————S— 424 use A, = Prin bd ‘A, =0,00509(1000)(75) A =381.8mm" Tan> (1000) - 991.8 raed $= 205 say 200mm of reinforcement for the @ Spacing at the span bounded positive moment by BEFC wit 14 _ 12(25)? i “Me +M. = 6.36 kN.m. M, = 0 bd? «(1 -0.590) 5.36x 10 = 0:90(20.7)(1000)(75)fa(1 - 0.590) eo = 0.05279 opi poke { ¥ = 0.05279(20.7) 75 0.00397 Use p,, = at oan Ppp, = 0.00509 A= 0.00508(1000)¢75) = 981.8 mm? Spacing of 10 mm: 1 (1000) Zag 2 4 (10 3; 381.8 S= 205mm Say 200mm Max. Spacing of 10 my im diametey Prescribed by des; t bas Max, $= 3 y 450 i ses Max. § = 3(100) = 399 $450 ok Max. 8 = 300 mm o,¢,” A ithout interior beam, For slabs without a between the supports and having 8 of long to short span not Greater thang 1. Min. thickness of slabs Without 4, panels= 125 mm ty 2, Min. thickness of slabs wit, ty panels = 100 mm For slabs with beams spanning betes the supports on all. sides, the mi, thickness shall be as follows: 4, For om equal to or less than On without drop panels = 125 mm with drop panels = 100 mm 2. For om greater than 0.2 but my greater than 2. f, B+ tos 1500 ~ 36+58(qy,,-0.2) h should not be less than 125 mm 3. Forom greater than 2.0 L, (0.8 + Ae is ( fa! 36498 h should not be less than 90 mm where: L ar span in long direction ratio of clear span in long diredton® Clear span in short direction o=seh El l= gross moment of inertia of beam 5 9f0ss moment of inertia of slab Ec= modulus of elasticity of beam * = Modulus of elasticity of slab % = Tatio of flexural stiffness of Section to flexural stifiness of @ Of slab bounded laterally by oe” Of adjacent panel. &AINFORCED CONCRETE slabs Using Direct De ‘ Caster 425 10a] Ultimate Uniform load: v= 120. + 16LL pe eT = 1214.3) + 1.6 Wu 14.764 kPa ini . Qt two way reinforced conerete building floor pat Static design moment for fe : am is cd of slab ggsiem is composed of slab panels measur gy mx 76 m. in plan supported by shay (lear span of Be: coumn line beams cast monolithically with the =6.1-0.36 gab as shown. Thickness of slab is 180 mm, L=5.74 The typical exterior panel carries a service live Considerit fad of 6000 Pa in addition to the sellveig ng 1 m. length of Bc: ofthe floor. Assume unit weight of concrete to i 16 ; te 24 kNim®. Beam BC has a dimension of }— 16.3 kPa 360x510 mm. Use Direct Design Method Uniform load acting on BC: w= 14.784(7.6) w= 112.36 kN/m 1 M=3 ol? M= —(112,36(5.74)° M= 462.75 kN.m @ Max. negative moment for beam BC: NSCP specs for the distribution factors applied to static moment for positive and negative moments in end span. ole Clear span Ln _ Clears Which of-the following gives the ultimate 0 uniform load acting on the slab in kPa. err ® i i SARS Which of the following gives the total static SE design moment for beam BC. 4 I ® Which of the following gives the max. wh sane Mu Vis Ma Negative moment for beam BC: veggie" Solution : pistribution factors: gon the Interior negative moment = 0.65 © Utimate uniform load actin Slab: , Positive moment = 0.35 Dead load = Max. negative moment for beam BC ad = 0.18(24) = 0,65(462.75) i Dead load = 4.32 kPa 4 = 300.79 KN.m load = 6 kPaRE 426 te Bake oe tC OS aia rad Ey Aian lou i the suj i ‘or beams spanning between the supports gp 5,9,5.3.2 Minimum thickness of slabs without interior petrnot be leSS than the following valueg alt accordance with the provisions of Table 5.9.5(C) and st it 425mm (a) Slabs without drop panels .. out (b) Slabs with drop panels .. Table 5.9.5 (c) Minimum Thickness of Slabs Without Interior Beams Yield ‘Without drop panels With drop panels i i Interior & Interior Exterior 7 pe eral Panels Panels Panels Without ; without | with edge ae With edge edge edg beams beams beams beams 275 Ln33 | Ln/36 Ln/36 Ln/36 Ln/40 Lni40 415 Ln/30 + Ln/33 Ln/33 Ln/33 Ln/36 Lni36 Ln = length of clear span in long direction of two-way construction, measured face to face of supporsia slabs without beams and face to face of beams or other ‘supports in other cases. From the given floor plan of the bldg. shown. = © Compute the min. thickness of slab S-1 if sg Fy=415 MPa, = ® Compute the min. thickness of slab S-2 if & posts Fy= 415 MPa. 8 Saf Tree ® Compute the min. thickness of slab $-3 if gf: 5? Fy= 275 MPa, alm ciate a Solution: 3 “__ : © Min. thickness of slab S-1 if Fy = 415 MPa. 7.00. m 600m ame 6500 Min. t= “33 aif - f © Min. thickness of slab $-3 if FY° Min, t= 196.97 mm > 100 ok MPa ‘ Ln = 4000 - ® Min. thickness of slab S-2 if Fy = 415 MPa sa - in 0 . Ly = 3500 uae a 3500 Min, t= a Min, t= 152.78 > 100 ok Mi lin. t= 97.22 < 100 Use t= 100 mmCED CONCRETE gp Problem: seat ’ 1s without drop panels u aa with drop panels .. 125 mm 100 mm Gina Without Interior Beams Without Drop Panels 427 532 Minimum thickness of slabs without interior beams spanning between the supports shall be in 59 ance with the provisions of Table 5.9.5(c) and shall not be less than the following values. Table 5.9.5 (c) Minimum Thickness of Slabs Without Interior Beams Yield Without drop panels With drop panels Goss Fy | Exterior Interior | Exterior Interior pa | Panels Panels | Panels Panels clot With edge oe With edge beams beams beams a 75 Ln/33 Lnfa6 | _ nia Ln/36 tno | Lniao 15 Ln30 unfa3_ | _Lnia3 Lni33 uns6 | Lni36 in= length of clear span in long direction of two-way construction, measured face to face of supports in sabs without beams and face to face of beams or other supports in other cases. From the glven floor plan of a bldg shown, Compute thé following using f= 27.6 MPa. © Min. thickness of slab S-1 if Fy = 415 MPa. ® Min. thickness of slab S-2 if Fy = 415 MPa. © Min. thickness of slab S-3 if Fy =415 MPa. Solution: © Min, thickness of slab S-1 if Fy = 415 MPa. \ Min, == = 8500 aay = ap Min. t= 216.67 mm > 125 “ok © Win. ta Min. thickness of stab S-2 if Fy = 415 MP2. Min, t= 166.67 > 125 ok a e 5 : g So aa 3 Z Paes ali aR Sim a @® Min. thickness of slab S-3 if Fy = 415 MPa. in 12 3800 Min. t= 30 Min. t= 116.67 < 125 Use (= 125mmaie REINFORCED Co} 428 Solution: peed ai @ Minimum thicknoss of fat 4 Plate, (72) Lae Ou i late; a) Ei Problem: jn.206 Aan offco building is planned using 2 flat plate veo #20 column layout as shown ims, dropped panels OF mitted. Specified live : d load will include the @ Factored design loads: llowable of 0.96 Dead load of the slab = 23.5(0.22) floor system with the in the figure. No bea column capitals are per load is 4.8 kPa and deat weight of the slab plus an al KPa for frish oor plus suspended loads. The Deed load of the slab = 5.17 kPa columns will be 450 mm square and the floor tb floor height of the structure will be 3.6 ™. ; fg = 2768 MPa, ty = 4147 MPa, Wt. of Factored design loads: “eis2354Nnd 4.201 = 1.2(6.17 + 0.96) = 1.2(6.19) sonvaste 8 28. 4.201 = 7.36 kPa 4.6LL = 1.6(4.8) = 7.68 kPa Using equivalent frame method. Total factored design load = 7.36 +7.65 Total factored design load = 15.04 kr ® Total loadings on panel D, (DL + Ll) Factored live load of Sere) = 576K Total loadings on panel D = 7.36 +516 Total loadings on panel D = 13.1217 Check: Ratio of service live load to dead lost 48. Ratio = ® Compute the minimum thicknes ot ness . plate forthe exeforpanelD. | Ratio'= 0,783 > 0.75 ok ®@ Compute the factored design loads, @ Compute the total loadi ne “a! csp N ratio is > 0.75, the patter 0 panel D to obtain max, ‘coli nd ee a 'egalive momenton panel D. | = ; } Spans plus 4 factor live load onRCED CONCRETE a Fucus b oy sab with interior beam is shown in awe Wi yan with a slab thickness of 175 mm, vette, f= 414.6 MPa. Assume both yg? nd siab has the same value of wots elesicly. E. All columns has 2 oeesin of 300 mm x 300 mm. 1 12 Section A-A © Compute the effective width of the flange ofthe T-beam section. ® Compute the flexural stiffness of the T- beam section in terms of E. Compute the required thickness of slab for an interior panel as per NSCP Specs. Solution: 9 Effective width of the flange of the T- beam section. fe t=175 =375 429 Length of overhang: xeh X= 375 x=at x=4(175) x= 700 Use x= 375 mm ‘Width of flange = 300 + 2(375) Width of flange = 1050 mm ® Flexural stiffness of the T-beam section in terms of E, [aes is set9i98 693, 3 je 37535807 Locate the neutral axis of the T-section: Ax = 1050(175) = 183750 Az= 375 (300) = 112500 A = 296250 AY =A.y, +A, Ye 296250 y = 183750(87.5) + 112500(362.5) y= 191.93 mm Moment of inertia about centroidal axis: 300(16.93)? 3 3 ; + oaurey + 1050(175)(104.43)? Flexural stiffness = E | Flexural stiffness = 7064.3 x 10° E430 REINFORCED G6iqj ® Required thickness of slab for an interior panel as per NSCP Specs. Gross moment of inertia of slab 6 m. wide 2 6000(175)* * 12 |, =2679.7 x 10° mm* E (7084.3) 10° E (2679.7) 10° @, = 2.64 1 Gross moment of inertia of slab 7.2 m. wide = 72001757 2 3215.6 x 10° mmé |, = 7064.3 x 10° = E (7064.3) 10° E (82156) 10° a, =2.20 a a, =242>20 Clear span: Long span=7.2-0.3 Long span = 6.9 m. Short span =6 - 0.3 Short span = 5.7 m. long span ‘short span 69 aT =121 Slab thickness required by NSCP Spex For ot, >2.0 t, (08+ 1.) = —__1500" 36+98 but not less than 90 mm 414.6 6 oe _ 200 (08+ 48) 36+ 9(1.21) h= 158.4 mm< 175mm okFORCED CONCRETE ‘AMS SUBJECTED to TORSION enis that cause @ member to twist about wormaitudinal exis iS called torsional a pens oF frqUes. 