the leading electrical & electronics monthly

eema 1OUrna
VOL 13 ISSUE NO.9 MAY 2022 PGS. 108 ISSN 0970-2946 Rs. 100/

The Countdown Begins...

25-27 May 2022, BIEC, Bangalore

distribulec buildlec
India's only exhibition on Hi-Tech Power Distribution A Unique Exposition on Building Electrical Systems

intelect
Conference on Intelligent Electricity

UMANGUSAV

O
24 30 58
Special Feature: ELECRAMA 2023 space booking announcement
Policy Updates: Extension ofIGST...and more updates
Guest Article Electric Vehicles and Ernvironment
Evaluation: Power Consumption and Distribution Systems
Tutorials

Prevention of intrusion
of Zero Sequence Current
(10) from the
Differential Relay
protection circuit of the
Transformers with
grounded neutral
(Part 1)

1.0 Synopsis/Preamble;
the
As name signifies, the Differential
protection is based on the current
differential of the primary (input)and the
secondary(output) currents of a transformer.
This is the most vital protection of a
transformer categorized as Unit protection
covering a specific zone of operation
of a transformer from HV CTs to LV CTs.
This protection is implemented through
the differential relay which identifies the
Current differential in the secondary circuit
through the replica of the primary currents.
The main constraint in this protection is to
have CTs of similar characteristics (knee
point voltage) and their connections should
be such that the currents in each phase
are equal in magnitude in normal running
conditionsas well as in the through-fault
conditions and also elimination of the Zero
sequence current (lo) from the Differential
protectionSecondarycircuitry.
This Article covers concept of Transformer
Differential-Protection, secondary
connections vis avis eliminating phase
shift due to vector groupdifference feeding
equivalent secondary currents from HV& LV
using Auxiliary CTs and avoiding intrusion
of Zero sequence currents (lo) in case of
external Earth-Faults in star-connected
neutral- earthed Transformers.
Tutorials

Key words: Equipment no 87, Auxiliary CTs, (iv) In case there is a fault with Power source on
LV side as well: In such cases the fault will
lo-Zero sequence current be fed either ends ie the
from direction of
shal in the LV side
3.0 Concept of Transformer Differential Protection: This current
Differential
reverse
CTs and the
relay operating element/ coil shall
is the mOst critical and vital protection of the Power
Transformer. It compares the Secondary Currents of HV get the added operating current ie it shall get
and LV side of the transformer in magnitude and phase. 11+12 and operate.
The direction of HV and LV secondary currents in the (V) In case of fault in HV side in differential Zone
Coil is in
Operating such that they oppose eachother similar shall take place and the
condition to (iv)
the
normal operating condition. The HV and LV Currents
are made available to this relay through the main CTs.
Differential relay shall operate.
1.2 The effect of variation in LV-HV voltages
and variation
2 currents due to OLTC operations
characteristics of the CTs:
The variation in LV-HV
effect of voltages-currents
due to OLTC operations and also difference in CTs
izia
Lannn characteristics as far as ratio erors and the limit
for saturation are concerned, these are also taken
care of by the restraining elements/coils (in T
formation)on either side of the operating element/
coil through Bias settings. The characteristic of
Differential relay is such that the lower portion
of the characteristic depicts non-operating zone
Basic schematic diagram of while the upper portion over the characteristic
Transformer Diff. Protection curve shows the operating-Zone. (Refer figure:1B).
Figure 1A.Basic schematic of transformer Diferential protection 1.3 Characteristic of Modern Numerical Differential
relay;
Num. Trasformer diff.Relay
Biasd Characteristic
ldiruinom

Restrainig region

Operating region

estraint rogion

(i+ia)/2 ****************7*******
Operating region
C and
CT errors
Figure 1 B; Transformer Differential Protection & Characteristic
showing operating and restraining zones.
Figure 1A & B Basic theory of Transformer Differential bis/inom
Protection & Characteristic showing operating and restraining
zones. Figure 1C: Biased characteristic of modern Num.Diff relay.
1.1 Analysis of the characteristic: (Refer figure 1 A Brief description of the slopes as depicted in the
5) figure1C;
) I n case of feeding a load, the I1 and l2 are
equal thus the relay restrains. Slope 1; It is flat and depends on IS setting.

(i) In case of fault beyond differential Zone; In this
case also the differential relay shall restrain as
11 =12 are equal and cancel each other in the
secondary current loops.
(ii) In case there is a fault in differential Zone in LV
side with Radial feed: the Differential Relay's
operating element shall receive secondary
Current from HV side CT only. There will not
be any Fault current from LV side and the
differential relay shall operate.
Slope 2; Denoted by K1and it is settable.It shall take
care of internal faults up to full-load current
and also segregate the restraining area for
taking care against Tap changer operation
and the CT error. It is generally set at 30%.
Slope 3; Denoted by K2 and it is settable. It is used
to ensure stability under heavy through fault
conditions,which may possibly saturate any
of the CTs. It generally set at 80%.

