Lecture 9 Class Notes (Environment and Ecology)
13 October 2022 09:25
Biosphere Reserves
• Biosphere Reserve is an international designation by UNESCO
comprising terrestrial, marine and coastal ecosystems. A
biosphere reserve is divided into core, buffer and transition
zone in decreasing order of protection.
• There are 18 biosphere reserves in India, of which 11 are part
of the World Network of Biosphere Reserves, based on the
UNESCO Man and the Biosphere (MAB)
Programme.[Conservation with an approach of co-existence,
consists different protected areas within itself]
Criteria for selection of biosphere reserve
• Primary Criteria:
• A site must contain an effectively protected and minimally
disturbed core area of value of nature conservation and should
include additional land and water suitable for research and
demonstration of sustainable methods of management of
biosphere.
• Structure:
Biosphere reserves have three unified zones that aim to
fulfil three harmonizing and mutually reinforcing
functions:
1. The core area: It involves an entirely secured and
protected ecosystem that contributes to the
preservation of landscapes, ecosystems, species and
genetic variation. [Receives maximum protection]
2. The buffer zone: It encompasses or adjoins the core
areas. It is utilized for activities compatible with sound
ecological practices that can fortify scientific research,
monitoring, training, and education.
3. The transition area: It is the part of the reserve where
the greatest activity is permitted to promote economic
and human development that is sustainable.
Project Tiger
The Government of India launched the Project Tiger with the
aim of saving the steadily declining population of tigers in India
in 1973.
The chief objectives of the project are:
• Reduce factors that cause the diminishing of tiger
habitats and manage them.
• Ensure a viable tiger population for scientific, ecological,
economic, aesthetic and cultural values.
The administrating body for the project is the National Tiger
Conservation Authority (NTCA). The NTCA was formed in 2005
as per the recommendations of the Tiger Task Force. The
Wildlife Protection Act of 1972 was amended in 2006 to
provide for constituting the NTCA.
• India Announced in the St. Pittsburgh declaration in Russia to
double the population of tigers by 2020 but achieved the goal
in 2018 itself.
• CATS - Conservation assured Tiger Standards {Provides
standards of protection}
Tiger Reserves
These are the areas that are notified generally by the state
government on recommendation of NTCA and are governed
by Project Tiger.
Consists of :
➔ Core Zone
➔ Buffer Zone
[NOTE: Wildlife corridors: A corridor is provided between two
fragmented habitats to allow free movement of species and
thus avoiding man animal conflict.]
Project Elephant
• Project Elephant is a Central Government sponsored scheme
launched in February 1992.
• It ensures the protection of elephant corridors and elephant
habitat for the survival of the elephant population in the wild.
• This elephant conservation strategy is mainly implemented in
16 of 28 states or union territories in the country which
includes Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Andhra Pradesh,
Chhattisgarh Jharkhand, Kerala, Karnataka, Meghalaya,
Maharashtra, Nagaland, Orissa, Tamil Nadu, Uttaranchal, Uttar
Pradesh, and West Bengal.
• The species is included in the list of protected species
according to the Schedule I of the Indian Wildlife (Protection)
Act, 1972[Tigers also are included, gets maximum protection]
and in the Convention on International Trade in Endangered
Species of Flora and Fauna (CITES)
Project Elephant – MIKE Programme
• MIKE the abbreviation of the Monitoring of Illegal Killing of
Elephants program was started in South Asia in 2003 after the
conference of parties a resolution of CITES.
• The aim of MIKE was to provide the information required by
the elephant range countries for proper management and
long-term protection of their elephant populations.
• The objectives of the MIKE program is as follows:
○ To measure the levels and trends in the illegal
poaching and ensure changes in the trends for
elephant protection.
○ To determine the factors responsible for such
changes, and to assess the impact of decisions by
the conference of parties to CITES.
Elephant reserves under MIKE programme
 Deomali Elephant Reserve
 Dihing Patkai Elephant Reserve
 Garo Hills Elephant Reserve
 Eastern Dooars Elephant Reserve
 Mayurbhanj Elephant Reserve
 Shivalik Elephant Reserve
 Mysore Elephant Reserve
 Nilgiri Elephant Reserve
 Chirang - Ripu Elephant Reserve
 Wayanad Elephant Reserve
Lion Reintroduction
 Lack of genetic Diversity- Entire population is prone to/ is
vulnerable to threats of diseases.