4 fe me Ts OUR Cll ea ery ie For 2010 NSCP: _ BAR (Ag)? Poet where: ross sectional area of the beam Pop = perimeter of the beam a) For rectangular beams: ‘stirrup pr i Pay (300 + 500) 2 = 1600 Ap=500(300) = 150,000 4) For beams with overhang: X= ley Ons ion of overhang x= 4(100) = 400 ® x=h=500 Use x = 400 mm (smallest value) Pop= 300 + 600 + 700 + 100 + 400 + 500 Poo = 2,600 ‘Aca = 300(600) + 100(400) Aco = 220,000 2) Conditions under which Torsion eta When actual torsion is less than this value, torsion can be neglected. Pee 1 cov Ae)” «42P,] 43. REINFORCED 1, 2af, A, Cot AS s A, =0.85x, y, {,, = refers to closed transverse torsional reinforcement {,, = refers to longitudinal torsional reinforcement Value of 6(@ shall not be taken smaller than 30° nor larger than 60°) 1) @ = 45° for non prestressed members 2) @ = 37.5" for prestressed members with an effective prestress force not less than 40% of the tensile strength of the longitudinal reinforcement Re Re eer ee Re ECE TCR CEO A, (total) =A, + 2A, A, (total) A, | 2A, s s eAy 5 Oe Er ae ees closed) Ue ee As2A, =P8 in A,+2A, =0.062,/772eS but not be less than (0.35), ME acy Cur meh ey reinforcement 6S) 4, Verse Eo Wax.8=" or 300 mm, P=2(, +) The spacing of _ transverse ‘ors reinforcement shall not exceed the smale B = oF 300 mm. 30 im. Or mir ee ta required for torsion PA fe A =hn 2 ar i Cot? @ @ = 45° ifnot specified err LEE erie ues Pees BE Ay Arp & A, (in fife “hy 7 A then At EE shallnote less than 57ORCED CONCRETE eons 5 Me Ap he alin) =f, 8 0.175b, AA. chal notbe less than, = s 1 er ret g ee of the concrete shall be| Ps f omeoemsacselats VY of ee]! sof ZF (¢) Tatyl sla 3 ehh © p=2x, *Y:) (4) ab deol 22] owes V,= eee V, =0.174 Jf" b, d ere For th e th Hat "@® S80 shown, compite the © The cracking torsional moment of section A. The cracking torsional moment of section B. cae torsional moment of section C. Pee 276 MPa = 415 MPa 435 Section A 530 2 Set2 mm x+|-0'6-@ 0-0 704 99-4 Section B | ‘woo 480 ago S32 nimi 0- eo0e Solution: . © Cracking torsional moment of section AA, = 400600) A, = 240000 P., = (400 + 600)(2) P, = 2000 3, oT = 0.75 V27.6 (240000)? * 3(2000) . 1, = 37.82 KN, ® Cracking torsional moment. of section B b 350 350" Length of overhang on each side: x= 450 mm x= 4t x=4(100) > 400 mm Use x = 400 mm. Width of flange: b= 400 + 350 + 400 b= 1150 mm ep = 1150(100) + 350(450) Aco = 272500 mm2 Pep = 1180 + 2(100) + 2(450) + 350 + (400) Pep = 3400'mm : ~ REINFORCED CG) Cracking torsional moment o¢ Seetig Ce) ’ 7 = O75 NITE (2725009 ole 3(3400) AT, = 28.69 kN, © Cracking torsional moment of b=720 Sect Length of overhang on one side: xs at x=4(150) x= 600mm x=370mm Use x = 370 mm Width of flange: b=370 +350 b=720 Aca = 720(150) + 350(370) Aep = 272500 mm? Pep = 720 + 150 + 370 + 320 + 35080) Pep = 2480 mm Cracking torsional moment of section’: ot, = CAL? wat ot = 005 276 (272500) « 3(2480) _- OT, = 29.88 kNm.gGINBORCED COI INCRETE way joist system sy A rmposed factored dead load of TiPa ana si yored live load of 8 kPa, totaling 15 kPa 4 total factored dead load of the beam and factored loads applied directly to it ig 6 yin, Slab thickness is 125 mm, Assume the ipst loads are transferred to the beam by the jst webs (227.6 MPa . 2415 MPa cowumns supporting the beams = 600 x 600 mm Wath of spandrel beam AB = 600 mm, © Compute the max. ultimate design moment ofthe end span beam AB, @ Compute the max. ultimate shear of beam AB. @ If the.two ends of the beam AB are fixed against rotation by the column, determine the total torque of beam AB AK. 600 pica column Jou Solution: ° Max. utimate design moment of the end Span beam AB: ‘oist reaction Per meter length of joist. B Ms WE 16:5" M =, 785(7.4)? : 16 M, = - 261.82 kNum M,=+ Mee te My=+ BSay 4 My = 299.22 kim 2 M, =.“ 0 M, =. 765(7.4)" 10 M, =-418.91 km Max. uniate design moment: M, = 418.91 km 600 x 600 7 600 « 600 colunn ‘column $ 74m. 4 Sm. @ Max, ultimate shear of beam AB: 145 w, L ME = 1.45(76.5)(7.4) 2 Xv, V, = 325.51 kN436.8 | RT, Exterior negative moment in the joist ot Mo _15(9.4) Mom M, = 55.23 kN.m Although this is a bending moment in the joist, it act as a twisting moment on the edge of the beam. “nN 6kNIm > M=S55.23 kNum. <1 0.3m 6.5 KNI 600 mm. t= 55.23 + 70.5(0.3) t= 76.38 kN.m/m of beam AB. Total torque acting at both ends of spandrel beam AB 7228 04) T = 282.61 kKN.mRCED CONCRETE is subjected to torsional moment in ide to the flexural moment and shear from 36st Joads at the cantilever frames, the analysis, the following factored design 10M result Ms = 440 KN-m, Vo = 280 kN, T, 1 kN-m., width of beam, "b” = 499 mm, = Andepth of beam, *h” = 500 mm, fe = 20,7 0a, fy = 275 MPa, f= 415 MPa, concrete ul to the centroid of tension steel = 65 mm, ae ratio at balanced condition, py = 0.02, ywable concrete shear stress = 0.76 MPa, igeral ties are 42 mm diameter. 8m ie | iF i¢| | 25m IG) 1 \25m : tt | BE bs © Which of the following gives the tension reinforcement required for factored moment, Mu. © Which of the following gives the spacing of transverse reinforcement for. factored shear, Vu. ® Which of the ‘following gives the longitudinal reinforcement required for torsion, Tu. Assume 40 mm clear cover to lateral ties, Solution: © Tension reinforcement required: O85 je" nuns. ‘ae ¢ ‘e=247 92 (a2) 1) 95208 TAS, 437 M, = £ aC (- 3) C=085 (ap Cs 0.85(20.7)(a)(400) C=7038a M = a! .=00(4-3) 440.10 = 0.90 (7038) a (435- 3) 69464.18 = 4350-0 502 a? -870a+ 138928.36 = 0 870+ 448 54 2 a=210.73mm a CsT O85f'ab=A, f 0.85 (20.7)(210.73)(400) = A, (415) A, =3574 mm* Check: if steel yields a=he 210.73 = 0.85 ¢ c= 247.92 &, _ 0.003 25208 24792 €, = 0.00305 . ee 415 200,000 €, = 0.002075 Steel yields: €, > €, Use A, = 3574 mm?438 i ont @ Spacing of transverse reinforceme! for factored shear Vix v, 2076b, 4 v, =0,76 400\45) v, =192240M Mev +y, may, 280 - 432.24+V, 85 V, = 197.472 KN Atd AF (127 Q) A, =226.2 mm" _ 226.2 (275)(435) 5° ertr2 $= 137 mm say 130 mm. d Max. S= = 2 Max. S= Use S =130 mm © Longitudinal reinforcement required for torsion: x1 40-80-12 40} x= 308 VE | ys = 500-80 - 12 y=408 bs A i; 8” 201, A, Coe A 180x108 $ 3" 3.64 REINFORCED Cok Steel area required for torsion: A, > Se cot? 45" Aa gh ors p,=2(%, +1) p, = 2(308 + 408) p= 1432 a Ap bt ott ag ASSRT _361(1432\275)(1) A 45 A 126 men? The cantilever beam has a span of 35 au carries a uniformly distributed factored load ¢ 22 kNim applied at 300 mm off centering y the cross section as shown in the figure, Thy beam has a cross section of 250 mm x4) mm, with an effective depth of 387.5 mm. fe = 20.68 MPa, f= 414.7 MPa 22kNim |, 300 mm 4=387.0 © Compute the factored shear foe # the critical section. te ® Compute the factored torsional mone at the critical section. 4 mo ® Determine the amount of torsion ve reinforcement for torsion is requ?", (NFORCED CONCRETE Jution: © tored shear force V, at the Critical © Section. sectio! Was? "-me6) PUL y279.2kN { ate vw * 92125 40.895 sans Ve2 70.675 KN ||. ——= i 102 Factored torsional moment T. at the critical section. 22 KN/m |. 300 mm | |d=387.50 3.6m 40.3875 3.2125 Max. 7y=23,76 Max. T, = 22(0.3)(3.6) Max.T, = 23.76 kN.m L _ 2376 32105 * “35 AG = 21.20 kN ———— 439 Amount of torsion where no felnforcomant for torsion is required, A, = 450(250) A, = 112500 mm? 450 = 250(2) + 450(2) P= 1400 mm 250 KOay 12P, 1, = 275 20.68 (112500) 12(1400) Ai = 2.58 x 10° Namm The T-beam shown has a simple span of 10m. Itis supported by a hinged at A and a roller at B. The beam is fixed against rotation at support A only and B provides no torsional restraint. The beam carries a uniform load of 12 KNim including its own weight at an eccentricity “e" as shown, fc’ = 21 MPa. Effective depth d = 540 mm, 12KNén h =190 300 mm ~ at tesa Wygst2 Ain Werre 440 @ Compute the effective width of the flange ® Compute the value of the cracking torque. —— co imum eccentricily “@ ute the maxi ° ported ifthe torsion does not have to be considered. Solution : . © Effective width of flange: =hedt Use x = 480 b= 300 +2(480) b= 1260mm © Cracking torque: 1260 “480 Jo 480 500 ‘ 300 Ace = 1260(125) + 300(480) Acp = 301500 mm? Pep = 1260 + 2(125) + 2(480) +2(480) + 300 Pog = 3730 mm Cracking torque: =e vie (a) o 3p, 3(3730) Ter= 27.92 x 105 N.mm REINFORCED OH Ter= 27.92 KN. not considered: Wa 12k T=12(10)€ T=120e 1, ae 946 10 Ty=113.52e kN.m = ON al . 12P, 075 V24 (015007 12 (3730) Tu= 6.98 x 108 N.mm Tu=6.98 kN.m 113.52 e = 6.98 e= 0.061 m. e= 61mm 380, Problem: A reinforced concrete beam has a widhol 3 mm and a total depth of 600 mm. 0 concrete cover is 40 mm. f’=25MPa . fy=415 MPa. 4 Diameter of transverse. reinforcer! * 12mmo Longitudinal reinforcement to ress! 56"* = 28 mms arrange as shown: * Spacing of vertical closed stirups= 1" Use @ = 0.75 shear strength reduction9 ori woo where torsion can be ect sed. i rored torsional moment of 40 KN.m é Lae M110 the beam is the section is uate. ba ine the design torsional strength of yam section. (io. ; soln id ‘ersional moment where 0 a acs Hsjon can be neglected: ge (ace) 1? “4aPCp) «if 92 80600) son ap = 180000 pep= (200 + 60012) pep= 1800 Nba a: 1 sa(Pop) 076/25 (180000) 1*~49(1800) 1, 8625000 Nmm . 7, =5.625KNm ® Adequacy of the beam due to torsion only. x1=300- 80-12 = 208 = 600 - 80 - 12 Ph=2(208 + 508) ° Pre1gg2 Ao= 0.85 x1 ys Ae = 0.85(208(508) As nays = 105664 a ORCED CONCRETE jored torsional moment of |_| 44) < (et) 7M (oF +7 <0 Ma Be v, 20172/f,0,d Vv, =0.17(1)V25 V, =0.85b, 40x108(1432) eee 23.01 1.7(105664) 301 <0.75 Joes+3V25 3.01<3.14 (safe) © Torsional strength of the beam. MAL, 2°) w, =a i = (12)? Ae 4(100) OT, = 0.75|2(89814.4)(1.13)(415)cot 45") =1.13 oT, = 63.2KNm Eff A 61} The figure shows a floor plan of a one way slab system. The spandrel beam has the following dimensions. All.column sizes are 300 mm x 300 mm. The spandrel beam is subjected to a torsional moment Tu = 30 kKN.m and a shear force Vu = 100 KN. = 20.7 MPa, fy = 415 MPa. Diameter of stirrups is 10 mm and the clear cover is 40 mm. Effective depth of spandrel beam is 387.5 mm fv = 275 MPa,REINFORCED €@ 442 Spundret Beam 300 mm” 335 main Acp= 120(630) + 300(339) = M43 Pen® 900+ 480+ 880 + 12059, Pop = 2160 mm 4 : Limiting torque: Ps "A 450 2 eve AS) a (As) = RR Soa 1, = 275 N27 (A746097 —— oy Section A-A 12 (2160) © Compute the limiting torque due to T, =4.01 x 108 Namm= 40H faciored loads which does Alot require any ‘ longitudinal steel reinforcement for torsion. ® Spacing of 10 mmo Stirrups requ ® Compute the Spacing of the 10 mm 6 for shear and torsion: eh stimups required for shear and torsion for the spandrel beam. For shear: ® Compute the area of longitudinal steel A ied ‘equired for torsion for the spandrel beam’ S= we Solution: Ay _Y, © Limiting torque: v i wd My 7 ove a.) suey, . 