Potential of Equisetum arvense L.

for Management of Medical Conditions

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Amos Luanda*, Asha Ripanda and John J. Makangara

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Department of Chemistry, College of Natural and Mathematical Sciences, The University of
Dodoma, P.O. Box 338 Dodoma, Tanzania.

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* Corresponding author: E mail address: amoscosmasl@gmail.com (Amos Luanda)

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 Abstract

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The use of Equisetum arvense L. has a long history as a traditional medicine for the treatment of

ailments like digestive, inflammatory, and urinary disorders. Researchers have been concentrating

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on developing drugs from natural sources for the global mitigation of medical conditions while

protecting the environment. Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is currently being reported on more

frequently, endangering the health and life of people. The use of natural products is one of the

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strategies that the World Health Organization (WHO) recommended in order to manage the global

medical conditions including AMR. As a result, there is a greater need for and interest in natural

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remedies like E. arvense plant for treating ailments. The phytochemical profile of E. arvense

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indicates the presence of different phytoconstituents, which correspond to the pharmacological

properties. E. arvense possesses pharmacological potential, including anticancer, anti-

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inflammatory, antimalarial, antibacterial, antifungal, and anti-diabetics. This review

comprehensively discusses the potential of E. arvense for mitigation of diseases. The information

is collected from various online database such as Google scholar, ScienceDirect, Springer, Web of
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Science and PubMed. Among other information, ethnomedicinal uses, phytochemistry including
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bioactive compounds and pharmacological properties are all extensively discussed. Potential

benefit of Equisetum arvense L for medical use, challenges, and future opportunities are all

highlighted.
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Keywords: Equisetum arvense L; Extracts; Medicinal plant; Diseases; Pharmacological activities

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This preprint research paper has not been peer reviewed. Electronic copy available at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=4198944
 1. Introduction

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Natural products has been a significant topic of study for many years ago, and it still draws interest

from researchers all around the world. Globally, societies use their knowledge of herbal remedies

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and natural products for management of health disorders [1]. One benefit of using natural products

as medicine is that they have less adverse effects. Fighting antimicrobial resistance is one of the

reasons that supports the use of natural products. Equisetum arvense L, sometimes called horsetail,

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field horsetail or common horsetail, is a bushy perennial herb that is indigenous to the northern

hemisphere. It is originated from a very ancient plant family, Equisetaceae [2]. In several societies,

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the genus Equisetum [3–8] and other members of the family Equisetaceae are currently an

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alternative medicine for treatment of various diseases. According to recent reports, treatment

failure has globally increased, which has resulted in an increase in hospitalization and mortality
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due to AMR. The World Health Organization (WHO) approved a number of methods for its

mitigation, and the use of natural products is one of those measures, in response to the obstacles

that the strategies for the mitigation of AMR faced globally. [9,10]. Natural products including
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underutilized vegetables and weeds are named to be potential alternative medicines for mitigation
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of diseases including resistant strains [11–13].

Equisetum arvense L. have shown promise for the treatment of medical disorders in many
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countries around the world. These possibilities for E. arvense are only partially known to the

general audience regardless that a plant is widely investigated. This shows that there is a need to
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have a collective comprehensively information on E. arvense as a potential medicinal plant for

management of medical conditions. In this review comprehensive discussion of the

ethnomedicinal uses, phytochemicals, and pharmacological properties of E. arvense has been

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conducted. Additionally, this review will advance knowledge and awareness of medicinal plants,

This preprint research paper has not been peer reviewed. Electronic copy available at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=4198944
 particularly E. arvense, and it will shed light on how it can be sustainable utilized to treat a range

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of health complications that plague communities all over the world.

2. Botanical description of Equisetum arvense L

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Equisetum arvense L. as shown in Fig.1. is a perennial plant contains two different types of

stems: sterile photosynthetic stems and non-photosynthetic (reproductive) stems. The former

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is preceded later by the reproductive stems that emerge in spring and is green, branching, and

has a hollow center. It lasts from summer until the first frost. Reproductive stems are typically

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shorter than photosynthetic stems, are unbranched, lack stomates, and are brown in color.

They range in length from 10 to 25 centimeters, have scaly brown leaves, and an apical spore

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cone that releases spores that aid in reproduction. When E. arvense is prevalent as a weed in
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agricultural regions, it is challenging to get rid of them since they spread through rhizomes

and have deep roots [12]. It is intolerant of the cold, shadow, and frost conditions that can be

employed to control weeds [14].