52 May 2022 ieema journal

Tutorials
Note: The above brief description of the Biased I
characteristic of the Numerical Differential Relay has
been given only to apprise the readers. Further, details
etc. shall be described in the Part-2 of this article.
2.0 Magnetizing inrush current;
Inrush current
Applied voltage
AAAAAA
V VV V VV
Figure 2: Graphical depiction of 2nd harmonic Inrush current.
The phenomenon of inrush-current is seen as a fault
by the Differential relay when energizing the transformer
from HV side keeping the LV side open(unloaded). 2nd
harmonic Current to the tune of 63% of the fundamental
is predominately contained in the inrush-current. Thus,
the Differential relays must have 2nd harmonic restraints
to combat such situations.
3.0 Condition of Over Excitation (Over
fluxing):
The condition of over excitation can be experienced
by the Generators Transformer when unit connected
generator is separated while exporting VARs,
experiences over excitation due to sudden increase
of HV votage resulting into saturation due to Over
excitation condition. This condition is seen as a fault by
the differential relay. The 5th Harmonic component is
substantially present in the magnetizing current of an
Over excited Transformer. To curb this phenomenon
the relay should possess 5th harmonic restraint
characteristics.
I.
4.0 Basic schematic of Transformer
differential Protection;
w n
Operating colh
RO-Restraing cOil
It can be seen from the Schematic diagrams
54
Figure3;
a) Basic scheme of differential protection offor 2
winding Dyn1 transformer
b) the conventional differential connections
are made such that the secondary CirCuit
of CTs on the Delta side of the Transformer
Winding are connected in star formation and
the CT's secondary in the star side of the
transformers connected in delta
are
formation
but just opposite to the vector group of the
the Cis circuit
Transtormer ie secondary
delta in the instance case. The vector grOup
of the 2-winding transformer is Dyn1(-30)
c)
then the CTs secondarieson Star sideof the
transformers would be in (+30).
This is done to match the correct phase in the
differential protection relay.
d) It may be mentioned here that on either side of
the transformers, the full load current would be
differe
e) For example, in 20 MVA 132kV /33 kV
Dyn1,Transformer the full load currents thereof
are, on the Hy Side 87.5 A and on the Ly Side
350 A. On HV side required CTs would be of
87.5/1 Aand on LV side the Cis needed would
be 350/0.577A.
O n LV side why this odd ratio? Answer is to
have equal current in the leads to be connected
to the differential relay ie the current in the
external wires would be 3x 0.5771 A.
9) The CIs mentioned in sr. t) are to be tailor-made
(got manufactured exclusively for the instance
case). Theretore, or each Iranstormer of
diferent MVA, voltage ratio and full load
Currents, the CTs have to be tailor-made.
h) Standard rating CTS are available in the market
ie for the instant case the CTs have to be; for
HV side -100/1 A and for LV side-400/1 A.
F o r such main CTs , Auxiliary CTs ( Interposing
CTs) are required which would not only
transform secondary of the CTS to required
ratios but also would connect the CT external
leads to correct Phases.
Figure 4;
Basic scheme of differential protection of an Auto-
transformer, YNaod11
eerating.cols
RC-Restraining col
Figure 4: Basic schematic diagram of differential
protection of an aut0-transformer YNaod11.
May 2022 ieema journal
Tutorials
The above criteria hold good for the windings are in star
Since the voltage ratio Is
formation being an auto-Transformer with a common v=4
Neutral. In this case Delta-tertiary is also there as a Therefore, the LVcurrent has to be
stabilizing winding.
Note: 87.5x4=350A.
a) The whole exercise is done to prevent the replica Note: Since, the primary CTs 87.5/1 A on HV side
Zero Sequence toto enter into the and 350/1 A on LV side have to be tailor-made as
ofdifferential current
protection Circuit and mal-operate the such odd ratio CTs are not in the manufacturing
Differential Relay for external earth faults. range of the vendors, therefore, the main primary
b) It may be kept in mind that the secondary CTs used are HV side 100/1-1-1 A and LV side
returnneutral wire of star connected Auxiliary CT or 400/1-1-1 A.
the
Star pointof
modules shouldall
notthebe3 grounded.
operating current coils
As they wouldor I n e Ditferential relay must get 1 Amp current while
form a parallel path to the main Cis grounded the Transformer is in service to its full capacity ie at
neutral. 20 MVA, (with full load currents).