12 Pa V.=017A JE ba ¥, =017 ¥207 (300)(875) V, =89914N V, = 89.91 kN feavsy, 100 | a75 7899+, V, =43.42 kNCED CONCRETE 120 mm 320 mm comm 330m Al 3 20f, A, Cote 9=45' ifnot specified x, = 300- 2(40) - 10 A, = 085 (x, y,) A, = 0.85(210)(360) A 8 AL 30x108 S 2(0.85)(275)(64260) Keto s 443 Combined shear and torsion: Aus «Ae 2A Ss =0.407 + 2(1) Ss wen Ss 2.407 Maog= F (10) @) Agog = 157 mm =65.22 say 60mm Max. spacing of stirups allowed: Max spacing = P, =2(x, +y,) P, =2(210 + 360) P= 1140 Max. spacing = “40 Max. spacing = 142.5 mm Use S= 60 mma.c. Area of longitudinal steel required for foto AS * P, te Cot? 0 7 i sie A=) 1 a5 A, = 756 min? Min. area of longitudinal steel required for torsion: 2 BE the) AL 5 by = 124, 8 Ty > by 200 where Ai=t9> Pw - Ss 6, 6(275) =O Nit = S207 (174600) (1)(1140(275) e 12(415) a5 on = 41.6 mm? <756 mm? ok Use A, = 756 mm?REINFORCED GG; 444 ,=0C (4 ) Eye a span of 4 m. and fi m has n _ ee ca load of 25 kNim including its 200 x 10° = 0.90(5278 5a) (srs . sorte ete | mseiase | line of the cross Sé 5 cate ‘of 300 mm x 500 mm with an a? - 875a + 74199 = 0) atecive depth f= 20.7 MPa, For longitudinal a= 110.07 mm bars fy = 415 MPa of 437.50 mm. For shear reinforcements fw = 275 MPa. Diameter of ‘shear reinforcements is 10 mm @. Use 40 mm clear covering of concrele. E 25 kNim 25kNin al ese}: | sors Co} a=Bc i 110.07 =0.85¢ ® Determine the area of longitudinal steel esPadai bars required for the beam to resist bending moment only neglecting torsion. Determine the spacing of the 10 mm @ stirrups required for shear and torsion. © Determine the area of longitudinal stress required for torsion. Solution: © Area of longitudinal steel bars required 2 - 0.003 for bending. 308.01 128.49 w=25KNim - &, = 0.00714 > 0.002075 8 [eee oo" game 110.07=0.85 ¢ 4m M= 25(4)(2) = 200 kN.m ¢= 129.49 mm C=0.85f' ab &= C= 0,85(20.7)(a)(300) = 5278.5 a 5 ¥ 200,000 &, = 0.002075 E, _ 0.003 308.01 129.49 &, = 0.00714 > 0.002075 hoED CONCRETE 086 nt she A, (415) AS? 21400 mm? spacing of stirrups required for shear © Fad torsion: W=25 kN 445 y, “ev, -v, 8 V, =0.17 Jf bd v, =0.17(1) 120.7 (300(437-6) V, = 101.52KN an . am oo Me 55 ter V2 89-1KN yo yto0us 20 ‘sage “S04. 4 Torsional moment Check whether torsion could be neglected: im oi Ae)? 12P,, “E =| = A, = 300(500) = 150,000 P,, = 300(2) + 500(2) = 1600 (A) Te nie (allowable torsion) 1 = 075.207 (160,000)* ¥ 12 (1600) T, =4x 108 Nmm=4 kN. Since actual torsion Te= 17.81 kN.m> 4 KN. Torsion should be considered. tiups required for shear. Yaysy, ° 2 = 10182+V, V, = 17.28 KN gz fed yy ASM Ss fd A, . 17280 =0.144 “s 275(437.5) Stirrups required for torsion: Ae S204, A, colo 9=45" ifnot specified =300-40-40 = 220 = 600 - 40-40 ys = 420 Ao = 0.85 x1 Yi ‘Ag = 0,85(220)(420) Ao = 78540 mmI, s A 17.81x 10° 1781x108 “3° 770.85)(275)(78540) Aaa =F (10) (2) Ag = 157 mm? area of U-stirups et Ae = 0.629 “gy 70628 S=249 mm say 240 mm ‘Max: spacing shall not exceed: Su = 5 or 300mm REINFORCED) € P,=2(x, +y,) * = 2(220 + 429) Max, § = 1280 Max. S = 160 mm Use S = 160mm (Spacing of 10 mm & shear re "ain @® Area of ‘ongitudinay ‘ torsion: = ting A= kp be cary f 0.485(1280)(275) ag) A A =411mm? * Min, steel area required fr torsion: -SVEAS A MEAS “rp sph “Mins, = $5./2077(180000) cesar 1285) a Min. A, = 273.8 mm? <411 mn ck ‘Area of longitudinal bars required erst: AS 411mmjfEINFORCED CONCRETE d= development length La= basic development length A)Development of deformed bars and wire in tension 4. For deformed bars or de ldo shall be as follows: not be less than 300 mm. formed Wire, Sut Lo shall Case @ Clear spacing of bars bein devel spliced not less than dp eer eee less than ds, and stirrups op ties throughout Iy not less than the code minimum or clear spacing of bars being developed or spliced not less than 2 dy and clear cover not less than ds. a) 20 mm diameter and smaller bars and deformed wires L _ 12, BA 4 (25 b) 25mm diameter and larger bars L, _ 34, @Ba 4 5 AY Other Cases: a) 20mm diameter and smaller bars and deformed wires 181, BA 5 Jt b) 25mm diameter and larger bars , _9f, @BA " 4 10 Jf" 447 For deformeg laldy shat bo: +. aka 4 °>— ® oye (“K) , in Which the term bars or deformed wire, (=) shall not be Steater than 2.5 where: ©= spacing or cover dimension inmm Kv = transverse reinforcement index Af oth 10sn where: S = maximum center to center spacing of transverse reinforcement within Id, mm. <1 = number of bars or wires being spliced or developed along the plane of splitting. Av = total cross-sectional area of all transverse reinforcement which is within the spacing s and which crosses the potential plane of splitting through the reinforcement being developed in mm?, fyt = specified yield strength of transverse reinforcement in MPa. The factors for use in the expression for development of deformed bars and deformed wires in tension: 4. a = reinforcement location factor = 1.3 for horizontal reinforcement so placed that more than 300 mm of fresh concrete is cast in the member below the development length or splice. = 1.0 for other reinforcement.448 2, = coating factor = 45 for epoxy-coale oe h cover less than fds, or clear spacing [eS than 6d> ge12 All other epoxy-coated bars or wites. y= 1.0 for uncoated re However, the product ot taken greater than 1.7 einforcement size inforcerent. need not be factor ° for 20 mm aiameter ard smaller bars and deformed wires. ‘y=10 26 mm diameter and larger bars 4, 1. lightweight aggregate concrete factor 3.21.3 when-lightweight aggregate concrete ig used, however, when fais specified, % shall be permitted to be 75 F- but not less than 1.0 2.21.0 when — normal weight concrete is used. B)Development of deformed bars in compression Basic Development Length: "0254, 5 ie but not less than 0.04 do fy Ld, ‘Multiplying factors: 4) Excess reinforcement - A, fequired : A, furnished - 0.75 2). Spirals and ties Reinforcement enclosed within spiral reinforcement not less than 10 mm diameter and not more than 100 mm pitch or within 12 mm.diameter ties in conformance with NSCP specs and spaced not more than 100 mm ofi center La= multiplier © x multiplier @ x Ld REINFORCED CONC C)Development of bundled 4) Increase development length, ba, for 3 bar bundle, La= (1.20) [q % 2) Increase development length for 4 bar bundle. L=1.33 tae % D)Development of stand hooks in tension ar 4) de shall not be less than 8 than 150 mm. » ot Basic development length for hook 7 100d, = Ee with, = 415 MPa 2) be Multiplying factors: For different fy 3) 4 45 Concrete Cover 07 For 36 mm diameter bar anj smaller, side cover (normal ip plane of the hook) not less tan 65 mm, and for 90-degree hock, cover on bar extension beyond hook not less than 50 mm. b) Ties or stirrups 08 For 36 mm diameter bar and smaller, hook enclosed vericaly of horizontally within ties or sima ties spaced along the fl development length La greater than 3do, where d & | diameter. ¢) f) Excess reinforcement A xcess rein! forceme’ A, ‘ised or develope Where anchorage for fy is not specifically "4" reinforcement in excess ot required by analysis 9) Lightweight agoreaae ts concrete ean? Epoxy-coated reinforce ig Li) Hooked bars with epoxy’é FORCED CONCRETE jopment Lengths ina ical Continuous Beam sinc of eiesten/ pein o mney econ os or dp nuey as compression Seance Development Lengths for Cantilever Beams Development Lengths for Reaction which Confines The Ends of Reinforcement [he 13Mtala sie Tf 1 Ct i satlover beam is reinforced with top » Ste Consisting of 3 - 34 mm a ina single row ’ er in the figure. Shear reinforcement is teas sue 101mm o stimups. f= 27.6 MPa, Section A-A 3a Ba 5 = 1.3 reinforcement location factor = 1.0 epoxy-coated bars 4.= 4.0 normal weight concrete © Determine the point at which the center 34 mm o bar can be theoretically terminated. ® Considering NSCP specs for development length requirements, determine the minimum distance the 34 mm 9 bar must extend outward from the support at A to be safely anchored. ® Determine the moment capacity of the beam at the point where the 3% 34 mm o bar is terminated. Solution: ® Point where the 34 mm » center bar can be terminated. Ly _ 3f, a BA a SJ Ly 3(4150(1.3)(1.0)(1.0) 4, 5 278 Ly =2095mm 2.095 m.450 Cut off point: Min Lg = = [ 0.83 m — 5 3m Cut off point is 0.83 from the support. ® Min. distance the 34 mm o must extend outward from A, Min. Ld = 300 mm @ Moment capacity at the point where the 34 34 mm 9 bar is terminated. Actual M= aa 17? 4301217) M=3527, tin 2 [ee] ZA ‘2M ime rr ie, E (d-al2) LB ' rer x 7 (34)? (2) A, = 1816 mm? C= T 085f'ab=A, f, 0.85(27.6)(a)(350) = 1816(415) a= 91.78 mm m=04,1 (4-5) M, =0.90(1816)(445) (rs. 2178 M, =958.9 KN.m > 352.7 kN.m (safe) 91.78 ® Determine the nominal shear stengt @® Determine the nominal shear stew © Determine the max. nominal SM © Determine the distance from the om ® Determine the distance fens n up REINFORCED 66) A cantilever beam has a width op an effective depth of 600 mm. 1ehhs with 4 - 28 mm 9 top bars whic 2 i as shown in the figure. It carr load of 8800 Nim (including it sa and a service live load of 4 ane f= 20.7 MPa, f= 276.5 MPa, 3000 Section A-A Section B-B © Determine the factored uniform load.” ® Determine the factored shear force at te critical section. provided by concrete. provided by shear reinforcement. strength provided by shear reinforcer beyond which concrete can 2m shear. which minimum shear rei ment be provided.CED CONCRETE mine ne min. fea of shear p oaetoment if 10 mm o strups are Good ‘at 300 mm 0.6 mine the development length for the 9 mage a= 13 A= 10, Bato ‘ermine the theoretical cut off point g De the support of bars “b" “b’, based on Jopment length requirements and ok its adequacy. Assume uncoated e a cement and normal weight of ren concrete. 