In order to mitigate this, the six new sites identified for
possible lion relocation in the future include:
● Madhav National Park, Madhya Pradesh
● Sitamata Wildlife Sanctuary, Rajasthan
● Mukundra Hills Tiger Reserve, Rajasthan
● Gandhi Sagar Wildlife Sanctuary, Madhya Pradesh
● Kumbhalgarh Wildlife Sanctuary, Rajasthan
● Jessore-Balaram Ambaji WLS and adjoining landscape,
Gujarat
(NOTE: The ecological niche of these area is drier land)
Cheetah Reintroduction
• The Asiatic cheetah was declared extinct in India in 1952 and is
a critically endangered species surviving only in Iran.
• The Indian government has been attempting to reintroduce
cheetahs in India since the 1960s and the 1970s, but over the
past decade these plans have gained more momentum. Back
then, the government attempted to bring Asiatic cheetahs
from Iran because it was the only country to have a surviving
population of the species, but Tehran had declined, in part
because of the critically low population numbers of the
species, all of which were in the wild.
• The first batch of eight cheetahs are expected to arrive from
Namibia in August this year, comprising four male and four
female cheetahs[Already Arrived]
International Conferences On Environment
Framework For Organisation:
• About the organisation
• Objective
• Functions
• Initiative
• Role/ Collaboration/ Participation in India
Meaning Of different terms
• Conference is a formal consultation on a broad theme,
which involves various bodies and nations. Eg - Conference
of parties on climate change
• Convention is a formal agreement between states and
usually it's a result of international meeting of
representatives from many nations. Normally it is carried
out under the aegis of an international organization. Eg -
UNFCCC
• Summit Is a conference of highest level officials (such as
heads of government) of two or more counties. Eg- G20
summit.
• Protocol is an agreement that parties formulate and sign as
the basis for a final convention where the parties set
specific targets or legal obligation. When a major change
has to made in the convention, a protocol is called among
the states, who are signatory to the original convention.
Eg- Kyoto Protocol
• Declaration is the means by which subjects of international
law express their will, intention, or opinion when acting in
the field of international relations
• Agreement is formal understandings or commitments
between two or more countries. I can be bilateral or
multilateral.
• Treaty is formally concluded and ratified agreement
between two or more states.
[Note: Important- Stockholm Conference, Rio Conference 1992,
Conference on Sustainable development, Kyoto Protocol, Paris
Agreement, Glasgow Conference of Parties-26, Egypt CoP]
Stockholm Conference
• The United Nations Conference on the human
environment held at Stockholm on 5th and 6th June 1972.
• This was the first declaration of international protection of
the environment.
• Including India 113 States participated and accepted the
declaration.
• The United Nations Environment Programme has been
established by the United Nations General Assembly in
pursuance of the Stockholm Conference.
 Principles of Stockholm Declaration [No need to learn get
a overall perspective]
• Human rights must be asserted, apartheid and colonialism
condemned
• Natural resources must be safeguarded
• The Earth's capacity to produce renewable resources must
be maintained.
• Wildlife must be safeguarded.
• Non-renewable resources must be shared and not
exhausted.
• Pollution must not exceed the environment’s capacity to
clean itself.
• Development is needed to improve the environment &
developing countries therefore need assistance.
• Developing countries need reasonable prices for exports to
carry out environmental management.
• Integrated development planning is needed.
• Damaging oceanic pollution must be prevented.
 Stockholm +50[in 2022]
• It commemorates the50years since the1972United Nations
Conference on the Human Environment, which made the
environment a pressing global issue for the1st time.
• Stockholm+50 will be collaborative and multi-stakeholder
in nature, open to all participants who will be invited to
share experiences and initiatives.
• Sweden hosted Stockholm+50, with the support of Kenya.
Brundtland Report
• The concept of 'sustainable development' was crystallized in
the 1987 report of the United Nations World Commission on
Environment and Development
• The Brundtland Commission's characterization of 'sustainable
development' is development that meets the needs of the
present without compromising the ability of future generations
to meet their own needs.