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2.1. Taxonomical classification of Equisetum arvense L

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Equisetum arvense L. like other medicinal plants, belong to the kingdom plantae. Its detailed

taxonomical classification is presented below [16].

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Kingdom: Plantae

Subkingdom: Tracheobionta

Division: Equisetophyta
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Class: Equisetopsida

Order: Equisetales
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Family: Equisetaceae

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 Genus: Equisetum

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Species: arvense

2.2. Synonymous of Equisetum arvense L

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Allostelites arvensis (L.) Börner; Equisetum alpestre (Wahlenb) Landolt; Döll; Equisetum arvense

var. alpestre Wahlenb; Equisetum arvense subsp. Boreale (Bong.) Tolm; Equisetum arvense var.

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campestre (Schultz) Rupr; Equisetum arvense var. diffusum A.A. Eaton; Equisetum arvense var.

frondescens Döll; Equisetum arvense fo. camprestre (Schultz) Klinge; Equisetum arvense var.

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decumbens Döll; Equisetum arvense var. granulatum G.Lawson; Equisetum arvense var. nanum

A.Braun ex Döll; Equisetum arvense var. nemorosum (A.Braun ex Döll) A.Braun & Engelm;

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Equisetum arvense var. nudum Milde ex Farw; Equisetum arvense var. arcticum Rupr; Equisetum
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arvense var. polystachyon A.A.Eaton; Equisetum arvense fo. boreale (Bong.) Klinge; Equisetum

arvense f. proliferum (Luerss.) M.Broun; Equisetum arvense var. triangulare Waters; Equisetum

arvense var. proliferum (Luerss.) Farw; Equisetum boreale Bong; Equisetum arvense var.
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riparium (Fr.) Milde; Equisetum riparium Fr; Equisetum saxicola Suksd; Equisetum arvense fo.

ramulosum (Ripr.) Klinge ex Scoggan; Equisetum calderi B. Boivin; Equisetum pratense var.
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ramulosum Rupr; Equisetum arvense f. polystachyon (A.A.Eaton) M.Broun [17] [18].

2.3. Vernacular names

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In addition to taxonomical classification, E. arvense is referred locally by a variety of names based

on the places where a plant is found and languages spoken by different societies, as indicated in
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Table 1. It became simple for people from diverse locations to employ this medicinal plant for

various purposes, most notably the treatment of ailments [16,17], thanks to these vernacular names.
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3. Geographical distribution of Equisetum arvense L

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 Equisetum arvense L. is an herbaceous perennial plant distributed in the northern hemisphere

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notably Europe, North America, and Asia [29] as shown in Fig. 2. It traditionally long been used

as a medicine for treatment of various diseases [30]. It is natively found in almost all countries

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found in the northern hemisphere including India, Japan, Italy, Germany, France, United Sate of

America, China, Russia, Afghanistan, Greece, Pakistan, Ukraine, Columbia, Sweden, Portugal,

Austria, Bulgaria and Turkey just a few to mention. Additionally, it is introduced in New South

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Wales, Bolivia, and Victoria [18].

4. Ethnomedicinal uses of Equisetum arvense L

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Equisetum arvense L possesses medicinal qualities that are used for mitigation of various diseases

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[17] as shown in Table 2. According to several studies, decoction or infusion of the leaves and
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aerial parts of E. arvense is the primary approach of preparation, and oral administration is the

most frequent way of the administration. The treatment of urinary tract disorders, wound healing,

inflammation, and rheumatic are among of the most ethnomedicinal uses of E. arvense [31–33].
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5. Methodology
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This review was conducted to summarize the potential of Equisetum arvense L for Management

of medical conditions by collecting the information on ethnomedicinal uses, phytochemistry and

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pharmacological activities for the last two decades, where this specie has been widely studied.

Among others, the keywords such as Equisetum arvense L, ethnomedicinal uses, phytochemicals,

and pharmacological properties were used to obtain the relevant information from online database,
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including Google Scholar, Web of Science, PubMed, Springer, and ScienceDirect. Based on the

chosen topic, the study plan includes well-explained and most applicable results. Personal
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communications and unpublished results are not part of this work. Articles on the subject are

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 specified and discussed comprehensively in this review. The selected studies on the potential of

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Equisetum arvense L. for various application including mitigation of health conditions are

presented in Table 3.