3, aba 5 = 3 reinforcement location factor 410 for uncoated reinforcement 4.21.0 normal weight concrete ‘ue t= se Solution: © Factored uniform load. Wo21.2DL 4 1.6LL Wy=1.2(5.8) + 1.6(14.6) Wu= 30.32 kN/m © Factored shear force at the critical section, V= 30.32(4.6) V= 139.47 KN Vu= 139.47 - 30.32(0.6) = 121.28 KN w, =30.32 kN/m TOT ® 451 Nominal shear strongth provided by concrete. V,=0.17A Jib, d V, =0.17 20.7 (300)(600) V, = 139.22 KN Nominal shear strength provided by ‘Shear reinforcement. yekey : vy = 12128 075 V, = 2249 KN + 139.22 Max, nominal shear strength provided by shear reinforcement. Max. V, = 0.66 /f' b, d Max. V, = 0.66 /20.7 (300)(800) Max. V, = 54,05 KN Distance from the support beyond which concrete can carry total shear. 46 4 641.56 - 139.47x= 104.42(4.8) x= 1.04 m.452 over which rent must be ® Distance from support minimum shear reinforcer provided. BV, _ 11602 _53.01 2. 2 151.52 _ 5801 46 48-y £9699 151.52) = 286.85 y= 284m. required 18 Min.stirups "| No stirrups ] . 284 146 ® Min. area of shear reinforcement if 10 mm 9 stirrups are placed at 300 mm oc. Min.&, = 062, fbys 4 0,062,/20.7(300)(300) 2165 Min. A, = Min. A, = 91.82 mm? “AS provided by 10mm @ U-stimups: A= = a0 y= (10) 2) A, = 157mm? > 91.82 mm? ok Min. area of shear reinforcement = 91.82 mm? o Development length for the to, 1. 3f,aBA Phan, = reinforcement location factor = 1.3 for hor. Reinforcement gp more than 300 mm of fresh ogy is cast in the member belo development length. thy = coating factor = 1.0 for uncoated reinforcement A= light weight aggregate concrete fat 3. = 1.0 when normal weight concrete, used. 5 e 3276.5) (13)(1)(1) ue 4, 5207 ud Ld= 1.327 m. ® Theoretical cut off point from the support of bars “b” “b”: aoe ISB 2927 og eae Moment capacity of beam at 4,673 m from the support. |AP ‘ (28)° (2) A, = 1232 mm? 42302765) = 0185(207)(6)(300) a= 644mm w,20 (6-5) 6454 yy, 0.901232)2765) (600- a3) wy, =174 Nm ‘Adual moment: we ™ 30.32(2.927)" 2 M, = 130 KN.m < 174 KN.m_ ok eeu Arsinfoced concrete beam has a span of. fm. Itis reinforced with 2 - 22 mm @ and 2-25 mm o (uncoated reinforcements) as infceted in the figure. The beam carries a uniform ultimate load of 5 kN/m including its wn weight. fe’ = 20.7 MPé. Normal weight concrete f= 414.6 MPa, ® Determine the theoretical cut off: point at which the 2 - 22 mm @ bars can be terminated from the center of the beam. ® Considering the extension beyond the Cutoff points required by the NSCP Specifications, determine the minimum distance the 2 - 22 mm g bars should ®xlend on each side of the center line. 0 kN/n I om 222 m0 2.25 mmo @® Determine the required length’ of anchorage or development length of the 22 mm @ bars from the center span and check whether itis adequate or not. Use the following formula and development factors: 2. = 1.0 for normal weight concrete = 1.0 for reinforcement location factor = 1.0for uncoated reinforcement. ‘Y= 1.0 for reinforcement size factor fa Bay FE Sif a ale454 Solution: aim 2535 Sommt Oem wy=56 kN/m HUTTE TT © Theoretical cut off point at which the 2-22 mmo bars from the center: wv Mee = 56(6)? ee M, = 252 KNn M, To locate the theoretical cut off point of the 22 mm @ bars, establish the moment capacity of the cross section reinforced with the two continuing 25 mm bars, 0.003 085/, 335] a x A, = (25) (2) A, = 981.75 mm? T=C A, f, =0.85f'ab 981.75(414.6) = 0.85(20.7) a=77.11mm ao M,=0A, f, (dae) M, = 0.90(981.75)414.6)(535, By 2 M, = 181.86 x 10° Nimm M, = 181.86 kNm Area of shear diagram = change in moment Se = 250 181.86 28x? = 70.14 ; X= 1.583. (theoretical cutoff point from the centerline)(ORCED CONCRETE 10: Alt nate Solution 0 N 22 4 21.583. ‘inimum distance the 2- 22 mmo bars @ should extend on each side of the center line. aero Tee sme me 225 nme = 1583 + 12(22) = 1847 mm Lextd L = 1583 + 535 =2118mm Use L = 2118 mm L=2.118m. © Length of anchorage: Ld ld 3 @BAY 5 ld _ 34t4.e)(tyC0)(1) 4, 5/207 ld — = 54.68 4 Lext 12d . Ld=54.68(22). * Required Ld = 1203 mm < 2118 ok Deel ana 222mme Mt 0 2118.0 225mme 455 ate TEIut 1. Development length yy, in millimaters, for deformed bars in tension terminating ina standard hook shall be computed as the product of the basic development length Ip of Section 2 and the applicable modification factor or factors of Section 3, but Ign shall not be less than 8d, not less than 150 milimaters. 2. Basic development length lip for @ hooked bar with f, equal to 415 MegaPascals shall be ....100d,/sart(F) 3. Basic development lengh Ih shall be multiplied by applicable factor or factors for: 3.4 Bar yield strength. Bars with fy other than 415 MegaPascals .... f/418 3.2 Conerete cover. For 32 millimeter bars and smaller, side cover (normal to plane of hook) not less than 60 nilliméters and for 90 degree hook, cover on bar extension beyond hook not less than 50 millimeters nme OF 33. Ties or stirrups. For 32 millimeters bar and smaller, hook enclosed vertically or horizontally within ties or stirtups-lies spaced along the full development length ly not greater than 3d, where dy is the diameter of hooked bar ....... 0.8 34 Excess reinforcement. Where: anchorage or development for fy is not specifically required, reinfotcement in excess of that required by analysis vim (A Fequired/A, provided) 3.5. Lightweight aggregate concrele ..... 13 where’ A,= area on nonprestressed {ension reinforcement, square millimeters dy = nominal diameter of bar, millimeters f= specified compressive stength of concrete, MegaPascals pecified yield strength of nonprestressed reinforcement, MegaPascalsOe 456 — 236 mm (00 T5a73 mm rest@125 mm “350mm 250 mm— | 7 Ef ame 450 mm. 550 mm| The figure shows a beam-column joint in a continuous bidg. frame analysis, the negative steel required at the end of the beam is 1871 mm?. Two-36 mma bars are used providing ‘A= 2036 mm?, Normal density concrete is to be used with fe! = 27.5 MPa and rebars have fy=415 MPa, © Comoute the basic development length for hooked bars measured from the critical section along the bars to the far side of the vertical hook, ® Compute the min. development length for the hooked bars. ® Compute the length of extension at the end ofthe bend in the vertical direction, REINFORCED eg, Solu © Basie development engi, 100, : Unb = Vic' 100 (36) Lip= nb ars Lhd = 686.50 mm ® Min, development length bars: or tay As (required) (Grows Lan = 686.50(0.70) oan Lan= 441.60 say 442 mm Lan = Lip X 0.70 ® Length of extension at the e bend: L=12dy L= 12(36) L= 452mm ry J 387. CE Board May 2008 A ‘reinforced concrete cantilever beans teinforced with 6 - 28 mm a bars. The basa Considered to be top bars. Assume se, tt and bottom cover greater than 625 1m fc! = 28 MPa, and fy = 280 MPa © Compute the development lengh # bars are straight. ° \ he ® Compute the development lergh i is termifated with a 180° hook. ell ® Compute the development tena is terminated with a 90° hook.D CONCRETE sole nt length if the bars are 0 ee ight. stralg'! Ld__ eo ——| a 6-28 mm 6 [ 2 12 An ly LI 0.02(z4) (28)? (280) be 28 Ly= 651.65 mm Multiply the development length by a modification factor of 1.3 for top bars: 14= 651.65(1.3) Ly= 847 mm © Development length if the bar is terminated with a 180° hook. ea Ta 100 4 ign OO Ve Ly= 100,28) V2 “y= 529.15 mm 457 Check the specs: Ly> 8 dy or 150 mm Ly> 8(28) or 150 mm ok Ly> 224 ok For f,= 280 MPa other “ 415 MPa Lgshall be multiplied by 74 4 5 1 = 820.15(280) ae 415 Ly= 387 mm ® Development length if the bar is terminated with a 90° hook. La Lg= 529.15 mm Modified factor: fy « a). Multiplied by 742 “tor, other than 415 MPa. b) Multiply by 0.7 for concrete cover of * not less than #0 mm. Lge 529.18 is (0.7) 529.15 (280) 415 (0-7) "ye 250mmCC — 458 REINFORCED CON 388. CE Board May 2008 A 3 meter wide wall footing supports a 300 The forces in the column barg ¥ figure are to be transferreg ing mm wall. Itis reinforced with 25 mm diameter g ‘hy bars with concrete covering of 75 mm. with 28 mm @ dowels. fe! = 35 N : Strength of concrete is 21 MPa, column and fe! = 21.40 for the jar, Fy.= 415 MPa. reinforcement at the foting ig 29,9 , : fy = 415 MPa for all bars, May, © Which of the following gives the available space for development. ® Which of the . following gives the development length required by the code. @® When the required development length is smaller than the space available for development, the practice is to increase Lah the bar diameter and spacing of the bars. in| Which of the following gives the maximum ‘footing diameter to be used. , @ Which of the following Solution: development length required jg, ‘ © Available space for development: footing. ; 300 mm ® Which of the following gies [ae development lengths needed for thy mm a dowels-down into the footing @ Which of the following gives 4, Lhe Z development length required. tr | 28 mm g dowels up into the column, sl Solution: L 3m. B © Development length required for met (lo+75)(2)+ 300 = 3000 footing Leal La= 1275 mm ld=— ie but < 0.06 dp fy ® Allowable development length: fe 2A, Fy 0.02(7)(28)? (416) hi La= . 