• The concept of sustainable development focused attention on
finding strategies to promote economic and social development
in ways that avoided environmental degradation, over-
exploitation or pollution, and side lined less productive debates
about whether to prioritize development or the environment.
Earth Summit
• The United Nations Conference on Environment and
Development (UNCED), also known as the Rio de Janeiro Earth
Summit.
• The Earth Summit was a major United Nations conference held
in Rio de Janeiro from 3 to 14 June in 1992.
• It discussed global and environmental problems very widely and
117 heads of state and representatives of 178 nations in all
attended the conference.
United Nations Conference on Environment and Development
(Earth Summit)
• The Declaration on Environment and Development, or Rio
Declaration- This laid down 27 broad, non binding principles for
environmentally sound development.
• Agenda 21: It outlined global strategies for cleaning up the
environment and encouraging environmentally sound
development
 3 Documents:
• The Forest principle
It is formally called Non-Legally Binding Authoritative Statement
of Principles for a Global Consensus on the Management,
Conservation and Sustainable development of all types of
forests.
• The Convention on Biological Diversity - It is a binding treaty
requiring nations to take inventories of their plants and wild
animals and protect their endangered species
○ Nagoya Protocol
○ Cartagana Protocol
• The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
(UNFCCC) - It is a binding treaty to reduce their emission of
carbon dioxide, methane, and other “greenhouse” gases.
• UNCCD is a United Nations convention aimed at addressing
desertification and droughts - It legally binding convention;
India ratified the Convention.
The convention’s 2018 – 2030 Strategic Framework is a
comprehensive international commitment to attain Land
Degradation Neutrality (LDN). (Degraded lands to be brought
under land use to counter the newer lands going through
degradation so that there shouldn't be an addition to degraded
land)
Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCC)
• The UNFCCC is an international environmental treaty produced
at the Earth Summit in 1992.
• The treaty aims at reducing emissions of greenhouse gas in
order to combat global warming.
• Its stated objective is "to achieve stabilization of greenhouse
gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a low enough level to
prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the
climate system."
• The treaty as originally framed set no mandatory limits on
greenhouse gas emissions for individual nations and contained
no enforcement provisions; it is therefore considered legally
non-binding.
 Agenda 21
• Agenda 21 is a comprehensive blueprint of action to be taken
globally, nationally and locally by organisations of the UN,
governments, and major groups in every area in which humans
affect the environment.
• The implementation of Agenda 21 was intended to involve
action at international, national, regional and local levels.
• In 1997, the General Assembly of the UN held a special session
to appraise five years of progress on the implementation of
Agenda 21 (+5).
The Johannesburg Declaration on Sustainable Development,
2002
• Also referred as Rio+10
• It was adopted at the World Summit on Sustainable
Development at which the Plan of Implementation of the World
Summit on Sustainable Development was also agreed upon. The
• Johannesburg Declaration builds on earlier declarations made at
the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment at
Stockholm in 1972, and the Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro in
1992. In terms of the political commitment of parties, the
Declaration is a more general statement than the Rio
Declaration.
• It is an agreement to focus particularly on "the worldwide
conditions that pose severe threats to the sustainable
development of our people
Rio 2012, Rio+20, or Earth Summit 2012
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil on 20 to 22 June 2012.
“United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development”
Main objectives:
• Securing renewed political commitment to sustainable
development.
• Assessing the progress and implementation gaps in meeting
already agreed commitments.
• Addressing new and emerging challenges.