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6. Phytochemistry

A qualitative study of methanol extracts revealed the presence of saponins, alkaloids, flavonoids,

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and tannins, with kaempferol-3-O-glycoside, quercetin, leutolin, and kaempferol as the main

constituents [62,93]. Altameme and co-authors identified twenty ive bioactive phytochemical

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compounds in the methanolic extract of E. arvense. Among them includes, Paromomycin, 2(1H)-

Phenanthrenone, α-D-Glucopyranoside, 3-O-Methyl-d-glucose, 3,6,9,12-Tetraoxatetradecan-1-ol,

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3-N,N-Dimethyllaurylammonio propanesulfonate, 9,10-Secocholesta-5,7,10(19)-triene-3,24,25-
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triol, Bicyclo[3.2.1] oct-6-ene-6,8-dimethanol and Furo [2,3-b]quinolone [41]. The chemical

structures of selected phytoconstituents are shown in Figure 3 (a) and (b). In different studies the

presence of betulinic acid, oleanolic acid and ursolic acid [7] squalene, 2-pyrroline 1,2-dimethyl,
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myrctine, rutin [62], campesterol, isofucosterol, equisetonin [94], pantothenic acid,

chlorogenic acid nicotinic acid, folic acid, and octacosane [95] were reported. Additionally,
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proteins, carbohydrate, and amino acids are all obtained in E. arvense [29]. Furthermore, trace

elements such Na, K, Sr, Ca, Mg, Fe, P, Cu, Zn, Ti, Mn, and Si as well as vitamins B1, B2, B6, C,
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E, and K are known [96].

Epicatechin and catechin were identified as among the predominant flavonoids, while vanillic acid,
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ferulic acid, caffeic acid and p-coumaric acid as the major phenolic acids [44]. Other flavonoids

reported are genkwanin glucoside, kaempferol sophoroside, and quercetin glucoside [29]. Analysis
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of dichloromethane extract of E. arvense revealed the presence of camphor and methyl salicylate

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 as the major compound [68]. In very recently study twenty two compounds, including,

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isoquercetin, apigenin-4′-glucoside, 6′′-O-acetylgenistin, daidzein 4′,7-diglucoside, tricin,

myrcene, pinolenic acid, 4-(sec butoxy)benzoic acid and trans-ferulic acid were identified in the

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polarity-based fractions and crude extract and of E. arvense. The main classes of phytochemicals

were found to be flavonoids, flavonoid-O-glycosides and phenolic acids [37]. Additionally,

equisetumoside A, B and C, palustrine, nicotine, and palustrinine are reported as phytochemical

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compounds in one of the review article [97]. Generally, E. arvense contains a number of bioactive

compounds fall in alkaloids, triterpenoids, flavonoids, sterols, phenol, phytosterols, tannins, and

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saponins [98,99]. The variations of phytoconstituents are due to many factor such as, extraction

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solvents, geographical allocation of the plant, drying methods, maturity of the plant and harvesting

time, just to mention a few, which suggests the diversity in pharmacological properties [45].
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7. Pharmacological properties

In terms of clinical, pharmacological in-vitro, and in-vivo, biological activities, E. arvense is a

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plant that has proven its efficacy. The traditional uses of the plant have been supported by a number

of pharmacological properties [98].

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7.1. Anticancer activity

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Ethanolic extract of E. arvense was tested for its cytotoxic and suppressive effects for treatment of

pancreatic carcinoma against the human pancreatic cancer cell line ASPC-1. A study revealed the

capacity for cell patronage via the terrible consequences of free radicals, which inhibited the cell
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viability and proliferation of ASPC-1. The extract demonstrated its potential cytotoxicity and

inhibited ASPC-1 cell proliferation. With no or little side effects for the patient, E. arvense caused
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cell death in pancreatic cancer cell lines [65]. Using an absorbance assay, the effectiveness of S.

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 arvense against human ovarian cancer cells (OVCAR3) and melanoma (MDA-MB-435) was

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assessed. The n-hexane fraction showed the best anti-cancer effectiveness against OVCAR3 cells.

The high flavonoid content in E. arvense has been indicated to be a promising platform for the

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purpose of anti-cancer drugs against ovarian cancer and melanoma [37]. Similar findings were

found when E. arvense was tested on human colorectal cancer [100]. Breast cancer cell line

development was influenced by the alkaloid extract of the E. arvense plant, whereas lymphocyte

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and normal embryo fibroblast cell line growth was less impacted [70].