21.40 for 32 mm bar or smaller bar Ld = 1105 mm .02 (rc/4) (25)* (415) Modification factor = 0.8 vai Ld = 1105 (0.8) = 884 mm Ly= 889 mm 1g OTe ® Diameter of bar: : aff! Lely 0.375 (28) (415) 2 Ld= sorg= 202 i? (419) i Vai4 2s men . Ld = 942 mm say 950 Use Ld = 950 mmGED CONCRETE ant length ‘needed for the a? ow oper mnt ns col column: 0124 do Wee 24 (28) (415 ude" 356 142467 say 470 vin. Ld = 0.04 (28) (415) Win. Ld = 465 mm Use Ld = 470 mm up into the colurin but <.0.04 dp fy 9 Development lengths for the dowels down into the footing: Lys 024 (28) (415) 21.40 Ud = 603 say 610 mm Win. La = 0.04 de fy Min. La = 0.04 (28) (415) in. Ld = 465 mm d= 610 mm ae 459 NGTH Dyn gimerg vin ewes FeO NUN AWS @® Atsimple supports aa waija, Nal Ld abya 4 0 Je (ek) __ Ld = development length dy = bar diameter K te= transverse reinforcement index c= the smaller value of either the distance from the center of the bar to the nearest concrete surface or one half the center to center spacing of the bars being developed. Ath 0SN At = tolal cross sectional area of all transverse reinforcement. {, = specified yield strength of transverse reinforcement S = center to center spacing of transverse reinforcement N = number of bars developed along the plane of spliting. ctKt, shall not be greater than 2.5 Kt, = 4,Ty a ToT Woden ye aed Ge aene ean foes © a= reinforcement location factor = 1.3 for horizontal reinforcement so placed that more than 300 mm of fresh concrete is cast in the member below the development spice. = 1.0 for other reinforcement oating factor 5 for epoxy-coated bars with cover less than 3d or clear spacing less than 6 ds. 8 = 1.2 forall other epoxy-coated bars. 8 = 1.0 for uncoated reinforcement The product o 8 need not be greater than 17 ® y= reinforcement ratio. ‘Y= 0.80 for 20 mm diam. and smaller bars and deformed wires. y= 1.0 for 25 mm diameter and larger bars. 2. = light aggregate concrete factor A = 1.3 when lightweight aggregate concrete is used. However if fa is specified, 2 shall be permitted to be ve but not less than 1.0 18, 2.5 1.0 for normal weight concrete ® Atapoint of inflection: d ord, whichever is b MalVy Point of inflection Max. Ly Actual Ly REINFORCED CoN, Sh EET A beam shown having an effective depth of 600 ml F309 {wo uncoated 28 mm g gg Sings, extended from the maxim Oar Cie inthe Subpon m Mok We and normal Sheay is used. Assume covering a | Slat. {= 207 MPa fy rgge a a gh Kt=0 MPa ng oy ® Compute the uate moment the beam. . ve ® Compute for the develoom, the 28 mmo bars, Fahy ® Compute the maxim development length, Um perish Solution: © Ultimate moment capacity of the been, MO assy d-60) thet oe] zai ie THAI,C eT ot? os (2) (209 aeoseem™n peAsty = & (28)? (2)(415) yon (9) ‘i 2090 £)onrc (60- a) 953.7 x 10" Nm 253.7 x 108 Nm M, jent length of the 28 mm o 1 pevelon ws Ig2tIS 13M n!¥u bg=Y> Maxey 4840 47125 ok 2B f abyA 0 it (eet) d, bd, 9415) (10010004) 28 10 20.7 (1.71) ld $8 aang mm Ld= 1.344 m. Ala Maximum permissible development/ REINFORCED C04, 462 Colu us| Ae jin compression that is purely ial by Columns are members that carry load mosly aaah tha bering akon nara, bending Moments as well especially for exterior co Pro, 3 forces over a Part of the cross section. y There are three types of reinforced concrete com Pressio, members: 1. Members Teinforced with longitudinal bars and lateral ties called tied columns, 2. Members Teinforced-with longitudinal bars and continuous Spirals called spiral Columns 3. Composite Compression members reinforced longitudinally with structural steel Shapes tubing, with Or without longitudinal bs ars and various types of lateral reinforcement, My >) Spiral Column ©) Composite ColumACED CONCRETE wl CITT Pe aera keira e ne KL r 120.3t for tied columns r=0.25D for spiral columns t= side parallel to the eccentricity Unsupported Length L. Flat slab construction Flat slab or Plate with column capital construction witho column capital Beam and Girder ConstructionSt —_S==sss§s§§«'—+==t_sé‘‘' REINFORCED Con, 464 7 Shevt red Col tpelle 1. Capacity Py = 0.80 0 [0.85 fc" (Ag gt) +f Ast! 0= 0.65 Ast Pera Py =0.80 [0.85 (Ag -Pg Aa) 17a Aa! 4 =P) +19 Pal Pi, = 0.80 0 Ag [0.85 fc ( P . - (trial area) Aa paoooast (1-P,)*1,P,] Limits of reinforcement for tied column. 2 Pg= 0.04 to 0.08 As : Pq =~ (steel ratio) 9° Ag i t for non-composite compression The area of longitudinal reinforcemen Dn mele er be less than 0.01 or more than 0,08 times gross area Ag of section. As=PgAg 3, Minimum number of bars: shall be four (4) for bars ity Min, number of longitudinal bars in compression members ) rectangular or circular ties. 4, Minimum Design Moment ‘Mu = Pu(e) where ; = 0.20 and his the smallest dimension of column Tie reinforcements for compression members shall conform to the following: a) _Allnon pre-stressed bars shall be enclosed by lateral ties at least 10 mm diameter in sz for longitudinal bars 32 mm in diameter. b) 12mm diam. in size for 36 diameter bars and bundled longitudinal bars. ©) Deformed wire or welded wire fabric of equivalent area shall be permitted.GfORCED CONCRETE 465 e- — a! cin of tle wires. ical spacing of ties shall not exceed: jo 46 longitudinal bar diameter a) ») 0 4g tie bar or wire diameter Jeast dimension of the compression member ment of ties: arrange . a) _Ties shall be arranged such that every comer and altemate longitudinal bar shall not have lateral support provided by the comer of a tie with an included angle of not more than 135 degrees and a bar shall be not farther than 150 mm clear on each side along the tie from such a laterally supported bar. Where longitudinal bars are located around the perimeter of a circle, a complete circular tie shall be permitted, . p) _ Ties shall be located vertically not more than one half atie spacing above the top of footing or slab in any story and shall be spaced as provided herein to not more than one half a tie spacing below the lowest horizontal reinforcement in slab or drop panel above. | Ties at s’ j 075 mm splice ‘or more, Lap ‘ ! jst wie stay sin b4 er Fr Notre Not more | a ta Sm tan sia | 150 mm offset — | a [Tes at s 4) Tie spacing at interior column-beam joint. 4) Ties,at exterior columu-beam joint.REINFORCED CON, q ee) Shove spteel Coluile! | Capacity Py = 0.85 6 [0.85 fc" (Ag - Ast) + fy Ast] 9=0.75 - Ast are . Py = 0.85 0 [0.85 fc’ (Ag - Ag) + fy Po Ag] Py = 0.85 0 Ag [0.85 fc" (1 ~ po) + fy Pel P, ‘ —____"s _________ (trialarea) “ 08 0[0.854"(1-p,)*1, p,] (waters Limits of reinforcement for spiral column. a= 0.01 to 0.08 Ast Po = 4 (steel ratio) Minimum number of bars: Min. number of longitudinal bars in compression members shall be six (6) for bars ch spirals. Min. clearance between the vertical bars. Largest of the following. a) 40mm b) A max. size of aggregate ¢) 1.5 vertical bar diameter Spiral reinforcements: a) For cast in place construction, size of spirals shall not be less 10 mm. diameter, b) Clear spacing between spirals shall not exceed 75 mm or be less than 2mm, ©) _ Ratio of spiral reinforcement ps shall not be less than the value given by: roof]ID CONCRETE (79? ross 2 area spiral. =dametrof column p.= core diameter p.70-8 area of column y= dameter of irl vite Vol of spiral 1.7 Vo. of concrete core Ast (Dc- db) a Epps Spacing limits os<75mm @S>25mm as=t Y/ max sie aggregate Min, Design Moment: e proto M=Pe we z specified yield strength of spiral reinforcement . it but not more than 415 MPa. ecified compressive strength of concrete shall not be less than 17 MPa of core of spirall italy reinforced compression member measured to outside Concrete Core x Oe-db) Spiral diameter of AsREINFORCED GG y, 468 : ye Dieudeeuess solely) Elise) ‘Shure Golumns em Unbraced members| Kly — “37 r 2) EEE al = is positive if bent in single curvature 7 My m = is negative if bent in double curvature but Mz Should not tly than (-0.5) where: K = effective length factor Ly = unsupported length member, it is the clear distance between flop slabs, beams, or other members capable of providing lateral Support, "= radius of gyration of cross section of column associated With axis aby which bending is occurring. r= 0.3 times depth of section in direction of bending for Fectanguly sections. T= 0.25 times the diameter for circular sections. My = smaller end Moment of column M2 = larger end moment of columnq@ORCED CONCRETE Mee) Tee cae ee oi Co ATED LENGTH OF nslPeON MEMBERS con eupported length of compression ers v ote between floor slabs, beams deat er members capable of providing ot 1 support in the direction being fie we ve ys of ration: fat wai times ‘overall direction of the direction 1 abil say times diameter for circular t * emprassion members. ) be permitted to use the following 138g for both non sway and sway ponetes ae: dulus of elasticity 4) fee values of Wo between 1500 ~ 2500 git? = We'5 0.043 ff MPa £24700 fh 1) Moment of inertia j, = moment of inertia of gross concrete section about centroidal axis neglecting reinforcements. © Beams = 0.35 lg ® Columns = 0.70 ly @ Walls: Uncracked = 0.70 ly Cracked = 0.35 ly @ Flat plates and flat slabs = 0.25 Ip © Area=1.0 Ag For non sway frames, slendemess effects rraybe ignored if the following expression is salisfied, K 4, $34-12 Mh <40 Me r 469 mmallr factored end moment larger factorad end moment M in sing iyt_Sposlve if member is bert" single f curvature Mi i tin double M, is negative if member is bent i 2 curvature s not braced against For compression member: lendemess maybe sidesway, effects of s! neglected when Kh ca r a ELA) (8 Figure shows an unbraced frame. Properties of each beams and columns are tabulated. Considering only bending in the plane of the frame. 