Focused on two themes:
• A Green economy in the context of sustainable development
and poverty eradication
• The institutional framework for sustainable development
MILLENIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS
Were supposed to be achieved by 2015
1. Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger
2. Achieve Universal Primary Education
3. Promote gender equality and Empower Women
4. Reduce Child Mortality
5. Improve maternal health
6. Combat HIV/AIDS and other diseases
7. Ensure Environmental Sustainability
8. A global partnership for development
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENTAL GOALS
1. Goal 1 End poverty in all its forms everywhere
2. Goal 2 End hunger, achieve food security and improved
nutrition, and promote sustainable agriculture
3. Goal 3 Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all
ages
4. Goal 4 Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and
promote life-long learning opportunities for all
5. Goal 5 Achieve gender equality and empower all women and
girls
6. Goal 6 Ensure availability and sustainable management of water 
and sanitation for all
7. Goal 7 Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable, and
modern energy for all
8. Goal 8 Promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic
growth, full and productive employment, and decent work for all
9. Goal 9 Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and
sustainable industrialization, and foster innovation
10. Goal 10 Reduce inequality within and among countries
11. Goal 11 Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe,
resilient and sustainable
12. Goal 12 Ensure sustainable consumption and production
patterns
13. Goal 13 Take urgent action to combat climate change and its
impacts
1. Goal 14 Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas, and
marine resources for sustainable development
2. Goal 15 Protect, restore and promote sustainable use of
terrestrial ecosystems, sustainably manage forests, combat
desertification, halt and reverse land degradation, and halt
biodiversity loss
3. Goal 16 Promote peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable
development, provide access to justice for all, and build
effective, accountable and inclusive institutions at all levels
4. Goal 17 Strengthen the means of implementation and revitalize
the global partnership for sustainable development
Further Categorisation
• Natural Resource Base - SDG {13,14,15}
Rio +20 Conference, 2012
The Conference focused on two themes:
a) A green economy in the context of sustainable development
poverty eradication.
b) The institutional framework for sustainable development.
By this conference UN wanted to bring together governments,
international institutions and major (NGO) groups to agree on a
range of smart measures for:
• Poverty reduction.
• Clean energy.
• Sustainable development and this sustainable development has
three pillars.
○ Economic development.
○ Social development.
○ Environmental protection.
Kyoto Protocol
Finalise in 3 Conference of Parties for UNFCC, 1997
• Kyoto Protocol in full Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations
Framework Convention on Climate Change, international treaty,
named for the Japanese city in which it was adopted in
December 1997.
• Target period - 2008 - 2012, After that, Doha amendment
increased the implementation period till 2020.
• Countries that ratify this protocol commit to reduce their
emissions of carbon dioxide and five other greenhouse gases
(Methane, Nitrous Oxide, Sulphur Hexafluoride,
Hydrofluorocarbons and Perfluorocarbons), or engage in
emissions trading if they maintain or increase emissions of these
gases.
Under the protocol, Governments are separated into Three
general categories:
5. The countries among the developed nations, referred to as
Annex 1 countries-who have accepted GHG emission reduction
obligations and must submit an annual greenhouse gas
inventory
6. Annex II Parties consist of the OECD(The Organisation for
Economic Co-operation and Development) members of Annex
I, but not the EIT(Economics in transition) Parties. They are
required to provide financial resources to enable developing
countries to undertake emissions reduction activities.
7. The countries among developing or least developed nations,
referred to as Non-Annex 1 countries who have no GHG
emission reduction obligations but may participate in the Clean
Development Mechanism.
49 Parties classified as least developed countries (LDCs) by the
United Nations are given special consideration under the
Convention on account of their limited capacity to respond to
climate change and adapt to its adverse effects.
 Also talked about CBDR, Common but differentiated
Responsibility
Kyoto Mechanism or Flexibility Mechanism
Encourage Pvt sector & developing countries to contribute to
emission reduction efforts.
Three market based Mechanisms:
8. IET (International Emission trading)
9. CDM (Clean development Mechanism)
10. JI (Joint Implementation)
 CDM & “Adaptation Fund”
Dual Objectives of CDM :
1) Help developed countries fulfil their commitment to reduce
emission.
2) Assist developing countries in achieving sustainable
development. (Helping by technical and financial assistance to
attain clean energy)
“Adaptation Fund”- Finances projects & programmes that help
vulnerable community in developing countries adapt to climate
change.
Carbon Trading
• It is an exchange of credits between nations designed to reduce
emission of carbon dioxide.
• It allows countries to sell their carbon credits for money.
{Company that pollutes less sells the credit to a more polluting
country}
• Under the Kyoto Protocol climate agreement, Carbon credit are
used in market-based system.
• The carbon trade also refers to the ability of individual companies
to trade polluting rights through a regulatory system known as cap
and trade.
• Companies that pollute less can sell their unused pollution rights to
companies that pollute more.
Outline of Kyoto Mechanisms
System to utilize GHG emission overseas or initial allocation for
achieving the GHG Emission target in each country.