7.2. Antibacterial activity

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Studies on the antibacterial effects of natural compounds, including those derived from medicinal

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plants, are becoming increasingly popular due to the developing antibiotic resistance of bacteria.
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The investigations are influenced by the possibility that bacterial resistance to chemicals derived

from plants may progress very slowly or not at all. Antibacterial activity was looked into against

common and clinical antibiotic-resistant bacterial strains obtained from patients’ mouth cavities.
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Methyl alcohol and ethyl alcohol were utilized to accomplish this study. The extracts showed a

strong chance of being included in the oral cavity care regimen based on a number of
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characteristics, including antibacterial efficacy against tested bacteria [91]. Using the disc

diffusion method and the minimal inhibitory concentration, Pallag et al. evaluated the antibacterial
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activity of a 70% aqueous ethanolic stem extract of E. arvense. The findings showed that E.

arvense is possesses antibacterial activity against only gram-positive cocci [101] similarly to n-
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butanol and ethyl acetate extracts [58]. Another intriguing observation was the efficiency of

endophytic bacteria rich in secondary metabolites that were isolated from E. arvense as a source

of naturally occurring antibacterial agents against foodborne pathogenic bacteria [72].

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 7.3. Antidiabetics

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In streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats, Hegeds et al. examined the anti-diabetic properties of E.

arvense extract using a single intraperitoneal dose of 45 mg/kg streptozotocin. Blood glucose

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levels moderately improved after using the E. arvense extract. The usage of 100 mg/kg dose

significantly increased insulin sensitivity [80]. In mice testicular tissue, Fajri et al. examined the

preventive properties of E. arvense methanolic extract against diabetes-induced negative

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consequences. In test groups, the administration of extract, in particular 500 mg kg-1, considerably

reduced the negative effects of diabetes [79]. When E. arvense ointment was tested for its impact

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on cutaneous diabetic wound healing in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats, it was discovered that

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the ointment significantly accelerated the healing of excision wounds [86]. Very recent, a study of

E. arvense was conducted in an effort to verify its traditional use by efficient thin layer
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chromatography. By spraying a created TLC plate with buffered -glucosidase enzyme and bovin

solution and incubation at 36.9° C for 20 mins, the anti-diabetic efficacy was evaluated. Results

showed that E. arvense extracts and enriched fractions have the potential to be anti-diabetic by
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inhibiting the β-glucosidase involved in type 2 diabetes [81].

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7.4. Antioxidant activity

The antioxidative activity of various E. arvense extracts was examined using the electron spin
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resonance (ESR) spectroscopy-spin trapping method, and the results showed that the extracts

investigated inhibited the generation of lipid peroxyl radicals in both systems in a dose-dependent
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manner. The outcomes show that all tested extracts demonstrated a significant amount peroxyl

radical scavenging activity [76], which is correlated with total phenolic content [58]. By utilizing
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the tests for 2,2-diphenylpicrylhydrazyl (DPPH), reducing power, antihemolytic activity, and free

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 hydroxyl radicals, the antioxidant activity of E. arvense methanol and aqueous extracts was

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investigated. Due to the high levels of flavonoids and polyphenols present, extracts demonstrated

excellent antioxidant activity [87]. Investigated antioxidant activity of stem of S. arvense using

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DPPH, cuprac assay, and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) methods. The results showed

a promising antioxidant capacity [74]. Similar findings were reported from the study employed

FRAP method only [75]. Extracts from E. arvense that were obtained through an improved

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extraction process showed a considerable amount of antioxidant activity and might be exploited

as a natural source of antioxidants [64].

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7.5. Anti-inflammatory activity

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When Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans-lipopolysaccharides-stimulated human oral
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keratinocytes were exposed to E. arvense plant extract, the effects on glycyrrhizin-suppressed

tumour necrosis factor expression were examined. Results showed that equisetum arvense extract

has glycyrrhizin's anti-inflammatory activity [84]. Using methotrexate injection (0.5 mg/kg twice
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a week for 4 weeks), the preventative effect of E. arvense extract against methotrexate-induced

testicular toxicity was evaluated. In the methotrexate-treated rats, inflammation levels were
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dramatically lowered along with other effects. In addition to antioxidant activity, the anti-

inflammatory activity of E. arvense reduced the testicular damage caused by methotrexate [95]. In
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the evaluation of the anti-inflammatory effects of methanol and the aqueous extract of E. arvense,

mice with xylene-induced ear edema and rats with carrageenan-induced paw edema were utilized
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as animal models. Both extracts demonstrated notable anti-inflammatory efficacy [87]. Adhikari

et al. looked into the potential reasons behind the anti-inflammatory effects of various fractions of

E. arvense dichloromethane extract. Results revealed that the presence of camphor and methyl
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salicylate as key components is what gives the plant its anti-inflammatory properties [68]. E.