450mm) (00 sw 36m ve f 9 Be | Facolumn AB. ® Calculate the slenderess ratio of column ® Calculate whether column AB is a short or slender column, assuming a single curvature with My = 100. kNm, Mz= 180 kN.m . Solution: © Effective length factor for column AB. 2 L, =2475 mm 1, = 3000500)" 2 |, =3125.x 10° for column AB and BC 300(450)? Le 4 12 |, =2278 x 10° for girder AB and AE 300(600)* 12 |, =5400 x 10° for girder BF and BG Using the alignment chart ‘Applying corrections for moment of inertia: Note: Only 1 column and 2 girders at joint A Wa? 6000 = 0.729167 Ys” T3088 + 0.110736 299 SeeEeereetlliin * © Calculate the effective length factor for Applying correct Note: "8 me, Mat REINFORCED 3 There are 2 columns ang 7), 07, Msi V ee “yy 3 ‘ 038 035 OTOH 1" 009 ) ve TSF a oH ae = 1.336806 “= woe = 231 Effective length factor = 1.74 @ Slenderness ratio of column AB, KL, _ 4.74(2475) r 03500) = 28ne column is short or slender: ifthe ’ Bo olf ) oll < “E nN? at ile column « rerefor® oe e shown Is supported by column tre 1 nas 2 dimension of 300 mm deep stoi plane ofthe frame. o j7MPa, 1) 415MPa . wel 80h My Ma ZY SKN CY ARN lao » | leo (ai kNan (27 kN 7 My Mm @ Classify column AB whether short or long column considering that the frame. is braced. ® Classify column CD whether long or short column considering that the frame is braced © Cassi column CD whether short or long column considering that the frame is braved. Solution: © Classification of col framed is braced: Jumn AB when the a 1, = 4600- = = L, = 4050 mm (effective length) KL, _ 0:5(4050) r 0.3(400) ° Ks = 16875< 40 1 Itisashort column ® Classification of column CD’ if the framed is braced: KL. M Sew (i) Kb .a4-12(Z) Ky 9g 5(4050) “r0:3(350) 1929<28 Column CD jis a short column ® Classification of column CD when the frame is unbraced: KL, _ 0.5(4050) r 03(850) & =19.29<22 Itisashort colunin472 me RSet) AU ncrele tied column carries & dead axial load of 600 KN and a live axial load of 800 KN. fc'= 28 MPa, fy = 400 MPa @ Which of the following gives the final factored load? @® Using super position method, which of the following gives the smallest dimension of the column section if the steel ratio is 2%. ® Which of the following gives the no. of 22 mm g bars. A reinforced co! 1=360 t=360 Solution: @ Final factored load Pu=1.2Pp+1.6 PLL Pu= 1.2 (600) + 1.6 (800) Pu = 2000 kN ® Smallest dimension of the column section if the steel ratio is 2% Pp a 0.65(0.80)(0.85f, (1-p,)fp,] 9° TRTONHUESER| HORAN 2 = 122756 t=350 Use 350 x 350 ‘ REINFORCED G5, @ No. of 20mmo b, Ag = 350(350) = 122559 Pu = 0.65(0.80) [0.85 jy 2000000 = 065(0.80) “Py, [0.88 (28)(122509 . As = 2244 mm2 4 Asta) 4 Using 22 mm o bars ; (22)? N= 2803 N=7.4 say 8 bars Use 8 - 22 mm'g bars rc If 25 mm @ bars are used i 8 are needed if the column hee hg be equal on all four sides? Teemeny ht - ~ [ Solution: A= (28) (@)= 4926 mn? Qn z (25)? N= 4926 N= 10.04 bars Use12-25mmo Eo 0) : A500 mm square column is to be constude! above the ground. The vertical steel conssté 8-28 mmo f.‘= 28 MPa fy = 415 MPa. © Compute the ultimate capacity ofthe column.'S. np ne cover required over the ties Col imum aggregate size is 25 m e ihe max! : . Im. 5 ou the column 0 om 084, -A)+tA] ig, 0S oton)= 250000 Ay” Een = 4908 bk 4 a2 .g6(0 80[0:85(28)(250000 ~ 4926) q + 415(4926)) P, 21970 KN cing of the tie wires: 0 He Ne ciam = 48(12) = 576 @ 16 bar diam = 16(28) = 448 @least dimension = 500 + gs eo. @ cover required over the tie bars if maximum size of aggregate is 25 m. Minimum cover over the ties must be the largest of. 040mm @ Diameter of bars = 28mm. @ Maximum aggregate size = WN x 4 aggregate size = —(25) = 333mm. 5 +yse minimum clear cover over the ties x = 40 en % a : Et tx _«g@@RCED CONCRETE an to the capacity of the 12 mm g tig oe? ay re ied column is to ‘AN axially loadod rectangular tt vice loads. be designed for the following s€ Dead load = 1600 kN Live load = 845 kN Required strength: U = 1.2 DL + 1.6 LL Capacity reduction factor o = 0.65 Effective cover to centroid of reinforcement = 70mm Concrete: f = 27.5 MPa Steel: fy = 415 MPa © Using 3% vertical steel ratio, what is the required column width (mm) if architectural considerations limit the width of the column in one direction to 360 mm? ® Given column section = 400 mm x 500 mm, what is the minimum design moment (kN.m,) about the stronger axis of the column? @® Fora column section 400 mm x 500 mm, vertical reinforcement consists of 16 bars. Which of the following gives the diameter of vertical bars (mm) if the required minimum steel ratio is 3%? Solution: © Column width if _—_ architectural considerations limit the width of the column in one direction to 350 mm ps=0.03 o= 0.65 Py=1.2DL+1.6LL Pu = 1.2(1600) + 1.6(845) Py=3272 KN P= 0.80 6 [0.85 fe. (Ay - As) + fy As] A La ATA, . P= 0.80(0.65)[0.85(27.5) (Ag- Pe Ac) +415 Py Ag] 3272000 = 0.80(0.65)[23.375 Ag(1 - 0.03) . + 415(0.03) Ag] 3272000 = 18.26435 Ag Ag= 179147 400(t) = 179147 t=448 say 450® Min. design moment for a column section of 400 x 500 mm about the stronger axis of the column For spiral column : e < =0.10 peo 500 strong axis h 400. (0 = 0201 | = 0.20(400) = 80 = 0.08 Min. M=P, Min. M = 3272(0.08) = 262 8 h e @ Diameter of vertical bars if the required minimum steel ratio is 3% A A, = 0.03(400)(500) = 6000 é @ (16) = 6000 d=218 say 22mmo EE Given: bxh=450 mm x 600 mm Main reinforcement, Ast = 8 - 28 mm o Lateral ties = 10 mm 9 Yield strength, fy of main bars = 415 MPa Yield strength, fyv of lateral ties = 275 MPa Concrete strength fe’ = 28 MPa Spacing of ties = 100 mm on centers Modulus of elasticity = 25000 MPa Concrete cover to center of main bars = 70 mm. Concrete unsupported height, Ly = 2.5 m. CE Board Dec, 2014 Effective length factor, K = 1.0 7 Dy WV, What is the nominal axi column (Px)? sg Ot Find the critical buckling loag Py. Calculate the nominal shee bending about the yeaxis, S"thly Solution: Nominal axial strength of the ¢ Po= 0.80 [0.856'(As Aa) + fat ‘Ag = 450(600) = 270000 mme T Ag = (28) (8) = 4928 mn! Pa = 0.80 [0.85(28)(270000 ~ 400) + 4926(445)] Pr = 6680 kN Critical buckling load Pe KL, = (1)(2500) KL, = 2500'mm ‘Moment of inertia about the weak ax: s 600(450)* f 12 = 4556 x 10°7 (Ke q gnes = 18010" kN ib , al seat strength for bending about jor e tte y-axis y 7600-70 | d=530mm v, 10) (3)(275)530) 024+ Ne 343.4 KN v.z0Thfi"b, d Vv, =0.17(t/28 (480)(530) \, = 228.85 KN +V. \, 7 v. #6344 22885 \, = Tg 77225 KN \V, = 429.2 KN (nominal shear strength) 475 Eyes Given; 00 mm Column dimension, W x L = 400 mm * ; om Main reinforcement, As, = 40 of 25mm ace Ties of hoop reinforcement = 42 mm 0 SP at 100 mm o.c. Concrete compressive strength. Steel yield strength, fy = 415 MPa Clear concrete cover = 40 MPa Permissible concrete shear stress = 0.88 MPa © What is the nominal axial load strength of the column, Pn? | ® Find the nominal shear capaci section, Vu,. ® Calculate the nominal shear capac the section, Vu, f= 28 MPa ity of the ity of mn ‘L=600 Solution: © Nominal axial load strength p, =oa0[ 08st (A,-A,) +A, ‘ A, = 400(600) A, = 240000 A= Files (10) = 4909 mm? AY = 240000 - 4909 A, = 235091 mm? P, = 0,80(0.85(28)(295091) + 4909(415)] P, =6105920N P, = 6106kN® Nominal shear capacity of the section, Vu, 2835.5 4s Aid \, o A= F(12}) A, = 339.29 mm? . B d= 600- 40-12 2 d= 535.5 td s=— sn = SAWN) V, = 754013 = 754 KN V, =0.88b, d V, = 0.88(400)(536.5) V, = 188496 = 188.5 kN YAMA 188.5 + 754= 942.50 kN ® Nominal shear capacity of the section, Wy d= 400-645 d= 335.50 mm REINFORCED COR, iz A, = F(12} (4 A, #4524 mm? = #5241615) 100 = AA 9 V, = 629888 N = G39 kN V, =0886,4 V, = O88(600}23559 fi V,=177kN “\ y= +V. \,, =630+177= 7 py EEEARS IDET ae eA \ A spiral column 600 mm in di unsupported height of 24m, ee a bent in single curvature ang is bie 8 sidesway, “tai Given: Axial loads at Service Condition Dead Load, D = 3299 KN Live Load, L = 1429 KN Concrete compressive Strength, fo' = 75a, Steel yield strength, fy = 413 Mpa © What is the slendemess Tato of fe column? Assume that column ens ze pinned. ® Wf the required steel ratio is 1.7%, frdte Corresponding number of 32 mm diane bars. ® Find the number of 32 mm diame ta Tequired at ultimate design load ster, U=12D+16L.ia jution: - derness ratio of the Column “M00, 2 * 9.25(600) No. of 32mm @ bars Ifpys 1.7% AFP A, 7 -aon{ = ey 4807 mn? , (go)? N= 4807 4 N=5.98 say 6 bars @ Number of 32 mM © bars required at ultimate design —Igag Strength, U=12D416L P= 12(8200) + 1.6(1420) = 6112 Ky P00 8585114, — a, P A = £(600} = 282743 , Hay 28243 = 4, Ba ar 2ST5(1- p,) +413p, = 33.954 2375-23.375p, +413p, = 33.954 389625p, = 10.578 , = 0027 A =P, 9 A, A, = 0.027(282743) = 7876 mm? F say N=7676 N=954 say 10 bars FORCED CONCRET, iL = 477 erm The Splral column shown iy to be dasigned to Ya safy Ultimate toad of 2900 KN. Givon: Concrete Compressive strength, fe = 28 MPa Main Feinforcs ement, I = 415 MPa cement, fy, = 275 MPa Clear Concrete cover = 40 mm Copacity reduction factor g = 075 © Using a stee! ratio of 0.025 relative to the STOSS concrete area, what should the ‘minimum column diameter in mm? ® The column diameter is 600 mm and the Tatio of steel einforcement to the gross Concrete area, Po = 0.02. Find the required minimum diameter (mm) of the main reinforcement. ® What is the design axial strength of the column from the following results of “at and “b’, Spiral reinfor Solution: © Min. column diameter P= 9 085/085 (A, “A)+A SL] AL=D,A, P, = 0.85)0.851,(A, -p, A) +p, Af] F,=0(085)A,[0851,(1-p,)+p,t] 200000 = 0.75(0.85)A, [0.85(28)(1 - 0.025) +0.025(415)]——— | 478 Am 435468 mm? © pp = 135468 4 D=415 Use D = 450mm (one of the choices) ain © Min. diameter of them reinforcement if D = 600 mm and Po 0.02 AL=p,A, A =m * one = 5655 mm \ nT ~ (6) = 5655 776) d=34.6 say 36mmo ® Design axial strength when D = 450 mm and 6- 36mm 0 bars = 2 = A, = Faso)? = 150043 (36)*(6) = 6107 mm? “A, = 159043 - 6107 A, “A, = 182996 P, =00.85[0.851,(A, -A,)+A,f] P, =0.75(0.85)[0.85(28)(152936) + 6107(415)] P, = 3936105 N = 3996 KN Liat (TL) A spiral column carries a dead load of 1070 kN and a live load of 980 KN. If fe' = 27.50 MPa Fy = 413,50 MPa. Using a steel ratio of 0.03. © Which of the following gives the value of the diameter of spiral column. ® Which of the following gives the number of 28 mmo main reinforcement. ® Which of the following gives the possible spacing of the 10 mma spirals. REINFORCED €G, 8 Solutio Value of the diameter OF, Py=1.2DL + 1.6L Plea Py = 1.2(1070) + 1.6990) Py = 2852 kN P, Ag= 4 0(0.85)[0.85Fe' (4. Pope A= d Ag = 127534 mm2 2 a = 127534 D=403 say 410 mm Number of 28 mmo main reint (410) Ae cer = 132025 mm? P, =0185(075) 10185 (A, ., ty 2852000 = 0.85(0.75) (0.85(27-5) 132025 -4,) 415 1 A, = 3357 mm? No. of 28 mm a bars F (8 N=3357 N=65.78 say 6 bars Use 6-28 mmo Possible spacing of the 10 my Spirals: Dy= 410-80 D, = 330 mm cous (M24) p.