1. Joint Implementation
Joint Implementation (JI) Implement emission reduction project
between Advanced country "A" and Advanced country "B" and
utilize the ERU (Emission Reduction Units) to achieve target for
each country
2. Clean Development Mechanism (CDM)
Clean Development Mechanism(CDM)Implement emission
reduction project between Advanced country "A" and Developing
country "B" and utilize the CERI (Certified Emission Reduction) for
Advanced country.
3. Emission Trading
Clean Development Mechanism(CDM)Implement emission
reduction project between Advanced country "A" and Developing
country "B" and utilize the CERI (Certified Emission Reduction) for
Advanced country.
Definitions:
4. Carbon credit – Tradable certificate or permit which has financial
value. One carbon credit is equal to 1 ton of carbon dioxide or 1
ton of carbon dioxide equivalent. It is traded in International
market. Holder of carbon credit has right to emit equal amount of
carbon dioxide or carbon dioxide equivalent.
5. Certified Emission Reduction (CER) – It is a carbon credit which is
traded in the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM). (Trade
between Annexe B country & Developing country under Kyoto
protocol).
6. Emission Reduction Unit (ERU) – It is carbon credit which is traded
in Joint Implementation (JI). ( Trade between one Annexe B
country with another Annexe B of Kyoto protocol).
7. Carbon Offsetting- Compensating for the carbon-dioxide pollution
(carbon footprint) by preventing the same amount of pollution
from happening somewhere else.
PARIS AGREEMENT
COP 21- The Paris Agreement
• It provides for the post Kyoto Protocol commitments to combat
climate change
• The agreement will become legally binding if joined by at least 55
countries which together represent at least 55 percent of global
GHG emissions.
• Such parties will need to sign the agreement and also adopt it
within their own legal systems through ratification, acceptance,
approval, or accession.
The Paris Agreement - Outcomes
• It provides for the post Kyoto Protocol commitments to combat
climate change
• It commits 196 countries to work together to limit global
warming to no more than 2 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial
levels, with a stretch goal of keeping below 1.5 C.
• It also calls for stopping the rise of greenhouse gas emissions as
soon as possible.
• In 2018, countries will take stock of their progress on meeting
their pledges, and by 2020 they will have to produce new INDCs
or restate the existing.
The Paris Agreement
• The Paris Agreement is not a treaty, and the Intended Nationally
Determined Contributions (INDCs) are not binding.
• The deal contains some binding elements, such as requiring
countries to participate in a system for measuring their progress
on achieving their goals.
• The implementation of the agreement by all member countries
together will be evaluated every 5 years.
• Finance will be provided to poor nations to help them cut
emissions and cope with the effects of extreme weather.
Countries affected by climate-related disasters will gain urgent
aid.
• On 5 October 2016, the threshold for entry into force of the Paris
Agreement was achieved. The Paris Agreement entered into
force on 4 November 2016.
• The first session of the Conference of the Parties serving as the
Meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement (CMA 1) took
place in Marrakech, Morocco .
Goals
• Keep warming "well below 2 degrees Celsius. Continue all efforts
to limit the rise in temperatures to 1.5 degrees Celsius.
• Rich countries must provide 100 billion dollars from 2020, as a
"floor". Amount to be updated by 2025.
• Developed countries must continue to "take the lead" in the
reduction of greenhouse gases
• Developing nations are encouraged to "enhance their efforts"
and move over time to cuts.
 Aim for greenhouse gases emissions to peak "as soon as
possible.
 From 2050: Rapid reductions to achieve a balance between
emissions from human activity and the amount that can be
captured by "sinks.
 Developed countries must provide financial resources to help
developing countries-Other countries are invited to provide
support on a voluntary basis.
 A review every five years First world review: 2023. Each review
will inform countries in "updating and enhancing their pledges.
 Vulnerable countries have won recognition of the need for
"averting, mini missing and addressing losses suffered due to
climate change.
COP26: Glasgow
26th edition of the conference of the parties to the UNFCCC was
held in Glasgow. Key announcements.
• By the end of the decade, countries pledged to stop
deforestation.
• Slash emissions of methane, the second-largest contributor to
climate change after carbon dioxide - by 30% below 2020 levels
by 2030. [Global Methane Pledge- I]
• India advocated that climate finance should be at least USD 1
trillion to meet the goals of addressing climate change.
