JOINTS

Joints (articulations) are the sites where two or more bones meet. Joints are classified in
two ways-functionally and structurally. The functional classification focuses on the amount of
movement the joint allows. On this basis, there are synarthroses , or immovable joints; amphi
arthroses, or slightly movable joints; and diarthroses, or freely movable joints. Freely movable
joints predominate in the limbs, where mobility is important. Immovable and slightly movable
joints are restricted mainly to the axial skeleton, where firm attachments and protection of internal
organs are priorities.
TYPES OF JOINTS

• Fibrous joints
• Cartilaginous joints
• Synovial joints
❖ Plane joint
❖ Hinge joint
❖ Pivot joint
❖ Condylar joint
❖ Saddle joint
❖ Ball and socket joint
SUMMARY OF JOINTS CLASSES

Structural Structural
Types Mobility
class characteristics

Fibrous Joints Bone ends/parts Suture(short fibers) Immobile (synarthrosis)

United by Syndesmosis(longer fibers). Slightly mobile
collagenic fibers Gomphosis(periodontal (amphiarthrosis) and
ligaments) immobile.
Cartilaginous Bone ends / parts Synchondrosis(hyaline Immobile.
Joints United by cartilage cartilage)
Symphysis(fibrocartilage) Slightly moveable
Synovial Bone ends / parts • Plane joint Freely moveable
Joints covered with • Hinge joint (diarthrosis; movements
articular cartilage • Pivot joint depend on design of
and enclosed within • Condylar joint joint)
an articular capsule • Saddle joint
lined with synovial • Ball and socket joint
membrane

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 FIBROUS JOINTS
Fibrous joints are defined as the joints in which the bones are connected by fibrous tissue.
They are called fixed or immovable joints as they do not allow any movement between the bones.

CARTILAGINOUS JOINTS
Cartilaginous joints are a type of joint where the bones are entirely joined by ca Synovial
rtilage, hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage.

SYNOVIAL JOINTS
joints are often further classified by the type of movements they permit. There are six such
classifications:

• Hinge (elbow)
• Saddle (carpometacarpal joint)
• Planar (acromioclavicular joint)
• Pivot (atlantoaxial joint)
• Condyloid (metacarpophalangeal joint) and
• Ball and Socket (hip joint).

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 HINGE JOINT
In hinge joints, the slightly rounded end of one bone fits into the slightly hollow end of the
other bone. In this way, one bone moves while the other remains stationary, like the hinge of a
door The elbow is an example of a hinge joint.

SADDLE JOINT
Saddle joints allow angular movements similar to condyloid joints but with a greater range
of motion. An example of a saddle joint is the thumb joint, which can move back and forth and up
and down, but more freely than the wrist or finger.

PIVOT JOINT
Pivot joint, also called rotary joint, or trochoid joint, in vertebrate anatomy, a freely
moveable joint (diarthrosis) that allows only rotary movement around a single axis

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 CONDYLOID JOINT
Condyloid joints, also known as ellipsoid joints, are composed of an egg-shaped bone
known as a condyle that fits into a similarly shaped cavity An example of condyloid joints is the
wrist.

BALL AND SOCKET JOINT

The ball and socket joint belong to the category of ball and socket joint. It is a type of
synovial joint in which the ball-shaped surface of one rounded bone fits into the cup-like
depression of another bone.

ASSESMENT TEST-1 MARKS

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