÊevergreenÊorÊsemiÊevergreenÊforestsÊofÊislands