=04s (F-1) 5 % aio? Ps= a | s os [ft 7 | P,= 0.016ee CONCRETE ss De= db) sone (3) (10)? (330-10) 4 $7 0.016 (830)" g=5t7 say 50mm ‘eppmm ok 572mm ok se $= 50mm rt in is subjected t pati 90 We eee a at 6 MPa. ume moments are negligible, what is B the minimum size required if it is a tied column. @ ifthe column is 450 mm x 450 mm square fied column, compute the maximum moment that can act without affecting the design (for pure axial loading) ifthe column is 450 mm x 450 mm square fied column, determine the no. of 25 mma bars are needed. ® Solution: © Min. gross cross sectional area for a tied column. Min p, = 0.01 P, A, = 266280 mm? = 256280 1=516 say 520 mm A419 _ ® Maximum moment that can act without affecting the design. =0.20 for tied column ; =0.10 for spiral column €=0,20(450) e=90mm=0.09m M=Re M, = 3790(0.09) = 347.1 kN.m ©® Steel area required for a 450 mm x 450 mm tied column. P, ‘ As > TOBapTaaBte Pe FP ‘ lol FPg Poly 450(450) 1 23, AG(1-p,)+4146 , = 35.99 2346-2346 p, + 414.6 p, = 35.99 PE 0.032 A PA, ,032(450)(450) = 6480 mm? pg Po Fyn = 6480 N=132 say 14 bars ee 403. Problem A short column is subjected to a factored axial load of 3800 KN. “fo = 27.6 MPa, f= 414.6 MPa. @® If the column is a circular spiral column with an outside diameter of 500 mm, determine the maximum moment that can act without affecting the design for pure axial loading. © If the column is a circular spiral with an outside diameter of 500 mm and the diameter of the spiral wire is 10 mm 6, determine the maximum spiral pitch if the diam. of the longitudinal bar is 25 mm a.480 © If the column is a circular spiral column with an outside diameter of 500 mm, is reinforced with 16 mmo bars, determine the clearance, between the vertical bar if the maximum size of aggregate is 25 mm. Solution: © Max. moment that can act without affecting the design for pure axial loading. £ £0.10 forspral column © =600(0.10) *M, = 190 kim ® Maximum spiral pitch using 10 mm 0 Spiral wire: £ pgy = (420) =auas (20.4) 276 7085 (Or ‘) 4146 p, = 0.0125 s = 4A, (0, -¢,) pO Z age 3 (10) A\=78.54 mm? = 4A, (0, -d,) pF g = 4(7854)(420 - 10) 0.0125(420)° Use S = 50 mmo.c. s = 58.42 mm REINFORCED) Con, @ Clearance betwee; Verte Ara ras ts CM ale 7 (607 = st 245(1-p,) +4146 5 Nh 2846 + 391.14 p, = ag ggg 8 Ry p, = 00176 A=p,A, A, =0.0176(2 5 = 00176( =) oqe = e575 Za6y " 4 N=3455,75 = 18 ides { 1» 00 Pm % Dn = 420~2(10)~ 16 MS Dn = 384 Circumference of D, C= xDq=1 (384) = 1206 mm, Center to center spacing of vrical bas 1206 —— =674 18 7.02 mm, Clear spacing of vertical bars = 67.02- 16 = 51 mm Minimum clear spacing of vertical bars iste largest ofthe following values. a) 1.8 diameter of bar 1.5(16) = 24 < 54 ok ») 14 of max. size of aggregate ; (25) = 33.3 mm < 51 ok ©) not less than 40 mm <64 ok use clear spacing of vertical bars = 51 ma.494 LONG COLUMNS RETA Aree or ne) WCF wee © Compression members not braced against sidesway when KLs 99 r ® Compression members braced against sidesway (Non-sway frames) Pu Pu pu cr M, pu pu Pu Pu wen s »34-12(M-) cao 1, Where: m is positive for single curvature 1, is negative for double curvature For compression members - in non-sway frames, the effective length factor K shall be taken as 1.0, unless analysis shows that a lower value is justified REINFORCED Gg Mi = smaller factored gy %y i i compression member" Mop " Me = larger factored compression oe % Moment magnificg tio, (Non-sway Frame Py, Relative sites of oy, eyo OPEL +E | +8, ey= 24 1#R, 8, = creep factor 12h, Values of Cm: @® For members without transvey between supports, ma cm=06+04 (ML) 1, i \s positive if bent in single curvature 2 Mo u is negative if bent in double curvatre 1, @ For members with transverse ai between supports. Cm=1.0eo bi oment: ifie aM re 0 2 , pets on member (Non wey of cou, = 5M, Where: cm = “075P,, _ wel KLE ith sidesway: for long column wit ay: 22M +3, May My = Mans + 5, Mag 6, = Where: §,= moment magnifier YPu = summation, of all the factored vertical loads in a story Pc = summation of all sway resisting columns in a story. Mins = factored end moment on compression number at the end which Mi acts due to loads that cause appreciable sidesway. Ms = factored end moment on compression member at the end which M1 acts due to loads that cause appreciable sidesway. Mes = factored end moment on compression member at the end Which Me acts due to loads that cause No appreciable sidesway. ’%s = factored end moment on Compression member at the end Which Mz acts due to loads that cause appreciable sidesway. “nin = minimum value of Mz. M= Mine + 8 Mis 2 Mans + 8s Mas 495 Modes “Of Failure ‘rleatly Lande cy Levey 4 Columns Two nitha follows. MI conditions. op failure are 4s Tensi ene” alle by intig yielding of ss lension side, 4 of stool a ® pamresion failure by intial crush Soncrate al the comprassion Balanceg Condition: Balanced Condition " Gevelopssimyt, Occurs when failure laneously in tension in ension and in ‘ompression, At this condition failure is Teached when the ; tension steel Teaches its ‘ f, yield strain & = E at precisely the same ial level as the concrete Teaches its ultimate strain. c= 0,003 and starts crushing, |f Pais the nominal axial load and Py is the axial load Corresponding to the balanced Condition, then: Eccentricity] Loads Type of Failure €>@> | PoPe |Compression Failure Two cases of Tension Failure: ® Tension steel yields and compression steel yields. @® Tension steel yields but compression stee! does not yield Case of Compression Failure: © Tension steel will not yield but ompression bars will yield. it aH these cases the strain-compatibility must be maintainedAEINFORCED 22.41 (Itis a long column)i gpnusoncen CONCRETE Cie 24700 V27.6 = 24692 Mpg e ae = 1318.4 x 490 cree? factor By: Factored axial deadioag 8°" Faciored aia load 4.2(134) B= 490 4, 3 0.328< 1 ok pelaive sifiness of column Section: 04€E, |, Beta (1.4(24692)(1318,4) 19° f= 9805.4 x 10° N.mm? Critical load: El (KL) 1 (9805.4) 10° p= Th aa vaannie © [0.83 (4800)] P= = 6097 kN 2s Moment magnifying factor, ‘on=06+04(M.) “NM 2 on=06-+04(T2) -co95 Note: Cm = 1.0 if there is a trasnverse load ‘075 (6097) @ Actual Ccontricity of tho load, Magnified moment: 1 Ona Mp Me= 4.4 (116) = 127,60 kN. Eccentricity = Pye 127.60 = 490 ¢ © 0.260 m. = 260 mm Note: Me shall not be less than 2 minimum = Pu (15 + 03h) When Mzis > than Ma use Cm = 1 A tied column shown is subjected to a factored axial load Py = 500 KN, The column is bent in Single curvature about the y-axis with an Unsupported length of Ly = 4.6 m, Moment at the top is 110 kN and at the bottom is 120 kN. Assume K = 1.0, the column is braced against Sidesway. f,’ = 276 MPa, fy = 414.6 MPa, Ec =4700,J Re=0.36. (Creep factor) "y= s04N My = 110 f Nk 375 mm k y= 46 m. ben ww My =120 kN. f Pu SOOKN © Determine the critical load using Euler's formula. ® Determine the moment magnifying factor. © Determine the equivalent eccentricity of the column section, <498 Solution: © Critical toad using Euler's formula. KL, _ (1)(4600) r ~ 0,3(375) {actual slenderness ratio) = 40.89 Ka mete (@ +) alowabl slendemess ratio er short column au. 12(72) -2s 40.89> 28. (tis along cok) E, = 4700 276 = 24692MP2 “oor = 15184 10° Relative stiffness of column section: 4E, | 148, 0.4(24692)(1318.4) 10° 44036 Critical load: _ 7 El _ 7 (9574686) 10° = (4600)? ‘Moment ‘magnifying factor. c, =06+04 (ML) M, El= El= = 9574686 x 10° = 4466 KN it is positive for single curvature , 110 C, =06-+04 (*) c, 2097> 040 ok =P, (15+ 0.03h) = 500 [15 + 0.03(875)] Mon, = 13125 kN.mm 5 ane = 13.125 KN <120kNm -ok For members for which MA = 11 or asedon aig wf 4, i B. Cy =1.0 when there are loads between ie Use C, = 0.97 @ Equivalent eccentricity of 4, i. section ‘Aly =5M2 . = 1.14(120) = 136.80 kN.m Mu=Pue 136.80 = 500 e = 0.274 m. = 274 mm ~ Check for emin: min = 15 + 0.03h @nin = 15 + 0.03(375) = 26.25 1 mm Therefore, eccentricity of column Seog e= 274mm _ CCR 4.300 mm x 300 mm concrete column which pin-connected at both ends has x unsupported length of 4.6 m. The calm Carries an axial compressive load of 670 and a lateral concentrated load of 90 kNadty at the mid-height of the column. Assur Ec= 21840 MPa. © Compute the Euler buckling load. ®@ Compute the Magnification factor. © Compute the total moment indy Secondary moment due 10 deflection.Vow kN solution: | ler buckling load. o Eu 2g] PKL? KL, = (1) 4600 KL, = 4600 (00)(300)° al 12 |=675x 10° mm* _ wel PKL wt (21840)(675) 10° ©" (4600)? p, = 6876073 N P, = 6875 KN © Magnification factor. 1 1 P 670 iseet , ls aoe ' PB 6876 5=1.108 ® Total moment including the secondary moment due to lateral deflection. ye PE. 9048) 4 4 M= 103.5 KN.m Magnified moment: M=103,5(1.108) M= 114.68 KNm 499 Cie A100 mm square bar support 6 load of 26 kN atts midspan, The beam al span of 4 m. and is subjected to @ horizontal compressive force of 446 KN acting at the centroid of the section, & = 200,000 MPa |= 84x 108 mm¢. 26 kN P2446 kN is a concentrated P=446 KN, 2m 2m © Determine the critical load of the beam. ® Determine the magnification factor or amplification factor. ® Determine the magnified moment of the beam. Solution: ® Critical load of the beam. mel _ =? (200,000(8.4) 10° oo (4000)? P. = 1036308 N P, = 1036.31 KN @. Magnification factor or amplification factor. 