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 arvense extract has an anti-inflammatory method of action simply by interfering with ability of

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immune cells to perform several functions [89].

7.6. Antiproliferative activity

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The sulforhodamine B colorimetric assay was used to examine the antiproliferative effects of

several E. arvense extracts on the human cancer cell lines HeLa, HT-29, and MCF7. Depending

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on the cell line, the kind of extract, and the concentration of the extract, proliferation of the cells

was suppressed. On human tumour cell lines, ethyl acetate extract showed the strongest

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antiproliferative impact without stimulating cell growth [76].

7.7. Antifungal activity

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Aspergillus flavus and Fusarium verticillioides were two mycotoxigenic fungus that were
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examined for the ability of E. arvense extract to control them in maize. Unsterilized infected maize

had extracts applied at various water activity levels (0.85-0.95). Moulds were injected and given a

30-day incubation period. Results showed that the extract of E. arvense effectively inhibited both
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the growth of A. flavus and the formation of aflatoxin particularly at pre-harvest condition [4].
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7.8. Antihypertensive

A double-blind, randomized clinical trial was used to examine the safety and tolerability of E.
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arvense in order to evaluate its antihypertensive efficacy. On patients with stage I systolic blood

pressure, E. Arvense showed a strong antihypertensive effect, encouraging a mean decline in

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systolic and diastolic blood pressure and resulting in the management of casual blood pressure at

the end of intervention [66].

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7.9. Anthelmintic activity

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 Hoque investigated the anthelmintic activity of E. arvense extract at different doses (10, 30, and

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60 mg/ml). All of the doses had anthelmintic activity, but the 60 mg/ml dose had the best

pharmacological response compared to the other doses, and it was nearly as effective as the

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conventional medication albendazole [50].

7.10. Antimutagenic activity

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By employing mitotic index and chromosomal aberrations as biomarkers to evaluate the mutations,

it was possible to determine the antimutagenic potential of the plant E. arvense, which

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demonstrated strong antimutagenic action against the cyclophosphamide generated mutations. The

ethanolic extract demonstrated the best antimutagenic action when compared to the hexane and

aqueous extracts [83]. er

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7.11. Antinociceptive activity

Monte et al. studied antinociceptive effects of a hydroalcoholic extract of E. arvense stem in mice.

Results showed that the extract had an antinociceptive impact in nociception chemical models that
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was unrelated to the opioid system [71].

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7.12. Antidiuretic activity

A standardized dry extract of the aerial portions of E. arvense was tested in a randomized, double-
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blind clinical research on healthy men to determine its diuretic effect and short-term safety. The

diuretic effect of the E. arvense extract was greater than that of the negative control and
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comparable to that of hydrochlorothiazide, but it had no appreciable impact on the excretion of

electrolytes. The urine elimination of catabolites did not rise significantly [66].
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8. Other pharmacological activities

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 The oral administration of E. arvense aqueous extract significantly increased Tamm-Horsfall

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protein secretion in urine samples and reduces the interaction between uropathogenic Escherichia

coli and bladder host cells. This could explain how this herbal substance is used medicinally to

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treat kidney stones and urinary tract infections [75]. Equisetum arvense L. ethanol root extract is

a possible treatment for bladder disorders because it affects urinary bladder function by reducing

a release of adenosine triphosphate [85]. Additionally, it was discovered that E. arvense vaginal

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cream works well to stop premature membrane rupturing in women with moderate, and severe

striae gravidarum [69]. E. arvense ethanolic extract had less sedative and more anxiolytic effects

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than diazepam [102]. Monte et al. studied antinociceptive effects of a hydroalcoholic extract of E.

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arvense stem in mice. Results showed that the extract had an antinociceptive impact in nociception

chemical models that was unrelated to the opioid system [71].