• India back the projects like International Solar Alliance (ISA),
Coalition for Disaster Resilient Infrastructure (CDRI) and the
Leadership Group for Industry Transition
• Countries call for Phasing-Down Coal Consumption.
• Urged countries to consider strengthening their 2030 targets by
COP27 to be held in Egypt in 2022.
• Indian announced the net zero target of 2070.
[Net Zero Emissions = Carbon Neutrality, the amount of
CO2/CO2e emitted by a country should be matched by
sequestration/storing a similar amount of CO2e either by
afforestation/reforestation, carbon capture, etc]
 WMO
Panchamrit • Intergovernmental organization with a membership of 193
Member States. It originated from the International
Meteorological Organization (IMO). After WMO Convention on
1950, WMO became the Specialized agency of the UN.
• India is a member since 1949.
• Releases the Global Climate Report
Global Environment Facility
About
• Established in 1992 at Rio Earth summit.
• Trust Fund.
• World Bank serves as the GEF Trustee.
Objective: To Grant/Fund/Finance the Environmental related
projects.
[Prelims Only Topics] Role/Function:
REDD+ • Through its Small Grants Programme, it has provided support to
• REDD is the abbreviation for “reducing emissions from more than 25,000 Civil Society and Communities.
deforestation and forest degradation”, followed by REDD+, with • Ensure engagement with the Private sector, Indigenous peoples,
the “plus” referring to “the role of conservation, sustainable and Civil Society.
management of forests and enhancement of forest carbon • Focus on Gender Equality
stocks in developing countries”. • Special climate change fund
• Greenhouse gas emissions due to deforestation and forest • Least developed fund
degradation are the second-largest sector source of greenhouse • Capacity building initiative for transparency
gas emissions behind only the energy sector and ahead of the • Adaptation Fund
transport sector. Reducing deforestation would thus significantly • Nagoya Protocol Implementation fund.
reduce greenhouse gas emissions; and it would provide Project Funded By GEF in INDIA
important secondary benefits, such as protecting biodiversity • Union Government launched ‘Green – Ag: Transforming Indian
and producing rainfall. Agriculture to reduce emission.
• Economics incentives to the locals • SECURE Himalayas, project looks into Conversation of Snow
• REDD+ include the World Bank’s Forest Carbon Partnership Leopards & other Endangered Species and their Habitats, found
Facility, the Global Environment Facility, the Green Climate Fund in Himalayas.
etc • Renewable Energy Technology Packages for Rural Livelihoods
Bonn Challenge (RETPRLs) project aims to demonstrate and develop the market
• The Bonn Challenge is a global goal to bring 150 million hectares for Renewable Energy Technologies in states of Assam, Odisha
of degraded and deforested landscapes into restoration by and Madhya Pradesh.
2020 and 350 million hectares by 2030.
• Has been launched by the Government of Germany and IUCN
IPCC
• The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) was
established by the United Nations Environment Programme
(UNEP) and the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) in
1988. The establishment of the IPCC was endorsed by UN
General Assembly in 1988.
• IPCC has released till now 6 assessment reports detailing the
scientific study carried out to understand climate change. As
per the latest report Net Zero by 2050 is needed to keep a
check on temperature rise.
UNEP
Result of Stockholm Conference of 1972.
Role :
• To establish Global Environmental agenda.
• Promote the efficient implementation of Sustainable
Development Goals.
• Formulates treaties and guidelines in the domain of International
trade in harmful Chemicals, International waterways pollution
and Transboundary pollution of air.
• Engages with National Governments, NGOs, etc.
• India is a member.
 Reports Released:
○ Annual Emissions Gap Report
○ Making peace with nature report - It highlighted Triple
Emergency: Climate change, Biodiversity loss and pollution.
○ UNEP and International Energy Agency jointly releases Cooling
Emissions And Policy Synthesis Report.
○ Adaptation Gap Report
• Major Programmes :
○ Earth Hour
○ Clean up the World
○ Billion Tree Campaign
○ Seal the Deal
○ Pain for the Planet
○ Awareness and Preparedness for Emergencies at Local Level
○ Faith for Earth