4.1 Practical Differential protection circuits with
Auxiliary CTs(Interposing CTs):
1
Practical sample Connection diagram of
CTS ofa 20
Differential protection with auxiliary
MVA, 132KV/33kV, Dyn11, Transformer:
The Connection diagram for Differential protection
of 20 MVA, 132kV/33kV, Dy11, Transformer. (with
Full load Currents HV-87.5A & LV. 350A).Ratios
of CTs installed on HV side-100/1A and LV side-
400/1A respectively is shown in
figure.
20MVA 132/33KV Dy11 TRANSFORMER
APTA
Figure-5: Differential connection diagram using
Interposing CTs on 20 MVA, 132/33KV Dyn11 Transformer.
Note:
0 '0'stands for operating element,
i) R stands for restraining element.
5.0Why Use Interposing Cts (Auxiliary
Cts)?
Explanation:
The Full load currents are HV-87.5 A and L-350
Amp.
How do you arrive at this?
HV Full load current
MVA..1000 1000 20000
i Now, to get 1 amp at the terminals of the Differential
relay, the Interposing CTs are used.
At full load, the main Transformer CTs shall carry
and transform them into secondarycurrents as
follows
HV side
87.5
= 0.875Amp. LV side: 0.875Amp.
100 400
iv. It may be borne in mind that main CTs are available
with 1 Amp secondary or 5 Amp. Secondary
currents only. The CTs with 1 amp. secondaryis
used in EHV sub stations where the lead lengths of
the control cables are very long, whereas 5 amp.
secondarycurrents are generally used in the Sub-
transmission sub-stations.
v.Now, as per the prime requirement of the Differential
Protection, the Zero sequence currents should
be prevented to enter into the Differential relay's
circuit. This may trip the Differential relay spuriously
whenever any Phase to ground faults ocCur outside
the differential zone
T o avoid such spurious trippings, the auxiliary
CTs on the star side be connected in Delta and
the Delta side be connected in star formation
such connections are formed in the Secondary
windings of the auxiliary CIS so as to get 1
amp at the differential relay terminals.
We have to accordingly form the delta in the
side where star formation of the Transformer
winding is there. In the instant case pleases refer
to the figure the auxiliary CTs on the HV side
are connected in Star formation with a Ratio of
A and on LV side the ratio should De
0.577
The reason is when the current on
Why577A?
0.577

3kV 3x132 1.732 x 132 87.479 As87.5A the external leads from delat formed Auxiliary
CTs wOuld be v3 x 0.577 = 0.999 A 1A.

May 2022 ieema journal

Tutorials
vi. General practice followed while cabling/ wiring the
CTs in the switch yard, ll the 3 secondaries (of R, Y
B Phases) of the CTs are wired up in star formation
resulting into R:Y-B-N leads, which are brought to
the control-room through control cables and are
terminated on the terminal block of the Control &
Relay panel of the Transformer.
vii. The Star point (Neutral point) of the secondaries of
main CTsshould be towards the Transformer side
or it may be away from the Transformer on both Hv
and LV the sides. The position of P1 and P2 (the
primary terminals) decide this.
In instant case P1s of the CT primary terminal are
towards transformer side on HV as well as on LV
side.
Thus to form neutral of secondary CT circuit, all (")
S1 are to be looped together.
Note about the CTs with reference to IS:2705;
() this is the prefix for the core terminals to indicate the
number of the core.
Each secondary core (winding) has 2 terminals. S1 and
$2.
Say there are 3 cores in a CT then they will be numbered
as 1S1-1S2, 2S1-2$2 and 3S1-3$2.
The CIs generally have 3 cores.
Metering Core.
5P10, 20-Protection core.
PS core (Special protection core).: This is used for
Differential protection( as per IEC:60044-1revised to
IEC 61869-1:2007 it is Px core)
6.0 In case of YNyn0 Transformer:
Figure 6 depicts the schematic diagram for Differential
potection for a 132/33kV, 20 MVA YNyn0 Transformer;
132/33KV 20MVA TRANSEORMER
o C
ndex.Difereial Rolay, Oneperating col & Re Restaning eo
Figure 6: Diferential Protection connection diagram of 20
YNyn0, Transformer with Interposing CTs
MVA, 132kV/33kv,
(Aux. CTs).
ieema joUrnal May 202
Note: Such EHV transformers are used in the Grid sub-
stations.
The Primary Terminals(P1& P2)of main 132kV
and 33kv CIs should be connected in such a way
that P1 of CTs of HV side and that of LV side must
face towards the Transformer.
The star points of the secondary winding on both
132kV and 33kV side are formed towards the
Transtormer
In the instant case since P1 of HV and LV
side CIs are facing towards the Transformer
therefore all the 1S1 are shorted together s0
as to form the star pointie Neutral, which in-
turn becomes the secondary neutral lead. This
secondary is then Earthed.
The Auxiliary Current transformers are required as
the CTs available in the market are either having9
1.0 Amp or 5.0Amp secondary current.
The reason for selection of ratio for the Auxiliary
Current Transformers;
HV side CT ratio is 100/1A so for full load
current (87.5A) flow the secondary current of
main HV side CTs would be 0.875A.
o LV side CT ratio is 400/1A so for full load
current of 350 A, the main CTs secondary
Current would be 350/400 A=0.875A
Why the ratio of Aux. CTs is selected as
0.875/0.577A?
o The answer is as line currents in delta
connection would bev3x0.577 1Amp.
the Auxiliary CTs are used in delta formation
for eliminating Zero sequence current in the
Diferential circuit.
87 is the device number allocated for the
differential relay.
Note: Part-2 of this Tutorial contains;
the relevant details about prevention methodology
of Zero sequence current (10)in the modern
Numerical differential relay
Salient points regarding Setting etc including
inrush current restraint function.
Author
K.K.Murty,
B.E.(Hons).FIE, CE, Member CIGRE.
Retd, Chief Engineer (Testing &Commun.) M.P Power
Transmission Co. Ltd.
57