TIME PERIOD OF S.H.

M SIMPLE PENDULUM
DIFFERENTIAL
1 2 3 4 5 6 l
EQUATION OF S.H.M
x T=2π
k g
k
ma= -kx
m
↑a F=-kx
l
mred.
d 2x
x T=2π m = -kx

OSCILLATIONS 01
H
F=-kx Liquid k

T=2π
m
Liquid mm
mred= m1+m2 dt2
k 1 2

F=-kx F=-kx F=-kx m

T=2π d 2x -k x
T=2π
m
T=2π
m
T=2π
m k+rHg =
k k k Second‛s pendulum dt 2 m
T=2 second
d 2x k
l=1 meter + x =0
dt 2 m
Concept of geffective
d 2x
l
+ w x =0
2
COMBINATIONS OF SPRINGS T=2π geff dt 2
SPECIAL CASE
k
Pendulum in lift w= 2 k w=
2
m
m
Case 1-Moving up with constant acceleration ‘a‛
2) Parallel keq= k+2kcos2q
1) Series
k1 T1 k2 T2
k geff=g+a
k1 k2 m keq= k1+k2 T=2π
m
↑a A=Amplitude of SHM
keq= keq
k1+k2
T=2π
l Φ =Initial phase difference
T1 k1 m m eg: g+a 0

T=2π keq T=2π keq m

if q=120o,q=60o Case 2-Moving down with constant acceleration ‘a‛ Eg:
TS2=T12+T22 1 1 1 k k
T1 T2
k1
= + keq= k+2k=3k
4 d x + 320 x =0
2
Tp2 T12 T22 geff=g-a
T2 k2 TS= T12+T22 k1 k2 m
↑
2q T=2π 3k
a dt2
m T=2π
l
m g-a d 2x
+ 80 x =0
m dt2
k2 Case 3-Moving with constant velocity

CUTTING OF SPRINGS w =80

2
w= 80
↑ a=0
a
l
2p = 80
1 T=2π
ka k1L1=k2L2 g T
L
k k1 k2 Case 4-Free fall T= 2p
80
a=g
L L1 L2 geff=g-a=g-g=0
OSCILATION OF OSCILATION OF
LIQUID COLUMN FLOATING BODY L= L1+L2

kL kL Pendulum in a truck moving with

k1= k2= constant acceleration
L1 L2
H σ,m x
a
Liquid (r) k(L1+L2) k(L1+L2)
k2=
x

k1=
x

m L1 L2
T=2π rgA a geff= g2+a2
h g
σH
T=2π rg eg: T=2π
l
g2+a2
σ=Density of Body k
r=Density of liquid L1:L2:L3=1:2:3
L Pendulum in Water
k(L1+L2+L3) k6
m k1= = = 6k
T=2π 2rgA L1 1
σ=Density of Bob
h
T=2π r=Density of liquid
g k6
k2= = 3k r
r=Density of liquid
2 geff=g 1- ( σ (
A=Area of U-tube k6 T=2π
l
k3= = 2k (
g 1-
r
σ (
3
 PROJECTION OF CIRCULAR MOTION 1st Quadrant 2nd Quadrant
w
INITIAL PHASE FROM POSITION & DIRECTION
Start from mean position w
x=Asin(wt+Φ0) Start from extreme position
Φ
x=Asin(wt+Φ0)
0

3rdQuadrant
x 1st Quadrant
x=Acos(wt+Φ0)
w
>
> A
1) X= A
2 l
2 w =AsinΦ0 Φ0

w x -A +A 2 2
1
1l
wt x=-A 2
x=0
2
x=+A t=0 Φ =30O= p6
-A 0
Φ
t=0 2 A
> 1) X= A =AcosΦ0
0

> p
x=Asin(wt+ 6 ) 2 2
4thQuadrant 2 Quadrant
nd

t=0 Φ =60O= p3
0

A
2) X= A =AsinΦ0 x=Acos(wt+ 3 )
p
A 2 2
Eg: Particle lies at x= [t=0] and move towards A
2
t=0 Φ =45O= p4
0
A
Projection/shadow of uniform circular motion in y axis is SHM p 2) X= A =AcosΦ0
x=Asin(wt+ 4 ) 2 2

> 1st Quadrant t=0 Φ =45O= p4

0
x=0 A x=A
3A 3A p
w 2 3) X=
2
=AsinΦ0 x=Acos(wt+ 4 )
2l
2
From 0 to A 2
t=0
Φ =60O= p3
1
1l
0

p
x=0 1l 2l x=A x=Asin(wt+ 3 )

x=0 A A 3A x=A
2 2 2

OSCILLATIONS 02 Velocity of SHM

Graphical Representation of Velocity

Start from mean position

x=Asin(wt+Φ0)
Start from extreme position
x=Acos(wt+Φ0)
x=Asin(wt+Φ0)
x

v=Awcos(wt+Φ0)
x
Graphical Representation of Displacement
v= w A -x
2 2

Two particles executing SHM meet at X= 3A

Start from mean position v=Awcos(wt+Φ0) v=-Awsin(wt+Φ0)
2
x=Asin(wt+Φ0)
Start from extreme position
x=Acos(wt+Φ0)
a) x=0 vmax=Aw
v

A 3A w
b) x= v= 2
2
for particle A w
A Aw v

X= 3A
3A
=AsinΦA B ΦB A c) x= v= 2
2 2 Φ A
2
p
t=0 Φ =60O= 3
A d) x= A v=0

Calculation of time
for particle B
T T
3A A→ w
X= 3A =AcosΦB 12 6
2 2 q2

x=0 A x=A v2
→
B v1
t=0 p q1
2
Φ =30 =
B
O
6 x=0 X= 3A x=A T T
2 8 8
x=0 x1 x2
Phase difference x=0 A x=A
2
Φ=30o+30o=60o or 300o T T
V12x22-V22x12 V12-V22
A=
6 12
w=
3A
q1-q2 x=0 x=A V12-V22 x22-x12
∆q
)T
∆t= =
) 2
w 2p
 Acceleration of SHM Graphical Representation of Acceleration
Calculation of Time period
v Start from mean position Start from extreme position
x=Asin(wt+Φ0) and amplitude v=Awcos(wt+Φ0)

<
v=-Awsin(wt+Φ0)
p p
v=Awcos(wt+Φ0) vmax=Aw amax=Aw2 v v
2 2
a=-Aw2sin(wt+Φ0) amax vmax2
w= v A= a
amax=-Aw2 a<
<
x max max
a=-Aw2cos(wt+Φ0)
2p amax a=-Aw sin(wt+Φ0)
2

p =
Angle between x and v= T vmax
2 a

Angle between v and a=

p vmax
2 T =2p a
max
Angle between x and a= p
OSCILLATIONS

Energy of SHM T.E

K.E P.E

1) x= A
1 1
K.E= mv2 = mw2(A2-x2) 2
2 2 E
K.E=P.E=
1 mw2A2 2 -A A
KE=0 KEmax= 2
A A
KE=0 2 2
A
03

2) x=
x=-A x=0 x=A 2
P.E= E
1 mw2A2
K.E= 3E Total mechanical energy(E) =
1 4 4 2
P.E= mw2x2
2
3) x=0 Note: In SHM, if particle oscilate with
1
PEmax= mw2A2
2
PE=0 PEmax= 1 mw2A2
2
frequency w, then the K.E & P.E oscilate
K.E= E P.E=0
x=-A x=0 x=A
with 2 w
1 mw2A2 4) x=A
Total mechanical energy =
2 K.E= 0 P.E=E