ECW437/ECW421 LABORATORY MANUAL 2016

COURSE HYDRAULIC LABORATORY

COURSE CODE ECW 437 / ECW 421
LEVEL OF OPENNESS 2
CATEGORY PARTIALLY OPEN
DEGREE OF OPEN ENDED (%) 66
PERIODOF ACTIVITY 1 WEEK
EXPERIMENT IMPACT OF JET

Introduction

The need for an open-ended laboratory activity is emphasized in enhancing

independent learning activities and inculcating creativity and innovation of
students. It is now a required element in an accreditation exercise as stipulated in
the EAC Manual 2012.

Objectives

To study the force exerted by the impact of jet on:

1. A flat plate
2. A hemispherical plate
And compare the force with the actual force given by F = mg

Learning Outcomes

At the end of the laboratory activities, students would be able to:

1. Determine the force exerted by the impact of jet on flat plate and
hemispherical plate.
2. Verify the force of impact of jet on a plate and compare it with the actual
force Fa = mg.
PREAMBLE
Theoretical Background

Fluid under pressure is capable of developing force. Mechanical work can be

produced by allowing the jet of water to strike the vanes of a turbine wheel. The
magnitude of the impact depends on the density of fluid, size of flow and velocity
of the jet.

The velocity of the jet is given by:

𝑣 = √(𝑢 2 − 2𝑔𝑠) (i)

Where
u= Velocity of water jet at nozzle = Q/A (m/s)
3
d= Flow rate (m /s)
2
A= Cross sectional area of nozzle (m )
s= Distance between nozzle and plate (m)
2
g= Acceleration of earth’s gravity force = 9.81 m/s

Newton’s second law states that force equals mass times acceleration, F = ma.
Therefore, the force exerted by the jet that acts on a static plate can be expressed
as:

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ECW437/ECW421 LABORATORY MANUAL 2016

𝐹 = 𝜌𝑄𝑣(1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽) (ii)

Where
3
p= Density of water jet (kg/m )
d= Velocity of the water jet at impact point of target plate (m/s)
A= Angle of the bending of water jet (°)

In this experiment, only two (2) types of plates will be tested which are the flat
plate and the hemispherical plate:

(i) For a flat plate, where β = 90°, the theoretical force, Ft exerted by the
impact of jet on the plate is given by

Ft = 𝜌𝑄𝑣 (iii)

Figure 1: Impact of water jet on 90° flat plate.

(ii) For a hemispherical plate, where β = 180°, the theoretical force, Ft

exerted by the impact of jet acting on the plate is given by

Ft = 2𝜌𝑄𝑣 (iv)

Figure 2: Impact of water jet on 180° hemispherical plate.

Students will be given two (2) types of plates. The first plate is the flat plate and the
second plate is the hemispherical plate. You are required to fix the plate to the
given Impact of Jet Apparatus which is sitting on top of the Hydraulics Bench. You
are also given stop watch, vernier caliper and various mass of loads.
PROBLEM STATEMENT
Record your observation on the water flow rate, Q and find the theoretical and
actual forces. Based on the results that you have obtained, plot the graph of actual
force, Fa versus theoretical force, Ft for flat and hemispherical plates. What can you
comment and conclude from the actual force and the theoretical force?
You should relate the results with the engineering application.

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ECW437/ECW421 LABORATORY MANUAL 2016

Students are required to write the procedures taken in order to calculate the
WAYS AND MEANS velocity of water jet at nozzle, u. You are required to measure the mass loaded on
the weight pan when the water jet exerted a force on the plate.

The group will be required to prepare the technical report of the laboratory results
highlighting the procedures of the experiment, data taken and recommendations
RESULTS to be adopted in order to obtain good results. Show at least one sample
calculation. Submit you report after one week or before the next experiment
started.

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