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The management of sperm quality and fertilization rate can be achieved using E. arvense. The

antioxidative and hypoglycemic properties of E. arvense may contributed to the ability methanolic

extract to prevent negative effects of diabetes on sperm quality and fertilization rate. The treated
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animals significantly outperformed the untreated group in terms of fertilization rates and the
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proportion of fertilized oocytes [79]. Due to its high silica content as well as secondary metabolites

including flavonoids and triterpenoids, E. arvense is recommended for the treatment of

osteoporosis [7]. The inductive effects that E. arvense extracts had on human osteoblasts while
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blocking E. aureus activity point to a potentially fascinating profile for bone regeneration

techniques [61]. The hydroalcoholic extract of E. arvense evaluated at the various doses was
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discovered to have sedative and anticonvulsant properties [77]. Similarly, the hydroalcoholic E.

arvense stems extract have been reported to have cognitive-enhancing properties [90].
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9. Other applications

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 E. arvense can be utilized as an anti-aging polymer and lignocellulosic filler for a natural rubber

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matrix due to the presence of phenolic acids and flavonoids. Maslowski et al. on their study showed

that E. arvense has a major value in its new function as an active filler of elastomer biocomposites.

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The acquired results demonstrated that E. arvense possesses good thermally stability (up to 180°C)

as a lignocellulosic material that actively contributes to the improvement of mechanical properties

of natural rubber [6]. E. arvense can be used for development of a novel catalyst. In one of the

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study, E. arvense plant and its ash were used as catalysts. According to the findings, both horsetail

and horsetail ash are capable of serving as solid acid catalysts. The catalytic activities were

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increased by the increase in surface area and porosity [103].

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E. arvense can be used for preparation of hydrogels with specific mechanical properties. Glab and

co-authors synthesized chitosan-based hydrogel modified with E arvense for wound dressing. The
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aqueous extract of E. arvense was photopolymerized with chitosan using ultraviolet radiation

under appropriate crosslinker and photoinitiator. The finding showed that it has promising swelling

ability and release efficiency in comparison to unmodified hydrogel [73]. The gel made from
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methanolic extract of E. arvense in various proportions was discovered to have concentration-

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dependent free radical scavenging activity [104]. E. arvense is also used as a green corrosion

inhibitor. Copper samples were exposed to the methanolic stem extract of E. arvense, which was

investigated as a green corrosion inhibitor. Testing revealed that E. arvense functions as a mixed-
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type green corrosion inhibitor with inhibition efficacy of 53.78 % when utilizing 1000 ppm of

green corrosion inhibitor from the potentiodynamic polarization curve [63]. Furthermore, it can
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be used as nanocomposite for removal of organic dye within a very short period [67], and as a bio-

indicator for acid soils containing high moisture contents for long-term management of soil
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resources [14].

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 10. Toxicological study

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Swiss albino mice were used in the acute toxicity testing of E. arvense methanol and aqueous

extracts. Mice were subjected for biochemical research after being monitored for 14 days to check

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for signs of toxicity. The results demonstrated that neither extract caused any mortality in the

examined animals or altered their normal behavior. It was discovered that the LD50 was higher

than 5000 mg/kg DW [87]. Hepatic alterations could not be brought about by the oral

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administration of graded doses of E. arvense [92].

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11. Conclusion

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Equisetum arvense L have demonstrated potential for medical application. Scientific evidence

supports the use of the plant extract in traditional treatments of various diseases, including,
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diabetes, cancer, inflammation, malaria, bacterial, and fungal illnesses. The ongoing need to

reduce AMR on a worldwide scale has prompted more study into natural compounds. E. arvense

extracts may be transformed into bioconjugates, nanoemulsions, nanoparticles, and nanotubes to

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increase their activity and medical applications. Future study on E. arvense should focus on the

identification of bioactive compounds, their mechanism of actions and its toxicity. Furthermore,
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its catalytic activities, and synthesis of hydrogels particularly for biomedical applications should

be extensively studied for sustainable utilization of this wonderful medicinal plant.

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References
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[1] Kamagaju L, Morandini R, Bizuru E, Nyetera P, Nduwayezu JB, Stévigny C, et al.

Tyrosinase modulation by five Rwandese herbal medicines traditionally used for skin

treatment. J Ethnopharmacol 2013;146:824–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2013.02.010.

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[2] Ibrahem E, Mohamed G, El gazar A. Therapeutic effect of Equisetum arvense on Bone and

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 Scale Biomarkers in Female Rats with induced Osteoporosis. Egypt J Chem 2022;0:0–0.

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