1 = Ter of oP ae P.. 1036.31 6=176 @ Magnified moment of the beam. w= 2604) 4 M=26kN.m Magnified moment = 26(1.76) Magnified moment = 15.76 kN.m500 ray Column TYLA Et n frame not braced ‘A tied column for a give’ a against sidesway has @ oe section 450 mm x 450 mm as shown. aaeian unsupported height ‘Lu = 5.4m. ra effective length factor K = 13. A Sed analysis has resulted in the following loads and moments. 62.5 es as 5 [62.5 o-0-°0:@ 450) [8-32 mine 450 Factored axial load at a given eccentricity: (Pu) = 2426 kN Factored end moment on compression member at the end, due to loads that cause no appreciable sidesway: (Mans) = 132 kN.m § Factored end moment on compression member at the end, due to loads that cause appreciable sidesway: (Mes) = 122 kN.m ‘Sum of factored axial loads for all columns on the floor: Pu = 72000 kN Sum of critical loads for all columns on the floor: ‘ XPc= 214000 kN f= 27.6 MPa y= 414.6 MPa REINFORCED © Determine the mo, factor for frames vat a sidesway. brat, @ Determine the magni; \ tobe used for design oy ttag, ® Determine the minimum y ig end moment forthe given lug tt, specified by NSCP, "85, Solution: 4 @ Moment magnification fag not braced against Sideswa, for KL, _ 1:3(6400) ‘ r 0.3450) Kl. a 52> 22 (long Colum mn) 75 5 P, . 1 772000 075 (21400 6, = 1.81<25 (no danger for the frame becon unstable under gravity loads aon) @ Magnified factored moment for design of the column, Peng Me = Mans + 8s Mas Me= 132 + 1.81(122) Mc = 352.82 KN.m ® Minimum value of factored end nonat for the given cross section as specie by NSCP, Mane =P, (0.6 + 0.03) Mane, = 2426 [0.6 + 0.03(450] Manin = 34207 KN.mm Monin = 34.2 KN.gfINFORCED CONG [Pea ay} Loa, aded Columus ard Bal PCat 8 a ie vd RETE BD we Problem. 00 x 500 mm column is - ine of area 615.75 im 2 a With ch comer aS Shown, The con nerete ome ength (C= 24.19 MPa and ine sa inder grength is 345.58 MPa, E, = = 2000004 ie ain pho dst. Sie, < f @ Which of the following for balance failure, © Which of the followin, Mp for balance failure: Gives the load Py 9 Gives the Moment @ Which of- the followin gives the corresponding eccentricity &p for balanced failure. Solution: © Pp for balance failure: 0003 _¢ Cy * 435- Cp 4, set &y Es Pn 345.58 *= 200000 ey 0.0017 0.003 _ 0.0017 “Cy °435-C, Ch 1.305 - 0.003C; = 0.0017C, Cy= 277.76 €s'= 0.0023 > 0.0017 ity a= RC, & a= 0.85(277:76) a= 236.10 T+ P= O.85tc'ab + Cy Aaly + Ph = 0.85(24.19)(236.10)(300) + Ady Pp = 1456371 N Pp = 1456 kN502 300 @ Balanced Moment: Mp =0. (185) + C4(185) + Cp(131.95) = Mp Ash{185) + Asf (185) + 0.85fc'ab(131.95) = Mp My = 615.75(2)(345.58)(185) +.615.75(2)(345.58)(185) + 0.85(24 419)(236.10)(300)(131.95) My = 349.6x 109 Nm» My = 349.6 KN. © Balanced eccentricity: My=Po & 349.6 = 1456 ey p =0.240 m 6p = 240 mm REINFORCED C6 Pree ETAT A tied column 450 mm square jg with 8 - 28 mm o equally cistigy ti sides. The unsupported length, of va gy 2.6 m. and is prevented to Sidegy shear walls. K = 1.0, fc = 207 48 fy=415 MPa. Use 40 mm coverin, ‘ from center of reinforcement with lig of 12mm. Es = 200 GPa dang @ Determine the nominal loag th column could carry. iat by ® Determine the balanced load. concrete strain value of ¢, = dog my yield strain of steel e's 2 ‘S$ @ Determine the balanced moment, Solution: ® Nominal load: 40_ 185 185 40 450) As= © (8) (8) + As=4926 mm? ‘Ag = 450(450) ‘Ag = 202500 mm? 80 [0.85 fc! (Ag- As) + Asfy] 8o[0:85(20-7(202800-4806 49258] Pn= 4416484 N Pn = 44165 kNORCED CONCRETE iN an od load that the column could carry: d=450-40 d=410mm. Fora balanced condition: 600d {+600 _ 600(410) 415 + 600 C, = 242.36 C= a=hC, 2=0,85(242.36) a= 206mm 7. 36 242.36 e, =0,0002149 =e, E, = 0,0002149 (200,000) f, = 42.98 MPa C, = 0.854, ab C, = 0.85(20.7)(206)(450) C, = 1631057 C,=A, 4, Ge 7 (28)? (3415) c, = 766611 { T= mld (28)? (3)(415) T= 766611 SF, =0 T+P,=C, +C,+C, 768611 +P, = 4631087 + 768611 + 52930 P, = 1683987 N P, = 1684 KN Balanced moment: Mo = Cz (122) + C1 (185) + T(185) Mb = 1631057(122) + 766611(185) + 766611(185) Mb = 482635024 N.mm = 482.64 kN.m504 rrr per Columns atria Not Yield and Compression Bars Will Yield Problem: A tied column 350 mm x 600 mm in cross ection is reinforced with 6 ~ 28 mm 0 bars arranged as shown in the figure. It is assumed that the column section has a strain On its compression edge equal to - 0.003 and has a tensile strain of + 0.002 on its outer edge. f.'= 27.6 MPa, fy = 414.6 MPa. 600 mm 5 475 625 ——— ES 350 mm, 1 el Tension Bars Compression Bars © Determine the total compressive force of the steel reinforcement considering that ils compressive stress is reduced by 0.85 fe to account for the holes in the concrete. ® Determine the nominal axial load that causes this strain distribution in the column section. @ Determine the nominal moment that causes this strain distribution in the column section. REINFORCED CONG, Total compressive forcy reinforcements considey” compressive stress is ro, fe! to account for the €, = 0.0014792 0.95276] (29) (3 ¢, = 722596 N= 722.54 KN minal axial load that causes the aif distribution in the column 2 se | | f C=360 | 5 _ lees m0 | es lo.003 HAA Mu o.85te" r "arp: cl Ics Les 1537) BIS 27S abe a= 0.85(360) a= 306 C=0.85 t (a)(b) C=0, 85(27.6)(306)(350) C= 2512566 N 505 A esEs " 0014792 (200,000) = 295-6 hs T= 295, (3) (28)%3) T= 546492 DFy=0 T+Pr=C+Cs 546,492 + Pr = 2512,566 + 722536 P, = 2688610 N = 2688.67 KN ® Nominal moment that, causes ns strain distribution in’ the colum! section: (600 mm 7 Soom —_ 300mm 7 350 mm). |- 0.002] Mn = (237.50) + Cs (237.50) + C(147) Mn = 546480(237.50) + 722536(237.50) +2512566(147) = 370738502 N.mm506 Eccentrically Loaded Columns if Tension Bars Will Neh Compression Bars Will Not Yield Re ery A tied column which is subjected to an eccentric load has dimensions of 300 mm x 500 mm which is reinforced with 4 - 28 mm © bars arranged as shown in the figure. The Concrete cylinder strength f.' = 27.6 MPa and the steel yield strength fy = 414.7 MPa. The column carries a nominal load Pn at an eccentricity “e” from the y-axis of the column section. If the neutral axis is 125 mm from the Tight edge of the column section. 5, 1875 625, Compression 7 Bars Pa —@ Tension Bars © Determine the value of the nominal load Pr, ® Determine the nominal moment capacity of the column section. @® Determine the eccentricity ‘e’ where the nominal load is acting. Solution: © Value of the nominal load Pn. a= fo =0.85(125) = 106.25 as €,'= 0.0015 < & (compression bars did not yield) = 4147 f, €,= = afthy =0.00207 REINFORCED CGy,_ & 300 mm 0.003 1 , =0.0075>€, (tension bars Use f, =f, =414.7MPa (20) (2,300) = 355 85 {ab £85(27.6)(108.25)00) = 747% P+T=C, +C, P, + 510705 = 747788 + 269451 P, = 606534 N =606.53N @ Nominal moment capacity of t column section. Mn = (187.5) + Co(187.5) + Cx(195005 Ma = 510705(187.5) + 369451(187.5) + 747788(196.875) Mn = 312250 N.mm Mn = 312.25 kN.ePn@ Wee "606.53 6 515m. = 515 mm: 1 300 mm x 350 mm (b x h) in jon is eeinforced with 3-25 mmo bars eof two short sides. (o the centroid of longitudinal te cover te core TOOTM pes old strength, fy = 275 MPa svelte = 207 MPa ger bending about the y-axis (along h oot. Calculate the nominal compressive aremsvength, Pr (KN) at the following ditions: om ecco, ¢= 0 pi palanced condition, © = & . Neglect the crete area displaced by the compression steel. Depth of compression block shown Co = 192 mm, ‘Ateccentricity, € = 225 mm. For all bars © 1 24,. Neglect the concrete area displaced ty compression steel Solution: | © Compressive load P ife=0 y | \ . 70, 210 70 . tts c= [Pye E854 a | }-78h 300 |-f 0p Sy } t | i eo. Ta 3-25 mmo | 3-25mme P,=(0.80)(0.851" (A, -A,) +£A,] A= E(25}(0) = 2945.2? ‘A, = 300(350) = 105000 mm?” ORCED CONCRETE 507 P= o,a9jo.(20.7(105000 - 2946.2) + 275(2046.2) P, = 20854N ® Value of Ph feo = a=pC a =0.85(192) = 163.2 T=AL Wy A, = Ecasytay= 1473 mm pe 4 “| 4 at "Nez | T= 1473(275) = 405075 | C, = 0.856" ab | ©, =0,85(20.7)(163.2)(300) = 861451 | C,=AL | C, = 1473(278) = 405075 | =F =0 | P+T=C,+C, P, +405075 = 861451 + 405075 7 161.4 kN508 © Value of Pa if e= 225 i- ms m0 10s 7s ; r Es” looo3 ! p | iopss) Pn r ose C1 = 0.85t ab a=fc a=0.85C C1 = 0.85(20.7)(0.85)(C)(300) C1 = 4486.73C Co=Ady Co = 1472.6(275) Ce= 404965 T=Ashy T= 1472.6(275) T= 404965 iF=0 Fn+T=Cy+Cy F, + 404965 = 4486,73C + 4049.65 Pa = 4486.73C REINFORCED CoH Me = 0 C175 - al2) + Ca(105) + a= 0.85C Ty 4 Cx(175 - 0.425C) + 465 + 40496 it (4486. T8C)(175 ~ 0.4256) , Isp, # A26arap6 ig 785177.75C ~ 1906.86¢2 ge 2, = 251 ‘i 1906 880" + 224926 5¢ 95) C= 160.40 mm %, Pr = 4486.73C Pn = 4486.73(160.40) Pn = 719662 N Po = 719.66 kN Pn=720kN Jeter ately Rr) (Qnty Causin, (een a WUE a Reinfor, EYP Aare ee A tied column having a cross 300 mm x 500 mm is reinforced Wid 4% mm o bars arranged as shown in the The concrete cylinder strength f2 = 216M and the steel yield Strength is 414.7 MPa ty column is subjected to nominal load ade Moment at the top. If the neutral ais: 450 mm from the edge of the column sein ® Determine the nominal load capaciy¢ the column section. ed tery Gaen ® Determine the nominal moment cay of the column section. ® Determine the eccentricity of he rer? load(ORCED CONCRETE Ww 1K? . sectiON. bers] Steel bars in the right side is subjected to compression. e _ 00003 38750 450 1 & w €,'= 0,0025833 = = 0.00207 >é, (compression bars vil yield) Use) =f, = 414.7 MPa 509 Steel bars in the loft side it | aloo Subjected to compression &, _ 0,003 1250 450° e, = 0,0000833 =e, E, = 0,0000833(200,000) {,=1667MPa Use f, = 16.67 MPa (in compression) a=Be a= 0,85(450) = 382.50 C,=0.85{/'ab C, = 0,85(27.6)(382.50)(300) C, = 2692035 GFA NE Gs 7 (28)? (2)(414.70) C, = 610705 Te 7 (28)? (2)(16.67) T= 20529 1529 + 2692035 + 510705 P, = 3223269 N P, = 3223.27 KN Nominal moment capacity of the column section, Mn = Cs (58.75) + Cz (187,50) - (187.50) Mn = 2692035(58.75) + 510705(157.5) - 20529(187.50) Mn = 250 x 108 N.mm. Mn = 250 kN.m Eccentricity of the nominal load: Mn = Phe 250 = 3223.27 e @= 0.078 m. e= 78mm